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Implementing Views and Batches

Objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to:
Create, alter, drop, and rename views Update data using views Declare variables Print messages Use comments Use conditional statements Use the iteration statements
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Getting Started
Views A view is a virtual table, which gives access to a subset of columns from one or more tables Views ensure security of data by restricting access to:

Specific rows of a table Specific columns of a table Specific rows and columns of a table The rows fetched using joins

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Getting Started (Contd.)

The statistical summary of data in a given table


Subsets of another view or a subset of views and tables

Views provide several advantages:

Providing relevant data for users


Hiding data complexity Organize data from heterogeneous sources

Reducing the object size

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8.D.1 Creating Views
You need to view skills of various employees. Some of the queries to be executed are as follows: SELECT vFirstName, vSkill FROM Employee JOIN PositionSkill ON Employee.cCurrentPosition = PositionSkill.cPositionCode JOIN Skill ON PositionSkill.cSkillCode = Skill.cSkillCode SELECT vFirstName, vLastName,vSkill FROM Employee JOIN PositionSkill ON Employee.cCurrentPosition=PositionSkill.cPos itionCode

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8.D.1 Creating Views (Contd.)
JOIN Skill ON PositionSkill.cSkillCode = Skill.cSkillCode SELECT vFirstName, vLastName, vSkill FROM Employee JOIN PositionSkill

ON Employee.cCurrentPosition =PositionSkill.cPositionCode
JOIN Skill ON PositionSkill.cSkillCode =Skill.cSkillCode AND vFirstName = 'Angela'

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8.D.1 Creating Views (Contd.)
SELECT vFirstName, vLastName, vQualification, vSkill FROM Employee JOIN PositionSkill ON Employee.cCurrentPosition = PositionSkill.cPositionCode JOIN Skill ON PositionSkill.cSkillCode = Skill.cSkillCode

Simplify the task of executing these queries.

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Task List
Identify how to simplify queries Draft the query for the view Create the view Verify that the queries have been simplified by executing the required queries on the view

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Identify how to simplify queries
Result:
Simplification of the query can be done using views

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Draft the query for the view
Action: The tables from where the view derives its data are Employee, positionSkill, and Skill The columns that are to be included in the view are vFirstName, vLastName, and vQualification from the Employee table and vSkill from the Skill table

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Create the view
A view can be created using the CREATE VIEW statement Syntax CREATE VIEW view_name [(column_name [, column_name]...)] [WITH ENCRYPTION] AS select_statement [WITH CHECK OPTION]

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Create the view (Contd.)
Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: CREATE VIEW vwEmpSkill AS SELECT vFirstName, vLastName, vQualification, vSkill FROM Employee JOIN PositionSkill ON Employee.cCurrentPosition = PositionSkill.cPositionCode JOIN Skill ON PositionSkill.cSkillCode = Skill.cSkillCode Press F5 to execute the command
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Verify that the queries have been simplified by executing the required queries on the view
Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: SELECT vFirstName, vSkill FROM vwEmpSkill Press F5 to execute the query In the Query Analyzer window, type: SELECT vFirstName, vLastName, vSkill FROM vwEmpSkill Press F5 to execute the query
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Verify that the queries have been simplified by executing the required queries on the view (Contd.)
In the Query Analyzer window, type: SELECT vFirstName,vLastName,vSkill FROM vwEmpSkill WHERE vFirstName = 'Angela' Press F5 to execute the query In the Query Analyzer window, type: SELECT * FROM vwEmpSkill Press F5 to execute the query

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Just a Minute...
Some queries to be executed are as follows: SELECT vFirstName, vDepartmentName FROM Employee JOIN Department ON Employee.cDepartmentCode = Department.cDepartmentCode SELECT vFirstName, cDesignation, vDepartmentName

FROM Employee JOIN Department


ON Employee.cDepartmentCode = Department.cDepartmentCode
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Just a Minute (Contd.)
SELECT vFirstName, vAddress, cCity, cZip, cDesignation, vDepartmentName, vDepartmentHead FROM Employee JOIN Department ON Employee.cDepartmentCode = Department.cDepartmentCode WHERE cCity = 'Columbus' Simplify the task of executing these queries.

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Altering, Dropping, and Renaming Views
Altering Views
You can modify a view by using the ALTER VIEW statement Syntax

ALTER VIEW view_name [(column_name)]


[WITH ENCRYPTION] AS select_statement

[WITH CHECK OPTION]

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Altering, Dropping, and Renaming Views (Contd.)
Dropping Views
You can drop a view from a database by using the DROP VIEW statement

Syntax
DROP VIEW view_name

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Altering, Dropping, and Renaming Views (Contd.)
Renaming Views
A view can be renamed using the sp_rename system stored procedure

Syntax
sp_rename old_viewname, new_viewname

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8.D.2 Modifying Data Using Views
A view is defined as follows: CREATE VIEW vwEmployeeCandidate AS SELECT Employee.cCandidateCode, vFirstName, vLastName, cPhone, siTestScore FROM Employee JOIN InternalCandidate ON Employee.cCandidateCode=InternalCandidate. cCandidateCode

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8.D.2 Modifying Data Using Views (Contd.)
While updating the test score and the telephone number of an employee, whose candidate code is 000018, the following command gives an error: UPDATE vwEmployeeCandidate SET cPhone = '(614)324-5634', siTestScore=75 WHERE cCandidateCode=000018
Identify the error and correct it so that data in the tables is modified.

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Task List
Identify the error and a method to modify data Draft separate statements to update tables Update tables Verify that the tables have been updated

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Identify the error and a method to modify data
Modifying data through views Data is present in the base tables, which can be modified by modifying data in the view There are certain restrictions at the time of inserting, updating, or deleting data through views. These are: You cannot modify data in a view if the modification affects more than one underlying table You cannot change a column that is the result of a calculation

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Identify the error and a method to modify data (Contd.)
Result: You are unable to update the attributes because views allow only one of the underlying tables to be updated at a time. You need to update the attributes by giving two separate UPDATE commands

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Draft separate statements to update tables
Action: The following statement would update the cPhone attribute in the Employee base table: UPDATE vwEmployeeCandidate SET cPhone = '(614)324-5634'WHERE cCandidateCode = '000018' The following statement would update siTestScore attribute in the InternalCandidate table: UPDATE vwEmployeeCandidate SET siTestScore=75 WHERE cCandidateCode='000018'
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Update tables
Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: UPDATE vwEmployeeCandidate SET cPhone = '(614)324-5634' WHERE cCandidateCode = '000018' UPDATE vwEmployeeCandidate SET siTestScore = 75 WHERE cCandidateCode = '000018' Press F5 to execute the statement

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Verify that the tables have been updated
Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE cCandidateCode = '000018' SELECT * FROM InternalCandidate WHERE cCandidateCode = '000018' Press F5 key to execute the queries

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8.P.1 Modifying Data Using Views
A view was defined as follows: CREATE VIEW vwNewspaperNewsad AS SELECT cNewspaperName,vCity,cZip,dAdStartDate FROM Newspaper JOIN NewsAd ON Newspaper.cNewspaperCode = NewsAd.cNewspaperCode The following statement, when given to update the table, did not update the table: UPDATE cNewspaperNewsAd SET cZip='88993-4532',dAdStartDate='01/09/99' WHERE cNewspaperName='Daily News' Modify data in the base tables.
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Programming for SQL Server
There are several methods of programming SQL Server applications. The following sections describe the different approaches that you can use for programming in terms of:
Batches Variables Printing Messages

Comments
Control-of-flow statements

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Programming for SQL Server (Contd.)
Batches Batches are groups of SQL statements submitted together to SQL Server for execution SQL server processes a batch interactively or from a file

Variables
You can use a variable to store a temporary value Syntax

DECLARE @variable_name data_type


Example DECLARE @Charge int
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Programming for SQL Server (Contd.)
In Transact SQL, there are two kinds of variables, local and global The variable @Charge is declared within a batch and is lost when the execution of the batch is over. Such variables are called local variables and, since we defined them, they are called the user-defined variables Global variables are those that are declared by the server and typically assigned values by the server

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Programming for SQL Server (Contd.)
Printing Messages The PRINT statement is used to display a user-defined message or the content of a variable on the screen Example DECLARE @MyName char (50) SELECT @MyName = 'Coomar Chris' PRINT @MyName

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Programming for SQL Server (Contd.)
Comment Entry A comment entry is used in batches to write a description of the code It can be written in two ways:

Multiple line comment entries enclosed within /* and */ Single line comment entry starting with a -- (double hyphens)

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Programming for SQL Server (Contd.)
Control-of-Flow Language
The control-of-flow language controls the flow of execution of SQL statements in batches, stored procedures, triggers and transactions The control-of-flow statements provided by SQL Server for programming are: The IFELSE statement

The CASE statement


The WHILE statement

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Just a Minute...
Fill in the blanks:
a. A group of SQL statements submitted together to SQL server for execution is called a ________.

b. _________ declared within a batch and is lost when the execution of the batch is over.

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8.D.3 Using the IF Statement
The minimum test score for an internal candidate to be called for an interview is 80. Write a batch that would display Called for interview along with the test score, if the test score is more than 80, and display Rejected - Not called for interview if it is less than 80, for an employee whose employee code is 000008.

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Task List
Identify how to display the required messages Draft the batch on paper Execute the batch Verify the batch

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Identify how to display the required messages
The IFELSE Statement This statement can be used for conditional execution of SQL statements Syntax IF boolean_expression {sql_statement | statement_block} [ELSE boolean_expression {sql_statement | statement_block}]

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Identify how to display the required messages (Contd.)
BEGINEND Statement If there are multiple T-SQL statements, then these must be enclosed within the BEGIN and END keywords Syntax BEGIN {sql_statement | statement_ block} END

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Identify how to display the required messages (Contd.)
Result: The messages can be displayed using the PRINT and IFELSE statements in a batch

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Draft the batch on paper
Result: The batch statements are shown below. DECLARE @iTest int SELECT @iTest = siTestScore FROM InternalCandidate WHERE cEmployeeCode = '000008' IF @iTest < 80 PRINT 'Rejected - Not called for interview' ELSE BEGIN PRINT 'Called for interview' PRINT 'your test score =' PRINT @iTest END
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Execute the batch
Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type the statement given below. DECLARE @iTest int SELECT @iTest = siTestScore FROM InternalCandidate WHERE cEmployeeCode = '000008' IF @iTest < 80 PRINT 'Rejected - Not called for interview'
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Execute the batch (Contd.)
ELSE BEGIN PRINT 'Called for interview' PRINT 'your test score =' PRINT @iTest END
Press F5 to execute the batch

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Verify the batch
Action: Verify your answer by executing the following query: SELECT siTestScore FROM InternalCandidate WHERE cEmployeeCode = '000008'

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More Constructs
The CASE Statement In situations where several conditions need to be evaluated, SQL Server provides a programming construct called the CASE statement

Syntax
CASE WHEN boolean_expression THEN expression [[WHEN boolean_expression THEN expression] [...]] [ELSE expression] END
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More Constructs (Contd.)
The WHILE Statement You can use the WHILE construct in a batch, a stored procedure, a trigger, or a cursor to allow a set of T-SQL statements to execute repeatedly as long as the given condition holds true Syntax WHILE boolean_expression {sql_statement | statement_block} [BREAK] {sql_statement | statement_block} [CONTINUE]
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More Constructs (Contd.)
The BREAK and CONTINUE Statements You can use the BREAK and CONTINUE statements to control the execution of the statements inside a WHILE loop

The BREAK statement causes an exit from the WHILE loop


The CONTINUE statement causes the WHILE loop to restart, skipping any statements after CONTINUE inside the loop

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Summary
In this lesson, you learned that:
A view is a virtual table, which consists of a subset of columns from one or more tables

A view derives its data from one or more tables known as base or underlying tables
Views serve as security mechanisms, thereby protecting data in the base tables A view can restrict access to data in specific columns, specific rows, specific rows and columns, rows fetched by using joins, statistical summary of data in a given table, subsets of another view or a subset of views and tables
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Summary (Contd.)
A view can be created with the CREATE VIEW statement
SQL Server allows data to be modified only in one of the underlying tables when using views, even if the view is derived from multiple underlying tables A view can be modified with the ALTER VIEW statement A view can be dropped with the DROP VIEW statement

A view can be renamed with the sp_rename stored procedure


A batch is a set of SQL statements submitted together to the server for execution You can use a variable to store a temporary value
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Summary (Contd.)
You can use the PRINT statement to display a user-defined message or the content of a variable on the screen You can use the comment entries in batches to write a description of the code
You can use the IFELSE statement for conditional execution of SQL statements The CASE statement evaluates a list of conditions and returns one of the various possible results You can use the WHILE statement in a batch to allow a set of T-SQL statements to execute repeatedly as long as the given condition holds true
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Summary (Contd.)
The BREAK statement causes an exit from the WHILE loop
The CONTINUE statement causes the WHILE loop to restart, skipping any statements after CONTINUE inside the loop

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