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Glossary of Terms and Definitions for
Multi-stakeholder Engagement and Responsible Resource Use

2011


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INTRODUCTION
For more than two decades, The Asia Foundation has initiated successful environment programs throughout Asia.
Since 2006, The Asia Foundation in Mongolia has been promoting, facilitating, and supporting responsible use
of water and mineral resources for the long-term prosperity of all Mongolians. The Foundations approach is to
inform, and empower key stakeholders to participate actively in decision-making that has direct consequences on
how citizens, government and industry engage with each other.
This second edition of the Glossary of Terms and Definitions complements other information resources produced by
The Asia Foundation, including the Compendium of Laws and the Guide to Multi-stakeholder Engagement.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This publication was produced with the generous support of the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and
the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.
The Asia Foundation recognizes the contributions to this edition by Shelagh Rosenthal, Bolormaa Purevjav and
Enkhzaya Chuluunbaatar who compiled the information; the external partners who reviewed it; Naran Munkhbat
and Chinzo Enkhtsetseg as translators; and Urangua Chuluun as editor.
DISCLAIMER
The views expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect those of The Asia Foundation or the funders. The
Asia Foundation bears no liability for use of the information in this publication for official purposes.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS BY THE ASIA FOUNDATION
Compendium of Laws
Guide to Multi-stakeholder Engagement
Guide to Multi-stakeholder Collaboration Agreements
Guide to Environment-Friendly Mining Technology
Guide to Responsible Resource Use

ENGLISH

MONGOLIAN

Abandoned mine
Abiotic
Absorption
Abundant
Accountability

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Accusation
Acid
Acid mine drainage (AMD)
Acid pollution
Acidic precipitation
Acid rain
Acid rock drainage (ARD)
Acid soil
Acre
Acting
Action
Adaptability
Adaptation
Adverse effect
Adverse environmental
impact
Adverse impacts
Advertisement
Advisory Committee
Advocacy
Advocate
Aesthetic values
Affected areas
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Affirm
Affirmative
Affluent
Afforest
Afforestation
Affray
Agency
Agenda
Aggravation
Agreement
Agricultural harvesting
Agriculture
Aimag-level reserve
rangelands
Air
Airborne
Air pollutant
Air pollution
ALARP (As Low As
Reasonably Practicable)
Algae
Alkali
Alkaline substance
Alpine
Ambient air pollutant
Amendment

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Ammonia
Announce
Anti-corruption
Anti-desertification program
Appraisal
Apprenticeship
Aquatic
Aquatic ecosystem health
Aquatic insect
Aquatic invertebrates
Area susceptible to fire
Arid
Aridity
Arsenic
Artesian well
Artificial surface
Artisanal and small-scale
mining
Assay
Assertion
Atmospheric stability
Audience
Audit
Awareness
Ballot/Ballot paper
Ban
Baseline
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Baseline data
Baseline environmental
assessment
Baseline survey
Bedrock
Benchmarks
Benthic
Benthic macro-invertebrates
Best available techniques
Best practice
Bilateral agreement
Biodata
Biodiversity
Biodiversity conservation
Biodiversity indices
Biodiversity offset

Biological pesticides
Biological process
Biosphere
Biophysical
Bipartisan
Bituminous coal
Blast area
Blasting

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Boom and bust cycle

Border strip land
Bore
Borehole mining
Botanical
Boulder
Boundary dispute
Buffer zone
Buffer zone management
plan
Bylaw
Cadastral Registry Center
Calcification
Camp construction
Capacity
Capacity-building
Carbon
Carnivore
Cartographic registry
Catalyst
Catchments
Central Laboratory of
Environmental Monitoring
(CLEM)
Certificate
Citizen engagement
Citizen participation
Citizens Guide
Citizens Representatives
Khural/Assembly (CRKh)

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Civic engagement
Civil servant
Civil society
Civil society organization
(CSO)
Claim
Claim for damages
Claimant
Classified/unclassified
resources
Climate change
Closure (mine closure)
Closure Phase
Closure planning
Coal
Coalbed
Coal deposit
Coalfield
Coalition
Coalmine
Coarse gravel
Cobble
Code of conduct
Cogeneration
Coke/coking
Collaborate
Collaboration
Collaborator
Combating desertification

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Comment
Commercial terms
Common property
Community
Community consultation

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,

Community development

Community engagement

Community participation

Community partnership

Community relations

Community relations officer
Community vision planning

Compendium of Laws

Compensation

Complaint
, ,
Compliance
, , ,
Compliance control
, , ,
Component

Composite index of
,
sustainability

Concentrate
,
Confiscate
,
Conflict (dispute) resolution
Conflict mediation

Conflict mitigation

Conflict of interest

Consensus
,
Consequence

9

Conservation
Conservation area
Conservation program
Constituency
Construction materials
Constructive
Consult
Consultation
Consultative group
Contamination control
Content
Contract fields for oil
Contracting organization
Control Council
Control site
Convener
Conveyors
Cooperative
Copper
Copper concentrate
Copper deposit
Corporate crisis communications planning
Corporate income tax
Corporate risk management
Corporate social
responsibility (CSR)
Correlation
Corrosive substances

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Cosmic ray/radiation
Cost effective
Council
Count a claim
Create a stable security
environment
Crop land
Crude oil
Crushing
Crystal
Cultural and natural
heritage
Cultural sites
Culvert
Cumulative
Cumulative impacts
Customs duty
Dam
Damage assessment
Dangerous goods
Deadline
Debouchment
Debris
Debt
Debtor
Decentralization
Declaration
Decomposition
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Deforestation

Defray

Degenerate
,
Degradation
, ,
Degradation of pasture land
Degree of aridity

Dehydrate
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Delaying license

Delict
,

Delimit
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Delineation
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Democratic

Demographics

Denouncing
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Density
,
Denudation

Department
, , ,
Department of Geological
,
and Mining Cadastre
Depasture
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Deplete
,
Depletion of ozone layer
,
Depletion of soil

Depollution

Depopulation

Deposit

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Deposition
Deposits of common
minerals
Deposits of conventional
minerals
Deposits of strategic
importance
Desertification
Destroy
Detailed Environmental
Impact Assessment (DEIA)
Deterioration
Detoxification
Detoxified chemicals
Detrimental
Detrition
Detritus
Devaluation
Devastate
Devastation
Dewatering
Dialogue
Die off
Die out
Diffuse
Diffusion
Dig
Direct competition
Direct impacts
11

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Disaster
Disaster prevention
Discharge
Discharge monitoring
Discharge pipe
Disclosure
Dispersal
Displacement of people
Disposal of refuse or spoil
Dispute resolution
Dispute settlement
Dissemination
Dissent
Dissolve
Dissolved oxygen
Distillation
Distort
Diversion channels
Diversity (ecological)
Dividing the pie
Domestic discharge
Domestic solid wastes
Dominant communities
Downwind
Drainage system
Drawdown
Dredge
Dressed ore

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Drilled hole
Drilling
Drinking water
Drought
Dumper
Duration
Dust suppression (watering)
Dutch disease
Earth Day
Earth-moving
Earths crust
Ecological degradation
Ecological integrity
Ecologically sound product
Ecological pyramid
Ecology
Economic entity
Economic feasibility
Ecoregion
Ecosphere
Ecosystem diversity
Education for sustainable
development (ESD)
Effective date
Effluent
Emergency preparedness
Emergency response
Emission
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Emission source
Emission status
Employee well-being

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Environmental attributes

Empower
Endangered animal
Endangered species
Enforceable action
Enforceable standard
Enforcement of compliance
Engagement
Engaging Stakeholders for
Environmental Conservation
(ESEC)
Enhance governance
Enrich
Environment
Environmental and social
impact Assesment
Environmental and social
management strategy
Environmental appraisal/
assessment
Environmental assets

Environmental awareness
Environmental behavior
Environmental constraints

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Environmental
Environmental
Environmental
Environmental
assessment
Environmental
Environmental

impacts

incident

Environmental law

Environmental legislative

scorecard

Environmental liaison center

Environmentally conscious


Environmentally fragile area
Environmentally friendly

Environmentally harmful

Environmentally hazardous

Environmentally safe
,
Environmental modification
Environmental Monitoring

Plan (EMP)
Environmental Monitoring

Program (EMP)

Environmental performance
Environmental protection

Environmental Protection

Plan (EPP)
Environmental resistance

Environmental restoration

13

events
footprint
governance
impact

Environmental
Environmental
assessment
Environmental
Environmental

risk
risk

science
services

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Environmental stewardship
Environmental sustainability
Environment impairment
liability
Environment trust fund
Ephermeral streams
Equator Principles
Equilibrium
Eroded land
Erosion
Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Evaporation
Exacerbate
Excavating test pits
Excavation
Excess profit tax
Exchange mechanism
Exchange of information
Excise tax
Exclusion zone
Excrement
Exotic species

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F
G

Expel
Exploitation
Exploration and mining
companies
Exploration area
Exploration license
Exploration Phase
Exposure

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Expression of Interest (EOI)
Extinct species

Extract

Extraction license
,

Extractive Industries

Transparency Initiative (EITI)
Extractive industry

Extreme weather events

Facilitator
, ,

Fauna

Feasibility study


Ferrous metals

Fertile
,
Fertile layer

Fertile soil

Fertilizer

Field guide

Field study

Financial security

14

Fiscal terms
Flammable
Flora
Fluorspar
Food chain
Food web
Forum
Fossil
Fresh water
Friendship ger
Gender equality
Gender sensitive program
General Agency for
Specialized Inspection (GASI)
General Environmental
Impact Assessment (GEIA)
Geological and Mining
Inspection Agency
Geological survey
Geomorphology
Germination
Globalization
Global warming
Goal
Gold deposits
Gold mine
Gold rush
Good governance
Government platform
Granite

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Grant
Grassroots
Gravel
Grazing capacity
Greenhouse gas emissions
GreenStar
Grievance
Grievance mechanism
Groundwater
Groundwater contamination
Gross Domestic Product
(GDP)
Gross National Product
(GNP)
Habitat
Habitat assessment
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat loss
Habitat management
Hamo
Hard rock deposit
Hauling
Hay ground
Hayfield
Haymaking area
Hazard
Hazardous
Hazardous materials
Hazardous rating
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Headwater
Heavy industry
High risk
Hot spot
Human capital
Human Development Fund
Humane and ethical
Human rights
Humus layer
Hydroelectronic power
station
Hydrological exploration
Hydrology
Impact Benefit Agreement
(IBA)
Impact site
Inadequate rehabilitation
Incentive
Incident reporting
Inclusive
Indicator species
Indigenous
Indigenous people
Indigenous rights
Indirect impacts
Industrial development
Industrial solid waste
Infiltration

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Inform
Informal miner
Informed consent

J
K
L

Infrastructure
Inspection
Inspector
Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM)
Intergenerational equity
Intergovernmental
negotiation
Internal assurance process
International best practice
Internationally recognized
International standards
Invalid ballot
Invalidated
Invalid claim
Invalidating a license
Invertebrate
Investing into the future
Investment
Investment Agreement (IA)
Investor
Involve
Irresponsible mining
Irrigation
Issuance
16

Issued license
Joint venture
Justice and equity
Justification
Know-how
Knowledge gap
Land acquisition
Land dispute
Land fee
Landmark
Land owner
Land ownership
Land privatization law
Land reform
Landscaped area
Landscape protected area
Landslide
Land surface
Land tenure
Land use integrity
Land user
Land use values
Large-scale mining
Law abiding
Law of tolerance
Lawsuit

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Law enforcement
Law enforcement agency
Layer
Leachate
Leaching
Lead
Legacy issues
Legal person
Legal prohibitions
Legislative decree
Legislative framework
Legislative scorecard
Legislature
Legitimate
Letter of Agreement
Liability
License
License fee
License fee for use of
natural resources, except
mineral resources
License holder
Licensing procedures
Limestone
Livelihood
Lobbying
Local communities
Local decision-making
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Local movement
Local Multi-stakeholder
Council (LMC)
Lode mining
Longitude
Low risk
Macroinvertebrates
Mainstream
Majority
Manage stockpiled topsoil
Marginal land
Market pressure
Mass
Mass media
Mediate
Mediator
Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU)
Mercury
Mercury pollution
Mine closure
Mine closure plan
Minehole
Mine life cycle
Mine pit de-watering
Mineral deposit
Mineral exploration
Mineralization
Mineral mining

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M
N

Mineral processing
Mineral prospecting
Mineral reserve
Mineral resource
Mineral Resources Authority
of Mongolia (MRAM)
Mineral specimens
Mine reclamation
Mine reclamation plan
Minerology
Mine tailings
Mine tailings repository
Mining area
Mining claim
Mining Institute
Mining license
Mining ore
Mining plant
Mining waste
Ministry of Justice and
Home Affairs (MOJHA)
Ministry of Mineral
Resources and Energy
(MMRE)
Ministry of Nature,
Environment and Tourism
(MNET)
Mismanagement
Mission
Misuse
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Mitigate/mitigation
Moderate risk
Mongolian Law on
Environmental Protection
Mongolian river monitoring
network
Monitoring
Monitoring program
Motherland gift
Multilateral cooperation
Multi-stakeholder
Collaboration Agreement
(MCA)
Multi-stakeholder forum
Multi-stakeholder process
Mutual benefit
National Agency of
Meteorology, Hydrology &
Environment Monitoring
National border
National conservation park
National Development
Strategy (NDS)
National park
National reserve
National security
National Water Committee
Natural assets
Natural complex area

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Natural disaster
Natural gas
Natural selection
Newsletter
Non-ferrous metal
Non-government
organization (NGO)
Non-partisan
Non-point pollution
Non-renewable
Non renewable natural
resource
Non-technical language
Non-violence
Not-for-profit organization
Nuclear power
Nuclear power station
Nuclear waste
Nugget
Nuisance
Nutrient cycle
Objectionable
Objective
Occupational disease
Oil pollution
Oil well
Open cast mine
Openness and transparency
Open-pit mine
Operation Phase
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Orebody
Ore mining
Ore processing
Orphaned mine
Overburden
Over-cultivation
Overgrazing
Over-irrigation
Owning land
Oxidation
Parameters to be measured
Partially state-owned
Participation
Participatory
decision-making
Participatory engagement
Participatory monitoring
Partner organization
Partnership
Perennial plants
Performance standards
Permeability
Permitting process
Pest
Petroleum production
sharing contracts
Phosphate deposit
Pilot study
Placer deposit

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O
P

Placer gold deposit

Plant coverage
Poaching
Policy
Policy reform
Polling station
Pollutant
Pollution
Pollution migration
Pollution potential
Pollution sources
Porphyry
Post-disaster assessment
Post-mining land use
Post-mining phase
Potable water
Potassium
Potential erosion risk
Potentially renewable
Poverty alleviation
Precautionary principle
Prevailing environmental
conditions
Prevention
Preventive action
Primary processing
Principles of community
participation
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Principles of environmental
protection
Prior assessment
Pristine
Privatization
Processing
Product Sharing Agreement
(PSA)
Project justification
Prospecting
Protected area
Protected Area
Administration (PAA)
Public awareness
Public consultation
Public interest organization
Public land
Public participation
spectrum
Public private partnership
(PPP)
Public relations
Public reporting
Publish what you pay
Qualification
Quarry
Quota
Radiation

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Radiation accident
Radiation level
Radiation therapy
Radioactive
Radioactive substances
Radioactive waste
Rangeland
Ranger
Rare earth elements
Rating
Raw materials
Reconnaissance drilling
Recycling
Red Data Book
Refining
Reforestation/
reafforestation
Regeneration
Regulation on Foreign
Investment
Regulatory impact
assessment
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation risk
Reimbursement
Reintroduction
Re-issue a license
Relinquishment
Remediation technology
Renewable
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Renewable resource
Reserve area

Resettlement

Residual impacts

Residue

Resistance

Resource curse

Resource over-use/
/
exploitation

Respiratory disease

Responsible for environment ,
and human security

Responsible mining

Responsible Mining Initiative

Responsible resource use

Retention license
,

Revegetation

Revoke
,
Revoke a license
/

Rich soil

Riparian zone
,
Riparian zone

Risk analysis

Risk assessment

Risk-based approach
,
Risk categories

Risk governance
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, ,

Risk prone area

Risk rating
River Basin Council (RBC)
River bed
River realignment
Robust
Rock armor
Rock concentration
Root zone
Routine monitoring
Royalty tax
Safeguard
Saline soil
Salinity
Sample
Sampling
Sampling core
Sanitary zone
Sanitation
Sapling
Satellite observation
Saturated soil
Scarcity
Scope of the assessment
Scorecard
Secure multi-stakeholder
participation
Sediment
Seedling
22

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Self-monitoring
Self-sustaining ecosystem
Semi-arid
Sensitivity
Service fee
Sewage
Sewage treatment
Shallow hand wells
Shareholders
Shareholding company
Shrub
Silt
Slag
Slurry pipe
Small-scale mining
Smelter
Smelting
Smoke concentration
Social exclusion
Social impact assessment
(SIA)
Social inclusion
Social license to operate
Social risk
Social values
Soil erosion
Soil fertility
Soil fertility indicator

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Soil management
Soil morphology
Soil pollution
Soil removal
Soil stability
Soil texture
Solid waste
Sovereign wealth fund
Special Protected Area
(SPA)
Special purpose territory
Species
Speech
Spillage
Spiritual sites
Spring camp
Stability agreement
Stable landform
Stable tax environment
Stakeholder
(multi-stakeholder)
Stakeholder engagement
plan
Stakeholder involvement
Standing committee
Standing water
State-funded operation
State information database
State inspector
23

State owned
State registration certificate
Steady flow
Stockholder/stockowner
Stockpile
Stockpile sloping
Stockpiling waste rock
Strata/stratum
Stressor
Strictly Protected Area
Submit a draft resolution
Submit an application
Subsistence
Subsoil
Subsoil assets
Sudden disaster
Supply chain
Surface geochemical survey
Surface geological mapping
Surface water
Survey
Sustainability
Sustainable development
Sustainable livelihoods
Sylviculture
Tailings
Tailings disposal

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Tailings storage facilities

U
V

Target
Target group
Task force
Tax incentives
Technologically advanced
Temporary land use
Terminate a license
Terminology
Terms of reference
Thermal pollution
Thickened tailings
Third party verification
Threshold
Tolerance
Topography
Topsoil
Topsoil fertility
Toxic waste
Trafficking
Transboundary movement
Transboundary waters
Transfer points
Transient
Transparency
Transparency foundation
Transparent
Trench
24

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Tributary
Tripartite agreement
Tripartite negotiation
Trustee
Turbulent
Turnover
(economic turnover)
Unacceptable risk
Uncertainty
Underground mine
United Nations Convention
to Combat Desertification
Universe
Unused
Unused reserves
Uranium oxide
Urban development
Urbanization
User group
Value
Value Added Tax
Vegetation communities
Vegetation cover
Vegetation map
Ventilation
Vision
Visual assessment
Void

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Voluntary commitments
Voluntary principles
Volunteer
Volunteer group
Vulnerability
Waste
Waste disposal
Waste incineration
Waste management
Waste rock
Waste rock dump
Waste rock pile
Watchdog
Water audit
Water Authority Agency
Water cycle
Water deficit
Water information system
Water inventory
Water management plan
Water quality
Water quality monitoring
Water regime
Water reserves
Water reservoir
Water scarcity
Watershed
Watershed protection

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Water supply
Water table
Water treatment facility
Water user
Water utilization
Well
Wetland
Wetland drainage
Wilderness
Wildland
Windfall profits tax (WPT)
Winter camp
Win-win outcome
Working group
Workshop
Zero economic growth
(ZEG)
Zero injuries
Zero population growth
(ZPG)
Zinc

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W
Z

Anti-corruption

Air

Air pollutant
Airborne

,
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ALARP (As Low As Reasonably

Practicable)
Ammonia

Subsistence

, ,

Abiotic

Air pollution

Habitat

Ventilation

Habitat loss

Habitat management

Content

Habitat fragmentation

Economic entity

Habitat assessment

Corporate income tax

Livelihood

Respiratory disease

Fauna

Classified/unclassified resources

Baseline data

Visual assessment

Employee well-being
/

Terms of reference

Primary processing

Working group

Overburden

, ,

Aimag level reserve rangelands

Democratic

Enforceable action

Commercial terms

Spillage
Atmospheric stability

Informal miner

, Vision

Community

Gold deposit

Gold mine

Domestic discharge

Gold rush

Hauling

Placer gold deposit

Not-for-profit organization

26

Domestic solid waste

, ,

Unused

Unused reserves

Mineral mining

Mineral prospecting

Mineral resource

Landscaped area

License fee for use of natural

resources, except mineral resources

Landscape protected area

Natural assets

Natural complex area

National Park

Environment
Ministry of Nature, Environment
and Tourism
Environmental and Social
Management Strategy
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment
Responsible for environment and
human security

Mineral Resources Authority of

Mongolia (MRAM)
Mineral deposit

Mineral specimens

Mineral exploration

Incident reporting

Dangerous goods

Non-renewable natural resource

,
,

Environmental assets
Environmental events

Natural gas

Natural selection

Hazardous rating

Low risk

Deplete

, ,
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Inclusion
Target

,

,

,

Resource over use/exploitation

Environmentally hazardous

National reserve

Reserve area

General Environment Impact

Assessment
Detailed Environmental Impact
Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment

, , Hazardous

27

Natural disaster

Environmentally safe

, ,

Environmental incident

Adverse environmental impact

Environmental services

Prevailing environmental
conditions
Environment Trust Fund

Baseline environmental
assessment
Environmental sustainability

()
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28

Environmental attributes

Environmental risk assessment

Environmental protection

Principles of environmental
protection
Environmental protection plan

Conservation program
Agency

Environmental law

,
, ,

Environmental performance

Topography

Environmental impacts
Environmentally harmful

Environmentally friendly

Environmental governance

Environmental Monitoring
Program
Environmentally conscious
Environmental awareness
Environmental restoration

Environmental appraisal/
assessment
Environmental behavior

Environmental legislative
scorecard
Central Laboratory of
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental risk

Environment impairment liability

Law on Environmental Protection
Environmental stewardship
Engaging Stakeholders for
Environmental Conservation
(ESEC)
Environmental liaison center
Ranger

Standing committee

, ,

Inspector

Threshold

Construction material

Wastewater, effluent, drainage

Assertion

Drainage system

, ,

Affirm

Dressed ore

Rich soil

Depollution

Resource curse

Contamination control

Biodiversity

Pollution migration

Biodiversity indices

Pollution sources

Pollution

()

Pollutant

Pollution potential

Biological pesticides

Cobble
Mismanagement

Biophysical

Bituminous coal

Artisanal and small-scale mining

Small-scale mining

, , ,

Drawdown

Policy

Degenerate

Policy reform

Buffer zone

Potential erosion risk

Component

Processing

Product Sharing Agreement (PSA)

Fertilizer

Constructive

Granite

Grazing capacity

29

Enrich

Biodiversity conservation
Biodata

Biological process

Sewage treatment
Emission status

Misuse
Denouncing
Crushing

, ,

, , ,

Department

, Rangeland

Over-cultivation

Overgrazing

Land surface

, ,

Depasture

Land dispute

Dividing the pie

Customs duty

Petroleum production sharing

contracts
Contract fields for oil

Aesthetic values

Oil well

Regulation on Foreign Investment

Royalty tax

Surface geological mapping

Disaster prevention

Surface water

Post-disaster assessment

,
, , ,

Exposure

,


,

Oil pollution

Land use values

Land fee

Geomorphology

Land Privatization Law

Sampling core

Earth-moving

River realignment

Excavation

Land owner

Land ownership

Dutch disease

Land acquisition

Land tenure

30

Degradation of pasture land

Surface geochemical survey

Land user

Land reform

Disaster

, Department of Geological and

Mining Cadastre
,
Geological and Mining Inspection

Agency

Geological survey

Mainstream

, , Debouchment
,

Culvert

, ,

River bed

Riparian zone

, ,

Affluent

Dam

Underground mine

Grievance mechanism

Strictly Protected Area

, ,

Grievance

Adaptability

, ,

Complaint

Reintroduction

, ,

Distort

Recycling

Third party verification

Globalization

Tripartite negotiation

Downwind

Shallow hand wells

Exacerbate

, ,

Enforcement of compliance

, , ,

, ,

Aggravation

Groundwater contamination

Internal assurance process

Artesian well

Self monitoring

Windfall profit tax (WPT)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Sudden disaster

Thermal pollution

Certificate

Moderate risk

Agreement

Bylaw

Contracting organization

Technology advanced

Salinity

Infrastructure

Saline soil

Universe

Layer

Global warming

Strata/stratum

Earth Day

Apprenticeship

Earths crust

, , ,

Compliance control

Detritus

Deposit of conventional minerals

31

Headwater

Groundwater

Degradation

, ,

Dredge

Benthic

Regulatory Impact Assessment

Benthic macro-invertebrates

Code of ethic

Consult

Gender sensitive program

Consultative group

Advisory Committee

, ,

Gender equality

Justification

Benchmarks

Letter of Agreement

Enforceable standard

Consensus

Decomposition

Permitting process

Discharge pipe

Potable water

Algae
Advertisement

Announce

, , ,

Mitigate/mitigation

Enhance governance

Cartographic registry

Intergovernmental negotiation

Mediator

Species

/ ,

Wilderness

Rating

Marginal land

Copper

Dominant communities

Copper concentrate

Goal

Copper ore/deposit

Objective

Corrosive substances

Target group

Food chain

, ,

,
, ,

Adaptation

Food web

Transparency

Transparency foundation

Openness and transparency

32

Government platform
Market pressure

Facilitator

Council

Conflict (dispute) resolution

, ,

Transparent

Delaying license

Open cast mine

Terminate a license

Open-pit mine

Quarry

Exploitation

Lobby

Excess profit tax

Macroinvertebrates

Citizen engagement

Dispute settlement

Citizen participation

Conflict mitigation

Community partnership

Dispute resolution

Conflict mediation

Carnivore

Unacceptable risk

Mongolian river monitoring

network
Monitoring program

Citizens Representative Khural/

Assembly
Citizens Guide

Revoke a license

Civil society organization (CSO)

Civil society

Investing into the future

Mercury

Oxidation

Mercury pollution

Trustee

Extinct species

Cadastral Registry Center

Deterioration

Potassium

Camp construction

Coke/coking

, ,
/
,

Corporate social responsibility

Newsletter

Inform

Exchange of information
Awareness

Corporate risk management

, ,

33

Corporate crisis management

planning
Concentrate

Knowledge gap
Sensitivity

, ,

Informed consent

Impact site

Responsible resource use

Renewable

Occupational disease

Non-renewable

Renewable resources

Qualification

M (4047 )

Potentially renewable

Acre

Rehabilitation

Affirmative

Remediation technology

Non-partisan

Wetland

Rehabilitation risks

Wetland drainage

Reimbursement

Social Impact Assessment

Regeneration

Social values

Partnership

,
, ,

Affray

Hayfield

Local communities

Social exclusion

Community consultation

Social inclusion

Cumulative

Indigenous

Common property

Resettlement

Public land

Coal

, , ,

Compliance

Coalbed

Coalfield

GreenStar

Coal deposit

Stressor

Coalmine

Advocacy

Denudation

Carbon

, ,
,

34

General Agency of Specialized

Inspection
Non-technical language

Social risk

Slurry pipe

Compensation

Indigenous people

, ,

Mass

Value Added Tax

Community

Amendment

Community participation

Endangered animal

Community engagement

Terminology

Public participation spectrum

Affected area

Public interest organization

Distillation

Claimant

, ,

Disclosure

Thickened tailings

Density

Stockpile sloping

Stockpile

, ,

Depletion of ozone layer

,
,

Public relations

Afforestation

Multi-stakeholder process

Reforestation/reforestation

Multi-stakeholder forum

Sylviculture

Deforestation

Extraction license

Extract

Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative
Extractive Industry

Issued license

Perennial plants

35

Infiltration

Afforest

Public consultation
Public awareness
Mass media
Principles of community
participation
Public reporting

Public relations officer

Secure multi-stakeholder
participation
Multilateral cooperation

International standards

Internationally recognized

Diversity (ecological)

Emergency response

International best practice

, ,

Majority

Pristine

Wildland

Excise tax

Exotic species

Deposit

Multi-stakeholder

Multi-stakeholder involvement

Participatory

Participatory monitoring

Legacy issues

Issuance

Winter camp

Routine monitoring
, ,

Advocate

Privatization

Topsoil

Non-ferrous metal

High risk

Dumper
Self sustaining ecosystem

Involve

Local Multi-stakeholder Council

Submit an application

Blast area

Drilling

Minehole

Drilled hole

Local movement

Debt

Orphaned mine

Vulnerability

Ambient air pollution

Porphyry

Buffer zone management plan

Radioactive

River Basin Council (RBC)

Environmental modification

Volunteer

Environmental resistance

Volunteer group

Zero injuries

Voluntary principles

Voluntary commitments

36

Participatory decision-making

Local decision-making
Community vision planning
Community development

Debt

, ,

Good governance

Devastation

, ,

Dissent

Devastate

, , ,

Destroy

Polling station

Invertebrate

Cosmic ray/radiation

Objectionable

Financial security

Alpine

Workshop

Comment

Landmark

, ,

Crystal

Stakeholder engagement plan

//

Sapling

Germination

Exchange mechanism

Multi-stakeholder Collaboration
Agreement
Delineation

Constituency

Conflict of Interest

, ,

Sample

Dispersal

Shrub

, ,

Diffusion

Adverse impact

Diffuse

Adverse effect

, , ,

Deposits of strategic importance

Tax conditions

Stable tax environment

Survey

Baseline survey

Transient

37

Ballot/Ballot paper

Cultural sites
Cultural and natural heritage

Trench

Win-win outcome

Participatory engagement

Crop land

Seeding

, Tax incentives

Excavating test pits

Composite index of sustainability

, ,

Sustainable livelihoods

Expression of Interests

Create a stable security

environment
Sustainability

Deposition

Sediment

Stability agreement

Declaration

Stable landform

Temporary land use

Sustainable development

Assay

National Conservation Park

Conservation area

Education for sustainable

development

Standing water

Submit a draft resolution

Steady flow

Uncertainty

Pilot study

Large-scale mining
Coarse gravel

Decentralization

Publish what you pay

Re-issue a license

Defray

Licensing procedures

Public Private Partnership (PPP)

Invalidating a license

Special protected area

Non-government organization
(NGO)
State information database

Special purpose territory

State owned

Radiation

Partially state-owned

Radiation therapy

Sovereign wealth fund

Dissemination

Project justification

Deposits of common minerals

38

Public servant

Protected Area Administration

(PAA)
Protected area

License fee
License

License holder

, ,

Area susceptible to fire

Flora

Partner organization

Vegetation communities

Ephermeral streams

Botanical

Crude oil

Discharge monitoring

Raw materials

Longitude

Intergenerational equity

Prevention

Equilibrium
Equator principles

Resistance

Preventive action

Blasting

Prior assessment

Grant

Water utilization

Red data book

Permeability

State inspector

Hydrology

State registration certificate

Diversion channels

Confiscate

Water supply

State-funded operation

Catchments

Water user

National border

Water treatment facility

Border strip land

Drinking water

, ,

Incentives

National Agency of
Meteorology, Hydrology &
Environment Monitoring
Dust suppression (watering)

Uranium oxide

Water reservoir

Die off

Hydroelectronic power station

Plant coverage

Aquatic

Vegetation map
Revegetation

Vegetation cover

, ,

Dehydrate

39

Precautionary principle

Dewatering

, ,

Irrigation

Mining license

( )

Watershed protection

Mining Institute

Climate change

Water table

Post-mining phase

Water regime

Mine closure

Post-mining land use

Mine reclamation

Mine reclamation plan

Closure Phase

Mine pit de-watering

Mining plant

Hard rock deposit

Mine closure plan

Mine tailings

Mine tailings repository

Mining waste

Mining ore

Placer deposits

Water basin/Watershed

Water management plan

Water information system

Integrated Water Resource

Management
Aquatic invertebrates

Water inventory

National Water Committee

Hydrological exploration

Water scarcity, deficit

Water Authority Agency

Water audit

Water quality

Monitor water quality

Water monitoring
Aquatic ecosystem health

Mining claim

Aquatic insect

Evaporation

Die out

Dissolve

Endangered species

Leaching

Smoke concentration

Dissolved oxygen

Indigenous rights

(a )

Potable water

40

Water reserves

Mine life cycle

Mining area

, ,

Dig

Bore

, ,

Audience

Social license to operate

Industrial solid waste

Industrial development

Operation Phase

, ,

Action

Residue

,
,




,

,
, ,

Residual impacts
Bedrock
Baseline
Invalid claim
National security
Root zone
National Development Strategy
Slag
Boom and bust cycle

41

Performance standards

Service fee

Value
Appraisal
Scorecard
Scope of assessment
Impact Benefit Agreement

artificial surface

( )

, ,
,
,







,

Cost effective
Consequence
Duration
Fertile layer
Acting
Liability
Boulder
artificial surface
Phosphate deposit
Closure (mine closure)
Conveyors
Closure planning
Spring camp
Debris
Semi-arid
Retention license
Manage stockpiled topsoil
Hay field
Haymaking area
Exploration and mining companies
Exploration area
Exploration license
Exploration Phase
Smelter
Smelting plants
Fluorspar

, ,

,
,

,
,

42

Gravel
Hot spot
Exclusion zone
Safeguard
Conservation
Joint venture
Collaborator
Collaborate
Collaboration
Tripartite negotiation
Best available techniques
Saturated soil
Inadequate rehabilitation
Supply risk assessment
Devaluation
Ferrous metals
Lead
Mutual benefit
Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU)
Correlation
Accountability
Irresponsible mining
Responsible mining
Responsible Mining Initiative

(),


()

( )







, ,

Waste rock pile

Solid waste
Emission
Sewage
Tailings disposal
Leachate
Tailings storage facility
Waste rock
Waste rock dump
Stockpiling waste rock
Waste management
Emission source
Satellite observation
Transboundary movement
Delimit
Boundary dispute
Transboundary water
Rare earth elements
Waste
Waste disposal
Waste incineration
Disposal of refuse or spoil
Bipartisan
Bilateral agreement
Scarcity
Void
Nuisance

, ,

,

, ,
,

, ,

43

Detoxified chemicals
Detoxification
Ban
Toxic waste
Detrimental
Hazard
Hazardous material
Pest
Cooperative
Urbanization
Urban development
Damage assessment
Claim for damages
Agriculture
Agricultural harvesting
Expel
Investor
Investment
Investment Agreement (IA)
Soil removal
Soil pollution
Soil management
Soil morphology
Landslide
Soil stability
Topsoil fertility

,




.
, ,
/

,

,





, ,

,

,

Soil fertility
Depletion of soil
Soil fertility indicator
Soil texture
Soil erosion
Subsoil asset
Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Quota
Shareholders
Shareholding company
Well
Turbulent
Poaching
Catalyst
Cumulative impact
Legal prohibition
Compendium of Law
Legal person
Trafficking
Legitimate
Ministry of Justice and Home
Affairs (MOJHA)
Law enforcement agency
Law enforcement
Legislative scorecard

, ,

, ,
,
,






,

44

Legislature
Legislative decree
Law abiding
Arid
Drought
Aridity
Degree of aridity
Convener
Orebody
Ore processing
Ore mining
Lode mining
Tolerance
Law of tolerance
Greenhouse gas emission
Humane and ethical
Displacement of people
Demographics
Depopulation
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Heavy industry
Human capital
Human Development Fund
Human rights
Arsenic
Environmental science
Non-violence

,










,
,

,



, ,

Acid
Acid rain
Acid pollution
Acid soil
Acid precipitation
Acid mine drainage (AMD)
Acid rock drainage (ARD)
Effective date
Invalidated
Invalid ballot
Agenda
Dialogue
Speech
Parameters to be measured
User group
Feasibility study
Sampling
Over-irrigation
Field guide
Field study
Audit
Watchdog
Control site
Control Council
Extreme weather events

, ,







,
/


-

,
,
,

, , ,

, ,



45

Zinc
Cogeneration
Radioactive substances
Radioactive waste
Radiation
Borehole mining
Desertification
Anti-desertification program
Combating desertification
United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification
Radiation accident
Nuclear waste
Nuclear power station
Nuclear power
Nugget
Tributary
Revoke
Refining
Non-point pollution
Capacity
Capacity building
Robust
Fossil
Rock concentration
Rock armor

,


,

, ,
/

,

,

,

Forum
Claim
Silt
Flammable
Spiritual sites
Best practice
Transfer points
Biosphere
Ecosphere
Nutrient cycle
Fertile soil
Fertile
Effluent
Absorption
Inspection
Know-how
Subsoil
Calcification
Limestone
Justice and equity
Land use integrity
Indirect impact
Direct impact
Direct competition
Alkali
Alkaline substances
Lawsuit
Friendship ger

, ,

( )

,
,

/

,

46

Eroded land
Mediation
Coalition
Zero economic growth (ZEG)
Economic feasibility
Ecoregion
Ecology
Ecological degradation
Ecological pyramid
Environmental footprint
Environmental constraints
Ecological integrity
Ecologically sound product
Ecosystem diversity
Abundant
Erosion
Detrition
Environmentally fragile area
Turnover (economic turnover)
Mineral processing
Mineralogy
Ministry of Mineral Resources
and Energy
Mineralization
Risk categories
Risk rating
Risk prone area
Risk-based approach

,
,

,





/

, ,

, , ,

Risk analysis
Sanitary zone
Legislative framework
Empower
Delict
Mission
Prospecting
Reconnaissance drilling
Count a claim
Motherland gift
Deadline
Emergency preparedness
Poverty alleviation
Accusation
Excrement
Discharge
Humus layer

Risk governance
Risk assessment

, ,

TERMS
ENGLISH

DEFINITION
MONGOLIAN

(Right of) Access to M

Information
()

The principle behind the right of access to information is that because public bodies are elected by
the people and sustained by taxpayers funds, the public should have a right to know how that power
is being used and how that money is being spent. The right of access to information places two key
obligations on governments. First, there is the obligation to publish and disseminate key information
about what different public bodies are doing. Second, governments have the obligation to receive
from the public requests for information and the obligation to respond, either by letting the public
view the original documents or receive copies of documents and information held by the public bodies.
Accountability ensures that actions and decisions taken by public officials are subject to oversight in
order to guarantee that government initiatives meet their stated objectives and respond to the needs
of the community they are meant to be benefitting, thereby contributing to better governance and
poverty reduction. Put simply, accountability is taking responsibility for your words and actions.

Accountability

Advocacy

Social advocacy is the representation done by anyone committed to the concerns of any particular
group in society. Such concerns may be rights based or needs based. Social advocacy differs from the

type of advocacy done by lawyers, who normally argue from the basis of the law, as social advocacy

closely examines even the laws that might be perpetuating wrong behavior to the disadvantage of the
voiceless and weaker members of community or society. It is also different to lobbying (see below).

Artisanal and
small-scale
mining (ASM) or
small-scale mining
(SSM)

47

ASM (SSM) refers to mining by individuals, groups and families. It is an activity of simplified mineral
extraction of primary and secondary deposits. ASM activities are typically highly mobile and labor intensive they generally involve small deposits and are usually exhausted after only a few years. Tools
and extraction methods are simple and do not require specialized skills. In contrast to large scale mining, ASM has only two phases: extraction and processing. ASM creates far more jobs in rural areas
than large scale mining. According to Mongolian law, Small-Scale Mining means the activities of
an individual undertaken by unregistered partnerships established as stated in Sub-section 1 of Article
481 of the Civil Code for the purpose of extracting minerals from the deposits of non-commercial
and non-economic value and artificial deposits formed by the extraction and technological waste and
areas of mineral occurrences, allocated for the purpose stated in Article 16.1.11 of the Law on Land.

, ,

Best practice
(or international
best practice)

A technique, method, process or activity that is known to give a desired result, with results superior
to those achieved by other means. These results are proven through previous experience and research
by recognized authorities or by well-respected institutions. International best practice is a set of
(
policies, norms, procedures and protections that industry and lawmakers in developing countries can
) follow to achieve relatively predictable results. International best practices result from the successful
application in other countries. Examples of such international best practices are the Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability published by the International Finance Corporation.
Capacity is the ability to function and to achieve objectives successfully. Increases in capacity generally lead to an improved ability to function and to achieve objectives. The capacity of an individual,
organization or a system is usually measured according to decision-making ability, leadership, service
delivery, accountability, transparency, financial management, ability to learn and adapt, pride and
motivation, organizational integrity, and so on. Upgraded individuals can enhance the capacity of a
system, and upgraded systems can enhance the capacities of individuals.

Capacity

Capacity-building

The strengthening and/or development of human resources and institutional capacities. It involves
/
the transfer, sharing and strengthening of practical knowledge and experience to develop or build a

particular skill or competence.

Citizen (or civic)

engagement

Citizen monitoring

48

()

All measures and/or institutional arrangements that link citizens more directly into the States decisionmaking process in order to influence public policies and programs in a manner that impact positively
on their economic and social lives. In processes of citizen engagement, citizens represent themselves
as individuals rather than representing stakeholder groups. Although the words civic and citizen
are often used interchangeably, there is a distinction between the two terms. The civic concept refers to the values, and acceptance of the idea that people should be involved in their constituencies.
Citizen engagement refers to how people are individually involved as voters, volunteers, etc.

An instrument to help build and implement accountabilityand that relies on civic engagement, i.e.,
where ordinary citizens and/or civil society organizations participate directly or indirectly in exacting
accountability. In a public sector context, social accountability refers to a broad range of actions
and mechanisms that citizens and communities can use to hold public officials and public servants
accountable. Citizen-driven monitoring is a means of driving accountability measures that complement and reinforce conventional mechanisms of accountability such as political checks and balances,
accounting and auditing systems, administrative rules and legal procedures. Evidence suggests that
social accountability mechanisms can contribute to improved governance, increased development effectiveness through better service delivery, and empowerment.

, ,

Civil society

Civil society refers to the arena of uncoerced collective action around shared interests, purposes and
values. It is the arena, outside of the family, the state, and the market where people associate to
advance common interests. Civil society is thus the wide array of non-governmental and not-for-profit
organizations that have a presence in public life, expressing the interests and values of their members
or others, based on ethical, cultural, political, scientific, religious or philanthropic considerations.

Civil society
organization (CSO)

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) refer to a wide array of organizations: community groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), labor unions, indigenous groups, charitable organizations, faithbased organizations, professional associations, and foundations. CSOs work to advance universal values for common good, around human rights, the environment, and governance. Their role has gained
special importance in aligning economic activities with social and environmental priorities.

Collaboration

A cooperative arrangement in which two or more parties (which may or may not have any previous
relationship) work together towards a common goal.

Communicate
effectively

Effective communication is a process where a message is received and understood by the receiver in
the manner that the sender intended it to be. Making oneself understand properly is foundational for
constructive engagement.

Community

(
,
,

)

A social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often
have a common cultural and historical heritage. Community can also mean a social, religious, occupational, or other group sharing common characteristics or interests and perceived (or perceiving itself)
as distinct in some respect from the larger society within which it exists.

( )

Consultation is one level of community engagement and specifically involves interactions between
identified groups of people. Consultation involves seeking advice on or responses to an actual issue,
event, activity or process. Consultation will typically involve an authority holder informing the community about activities related to the authority, listening to community feedback, and then considering using this feedback when making decisions. Community consultation does not mean that mutual
agreement about decisions has to be reached, rather, it acknowledges that the authority (for example,
a mining company) is likely to make better decisions by using community input. Free Prior and Informed Consultation is consultation that is free of intimidation or coercion and that provides timely
disclosure of information that is relevant, understandable and accessible.

Community
consultation

49

, ,

Community
development

()
,

A process of developing or building communities of people to enable empowerment, self-sufficiency,

and control over their environment. Community development differs from community consultation
in that it achieves deeper knowledge, empathy, active participation, and an increase in overall community confidence in its capacity to make decisions.

Community
engagement

( ,
)
,

Outreach activities carried out by a government, company or non-governmental organization to build

or improve its relationship with a particular community. Community engagement occurs when communities or stakeholders decide to participate and become involved in activities, decisions, or processes. The focus is on the collective community rather than individual concerns, involving inclusiveness
to ensure consideration is made of the diversity that exists within any community.

Community
participation

Covers a spectrum of activities involving people in their communities, from passive involvement in
, community life to intensive, action-oriented participation in community development (including po
litical initiatives and strategies). Community participation means that the members of a community
participate directly in decision-making about developments that affect their own community.

()

Conflict (or Dispute) Resolution is the process of resolving conflicts or disputes between parties. The
process aims to meet at least some of each sides needs and address their interests. Conflict resolution refers to methods used by trained neutral facilitators (who do not take sides or represent parties)
to help people to communicate more clearly, negotiate effectively, develop and evaluate solutions, or
resolve conflicts. These processes may include negotiation, mediation, arbitration, collaborative law,
and litigation.

Consensus

Consensus is a process for group decision-making. It is a method by which an entire group of people
can come to an agreement. The input and ideas of all participants are gathered and synthesized to
arrive at a final decision acceptable to all. Through consensus, people work together to achieve better solutions, and to promote the growth of community and trust. Consensus does not mean that
everyone thinks that the decision made is necessarily the best one possible, or even that they are sure
it will work. What it does mean is that in coming to that decision, no one feels that her/his position
on the matter was misunderstood or that it wasnt given a proper hearing.

Constructive

Serving to improve or advance; helpful. For example, constructive criticism is the process of offering
valid and well-reasoned opinions about the work of others, usually involving both positive and negative comments, in a friendly manner rather than an oppositional one.

Conflict (Dispute)
resolution

50

, ,

Consultation

A process for managing two-way communications between different parties or stakeholders. The goal
is to improve decision-making, reduce risk, build understanding and potentially ensure more equitable
benefits by actively involving individuals, groups, and organizations with a stake in an issue or project.
Consultation processes may be initiated or facilitated by any party including a third (or uninvolved)
party. An example is a meeting arranged by a soum governor with local stakeholders to review an
environmental impact assessment prepared by a mining company that seeks a license to explore or
to operate. Consultation processes can be managed using participatory tools such as focus group
discussions, etc.

Constructive
engagement

Bring about results and positive change. Dialogue leading to problem solving. Bringing together people
with differing views or positions to build consensus and mitigate conflict.

Corporate social
responsibility (CSR)

()

The way that business (the private sector) integrates the social, economic and environmental expectations of its stakeholders into its business practices. CSR means that a business monitors and ensures
its support to laws, ethical standards, and international norms. In addition to integrating this into
corporate structures and processes, CSR often involves creating innovative and proactive solutions to
societal and environmental challenges, as well as collaborating with both internal and external stakeholders to improve CSR performance.

Unlike debate, dialogue emphasizes listening to deepen understanding. It develops common perspectives and goals, and allows participants to express their own interests. A community dialogue is a
forum that draws participants from as many parts of the community as possible to exchange information face-to-face, share personal stories and experiences, honestly express perspectives, clarify
viewpoints, and develop solutions to community concerns and opportunities.

Empower

To have power or control. Community empowerment is the most active form of participation. It is
when members of the community are directly involved in relevant decision-making and feel they have
the ability to achieve their self-determined goals, with some measure of significant control over the
processes and strategies. It places final decision-making in the hands of the public.

Engagement

A process of relationship-building comprising contact, dialogue and interaction. Engagement involves

any type of interaction between people and can include consultation, communication, education or
public participation.

Dialogue

51

, ,

Environmental
governance

Environmental
sustainability
Grievance
mechanism

Environmental governance is the formal and informal institutions/policies/rules/practices that shape

how humans interact with the environment at all levels of social organization. This may be expressed
in terms of the policy, legal and regulatory framework for utilization and allocation of natural resources, or distribution of resulting wealth. Other governance tools include standards, codes or protocols
to prevent or mitigate pollution for example. Environmental governance at the national, regional and
global levels is critical for the achievement of environmental sustainability.
Environmental sustainability is development that meets the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
A formal process to address and resolve disputes or grievances between two or more parties engaged
in business, legal or societal relationships.

Goal

A general guideline that explains what one wants to achieve. Goals are often longterm and represent
a vision. A goal has an observable and measurable end result, having one or more objectives to be
achieved within a more or less fixed timeframe.

Inclusive

Inclusion is a sense of belonging: feeling respected, valued for who one is, and feeling a level of
supportive energy and commitment from others so than one can do ones best work. Social inclusion
means that all citizens participate meaningfully in the community, and are provided with equal opportunities and basic levels of well-being.

Justice and equity

Justice and equity are fundamental in a civilized society. Social justice means equal rights for all,
regardless of gender, race, class, ethnicity, citizenship, religion, age or sexual orientation. It implies
economic justice which means governments must take active steps to alleviate poverty and redress
past injustices. Examples of injustice are a lack of adequate housing, poor sanitation, an inadequate
supply of pure water, and environmental degradation related to industrial pollution. Equity is the quality of being fair and impartial towards all concerned, based on the principle of evenhanded dealing.

Learning

Learning is acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences
and may involve synthesizing different types of information. Human learning may occur as part of
education, personal development, school or training. It may be goal-oriented and may be aided by
motivation. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness.

52

, ,

Lobbying

Lobbying is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue that plays
a significant role in modern politics. Lobbying is the act of attempting to influence decisions made
by officials in the government by individuals, other legislators or government actors, constituents, or
advocacy groups. A lobbyist is a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest or a member of a lobby.

Local
decision-making

A process for making decisions that takes place at the sub-national level. In Mongolia, this typically
refers to the aimag, soum or community level and involves the local governor.

Local movement

A group of citizens that are organized either formally (as a registered non-government organization)
or informally at the sub-national level. In Mongolia, this usually refers to the aimag, soum or community level. A local movement typically is focused on achieving a particular outcome, for example,
protecting a nearby water source or developing a local industry.

Local
Multi-stakeholder
Council

A group of individuals representing major stakeholders in a locality that is committed to constructive

dialogue and action for the purpose of addressing mining and environment-related issues of concern.
This groups mission and working modality is articulated in a non-binding (legally) agreement. The
LMCs meetings may be facilitated by a third party that is neutral and/ or uninvolved.

Mainstream

,
,
,

The prevailing current of thought, influence, or activity; representing the prevalent attitudes, values,
and practices of a society or group.

Multi-stakeholder
engagement

(
)

A process of bringing together stakeholders for relationship building and joint problem solving comprising contact, dialogue and interaction. Within the Engaging Stakeholders for Environmental Conservation (ESEC) program, multistakeholder engagement involves a tripartite of three main stakeholder
groups: a mining group (company, or artisanal and smallscale miners), government, and citizens
(often represented by civil society organizations). Multistakeholder engagement can take place on
different levels, from national to local.

53

, ,

Multi-stakeholder
Collaboration
Agreement

A tripartite agreement based on principles of equality between a mining

company, the local government, and local residents, often represented by civil society organizations. In other words, the
three parties of the agreement should have equal rights in proposing terms of reference, during
negotiations, finalizing the agreement, implementation, and especially in the monitoring and evalu ation cycle. Any single party should not have the underlying authority to settle a contract without

informed consent of the other two parties. The goal of a Multistakeholder Collaboration Agreement

is to support human rights; mitigate environmental violations caused by mining operations; develop
good governance; support regular operations of private industry; establish public participation in legal
enforcement and monitoring; and to enhance both public and private social responsibility. Agreements
established between mining companies and local government only without any participation of local
residents cannot always be transparent and are never democratic.

Non-governmental
organization

An NGO is a form of legal entity for citizens to become organized with the goal of benefitting their
members or society as a whole. It is a non-government affiliated, non-profit making, voluntary,
service-oriented or development oriented organization, operating either for the benefit of members
(a grassroots organization) or of other members of the population (an agency). NGOs can be organized on local, national, or international levels. Civil Society Organizations (see above) are an example
of an NGO.

Objective

An objective defines a strategy or implementation steps to attain identified goals. Unlike goals, objectives are specific, measurable, and have a defined completion date. They are more specific and outline
the who, what, when, where, and how of reaching the goals.

Openness and
transparency

Openness and transparency can be understood as the availability and accessibility of relevant information about how a government, agency, or organization etc. functions. Transparency suggests holders
of public office should be as open as possible about all decisions and actions they take. Policy-makers
should give reasons for their decisions and they should restrict information only when wider public
interest demands this. The more transparent and organization is (via its web site or otherwise), the
more it is willing to allow citizens to monitor its performance and to participate in its policy processes.

Participatory
engagement

A process that typically involves citizens and other major stakeholders in carrying out an action or
making a decision with outcomes that affect such groups.

Policy

A course of action or principle adopted or proposed by a government, party, business or individual.

54

, ,

A process in which changes are made to the formal rules of the game including laws, regulations
and institutions to address a problem or achieve a goal such as economic growth, environmental
protection or poverty alleviation. Policy reform usually involves a complex political process, particularly
when it is perceived that the reform redistributes economic, political, or social power.

The process of working through the details of a problem to reach a solution, enabling people to move
from a given state to a desired goal state. It stimulates critical and creative thinking skills and encourages stakeholders to develop a vision for the future. Problem solving takes both will and way to
improve a project, an organization, or an entire community or region. That is, it takes both support
and commitment from stakeholders (will) as well as the needed productive capacity (way) to make
an impact on conditions.

Public private
partnership

//

A public private partnership is a legally binding contract between the public (government) and private sector (business) to provide public services or infrastructure. A PPP allocates responsibilities and
business risks among the various partners; the private party provides a public service or project and
assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the project. PPPs are usually longterm
and involve services or facilities that were traditionally provided by the public sector. In a PPP, government and business work together to provide services rather than completely transferring public assets
to the private sector, as with privatization.

Responsible
resource use

The utilization of natural resources in a manner that is ecologically sustainable and socially equitable
for stakeholders. These resources include water, soil, metals and minerals and many others. Activities to locate, extract, process or transport these resources should be as little polluting as possible,
allowing for the greatest possibility of restoration to the environments previous state, if not better.
This is in terms of ecological stability and biological diversity, among others.

The RMI is a non-profit, non-governmental organization founded by representatives of government,

civil society, industry, and academia, with the goal of advancing and developing a responsible mining
sector in Mongolia. RMI was born out of the first Multi-Stakeholder Forum that discussed responsible mining in 2006, bringing together representatives from government, civil society, industry, and
academia. These working groups developed a definition of responsible mining and eight guiding principles, which led to the development of a Declaration on Responsible Mining. Thisserved as the basis
for the establishment of the Responsible Mining Initiative. More than 60 organizations have signified
their support of the Declaration on Responsible Mining, reinforcing the transformation of the RMI
into an officially registered NGO in 2007. RMI has been implementing activities since April 2008. To
achieve its mission, the RMI works toward building a common framework of responsible mining in
Mongolia among the public, government, industry, and investors; providing open and transparent
information; and securing the equal participation of stakeholders in these activities.

Policy reform

Problem solving

Responsible
Mining Initiative
for Sustainable
Development (RMI)

55

, ,

Broad acceptance of a companys activities by society and/or local communities. The social license to
operate is outside of the government or legally granted right to operate a business. Without this social
approval, a business may be unable to carry on its activities without incurring serious delays and costs.

Social risk

Social risk is the potential and real challenges to companies regarding the social consequences of
their business practices. It can affect not only public perception, but also product or service cost,
marketability, business operations, supply networks and company reputation. Social risk occurs when
stakeholders identify a companys vulnerability on a social issue - such as an unfavorable policy, ethic,
or practice - and pressure the corporation to change its approach. Common areas of social risk involve
human rights, labor, or environmental sustainability, and can destroy a companys reputation if left
unchecked.

Stakeholder
(Multi-stakeholder)

(
)

Any person or group of people that may be affected positively or negatively by the financial, environmental (including health and safety) and social aspects of an exploration or mining project, including
those who have an interest in or influence over project activities.

Sustainable
livelihoods

Sustainable livelihoods are those livelihoods that empower individuals to earn enough money to provide for basic amenities such as food, clothing and shelter. It encompasses activities intended to help
economically disadvantaged members of society meet their daily subsistence needs in a manner that
is dignified, locally appropriate, and environmentally sustainable.

Defines the way an organization or enterprise will look in the future. It is the stated aims and objectives of a group, business or other organization. A vision is a long term view, sometimes describing
how the organization would like the world in which it operates to be. For example, an organizations
vision could be to influence government policy and decisions affecting natural resource use and to
protect citizens rights to live in a healthy and safe environment.

A set of principles which are not required by law or regulated by government, but adopted by an
organization or entity in order to encourage stronger and more meaningful self regulation. Voluntary
principles are often adopted as companies or organizations try to implement best practice when such
practices go above and beyond current legal requirements. For example, the Voluntary Principles on
Security and Human Rights an initiative by governments, NGOs, and companies provides guidance to
extractives companies on maintaining the safety and security of their operations within an operating
framework that ensures respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Social license to
operate

Vision

Voluntary principles

56

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57

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Small-scale
mining (SSM)
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60

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63

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64

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