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Last Update September 5, 2012

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Absorption

The process of taking in. For a person or an animal, absorption is the process of a substance getting into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs.

Acid Rain

The precipitation of dilute solutions of strong mineral acids, formed by the mixing in the atmosphere of various industrial pollutants - primarily sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides -- with naturally occurring oxygen and water vapor.
Activities

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Acute

Occurring over a short time [compare with chronic].

Advance Felling

A felling in advance of working plan prescriptions.

Advance Growth

Seedlings, saplings and poles of species of the overwood that have become established naturally in a forest before regeneration fellings are started.
Advance Thinning

Thinning done in a regular crop in anticipation of suppression a method developed by Craib and OConnor for wattle and pine plantations in S. Africa.
Adventitious Bud

A bud from any part of the stem, leaves or roots that is not connected with the strands of bud-bearing tissue arising from the axils of the leaves.
Aesthetic Forestry

The practice of forestry with the object of developing or maintaining a forest of high scenic value.
Afforestation

To establish a forest by artificial means on an area from which forest vegetation has always or long been absent.
Afforestation

To establish a forest by artificial means on an area from which forest vegetation has always or long been absent.
After-Ripening

Biochemical or physical changes occurring in seeds, bulbs, tubers and fruits after harvesting when ripe in the ordinary way often necessary for subsequent germination or growth.
Age Class

One of the intervals into which the range of age of trees growing in a forest is divided for classification or use also the trees falling into such an interval.
Age Class Distribution

The local occurrence, or proportionate representation, of different age classes in a forest.

Age Classification

The division of a crop according to differences in age or the allotment of woods to age classes.
Age Gradation

An age class with one year as the interval. Loosely used sometimes as synonymous with age class.
Aggregation

Grouping, following establishment of scattered colonizing invaders as a result of propagation

Aggregation

Grouping, following establishment of scattered colonizing invaders as a result of propagation.

Allogenic Factors

Factors which operate, independently of the plants themselves, to alter the habitat gradually and thus cause changes in the vegetation.
Alpine

A term applied to the zone of vegetation where winter is severe, snowfall heavy, the mean annual temperature is under 450 F. and the mean January temperature below 300 F. In India, alpine zone occurs in the Himalayas at altitudes above 3,030.3 m.
Analyte

A substance measured in the laboratory. A chemical for which a sample (such as water, air, or blood) is tested in a laboratory. For example, if the analyte is mercury, the laboratory test will determine the amount of mercury in the sample.
Anemophilous Plants

Plants pollinated by wind.

Annual Ring

A layer of wood produced by the growth of one year

Antagonistic effect

A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that is less than would be expected if the known effects of the individual substances were added together [compare with additive effect and synergistic effect].
Arboretum

A place for cultivating and displaying trees.

Arboriculture

The art of cultivating trees primarily for shade or landscape effects.

Artificial Regeneration

The process of renewal of a forest by sowing, planting or other artificial means.

Assortment Table

A volume table giving the volumes in the round down to various thin-end diameters.
Autecology

The ecology of an individual organism or taxonomic group as opposed to syn-ecology which is the ecology of a community.
Autogenic Factors

Dominating factors of change which are due only to the individuals in a plant community, e.g., shade, root competition, etc.
Autotrophic Plants

Plants which obtain their food exclusively from the inorganic materials of soil, air and water.
Bark

Tissues of stem and root of a tree outside the cambium layer in order trees usually divisible into inner (living) and outer (dead) bark.
Bark Gauge

An instrument for measuring the thickness of bark.

Bark Scotch

Localized injury to bark and cambium caused by exposure of a stem to intense sunlight or high temperature, often resulting in wounds.
Basal Area

The area of the cross-section of a stem at breast-height. When applied to a crop (crop basal area), the sum of basal areas of all the stems or the total basal area per unit of area.
Basal Area

The area of the cross-section of a stem at breast-height. When applied to a crop (crop basal area), the sum of basal areas of all the stems or the total basal area per unit of area.
Base Line

A line which is used as a base for further work, particularly in surveying.

Bast

The fibrous portion of the phloem or inner bark of a tree.

Beat

A territorial charge primarily protective in scope sub-division of a range usually the charge of a forest guard or forester.
Bedrock

The solid rock underlying soils and the regolith or exposed at the surface without a cover.
Bench Terraces

Level or slightly sloping platforms constructed for soil conservation along the contours of a slope, separated from one another by a much steeper slope, and with a bank, usually covered with vegetation, on their outer edges.
Biological Spectrum

A term used by Raunkiaer to indicate the relative percentages of species of different life forms in a given area.
Biome

living community formed by all the organisms occurring together in a given habitat.
Bionomics

Study of the relation of an organism or population of organisms to its environment.

Biotic Climax

A climax which differs from the climatic climax of the area owing to the action of biotic factors.
Biotic Control

The natural control of the numbers of an insect, animal or plant by its enemies and diseases.
Biotic Factor

Any influence of living organisms. Usually restricted to the influence of animals, including man.
Biotic Potential

The inherent power of an organism to multiply over a given period of time in the absence of control factors.
Biotype

A population with identical genetic constitution.

Blight

An insect or fungus causing a sudden dying of shoots, foliage or blossoms also the condition itself.
Bole

The main stem of a tree. Sometimes used to refer to only the lower part of the stem up to a point where the main branches are given off, i.e., as a synonym of clear or clean bole.
Branch wood

The woody portions of tree exclusive of the bole and roots.

Breast Height

Almost universally adopted as the standard height for measuring girth, diameter and basal area of standing trees. In India, it is taken normally as 1.37 m above ground. Europe, U.K. and most other countries of the Commonwealth have it as 1.30 m and this is recommended as a standard for international adherence by FAO. On slopes, breast height is taken on the uphill side.
Broad Leaved Tree

A tree belonging to the botanical group Dicotyledons, and producing timber usually known as hardwood.
Browsing

Feeding on twigs or shoots, with or without attached leaves, of shrubs, trees of woody climbers.
Bush

A general term for all types of forest or woodland, usually referring to untended indigenous forest.
Buttress

An outgrowth from the base of the tree connecting it with the roots, especially common in tropical rain forest species an exaggerated form of root swelling.
Callus

Tissue that develops after a plant is wounded and tends to cover the wound.
Cambium

The actively dividing layer of cells which lies between and gives rise to xylem and phloem, i.e., wood and inner bark.
Canopy

The cover of branches and foliage formed by the crowns of trees in a wood.
Canopy Density

The relative completeness of canopy usually expressed as a decimal coefficient, taking closed canopy as unity. The following classification of canopy density is in vogue: Closed when the density is 1.0 dense when the density is between 0.75 and 1.0. thin when the density is between 0.5 and 0.7 and open when the density is under 0.5.
Check Dam

A small low dam constructed in a gully or other water-course to decrease the velocity of stream flow and thereby to minimize channel scour and promote deposition of eroded material.
Clay

The finest soil particles, under 0.002 mm. in diameter.

Clay Loam

A heavy soil intermediate in texture between clay and loam.

Clayey

Includes all clay textural classes, i.e., sandy clay, silty clay and clay

Clear Bole

The part of a bole that is free of branches.

Clear Felling

Strictly the felling of the whole standing crop in one operation.

Clearing

An open space in the forest, due to clearing of growth.

Climatic Climax

A climax which owes its distinctive characters to climatic factors in conjunction with only such biotic influences as plants and animals naturally occurring in the area bring about.
Clone

A group of individuals derived from a common parent by asexual reproduction

Closed Forest

a) Forest with a closed canopy. (b) Forest in which specified acts such as hunting or burning are prohibited
Collar

The portion of a plant, which marks the transition between stem and root, sometimes marked by a slight swelling.
Commercial Bole

The length of bole that is ordinarily fit for utilization as timber.

Commercial Forestry

The practice of forestry with the object of producing timber and other forest products as a business enterprise.
Commercial Timber

volume under bark of the commercial bole.

Commercial Volume Table

A volume table in which the contents are given as volume measured down to a thin end diameter down to which conversion is done, the stump volume being omitted.

Compartment

A territorial unit of a forest permanently defined for the purposes of administration, description and record. (Preferably designated by Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3, etc.).
Compartment History

A record of all events affecting the forestry of an individual compartment.

Conifer

A tree belonging to the order Coniferales of the botanical group, Gymnospermae, bearing cones and generally needle-shaped or scale-like leaves, usually evergreen and producing timber often known as softwood.
Conservative Grazing

A grazing intensity that results in an approximately proper utilization of the grazing area in all but the most severe drought years, and causes little or no soil disturbance.
Control Area

Regulation of the annual or periodic yield to an area over which fellings are prescribed.
Control Line

An inclusive term for all barriers, natural or constructed, that are used to control a fire.
Control Plot

Untreated plot in an experimental design.

Controlled Burning

Any deliberate use of fire whereby burning is restricted to a predetermined area and intensity.
Controlled Grazing

Conservative grazing through controlling the period and incidence by the movement of livestock in different parts of the area in prescribed sequence.
Conversion System

A method of silvilcultural procedure designed to change forest crops from one system or one (set of) species to another, e.g., coppice to high forest, selection forest to uniform, or hardwood to conifer.
Coppice

A crop of coppice shoots.

Coppice Forest

A forest consisting of trees derived mainly from coppice shoot or root suckers.
Coppice Shoot

A shoot arising from an adventitious bud at the base of a woody plant that has been cut near the ground or burnt back. Sometimes (incorrectly) used to include root suckers.
Creeper

A plant, rarely with a woody stem, which grows mainly horizontally on or near the ground and puts out roots at intervals a common misnomer for climbers.
Creeping Fire

A fire spreading slowly over the ground, usually with low flame.
Crop Diameter

The diameter corresponding to the mean basal area of a uniform, generally pure crop.
Crown

The upper branchy part of a tree above the bole.

Crown Class

One of the classes into which the trees forming a stand are divided on the basis of the type of crown and its position with reference to the general canopy and to the crowns of neighbouring trees also the trees falling into such a class.
Crown Cover

The horizontal projection on the ground of a tree crown.

Crown Development

The expansion of crown measured as crown length and crown width.

Crown Fire

A fire spreadling though the crowns of trees and consuming all or part of the upper branches and foliage.
Crown Height

The height of crown as measured vertically from the ground level to the point half- way between the lowest green branch and the green branches forming green crown all round.
Crown Length

The vertical measurement of the crown of a tree from the tip to the point half-way between the lowest green branches forming green crown all round and the lowest green branch on the bole.
Crown Per Cent or Ratio

The ratio of the crown length to the total height of tree expressed either as a percentage or as a decimal fraction.
Crown Thinning

A method in which thinning is primarily directed to the dominant trees in a regular crop, the less promising ones being removed in the interest of the best available individuals the dominated and suppressed stems are retained unless they are dead, dying or diseased.
Crown Width

The maximum spread of the crown expressed as its widest diameter.

Culm

The characteristic hollow and jointed stem of a bamboo or grass.

Cut Allowable

The amount of forest produce, howsoever measured, that can be cut in a given period under sustained yield management.
Cutting Section

A subdivision of a felling series formed with the object of regulating fellings in some special manner.
Decay

The decomposition of wood substance by fungi, chemicals or heat. Two stages of decay, the incipient and advanced are ordinarily recognized, thought two supplemental ones, the intermediate, and final stages are sometimes accepted.
Deciduous

(a) Shed naturally: applied to any plant organ or group of organs. (b) Also applied to such perennial plants as are normally leafless for some time during the year.
Deferred Grazing

Postponing the time of grazing from the start of growth until after a definite stage of forage plant development has been reached or the seed of important forage plants have ripened.
Defoliation

A reduction in the normal amount of foliage due to insect or fungal attack or other injury, may be partial or complete.
Deforestation

Removal of tree crop from a piece of land without the intention of reforestation.
Dendrology

identification and systematic classification of trees.

Dendrometer

Any instrument used for taking measurements on trees the term is usually restricted to instruments that measure diameter growth or to optical instruments with which diameter measurements can be taken at various points up the stem. It is not applied to instruments known by more specific names.
Denitrification

The breaking down of nitrates and nitrites in the soil by the action of certain bacteria in the absence of oxygen resulting in the evolution of free nitrogen.
Depot

A site on which forest produce is collected.

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Diameter Class

One of the intervals into which the range of stem diameters, e.g., of trees or logs, is divided for classification and use also the trees, logs, etc., falling into such an interval.
Dioecious

Applied to flowering plants having unisexual (male or female) flowers on separate individuals.
Dormant Bud

A bud that remains inactive for an indefinite period until stimulated into growth.

Drag-hole

A hole cut at one end of a log to facilitate the attachment of gear for dragging.
Dry Nursery

A nursery that is maintained without any irrigation or other artificial watering.

Dry Pruning

The pruning of dead branches.

Durability

Of wood, the resistance offered by it against disease, decay and insect attack.
Early Burning

Controlled burning early in the dry season, before the leaves and undergrowth are completely dry or before the leaves are shed, as an insurance against later fire damage.
Ecocline

A cline correlated with ecological factors.

Ecotone

The transition zone (or tension belt) between two adjoining communities irrespective of their ecological status.
Ecotype

(a) An element of a Linnaean species separable on the basis of its association with particular habitat factors. (b) A biotype resulting from selection with reference to a particular habitat.
Ectodynamorphic

Soils whose properties are influenced mainly by factors other than parent material.
Edaphic

Pertaining to the soil in its ecological relationships.

Edaphic Factors

Ecological influences characteristic of the soil, brought about by its physical and chemical characteristics.
Enumeration

The counting, singly or together, of individuals of one or more species in a forest crop and their classification by species, size, condition, etc. Enumeration may be complete (total) or partial (sample) a partial enumeration may by carried out on separate sample plots or in strips or lines.
Epiphyte

A plant growing on, but not nourished by, another plant.

Establishment

Development of a new crop, naturally or assisted, to a stage where the young regeneration, natural or artificial is considered safe from normal adverse influence such as frost, drought or weeds, and no longer needs special protection or tending operations other than cleaning, thinning and pruning.
Eugenic

Tending towards racial improvement.

Even-Aged

Applied to a stand consisting of trees of approximately the same age. Differences upto 25 per cent of the rotation age may be allowed in cases where a stand is not harvested for 100 or more years.
Evergreen

Never entirely without green foliage, leaves persisting until a new set has appeared.
Experimental Plot

(a) An are laid out to determine the effects of a certain method of treatment. (b) The major area unit of an established experimental study, requiring recurrent examination often divided into sub-plots.
Exploitable Age

The age at which an individual tree or crop attains the size or stage of growth required to fulfil the objects of management.
Exploitable Diameter

The minimum diameter at breast height at which trees are considered suitable for exploitation.
Exploitation Value

The current value of the stands of a forest estimated on the assumption that all merchantable materials is to be cut.
Extensive Forestry

The practice of forestry on the basis of low operating and investment costs per acre.
False Ring

The layer of wood less than a full years growth and seldom extending completely round the stem formed when diameter growth is interrupted and resumed during the same growing season.
Family

A developmental unit, usually small, in the early stages of sere, consisting of a group of individuals belonging to a single species. This group may, but not necessarily so, spring from a single parent.
Farm Forestry

The practice of forestry in all its aspects on farm or village lands, generally integrated with other farm operation.
Felling Cycle

The time which elapses between successive main fellings on the same area.
Field Germination

The percentage, by number, of seeds in a given sample that germinate and appear above the soil surface in the field or nursery, irrespective of later survival.
Field Nursery

A term sometimes used for a temporary nursery formed in or adjoining the planting areas.
Filler

A tree or species of inferior value retained in thinnings or cleanings in the absence of any more valuable stem.
Final Felling

The removal of the last seed or shelter trees after regeneration has been effected under a shelterwood system.
Fire Belt

A strip, open or planted with trees, maintained to check the spread of fire.
Fire Break

An existing barrier, natural or other wise or one prepared before a fire occurs, from which all or most of the inflammable materials have been removed, designed to stop light ground or surface fires and to serve as a

line from which to work and counterfire if necessary also to facilitate the movement of men and equipment in the fighting.
Fire Line

A cleared permanent fire break intended to prevent fires crossing from one area into another.
Fire Protection

All activities concerned with protection of a forest area from damage by fire comprises prevention, detection, presuppression and suppression.
Fire Season

(a) The period of year during which forest fires are likely to occur and become dangerous. (b) The period or periods of the year during which the use of fire in a forest is subject to legal restrictions.
Fire Suppression

All the work of extinguishing a fire following its detection.

Flood Plain

Land bordering a stream, built of sediments from the stream and subject to flooding in times of high water unless protected artificially.
Forest

(a) An area set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for certain indirect benefits which it provides, e.g., climatic or protective. (b) A plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, usually with a closed canopy. (c) An area of land proclaimed to be a forest under a forest law. forest
Forest Cover forest

All trees and other plants occupying the ground in a forest.

Forest Crop

The entire collection of trees (including bamboos) growing on a given area. Forest crops may be classified in terms of their stages of development as seedling crops, thickets or sapling crops, pole crops and tree crops.
Forest Economics

Those aspects of forestry that deal with the forest as a productive asset subject to economic laws.
Forest Estate

An area, whatever its ownership, dedicated to forest purposes.

Forest Finance

The finance side of forest economics.

Forest Fire

Any fire not employed as an indirect means of forest protection or management and which occurs on forest land.
Forest Floor

(a) A general term for the surface of the ground under a tree canopy (b) The dead vegetable matter on the ground in the forest, including litter and the less decomposed humus.
Forest Influences

All effects upon health, climate, soil and water-supply resulting from the presence of forests.
Forest Litter

The uppermost layer of organic debris (dead vegetative matter) on a forest floor, freshly fallen or only slightly decomposed, and consisting chiefly of leaves but also including bark fragments, twigs, etc.
Forest Management

The practical application of the scientific, technical and economic principles of forestry.
Forest Mensuration

The determination of the dimensions, form, volume, age and increment of logs, single trees, stands or whole woods.
Forest Offence

Any act punishable under a forest law or rules made under it.
Forest Organization

The systematic subdivision and arrangement of forest area with a view to regular management sometimes extended to include provision of staff, plant, etc.
Forest Pathology

The science that deals with diseases of forest trees, crops and products.
Forest Per Cent

The rate of discount used in computations in forest finance, e.g., estimates of soil expectation values. More accurately, it expresses the rate per cent in compound interest at which the forest capital is actually working as indicated by the increase in value between two periods.
Forest Policy

The general principles determined according to social and economic objects adopted for the creation and/or maintenance of forests and their use.
Forest Privilege

A temporary (or terminable) and defined facility involving the use of the forest or its produce, sanctioned by the owner of a forest to individuals or communities.
Forest Produce

All material yielded by a forest estate. Generally defined in forest acts, regulations, etc., and may include earth, stone, gravel and minerals. Classified as (a) Major Forest Produce timber, smallwood and fire wood and (b) Minor Forest Produce all forest produce, other than major forest produce, including grass, fruit, leaves, animal products, soil and minerals.
Forest Protection

The activities directed towards the prevention and control of damage to forests by man, animas, fire, insect, disease, or other injurious and destructive agencies.
Forest Range

An executive territorial unit, usually the charge of a forest ranger.

Forest Regulation

(a) A branch of forestry concerned with the technical aspects of organising and maintaining a forest for sustained yield. (b) A legal ordinance affecting forests.
Forest Right

A legally recognized claim, possessed by a person, community or property, to share in the enjoyment of some or all of the benefits of the forest property of another.
Forest Sanitation

The destruction, removal or treatment of infected or infested material of the purpose of reducing disease and insect incidence in the forest.

Forest Settlement

The legal determination of the limits of a forest estate and the definition of the rights admitted within it.
Forest Survey

An inventory of forest land to determine such data as area and topography together with the condition, composition and constitution of the crop(s) on it, but not strictly crop enumeration.
Forest Type

A category of forest defined generally with reference to its geographical location, climatic and edaphic features, composition and condition.
Forest Utilization

The branch of forestry concerned with the harvesting, conversion, disposal and use of forest produce.
Forest Valuation

The branch of forest economics concerned with the valuation of forest estates, forest crops and their components.
Forest Village

A village community established in a reserved or protected forest for the purpose of maintaining a supply of local labour.
Forestry Incentives Program (FIP)

Federal cost-sharing program that reimburse part of the costs landowners incur in completing certain forestry practices. The F.I.P. is administered
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A passage, burrow, or mine excavated by an insect in plant tissues for feeding, eviposition, or exit.
Gap Regeneration

A method of artificial regeneration in gaps, occurring or created in a forest, usually for supplementing natural regeneration.
General Volume Table

Volume table designed to cover the whole natural range and dimensions of a species.
Girth Class

One of the intervals into which the range of girth of trees or logs is divided for classification or use also the trees of logs falling into such an interval.
Girth Limit

(a) The limit of a girth class. (b) The prescribed girth below which a tree may not be felled.
Girth Quotient

The ratio of the girth of a stem at any given height to its girth at breast height.
Graft

: To apply a portion the scion of one plant to a stock, usually rooted, which is another plant or another portion of the same plant, with the object of securing vegetative union between the two the scion being detached from its parent plant either before or after the operation. Also applied to the composite individual so obtained.
Graft Hybrid

A graft in which the genetically distinct tissues of stock and scion are intermingled in the organs developing from the point of union.
Grassland

A community in which grasses predominate trees are either altogether absent or present in relatively small number.
Grazing

The eating of any kind of standing vegetation by domestic livestock or wild animals. Sometimes limited to the eating of herbage in contrast with browsing.
Grazing Capacity

The amount of grazing that an area can support under controlled grazing expressed as number of animals or equivalent cow units per acre.
Grazing Incidence

The amount of grazing in an area expressed as number of animals or equivalent cow units per acre.
Green Pruning

The pruning of living branches.

Gregarious

Habitually living and/or reproducing in more or less pure groups or communities, as opposed to individuals in a mixed crop.
Gregarious Flowering

The general flowering, within one or a few years, and over considerable areas, of all or most of the individuals of certain species that do not flower annually in some cases followed by the death of the plant e.g., bamboos and Strobilanthes
Ground Cover

The carpet of herbaceous plants and low shrubs, which covers the soil.
Ground Fire

(a) A forest fire that burns the ground cover only (b) It also refers to any fire that consumes the organic materials of the forest floor and also burns into the underlaying soil itself, as for example a peat fire.
Ground Water

The body of water in the ground, accumulated above impermeable layers that completely fills the pore space to a level whose depth below the surface varies from place to place and, generally from time to time.
Group Planting

Planting trees, etc., in groups. Often used for improving natural forest of scrub by planting groups of valuable species at wide intervals.
Group Selection

A designation or name given to a forest based on the most abundant tree type or types in the stand; groups of tree species commonly growing in the same stand because their environmental requirements are similar. Examples of North Carolina forest types include (a) pine; (b) mixed hardwood; (c) cypress, tupelo and black gum; and (d) oak and hickory.

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Growing Stock

The sum (by number or volume) of all the trees growing in the forest or a specified part of it.
Growth Ring

A layer of wood produced in one growing season. In climates with alternations of seasons favourable and unfavourable to growth, such layers are correctly referred to as annual rings, and provide a reliable index to the age of the trees. This is not the case in some tropical regions where many species show no or incomplete growth rings.
Gully

A large intermittent water course with steep sides an obstacle to agricultural machinery.
Gummosis

(a) In wood anatomy, partial or complete destruction of cells, the resulting mass being transformed into gum which occludes the newly-formed cavity and occasionally the cells adjacent to it. (b) In forest pathology, a disease process in hardwood trees, characterized by gum exudation.
Hardwoods

A conventional term, used irrespective of physical hardness or softness, for broadleaved trees and their timber, as distinguished from conifers and their timber which are known as softwoods. In countries where conifers are of little commercial importance, however, the terms are commonly used in their literal sense. In India the lighter hardwoods are often called light or soft hardwoods.
Heartwood

The inner layers of wood, which in the growing tree, have ceased to contain living cells. It is generally darker in colour than sapwood, though not always clearly differentiated from it.
Heterotrophic Plants

Those which cannot live without organic food, obtained more or less ready-made from bodies of other organisms.
Heterozygous

An individual is said to be heterozygous in respect of a particular character when the pair of genes carrying that character are dissimilar.
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Inbreeding

Crossing between a succession of parents derived from a single origin, or from the selfing of a single parent.
Increment

The increase in girth, diameter, basal area, height, volume, quality, price or value of individual trees or crops during a given period.
Increment Felling

A heavy opening of the canopy towards the end of the rotation, designed to stimulate increment of the individual trees left to form the final crop.
Industrial Forestry

The practice of forestry to sustain a given industrial enterprise, such as a saw mill, pulp mill, chemical plant or a combination of these.
Insectary

A place where insects are bred and studied.

Instar

Any of the successive stages in development of a larva or nymph, separated from the other stages by a moult.
Irregular Felling

Illicit felling and felling neither prescribed nor expressly permitted by a working plan.
Jungle Wood

A loose term for timber of miscellaneous inferior species.

Landslide

The sudden sliding of masses of rock soil or other superficial deposits on steep slopes.
Late Burning

Controlled or uncontrolled burning late in the dry season, after leaf-fall where the trees are deciduous.
Leaching

The removal of soluble substances, e.g., from soil or timber, by percolation.

Littoral

(a) Growing at or near the seashore. (b) Also applied to a species growing in a littoral forest.
Loamy

Includes all sandy loams, clay loams, loam, silt and silt-loam textures. Sometimes subdivided into moderately, coarse-textured, medium-textured, and moderately fine-textured groups.
Log

The stem of a tree or a length of stem or branch after felling and trimming.
Lop and Top

The branches and top cut from a tree, generally one felled or fallen.
Marine Borer

A marine crustacean (e.g. Limnoria) or mollusc (e.g. Teredo) which tunnels in submerged timber.
Market Value

The price that could be obtained by selling the forest as it stands.

Marking

Selection of trees to be cut or retained in a felling or thinning operation, the selected trees being indicated by a mark made with a scribe, or with a chisel or marking hammer on a blaze.

Marking Hammer

An implement employed for impressing on timber, standing or felled, a mark denoting number, treatment or ownership.
Maturity

The stage at which a tree is capable of reproducing itself by seed and has attained its full height. (b) The stage at which a tree or crop has attained exploitable size or age.
Maximum Thinning

A method, developed by Gehrhardt, which is a further development on Heaks free thinning and like it aims at putting as high a proportion as possible of the total potential increment of the area on to the retained stems from an early stage the number of such stems is limited to the minimum that can fully utilize the growing space. Applied to regular crops.
Mean Age

The average age of the dominant trees in a crop.

Mean Height

The height corresponding to the mean diameter of a group of trees or the crop diameter of a stand.
Merchantable

(a) The portions of a tree or crop which can be marketed under given economic conditions. (b) A commercial size or grade of logs, timber or other forest products.
Mesophyte

A plant whose normal habitat is neither very wet nor very dry.
Microclimate

The climate of small areas which for some reason differs significantly from the general climate of the area more particularly the climate under a plant or other cover, differing in extremes of temperature, moisture, etc., from the climate outside that cover.
Microrelief

Small-scale differences in relief, including mounds, swales, or pits that are a few feet across and have differences in elevation upto about 6 feet.
Mid Girth

The girth of a log, bole or tree, measured half-way along its length or height.

Migration

Refers to the mass movements of plants from one place to another. It begins when the germule (spore, seed, fruit, offshoot or plant) leaves the parent area and ends when it reaches the final resting place.
Mineral Soil

A soil whose properties are dominated by the mineral matter, usually containing less than 20 per cent organic matter, or with only thin surface organic layer.
Minimum Girth

Usually a prescribed girth below which a tree may not be felled. May be a qualified limit for main fellings or an absolute limit for the protection of a species.
Mixed Forest

A forest composed of trees of two or more species intermingled in the same canopy in practice and by convention, at least 20 per cent of the canopy must consist of species other than principal one.
Moisture Content

The weight of water present in wood or other material, usually expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight.
Monoecious

Of flowering plants, having the male or female sexual elements borne separately on the same individual.
Mopping Up

The act of making a fire safe after it has been controlled, as by firing small unburned areas between the control line and the edge of a fire, removing unburnt inflammable materials in the area, extinguishing smouldering fires with earth or water, etc. Rarely, if ever, completed until all of the fire has been put out.
Mortality

Death or destruction of forest trees as a result of competition, disease, insect damage, drought, wind, fire and other factors.
Mosaic

(a) A group of soils which always occur in association with one another in a manner not dependent on topographical features. (b) An arrangement of plant communities in a mosaic pattern, in contrast to zonation. (c) A patchy variation of normal green colour, the symptom of many virus diseases in plants.
Mutant

An individual or part of an individual in which a mutation has occurred.

Mutation

A change in the structure of a unit of heredity, i.e., the inception of a heritable variation.
National Park

An area owned by the state and dedicated to the conservation of scenery and the natural and historic objects of national significance and to the conservation of wild animals and plants by such means as leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of present and future generation.
Natural Control

Natures method of controlling plant and animal population through the action of heat, cold, moisture, dryness, parasites, predators, diseases, etc.
Natural Graft

A natural vegetative fusion of the tissues of contiguous parts of different individuals, or sometimes of different members of the same individual.
Natural Pruning

The natural death and fall of branches of standing trees from such causes as deficiency of light, decay, snow and ice.
Natural Range

The geographical and altitudinal limits within which an organism occurs naturally.
Natural Regeneration

The renewal of a forest crop by self-sown seed, or by coppice or root suckers also the crop so obtained.
Natural Resources-Conservation Service (NRCS)

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Non-Porous Woods

Those that do not contain vessels or pores. Applies to all conifers and a few broad-leaved species.

Normal Forest

A forest which for a given site and given objects of management, is ideally constituted as regards growing stock, age class distribution and increment, and from which the annual or periodic removal of produce equal to the increment can be continued indefinitely without endangering future yields. A forest which by reason of its normalcy in these respects serves as a standard of comparison, for sustained yield management.
Nursery

An area where plants are raised for eventual planting out has ordinarily both seedling and transplant beds. Nurseries are either permanent or temporary.
Nursery Bed

A prepared area in a nursery where seed is sown, or into which transplants or cuttings are put.
Nursery Stock

Generally, whatever is grown in nursery for planting out also plants supplied from a nursery.
Nymph

A mobile immature stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis.

Outturn

The quantity of produce obtained from any unit of a forest. (b) The quantity of sawn timber obtained from a given quantity of round logs.
Outturn Table

A volume table giving the contents in terms of outturn.

Overgrazing

Grazing so heavily as to impair future forage production and cause range deterioration by damaging the plants or soil or both.
Overmature

The condition of a tree or crop which has passed (a) the exploitable age or size, or (b) the age after which it may be expected to become progressively unsound.
Overstocked

A condition of overcrowding in tree crops.

Overwood

The uppermost storey of a storeyed high forest or of any crop in which two or more distinct crown layers occur, either temporarily or permanently, e.g., seed bearers over regeneration, standards over coppice or a crop of trees over bamboos.
Panchayat Forest

Any forest whose management is vested in a village panchayat, i.e., a body of men elected by the villagers from among themselves for specific administrative or other purposes pertaining to the village.
Parkland

Open grassland containing single trees or groups of trees.

Phenology

The science that deals with time of appearance of characteristic periodic events such as leaf shedding, etc., in the life cycle of organisms in nature especially as those events are influenced by environmental factors.
Phenotype

An organism judged by its visible characters.

Pit Planting

(a) A method of planting in pits from which the soil has been dug-out and replaced or exchanged. (b) Planting in prepared pits or natural depressions, with a view to collecting and conserving moisture.
Plant Containers

Containers in which plants are raised from seed or into which they are transferred from seed bed for the purpose of planting out later. These may be of any easily available local material, e.g., leaf cups, baskets, collapsible wooden frames, earthen pots, open tubes of bamboo, paper or thin metal sheeting.
Plant Per Cent

Percentage of the number of seeds in a sample that develop into seedlings at the end of the first growing season.
Planting Pot

Planting out young trees in pots of various materials in which they have been raised from seed or into which they have been transferred from the seed bed.
Plot

An area of ground or any other kind of experimental unit, such as a single tree or part of a tree, a sample of seeds used for a germination test, even an animal or a colony of insects. The essential feature is that the

plots for an experiment are units selected to be as alike as possible, but thereafter to receive different treatments.
Potential Yield

The annual yield in material, of which a forest is capable, when maintained at its highest limit of productivity.
Predominant Age

Applied to a crop of mixed ages and is the age of that diameter or girth class of the principal species which is most numerously represented.
Preparatory Felling

A felling made under a high forest system, usually towards the end of the rotation, with the object of creating conditions favourable to seed production and natural regeneration.
Preservation Plot

A sample area of natural forest or plantation set apart for preservation in perpetuity mainly for purposes of ecological observations and growth studies covering the full life of the trees and crops.
Primary Insect

A species of insect which can attack and injure trees that are living and in normal vigour. Some species are primary under certain conditions and secondary under others.
Primary Timber

Species of timber that command a much higher price than others occurring with them and are therefore selectively exploited in preference to the latter.
Proposed Reserve

An area notified under a forest act as one which is proposed to constitute into a reserved forest.
Protected Tree

One set apart as a good example of an important species for preservation as long as possible.
Provenance

The geographical source or place of origin from which a given lot of seed or plants was collected the material from such a source or origin often restricted to imply material from a specified race.
Pulpwood

Wood cut or prepared primarily for manufacture into wood pulp.

Pure Line

A line homozygous for all allelomorphs a family genetically homogenous for all its characters.
Quarter Girth

The girth of a tree or log divided by four. A measure commonly used in countries where volumes are reckoned by hoppus feet.
Regeneration

The renewal of a forest crop by natural or artificial means also the new crop so obtained.
Regeneration Area

The area laid down, normally in a working plan or scheme, to be regenerated in a specified time.
Regeneration Block

The periodic block under regeneration.

Regeneration Felling

A felling made with a view to inviting or assisting regeneration under a shelterwood system. Includes seeding felling, secondary felling and final felling.
Regeneration Map

A map in which the distribution, frequency and size of natural regeneration of the desired species is shown.
Regeneration Survey

A survey for the assessment of established and unestablished regeneration generally by sample enumeration.
Regular Forest

A forest composed of evenaged woods.

Replacement Value

The amount it would cost to build up the forest at present prices. Should be equal to cost value but for fluctuation in money values.
Reserved Forest

An area so constituted under the forest act or other law.

Reserved Tree

(a) A selected tree temporarily retained in a crop that is being regenerated for some specific purpose, e.g., to give seed, to protect regeneration or to put on increment. (b) A tree or species in which a government has reserved special proprietary rights under a forest act or other law and the felling of which is prohibited except under rules.
Root Pressure

A pressure exerted on the sap in the vascular bundles of stem or root, and originating in the root tissues.
Root Pruning

The pruning of roots, particularly for the purpose of encouraging the development of a compact, fibrous root system.
Root Sucker

A shoot rising from the root of a woody plant.

Root Swelling

The thickened basal part of a tree stem.

Rotation

The planned number of years between the formation or regeneration of a crop and its final felling. In the case of a selection forest, the average age at which a tree is considered mature for felling.
Rotation of the Maximum Volume Production

The rotation that yields the greatest annual quantity of material. It coincides with the age at which the mean annual increment culminates.
Rotational Grazing

The use of different parts of the grazing area or pasture in orderly sequence. The use of this term is sometimes restricted to grazing involving short rotational closures of a week or a month or more at different seasons in the year, grazing involving longer closures of a year or more at a time, being called periodic grazing
Round Timber

Timber in the log, i.e., unconverted timber also prepared timber in the round, e.g. telegraph poles, pit-props, etc.
Sample Plot

A plot chosen as representative of a larger area. In forestry, sample plots are used mainly in enumeration surveys and for studies of growth.
Sample Tree

A tree chosen as representative of a given population for detailed study of one or more of its characteristics. As selected in sample plot work in India, it is a tree whose diameter is equal or nearly equal to the mean diameter of the group it represents, and whose height, stem form and crown are also typical of the group.
Sapling

A young tree from the time when it reaches 3 feet in height till the lower branches begin to fall. A sapling is characterized by the absence of dead bark and its vigorous height growth.
Sapwood

The outer woody layers of the stem or log which, in the growing tree, contain living cells. The sapwood is generally lighter in colour than the heartwood. bfdsg
Savannah satr

Tropical or sub-tropical grassland containing scattered trees or shrubs.

Savannah Woodland

Open tropical or subtropical forest having an undergrowth mainly of grass. The trees are of moderate height and usually deciduous or if evergreen have small leaves.
Saw Timber

Logs suitable in size and quality for the manufacture of sawn timber.
Sawn Timber

Timber sawn to size, with or without wane.

Scion

Any unrooted portion of a plant used for grafting or budding on to a rooted stock.
Scrub

Inferior growth consisting chiefly of small or stunted trees and shrubs.

Seasonal Grazing

The grazing of an area only during a certain period of the year, roughly corresponding to one or more of the seasons.
Secondary Insect

A species of insect which can attack only trees that are already weakened, dying or dead.
Secondary Timber

Species of timber that are unacceptable as primary but are nevertheless actually or potentially marketable.
Seed Dormancy

A condition of mature viable seed in which germination is considerably delayed even though external conditions favour germination.
Seedling Coppice

Coppice shoots arising from the base of seedlings that have been cut or burnt back.
Seedling Nursery

A nursery in which seedlings only are raised, no transplanting being done.

Selection Thinning

(a) A method of thinning directed to obtain and/or maintain selection composition in a crop, with all diameter-classes adequately represented. (b) In American terminology, refers to a thinning in which the largest dominant trees and the poorest suppressed trees possessing a positive net conversion value or cut.
Selective Felling

A term used to indicate the removal only of certain species of high value or trees above a certain size and of certain species, without full regard to silvicultural requirements.
Selective Grazing

The preferential and sometimes excessive grazing of certain plants in mixed pasture.
Shelterbelt

A belt of trees and/or shrubs maintained for the purpose of shelter and wind, sun, snow-drift, etc.
Shifting Cultivation

A method of cyclical cultivation, chiefly in vogue in the tropics, where cultivators cut the tree crop, burn it, and raise field crops for one or more years before moving on to another site and repeating the process.
Silvics

The study of the life history and general characteristics of forest trees and crops, with particular reference to environmental factors, as the basis for the practice of silviculture.
Silvicultural Rotation

The rotation through which a species retains satisfactory vigour of growth and reproduction on a given site.
Silvicultural System

A method of silvicultural procedure worked out in accordance with accepted sets of silvicultural principles, by which crops constituting forests are tended, harvested and replaced by new crops of distinctive forms.
Silviculture

The art and science of cultivating forest crops.

Site Map

A map showing the distribution of localities of site quality classes throughout a forest area.
Size Class

One of the intervals into which the range of size of trees, logs, etc., is divided for classification and use also the trees, logs, etc., falling into such an interval. Diameter or girth usually, height or length sometimes, and volume rarely, constitute the basis of the division.
Slash

The unusable residue after logging, viz., branches, tops, bark, unutilizable logs, uprooted stumps and broken or uprooted trees left on the area. Also any large accumulation of debris after wind or fire.
Soil Aeration

The process by which air and other gases in the soil are renewed. The rate of soil aeration depends largely on the size and number of soil pores and on the amount of water clogging the pores. A soil with many large pores open to permit rapid aeration is said to be well aerated, while a poorly aerated soil either has few large pores or has most of those present blocked by water.
Spring Wood

The less dense wood formed during the early period of growth of each annual ring.
Standard Volume Table

A volume table in which the contents are given as volume measured down to the limits for standard timber, and, if necessary, smallwood, with stump included. Mainly of use as a basis for reference and for deriving, by the application of suitable conversion factors, subordinate volume tables in units and modes of measurement for specific local purposes.
State Forest

Forest owned by the state.

Stock Map

A map showing the distribution of the different forest or stand types which have a bearing on management, with information about their composition, age classes, etc.
Streamside Management Zone (SMZ)

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Strip Survey

A partial enumeration employing regularly spaced survey lines (strictly a linear survey) or strip of specified width, along which recording of data is continuous.
Stump Height

The height of the top of a stump above ground.

Stumpage

The value of timber as it stands uncut in a forest.

Succession

The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax succession is primary on sites which have previously not borne vegetation and secondary after destruction of whole or part of original vegetation.
Suitability Map

A plantation map showing areas suitable for different species.

Summer Wood

The denser wood formed during the later period of growth of each annual ring Syn. Late wood Autumn wood.

Surface Fire

A forest fire which burns not merely the ground cover but also the under growth.
Terracing

Constructing a level or sloping platform of earth across a slope to detain or control surface run-off and check soil erosion.
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Heading
The branch of the (USDA) that coordinates and 'implements': soil conservation practices on private lands. The NRCS can provide woodland owners with detailed information on his or her soil.

Please give a Title here

Thinning A felling made in an immature stand for the purpose of improving the growth and form of the trees that remain, without permanently breaking the canopy. Thinning Grade Refers to the relative extent to which a crop is opened up in thinning. Standard thinning grades are distinguished in ordinary and crown thinnings with reference to the extent to which stems are removed. Thinning Intensity A term generally used to indicate in numerical terms the extent to which a crop is thinned. Timber Categories of wood other than fire wood. Timber Height (a) Sometimes loosely used for merchantable height. (b) The height of the tree to a point where its girth or diameter falls to a specified minimum or the point where the main stem branches out into the crown, whichever is lower. It may be reckoned from ground level or stump height. timber stand improvement (t.s.i. Timber stand improvement (t.s.i. Any practice that increases the (value or rate of value growth in a stand of potential sawtimber trees. Pruning and thinning are considered t.s.i. Top Age Age corresponding to the top diameter of a regular crop. Transplant A seedling after it has been moved one or more times in a nursery, in contrast to a seedling planted out direct from the seedbed. Tree

(a) A large woody perennial plant having a single well-defined stem (bole or trunk) and a more or less definite crown. (b) As a legal term defined in forest law, it includes not only trees as defined above, but also such plants as shrubs, bamboos, canes and even stumps and brushwood. (c) The stage of growth beyond the pole stage, when the rate of height growth begins to slow down and crown expansion becomes marked. Tree Calliper An instrument for measuring tree or log diameters by taking their rectilinear projections on a graduated scale. Tree Compass An instrument of special design used for measurement of the diameter of tree or log. Tree Height The straight line distance between ground level and the extreme top of a tree usually measured on slopes on the uphill side of the tree. Tree Injection : The introduction, often with pressure of a chemical usually a water-soluble salt in solution into the sap stream of a living tree, to kill it or protect it from disease, or to kill a parasite such a mistletoe or into a freshly killed tree, to destroy bark-beetle or wood beetle broods. Tropical Climate A climate which is not very hot without a definite winter season. Undergrowth The lowest stratum of woody and other vegetation above the ground cover. Understorey The lower storey of a forest crop, e.g., a young crop under seedbearers, coppice under standards, or the lower storeys in a multi-storeyed high forest. Underwood Woody species growing under an overwood, i.e., the understorey. Also used for the coppice in coppice with standards. Uniform Forest An even-aged or regular forest Uniform Grazing

The obtaining of uniform production of forage over a range or pasture by special aids and facilities such as crossfencing, moving ungraded portions, salting, etc. unit (sale) A timber sale in which the buyer makes regular (weekly, monthly) payments based on mill receipts. Unit sales are useful when the amount of timber sold is so {large} that a [preharvest], lump-sum payment would be prohibitive. Village Forest (a) A state forest assigned to a village community under the provisions of the Indian Forest Act. (b) A forest established and managed for the supply of forest produce to a village. Virgin Forest Natural forest essentially uninfluenced by human activity it may or may not be a climax forest. Volume Control Regulation of the annual or periodic yield by the volume of fellings prescribed. Volume Table A table showing for a given species the average contents of trees, logs or sawn timber for one or more given dimensions. The given dimensions may be (a) d.b.h. alone, (b) d.b.h. and height or (c) d.b.h. height and some measure of form or taper. Volume tables may be (a) general, (b) regional or (c) local, depending on the scope of their applicability. Waterlogging A condition in which the soil pores get filled with water to the exclusion of air. A consequence of inadequate soil drainage. Watershed Strictly a water parting, the dividing line between catchment areas. The use of this term as a synonym for catchment or drainage area is deprecated. Watershed Management The administration and regulation of the aggregate resources of a drainage basin for the conservation of water and the control of erosion, streamflow and floods. Wet Nursery A nursery that is maintained by irrigation or other artificial watering during the dry periods.

 Wilding A natural seedling (in contrast to a nursery grown seedling) used in forest planting. Wildlife Management The conservation and control of wildlife in accordance with scientific principles. Windbreak A narrow shelterbelt or other obstacle maintained against the wind. Witches Broom An abnormal bushy growth of parts of the branch system on trees or shrubs, markedly different from that of the normal plant and characterized by the shortening of the internodes and excessive proliferation, generally pathogenic in origin. Wood (a) Sometimes used to indicate firewood and small timber for domestic purposes as distinct from timber. (b) Any area of land more or less covered with trees. Wood Preservation Antiseptic treatment of wood to increase its durability. Woodland Land bearing vegetation composed essentially of woody plants. There is a modern tendency to restrict the term to plant communities, in which trees, often small, are present, but form only an open canopy the intervening area being occupied by lower vegetation typically grass, in contrast to (closed) high forest. Working Plan A written scheme of management aiming at continuity of policy and action and controlling the treatment of a forest. The instrument of forest management. Xylem The tissues of the stem and root lying between the pith and cambium of a woody plant serving for water conduction, mechanical strength and food storage characterized by the presence of tracheids or vessels. Xylometer An apparatus used for determining the volumes of irregular pieces of wood by measuring the amount of water they displace.

 Yield The volume or number of stems that can be removed annually or periodically or the area over which fellings may pass annually or periodically, consistent with the attainment of the objects of management. Yield class (FRI) Yield class: A classification based on height growth, used to assess the volume production of a stand. Class values range from four (cubic metres per hectare per annum) for broadleaves, larch and pine, up to 30 for grand fir. It reflects the potential productivity of the site for the tree species growing on it. Yield Table A tabular statement which summarizes on an acre or other unit area basis all the essential data relating to the development of a fully-stocked and regularly thinned even-aged crop at periodic intervals covering the greater part of its useful life. - . conifers hardwoods

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