CS2203 Object Oriented Programming CS2203 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING TWO MARK QUESTION AND ANSWER UNIT I 1.

Give some characteristics of procedure-oriented language. The characteristics of procedure-oriented language are: i. Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms). ii. Larger programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions. iii. Most of the functions share global data. iv. Data move openly around the system from function to function. v. It employs top-down approach in program design. 2. What are the basic concepts of OOPS? The basic concepts of OOPS are: i) Objects ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Classes Data abstraction and Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism Dynamic binding Message passing

3. What is an object? An object is basic run-time entity in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the program has to handle. Each object has the data and code to manipulate the data and theses objects interact with each other. 4. What is a class? A class is a Collection of objects of similar type. Once a class has been defined, we can create any number of objects belonging to the class. Class is a user-defined data type and behaves like built-in types of the programming language.

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming 5. What is an encapsulation? Wrapping up of data and function within the structure is called as encapsulation. The insulation of data from direct access by the program is called as data hiding or information binding. The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those functions, which are wrapped in the class, can access it. 6. What is meant by dynamic binding or late binding? Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at the run-time. 7. Write the process of programming in an object-oriented language? The process of programming in an object-oriented language are: i) Create classes that define objects and their behavior. ii) iii) 8. Creating objects from class definition. Establishing communication among objects.

List any four advantages of OOPS. The advantages of OOPS are: i) The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure the ii) iii) to iv) programs that cannot be invaded by code in other parts of program. It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-exist without any interference. Object oriented programming can be easily upgraded from small large systems. Software complexity can be easily managed.

9.

What are the features required for object-based programming Language? The features required for object-based programming are: i) Data encapsulation. ii) Data hiding and access mechanisms. iii) Automatic initialization and clear up of objects. iv) Operator overloading.

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming 10. Give any four applications of the OOPS. The applications of OOPS are: i) Real-time systems. ii) iii) iv) Simulation and modeling. Object-oriented databases. AI and expert systems.

11. What are the operators available in C++? The operators available in C++ are: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) :: - Scope resolution operator :: * - Pointer-to-member declarator ->* - Pointer-to-member operator .* Pointer-to-member operator delete - Memory release operator endl - Line feed operator

vii) new - Memory allocation operator viii) setw - Field width operator 12. What is a scope resolution operator? Scope resolution operator is used to uncover the hidden variables. It also allows access to global version of variables. Example: #include<iostream. h> int m=10; // global variable m void main ( ) { int m=20; // local variable m cout<<m=<<m<<\n; cout<<: : m=<<: : m<<\n; } Output: 20 10 (: : m access global m) Scope resolution operator is used to define the function outside the class.

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming Syntax: return type <class name> : : <function name> Example: void x : : getdata() 13. What is a default argument? Default argument assigns a default value to the parameter, which does not have matching argument in the function call. Default values are specified when the function is declared. Example: float amount(float principle,int period, float rate=0. 15) { } Function call is: value=amount(5000,7); Here it takes principle=5000& period=7 And default value for rate=0.15 Value=amount(5000,7,0.34) Passes an explicit value 0f 0.34 to rate We must add default value from right to left 14. What is constant argument? Keyword is const. The qualifier const tells the compiler that the function should not modify the argument. The compiler will generate an error when this condition is violated. This type of declaration is significant only when we pass arguments by reference or pointers Example: int strlen (const char *p); 15. How the class is specified? Generally class specification has two parts 1. Class declaration It describes the type and scope of its member 2. Class function definition It describes how the class functions are implemented

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming The general form is: class class_name { private: variable declarations; function declaration; public: variable declaration; function declaration; }; 16. How do you create an object? Once the class has been declared, we can create variables of that type by using the class name Example: classname x; //memory for x is created 17. How do you access a class member? We can access the member function by using the following syntax, Object-name. Function-name (actual arguments); eg:x.getdata(100,75.5); 18. How is the member functions defined? Member functions can be defined in two ways: 1. Outside the class definition Member function can be defined by using scope resolution operator (::). General format is return type class_ name:: function-name (argument declaration) { } 2. Inside the class definition This method of defining member function is to replace the function declaration by the actual function definition inside the class. It is treated as inline function Example: class item { int a, b;

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming void getdata (int x, int y) { a=x; b=y; } }; 19. What is a static data member? Static variable are normally used to maintain values common to the entire class. Features: i) It is initialized to zero when the first object is created. No other initialization is permitted ii) only one copy of that member is created for the entire class and is shared by all the objects iii) It is only visible within the class, but its life time is the entire class type and scope of each static member variable must be defined outside the class iv) It is stored separately rather than objects Example: static int count; /*count is initialized to zero when an object is created. */ int classname::count; //definition of static data member 20. What is static member function? A member function that is declared as static has the following properties: i) A static function can have access to only other static member declared in the same class ii) A static member function can be called using the classname as follows class name :: function_name; 21. How the objects are used as function argument? This can be done in two ways, i) A copy of the entire object is passed to the argument ii) Only address of the objects is transferred to the f unction 22. What is Friend function? Write the syntax. A function that has access to the private member of the class but is not itself a member of the class is called friend functions. The general form is:

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming

friend datatype function name (object dec); Friend function is preceded by the keyword friend. 23. Write some properties of friend function. The properties of friend function are: 1. Friend function is not in the scope of the class to which it has been declared as friend. Hence it cannot be called using the object of that class. 2. Usually it has object as arguments. 3. It can be declared either in the public or private part of a class. 4. It cannot access member names directly. It has to use an object name and dot membership operator with each member name. eg: ( A . x ) 24. What is function overloading? Give an example. Function overloading means we can use the same function name to create functions that perform a variety of different tasks. Eg: An overloaded add( ) function handles different data types as shown below. // Declarations i. int add( int a, int b); //add function with 2 arguments of same type ii. int add( int a, int b, int c); //add function with 3 arguments of same type iii. double add( int p, double q); //add function with 2 arguments of different type //Function calls add (3 , 4); //uses prototype ( i. ) add (3, 4, 5); //uses prototype ( ii. ) add (3 , 10.0); //uses prototype ( iii. ) 25. What is constant function? When we define the function as constant we should not modify the objects. If the functions are modified to change the values, the error can be caught. Syntax: < Return type> <Function name> ( ArgList ) const { funtion body; }

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming 26. What is constant object? Const object is object that is not modifiable. Only functions that are defined as Const can be accessed by const object. Even public variables of the object are not modifiable. Syntax: const class_name obj_name; 27. Define the nested class. We have two classes. Outside class is a nesting class and contains the entire body of the inside class. The inside class, which is defined inside the outside class is called nested class.

28. What is the syntax, if we defined the nested class as public? class outerClass { public: class innerClass { ----------------}; --------------}; 29. What is the syntax, if we defined the nested class as private? class outerClass { private: class innerClass; public: ----------------}; class outerClass :: innerClass { Definition of innerClass; --------------------------------}

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming

30. What is polymorphism? What are its types? Polymorphism is the ability to take more than one form. An operation may exhibit different behaviors in different. The behavior depends upon the type of data used. Polymorphism is of two types. They are 1. Function overloading 2. Operator overloading

CS2203 Object Oriented Programming UNIT II 1. Define the term constructor. A constructor is a special member function whose task is to initialize the objects of its class. It is special because its name is same as class name. The constructor is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created. It is called constructor because it constructs the values of data members of the class Eg: integer Class { public: integer( );//constructo r } 2. What is meant by default constructor? The constructor with no argument is called default constructor. Eg: Class integer { int m,n; Public: Integer( ); . }; integer::integer( )//default constructor { m=0;n=0; } the statement integer a; invokes the default constructor

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3. What is meant by parameterized constructor? Constructor with arguments is called parameterized constructor. Eg; class integer { int m,n; public: integer(int x,int y) { m=x;n=y; } }; To invoke parameterized constructor we must pass the initial values as arguments to the constructor function when an object is declared. This is done in two ways: 1.By calling the constructor explicitly eg: integer int1=integer(10,10); 2.By calling the constructor implicitly eg: Integer int1(10,10); 4. What is a default argument constructor? The constructor with default arguments are called default argument constructor. Example: Complex(float real,float imag=0); The default value of the argument imag is 0 The statement complex a(6.0) assign real=6.0 and imag=0 the statement complex a(2.3,9.0) assign real=2.3 and imag=9.0 5. What is the ambiguity between default constructor and default argument constructor? The default argument constructor can be called with either one argument or no arguments. When called with no arguments, it becomes a default constructor. When both these forms are used in a class, it cause ambiguity for a statement such as A a; The ambiguity is whether to call A::A() or A::A(int i=0)

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming

6.

Define the term copy constructor. A copy constructor is used to declare and initialize an object from another object. It takes a reference to an object of the same class as an argument Eg: integer i2(i1); would define the object i2 at the same time initialize it to the values of i1. Another form of this statement is Eg: integer i2=i1; The process of initializing through a copy constructor is known as copy initialization.

7. Define the term destructor. It is used to destroy the objects that have been created by constructor. Destructor name is same as class name preceded by tilde symbol(~). Example: ~integer() { } A destructor never takes any arguments nor it does it return any value. The compiler upon exit from the program will invoke it. new Whenever operator is used to allocate memory in the constructor, we should use delete to free that memory. 8. What is meant by constructor overloading? The class that has different types of constructor is called multiple constructors. Example: #include<iostream. h> #include<conio.h> class integer { int m,n; public: integer( ) //default constructor { m=0;n=0; }

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming integer(int a,int b) //parameterized constructor { m=a; n=b; } integer(&i) //copy constructor { m=i. m; n=i.n; } }; void main() { integer i1; //invokes default constructor integer i2(45,67);//invokes parameterized constructor integer i3(i2); //invokes copy constructor } 9. Write some special characteristics of constructor. Special characteristics of constructor are: 1. They should be declared in the public section 2. They are invoked automatically when the objects are created 3. They do not have return types, not even void and therefore, and they cannot return values 4.They cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class 5. They can have default arguments 6. Constructors cannot be virtual f unction 10. How the objects are initialized dynamically? To call parameterized constructor we should the pass values to the object ie,for the constructor integer(int a,int b) it is invoked by integer a(10,18). This value can be get during run time. i.e., f or above constructor int p,q; cin>>p>>q; integer a(p,q); 11. What is meant by operator overloading?

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming This mechanism of giving such special meanings to an operator is known as Operator overloading. It provides a flexible option for the creation of new definitions for C++ operators. 12. List out the operators that cannot be overloaded. The operators that cannot be overloaded are: 1. Class member access operator (., .*) 2. Scope resolution operator (::) 3. Size operator (sizeof) 4. Conditional operator (? :) 13. List out the operators that cannot be overload as friend functions. a. b. c. d. The operators that cannot be overload as friend function are: Assignment operator = Function call operator ( ) Array subscript operator [ ] Access to class member using pointer to object operator -> 14. What is the purpose of using operator function? Write its syntax. To define an additional task to an operator, we must specify what it means in relation to the class to which the operator is applied. This is done by Operator function , which describes the task. Operator functions are either member functions or friend functions. The general form is return type classname :: operator op(arglist ) { function body } where return type is the type of value returned by specified operation. Op- operator being overloaded. The op is preceded by a keyword operator. operator op is the function name. 15. Write at least four rules for Operator overloading. Rules for Operator overloading are: 1.Only the existing operators can be overloaded. 2. The overloaded operator must have at least one operand that is of user

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming defined data type. 3. The basic meaning of the operator should not be changed. 4. Overloaded operators follow the syntax rules of the original operators. 5. They cannot be overridden. 16. What are the different types of conversion? 1. 2. 3. 4. The different types of conversions are: Basic type to Class type. Class type to Basic type. Class type to Class type. Basic type to Basic type 17. Write the syntax to convert from class to basic type. operator typename( ) { Function statements; } 18. What are the conditions to satisfy the type casting function? The conditions to satisfy the type casting function are: 1. it must be a class member. 2. it must not specify a return type. 3. it must not have any arguments.

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UNIT III TEMPLATES AND EXCEPTION HANDLINGS 1.What is the use of typename? The keyword typename indicates that the expression following the keyword is the name of a type. If we write typename identifier; then that identifier is treated as a generic type in that function. 2. What is template instantiation? The process of generating a data type specific instance of a template is known as instantiation. 3. What is template argument deduction? The process of determining the types and values of template arguments from the type of function argument is called template argument deduction. 4. What are the different types of inclusion compilation model? The two models differ in how the definitions from the source files are made available to the compiler. The models are i. ii. Inclusion compilation model Separate compilation model

5. What is use of export keyword? export is a keyword, required for implementing the separate compilation model. 6. What are the various traditional error handling methods?

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming The various traditional error handling methods are: i. Returning error number ii. Global flag manipulation iii. Abnormal termination

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming 7. What is the importance of exceptional handling? The importance of exceptional handling is: i. Divide the error handling ii. To provide unconditional termination and programmer preferred termination iii. For separating error reporting and error handling iv. To solve the object destroy problem 8. What are the three keywords used for exception handling mechanism? The three keywords used for exception handling mechanism are: i. ii. iii. try for indicating program area where the exception can be thrown throw for throwing an exception catch for taking an action for specific exception

9. What are the challenges in the exception handling mechanism? The challenges in the exception handling mechanism are: i. Finding proper catch block ii. Finding proper catch block for polymorphic object iii. Backtracking till the beginning of the try block 10. What is meant by exception specification? It is possible to specify what kind of exceptions can be thrown by functions, using a specific syntax. We can append the functions definition header with throw keyword and possible type of expressions to be thrown in the parenthesis. It is known as exception specification. 11. What is significance of terminate function? When the exception handling mechanism does not get an proper catch block for a thrown exception, the terminate() function is called to terminate the program execution. It is a built in function, when it is invoked, internally it calls the abort() function call to cancel the program execution tin the event of run time error related to exceptions.

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12. What is the use of unexpected function? The unexpected function is called when a function throws an exception not listed in its exception specification. Internally, it calls the terminate function to terminate the program execution. The function set_unexpected () is used to call our own unexpected function in place of the built-in unexpected function.

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UNIT IV INHERITANCE 1. What is an access control? The member functions of the class, member functions of the derived class, friends and object can access different parts of the class. Access control describes who can access what and in which form. 2. What is meant by access declaration? Using access declaration, we can proved public access to some of the base class members even after deriving them as private. 3. What is an abstract class? An abstract class itself contains some other objects as members. Such objects are known as composite objects or container objects. 4. What is meant by composite object? Sometime object itself contains some other objects as members. Such objects are known as composite objects or container objects. 5. What is meant by sub object? Whenever a base class is inherited, the derived class contains the base class sub object. In case of multiple inheritance, the derived class contains multiple sub objects. in case of inheritance with more than one level, we have n sub objects in the class derived at n+1 level. 6. What is a polymorphic class? A class that declares or inherits a virtual function is called a polymorphic class. 7. What is a pure virtual function? A pure virtual function is a function declared in a base class that has no definition relative to the base class. The pure virtual function is defined as follows: virtual void display()=0; 8. What is meant by static invocation of virtual function? It is possible to call virtual function using as object of the class or using a scope resolution operator. In that case, virtual function is invoked statically. This is known as static invocation of the virtual function. The syntax for static invocation of virtual function is:

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming pointer-object classname::virtual-function();

9. What is meant by inheritance? Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of another class. It supports the concept of hierarchical classification. It provides the idea of reusability. We can add additional features to an existing class without modifying it by deriving a new class from it. 10. What is meant by visibility mode? Mention the visibility modes available. Visibility mode specifies whether the features of the base class are privately derived or publically derived. There are 3 visibility modes. They are Private Public Protected 11. What is meant by single inheritance? If a single class is derived from a single base class is called single inheritance. Eg: Base class Derived class

A B

Here class A is the base class from which the class D is derived. Class D is the public derivation of class B hence it inherits all the public members of B. But D cannot access private members of B. 12. What is multiple inheritance? If a class is derived from more than one base class, it is called multiple inheritance. Eg: Base classes

Derived class Here class C is derived from two base classes A & B.

13. What is hierarchical inheritance? If a number of classes are derived from a single base class then it is called hierarchical inheritance. Eg : Hierarchical classification of students in University

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming

Student

Engineering Arts Medical

CSE

ECE

Civil

14. What is multilevel inheritance? If a class is derived from a class, which in turn is derived from another class, is called multilevel inheritance. This process can be extended to any number of levels. Eg: Base class Grand father A Intermediate Base class Derived class

B
Father Child

15. What is hybrid inheritance? It is the combination of one or more types of inheritance. Student Multilevel inheritance Test Sports Multiple

inheritance

Result

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming

The class result will have both the multilevel and multiple inheritances. 16. What is meant by Abstract base class? A class that serves only as a base class from which derived classes are derived. No objects of an abstract base class are created. A base class that contains pure virtual function is an abstract base class. 17. Write short notes on virtual base class. A base class that is qualified as virtual in the inheritance definition. In case of multiple inheritance, if the base class is not virtual the derived class will inherit more than one copy of members of the base class. For a virtual base class only one copy of members will be inherited regardless of number of inheritance paths between base class and derived class. Eg: Processing of students results. Assume that class sports derive the roll number from class student. Class test is derived from class Student. Class result is derived from class Test and sports. As a virtual base class Student As a virtual base class

Test

Sports

Result

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming UNIT V RTTI 1. What is Real Time Type Information (RTTI)? RTTI is a mechanism by which we can find the type of an object at runtime. 2. What are the operators provided by RTTI? The operators provided by RTTI are: (i) (ii) typeid dynamic_cast

3. Why do need RTTI? RTTI can be used to find out the type of polymorphic object at run time. Also it is used to find out the type of the element in the body of a template function or class. 4. List the different types of casting operators. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) reinterpret_cast dynamic_cast static_cast const_cast

5. What are the issues related with RTTI? Some of the RTTI related issues are follows: (i) (ii) (iii) Backward compatibility with C and Casting Efficiency Using virtual functions in place of RTTI

6. What is cross casting? In multiple inheritance when a derived class object is pointed by one of its base class pointer object, casting from one base class pointer into another base class pointer is known as cross casting.

7. What is down casting?

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CS2203 Object Oriented Programming Casting from base class pointer to the derived class pointer is known as down casting. 8. What is polymorphic object? An object which can be manipulated by using virtual function is called polymorphic object

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