A. Basic sentence 1. S+V Eg: He sings S V They cry S V 2.

S+V+ C = Subject + Verb + Complement Eg: She is a beautiful girl C= A noun phrase She becomes stronger C= An adjective They are in the garden C=A prepositional phrase 3. S+V+O= Subject + Verb+ Object Eg: I get a ticket Object=a noun phrase They kiss me Object= a noun 4. Subject+ Verb+ (C/O)+ prepositional phrase - Prepositional phrase= preposition+ phrase Eg: In his diary Prep a noun phrase Eg: With his help, she becomes happier and happier Pre+noun phrase By learning English harder, she can go abroad more easily Pre+noun phrase 5.Linking verbs: Linking Examples verbs Be She is happy Alice is now a worker Become They become sad when the news comes He is determined to become a professor Remain He remains loyal to his boss even when the company goes into bankruptcy There remains a big church right in the middle of the village Stay We stay healthier when we eat more vegetables Appear She appeared sad at hearing that her father passed away Seem Nobody seems satisfied with his current job Sound That sound a good idea It sounds terrible Feel All of us feel distressed when we are sacked unreasonably Look He looked angry than ever once he knew his child committed crime Smell The cat smelt odorous after it swam in a dirty lake The flowers she bought yesterday smell fragrant Taste His food tastes fabulous

Grow Turn Get

The weather grows colder and colder everyday She turned sicker because of hard work for the whole month They get indignant at realizing that he is a robber

B. Relative clause 1. Relative clauses and relative pronoun Claus Use Examples e mark et Who Subject ( people) A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the nervous system Mt nh thn kinh hc l mt bc s ngi m chuyn khoa v h thng thn kinh Whom Object ( people) This is the patient whom the doctor treated y l bnh nhn ngi m bc y cha tr Whos Possessive Mr Collins is the man whose house I rented e ( people/things) ng collins l ngi n ng ngi m cn nh ca ng ti thu Which Subject/ object That is the topic which interests me ( things) y l ch ci m thu ht ti That Subject/object Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by ( thing/people) everyone ( that as subject) Ngh thut ci m nm nhng ni qun chng c th c tt c mi ngi thng thc The painting that ms Wallace bought was every expensive ( that as object) Bc tranh ci m c Wallace mua th rt t Where Adverb ( place) Here is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters y l ni ci ni/ m ti y m ngn hng nh xy nhng tr s chnh When Adverb ( time) This is the hour when the children usually got o bed y l thi im ci lc m/ khi m nhng da tr thng i ng Other examples as follows: Eg: I miss her. I met her some years ago= I miss her whom I met some years ago ( the same object) The table has three legs. Two of them are broken- the table has three legs, two of which are broken I read that book. It is written by Charles Dickens = I read that book which is written by Charles Dickens The boy is a good person. He helped me repair my motor yesterday= The boy who helped me repair my motor yesterday is a good person Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. I was born there= Hanoi where I was born is the capital of Vietnam = Hanoi in which I was born is the capital of Vietnam I read Harry Potter. My mother bought it two weeks ago= I read Harry Potter that/which my mother bought two weeks ago= I read Harry Potter my mother bought two weeks ago 2. Restrictive versus non-restrictive relative clauses: Defining relative clause / Non-defining relative clause/ non-

restrictive relative clause Meaning: -Explain which person or thing you are talking about. For example, if you say I met the woman, it might not be clear who you mean, so you might say I met the women who lives next door. In this sentence, who lives next door is a defining clause. -Defining clause states needed information to identify the person or thing you refer to Eg: Shortly after the shooting, the man who had done it was arrested Mooresville is the town that John Dillinger came from

restrictive relative clause Meaning - Give further information which is not needed to identify the person, thing, or group you are talking about. For example, if you say I saw Kylle Minogue, it is clear what you mean. But you might want to add more information anout Kylle Minogue, so you might say, for example, I saw Kylle Minogue, who was staying at the hotel opposite. In this sentence, who was staying at the hotel opposite is a nondefining relative clause

Eg: He was waving to the girl, who was running along the platform He walked down to Broadway, the mains street of the town, which ran parallel to the river Punctuation Punctuation - A non-defining relative clause usually has - You never put a comma or a dash a comma in front of it and a comma in front of a defining relative clause after it, unless it is at the end of a sentence, in which case you just put a full stop. Dashes are sometimes used in stead of commas 3. Reduced relative clauses - For active sentences, delete relative pronoun/ subordinate conjunction and turn the main verb into verbing in all tenses Eg: -She is living in Hanoi. This city has 36 ancient streets She is living in Hanoi that has 36 ancient streets She is living in Hanoi having 36 ancient streets - Hanoi witnesses many traffics jams during the day. It is the capital of Vietnam Hanoi which witnesses many traffic jams is the capital of Vietnam Hanoi witnessing many traffic jams is the capital of Vietnam - For passive sentences, delete relative pronoun and tobe, and keep the P2 verb in all tenses Eg: -She is making a lot of cakes. These cakes are made from pears She is making a lot of cakes which are made from pears She is making a lot of cakes, made from pears -I have read Gone with the wind. It is written by Magret Michell I have read Gone with the wind which is written by Magret Michell I have read Gone with the wind, written by Magret Michell - The present is beautiful. It is given by my brother The present which is given by my mother is beautiful The present given by my mother is beautiful

C. Adverbial clause and reduced adverbial clause 1. Types of adverbial clause: there are basically eight types of adverbial clauses Kind of clause Time clause Conditional clause Purpose clause Reason clause Result clause Usual conjunction Examples When, before, after, since, Your heart increases when you while, until, once exercise If, unless In order to, so that Because, since, as So that If the automobile had not been invented, what would people use for basic transportation In order to be successful, you need to work harder Because she missed the train, she went to class late I save money so that I can use it in times of emergency I leave the umbrella on the table so that you could see it Although she was dismissed for her work neglect, she tried to beg the boss for pardon Wherever you go, I still miss you I hate the way she treats me

Concessive clauses

Although, though, while (contrasting meaning)

Place clauses Where, wherever Clauses of manner As, like, the way 2. Reduced adverb clause Full adverbial clause Although she was disappointed by his failure, she still trusted his ability She never blamed her husband though she was often verbally abused by him Although they tried their best, they could not reach the station on time While she is dissatisfied with her life, she keeps hoping for the best While she is talking to me, she is chewing gum While he was ill-treated by the boss, he still made no claim If she is unhappy, she will talk to you face-to-face If you condemn the superior for his embezzlement, you will stand a chance of getting sacked If the new policy is adopted by the government, it will bring a lot positive changes to our socio-economic future When they feel sad, they often frequent karaoke bars When the child is overindulged, he might be spoilt When the parliament pass the new bill,

Reduced adverb clause Though/ although disappointed by his failure, she still trusted his ability She never blamed her husband though often verbally abused by him Although trying their best, they could not reach the station on time While dissatisfied with her life, she keeps hoping for the best ( concessive) She is chewing gum while talking to me ( time) While ill-treated by the boss, he still made no claim (concessive) If unhappy, she will talk to you face to face If condemning the superior for his embezzlement, you will stand a chance of getting sacked If adopted by the government, the new policy will bring a lot of positive changes to our socio-economic future When sad, they often frequent karaoke bars When overindulged, the child might be spoilt When passing the new bill, the

it needs the entire approval from members in both house of representative and senate Before she worked as a clerk, she used to be a cleaner Before he was given allowance for his further study from his family , he worked part-time to cover his expense Before the baby began to cry, she was put into the cradle nearby She decided to become a doctor after she was given a chance to work in a war-hospital After they graduated from Hanoi university of technology, they changed their career to business Until we leaves our university, we know where we go in the later phases of life Until they are free, they still feel uneasy somehow We are never away from each other until we graduate from high school

parliament needs the entire approval from members in both house of representative and the senate Before working as a clerk, she used to be a cleaner Before given allowance for his further study from his family, he worked parttime to cover his expense Before beginning to cry, the baby was put into the cradle nearby After given a chance to work in a war-hospital, she decided to become a doctor After graduating from HUT, they changed their career to business Until leaving our university, we know where we really go in the later phases of life Even until free, they still feel uneasy somehow We are never away from each other until graduating from high school

3. Position of reduced adverbial clauses in a sentence: Position Example Go in front of a main After graduating from clause university of Hanoi , she became a professor After a main clause We would be happy if we are given the chance to attend this meeting In the middle one Children, if given enough ( after the subject and encouragement and before the predicate opportunities, will perform of the main clause) well both academically and physically Original sentences After she graduated from university of Hanoi, she became a professor We would be happy if given the chance to attend this meeting If children are given enough encouragement and opportunities, they will perform well both academically and physically

4. Prepositional phrases with the same meaning as adverb clauses They are also certain prepositions that have essentially the same meaning as adverb clause markers but are used before noun phrases or pronouns, not with clauses Preposition Because of Related marker Because, since Example He chose that university because of its fine

Due to Because, since On account Because, since of In spite of Although/even though Despite Although, even Despite its loss, the team is still in first place though During When/while Her farther lived in England during the war

reputations The accident was due to mechanical failure Visibility is poor today on account of air pollution He enjoys motorcycle riding in spite of danger

F. Incomplete noun clause/ nominal clause 1. Kinds of Nominal clauses Types of Example clause Where clause Where he is living now is unknown I do not know where he goes What clause What he does is meaningless We do not believe in what the government promises That is not what I expect When clause When they get married remains a secret I do not like when she cries It is when he understands the value of friendship Why clause Please explain to me why he said goodbye to her so suddenly I cannot figure out why he did this to me That is why she goes Who Who announces the victory of his election is mysterious We might not realize who helps us in this issue Whoever Whoever says this to you is not reliable clause Whatever I cannot trust whatever they do clause That clause That he succeeds in this election is a forgone conclusion She understands that he hates her very much The fact that The fact that we are poor is undeniable The idea that The idea that we runs for presidency this year is a mistake The concept/ The belief that the more we do intensive physical exercises, the opinion/belief more we lose weight is erroneous /though/notio The notion that men could get married to as many wives as they n that can is a backward one The opinion that raising pets is beneficial proves true in some cases How clause How she finishes such work is a miracle Can you tell me how to become richer Whether ..(or I do not care whether she is now happy or not not) Whether I fail or succeed has not effect on your life I am wondering whether she loves me or not 2. Different positions of incomplete noun clauses in the sentence Position a. Nominal clause as a subject When /what/why../clause+ main verb+ (O/C) Subject b. nominal clause as an object S+V ( normal) + When /what/why../+clause Object c. nominal clause as a complement S+ V (tobe)+ When /what/why../+clause Complement d. nominal complement clause as a subject Example What she has said is stupid Both of us do understand why she dumped us It is not what we are longing for and -That he behaves in that way is not what his

When /what/why../clause+ V (tobe) + When parents expect /what/why../+clause -When she arrives is not Subject what we care about Complement -That fact that our country is now in times of globalization is what economists predicted long before e. nominal clause as a subject and object That the global When /what/why../clause+ V (normal verb) + culture is penetrating When /what/why../+clause affects how Vietnamese Subject live Object f. nominal clause as a subject after it It is undeniable that a It tobe+ adjective+ nominal clause nuclear war might end Subject ( of it) the world g.nominal clause as an appositive S+ tobe+ noun phrase+ nominal clause Appositive There is no question that a nuclear might en the world

G. To-infinitive nominal clause and Verbing nominal clause 1. To infinitive nominal clauses: The to-infinitive nominal clause can occur as Position of nominal clause Subject to-infinitive Examples For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable For a girl to behave like that is unacceptable For anyone to succed in life entails a doze of patience I like everyone to be happy We expect the project to be fruitful Our parents want us to be more obedient My wish is to be a pilot Their effort is to reform the economy His aim is to defeat his enemy His ambition, to be a straight actor, was never fulfilled Their plan, to go on vacation this weekend, is well prepared My mothers wish, to teach her children carefully from their early childhood, is always in her mind I am glad to help you She feel uneasy to talk to him at this moment They grows too angry to help him finish this job

Direct object Subject complement Appositive

Adjectival complement

2. Nominal Ing clauses The nominal ing clause, a Particular Clause, occurs in the following positions: Position of to-infinitive Examples nominal clause Subject Telling lies is wrong Taking photos of things forbidden is a sin Pirating books is prohibited in many countries Raising peoples awareness of environment is necessary Direct object We enjoy reading books He denies stealing money from that old woman Hardly does anyone continue trying when there is no hope left Subject complement His favorite game is playing practical jokes Their current job is now conselling customers in using mobile phones Appositive His hobby, collecting stams, absorbed him Her desire, becoming a billionaire, seems farfetched

Adjectival complement

Their success, winning a new contract estimated at 3 bilion dollars, is highly appreciated by the boss The children are busy building sandcastles

H: Paragraph writing Focus 1: Language of comparison and contrast I. Comparison paragraphs-language features between X and Y) Group Structures 1. A. X+ verb + Exactly the Adjectives/ same+ noun+ as Y prepositio Almost ns Practically B. X+ somewhat similar to/like Y in that + clause rather very quite C. Like X, Y+ verb

(indicate the similarities

Example Kennedy was killed on exactly the same day of the week as Lincoln Studying English is somewhat similar to studying Maths in that both require the memorization of many formula Like the developing countries, the developed countries have experienced a high amount of contamination 2. A. too/so I love paying chess and she Attached does, too statements I love playing chess and so does she Smoking does not bring B. either/neither such inspiration to smokers as many think and drinking does not, either Smoking does not bring such inspiration to smokers as many think and neither does drinking 3. A. Both X and Y+ verb ( plural Both studying and Correlative verb) working entail assiduity conjunctio Neither unemployment ns B. Neither X nor Y+ Verb Y ( verb nor abortion is well is divided based on the second addressed by the subject) government Just as his parents got C. Just as+ clause, so+ clause married in their twenties, so he decided to tie the know in his students life. 4. A. X vaguely resembled B in Smoking greatly Predicate that + clause resembles drinking in that structures closely they do our health no good greatly B. X and Y have certain things in common many features several aspects There exist several common two geographical features characteristics between Hanoi and Ho qualities/attitud chiminh es C. There are

5. Sentence connectors

certain/many/several similarities between A and B Clause + ; similarly, clause ; correspondingly, ; likewise, ; in the same way, ; by the same token,

Car production experienced a quick increase in 1997; similarly, bike production saw a rise in the same year

6. Punctuatio n only

His company went into bankruptcy last year. Clause. Similarly, Likewise, his affiliated clause companies faced the same Correspondingly fate Likewise, In the same way, His parents are heavy By the same token, smokers. Likewise, he was a smoke addict. Clause; Clause She went away in 1997; her son died in 2007

II. Language of contrast (indicate the stark differences between A and B) Group 1. Comparis on &superlat ive 2. Prepositio ns Structures er.. than, more than, less..than, as...as Unlike X, Y+ clause Contrary to As opposed to Example She is happier than me

Contrary to popular belief, smoking does not bring us a sense of alertness in times of crisis As opposed to his parents expectation, he failed the entrance exam Unlike car production, bike production witnessed a surge of 300 bikes in the same year Contrary to opponents view who claim that raising pet is no more than a wasteful investment, this activity is beneficial in many respects 3. Whereas Whereas raising pet is just a Adverbial clause, clause luxurious task, providing aid to the clauses While poor proves urgent than ever clause, clause While rich people are squandering a large amount of money on pet raising, the poor are suffering the untold miseries caused by epidemics and political unrest 4. Verbal X contrasts with Y in Normal people contrast with structures regard to+ noun phrase celebrities in regard to their X differs from Y in lifestyle

5. Sentence connector s

6. Punctuati on only 7. Conjuncti ons

respect to + noun phrase X is different from Y in that + clause Clause; however, clause ; on the other hand, ; in contrast, - Clause X . On the other hand, Clause Y . In contrast, . However, - ClauseX. Y, however, main verb , in contrast, , on the other hand, Clause; Clause

Clause X, clause Y

but

Some people view that raising pet is worthless; on the other hand, others perceive the existence of pets in their home as a source of consolation in times of depression and a real friend who can listen to their innermost thoughts. Defenders claim that drinking inspires artists in times of spiritual crisis. Opponents, however, assert that such argument is questionable when it comes to real inspiration. In the long term, excessive drinking ruins artists nervous system, let alone, have enough energy to create. The rich countries are increasingly investing in arms race; the poor ones are struggling with the daily threats, resulting from diseases and political instability She likes playing foobal, but her daughter prefers badminton