QUESTION BANK 2MARK & 16 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS EC1451 - MOBILE COMMUNICATION

UNIT I - CELLULAR CONCEPT & SYSTEM DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

1. What is a Base Station ? A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with mobile stations. Base station are located at the centre or on the edge of a coverage region and consists of radio channels and transmitters and receivers antenna mounted on a tower. 2. Define the term Control Channel. Radio channel used for transmission of control data required for call setup, call initiation, and other beacon or control process is called control channel. 3. What is forward and reverse channel? Radio channel used for transmission of information from base station to mobile station is called forward channel. Radio channel used for transmission of information from mobile station to base station is called reverse channel. 4. State full duplex system. Communication systems which allow simultaneous two way transmission and reception via two different channels is called full duplex system. 5. State Half duplex system. Communication systems which allow transmission and reception via the same channel is called Half duplex system. At any given time the user can only either transmit or receive information. 6. Define the term Hand-off. The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or base station to another during a call is called hand off. 7. Define the term mobile station. The station in the cellular radio service intended for use in while in motion at unspecified locations. Mobile station may be hand held personal units(portables) or installed in vehicles (mobiles). 8. What is MSC ? Mobile Switching centre is one that co ordinates the routing of calls in a large service area. In a cellular radio system, MSC connects the cellular base station and the mobiles to PSTN. MSC is also called a mobile telephone switching office ( MTSO ). 9. What is meant by page ? A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area, usually in a simulcast fashion by many base station at the same time.

10. What is roamer ? A mobile station which operates in a service area other than that from which his service has been subscribed is called roamer. 11. Define frequency reuse or frequency planning . The design process of selecting and allocating frequencies or channel groups for all cellular base station within a system is called frequency reuse or frequency planning. 12. What is foot print? The actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the foot print & is determined from field measurements or propagation prediction models. 13. State set up time . The time required to allocate a trunked radio channel to a requesting user is called set up time. 14. Define blocked call. Call which cannot be completed at the time of request due to congestion is called blocked call or lost call. 15. Define Holding time . Average duration of a typical call denoted by H is called holding time. 16. What is traffic intensity ? Measure of channel utilization, which is the average channel occupancy measured in erlangs is the traffic intensity. This is the dimensionless quantity and may be used to measure the time utilization of single or multiple channel denoted by A. 17. What is GOS ? Grade Of Service is a measure of congestion which is specified as the probability of a call being blocked or the probability of a call being delayed beyond a certain amount of time. 18. Define request rate . The average number of call requests per unit time is called request rate & is denoted by Sec-1 . 19. What is MIN ? The MIN ( Mobile Identification Number ) is the subscriber s telephone number ahich is broadcast as a paging message overall of the forward control channel throughout the cellular system. 20. What are the techniques available for improving channel capacity ? Cell splitting Cell sectoring Microcell or coverage zone approach

21. What is antenna down tilting & why it is done ? Antenna Downtilting is done to focus the radiated energy of the antenna from the base station towards the ground to limit the radio coverage of newly formed microcells. 22. Define fixed & dynamic channel assignment . FIXED : Each cell is allocated channel from the predetermined channel made available to the particular base station. Any call attempt is done only within the cells unused channel. FIXED : Each cell is allocated channel from the predetermined channel made available to the particular base station. Any call attempt is done only within the cells unused channel. UNIT-2 - MOBILE RADIO PROPAGATION 1. What is multipath? The transmitted signal arrives at the receiver from various directions over a multiplicity of paths, because there are obstacles and reflectors in the wireless propagation channel, is called multipath. 2. What is LOS? The direct connection between the transmitter and the receiver is called line of sight (LOS) 3. What is NLOS? The path arriving after reflection from various reflection is called non line of sight path. 4. Write the use of propagation models It is used to predict the nature of received signal based on nature of propagation path and propagation mechanism. 5. What are propagation mechanism? Reflection Diffraction Scattering 6. Write the various propagation models Free space propagation model Two ray ground reflection model Knife edge diffraction model Radar cross section model Long distance path loss model Log normal shadowing model 7. What are in door propagation models?

Long distance path loss model Ericcson multiple breakpoint model Attenuation factor model

8.write some outdoor propagation models. The outdoor propagation models allow the user to choose a terrain profile and used to predict the signal strength at the receiving point. The models are Longley rice models Durkins models Okumura models Hata models 9.what is fading? The reduction in radio signal strength caused by reflection or absorption of the signal 10.Define Brewster angle? The angle at which no reflection occurs in the medium of origin.the Brewster angle is given by the value of QB is sin(QB) r-1 / r^2-1.Its only occurs for vertical polarization. 11.Define Doppler shift When there is a relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver,there is an apparent change in frequency received by a receiver is called Doppler shift.The shift in frequency is given by fd=v/cos 12. What are the effects of fading? Rapid changes in signal strength Doppler shift in frequency Time delayed echoes 13. What are the factors influence the small scale fading? Multipathpropagation Speed of mobiles Speed of surrounding objects The transmission bandwidth of signal. 14. What are time dispersion parameters? The mean excess delay Rms delay spread Excess delay spread. 15. Define Excess delay spread

This is also known as maximum excess delay.it is a time delay where the time falls to the specify value below maximum. 16. What are the parameters are used to describe time varying nature of the channel in a small scale region? Doppler spread Coherence time 17. Define: Doppler spread. The range of frequencies over which the received Doppler spectrum is essentially non-zero is called Doppler spread.

18. Define: Coherence bandwidth. The range of frequencies above which the channel handles the frequencies in a different manner is called coherent bandwidth. It is denoted by BC. 19. Define: Coherence time. The time varying nature of the channel is due to the movement of the channel components is called coherence time. It is designated as Tc. Tc=9/16fm 20. Write the condition for flat fading. If the bandwidth of the signal is less than the bandwidth of the channel than the flat fading occurs. The conditions are Bs<<Bc and Ts>> 21. When the frequency selective fading occurs. If the channel posses a constant-gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth that is smaller than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the channel creates a frequency selective fading. 22. Write the conditions for frequency selective fading. Bs>Bc and Ts< Where Bs-signal bandwidth. Ts-symbol period. Bc-coherence bandwidth. rms delay spread. 23. Write the disadvantages of spread spectrum. In the spread spectrum, the measurements are not made in real time, but they are compiled as the PN codes slide past one another. Non-coherent detector is used, so that phases of individual multipath components cannot be measured.

24. Write the use of Clarkes model. The statistical characteristics of the electromagnetic fields of the received signal at the mobile are deduced from scattering is determined by the use of Clarkes model. 25.Define:Coherence distance. The coherence distance is denoted by Dc. It is the separation distance in space over which a fading channel appears to nbe unchanged Dc=9/16.

UNIT III - MODULATION & EQUALIZATION 1) What are the types of digital modulation? a) linear modulation b) non linear modulation 2) Define: linear modulation. The amplitude of the transmitted signal s(t) varies linearly with the modulating signal m(t) then the type of modulation is called linear modulation. The transmitted signal s(t) can be expressed as, S(t) = Re (Am(t) exp(j 2fct). 3) Give some examples of linear modulation. The most popular linear modulation techniques include 1) Pulse shaped QPSK 2) OQPSK 3) /4 QPSK 4) What is the constant envelope modulation? If the amplitude of the carrier is constant regardless of the variation in the modulating signal then the type of modulation is called non-linear or constant envelope modulation. 5) Write the advantages of non - linear modulation. (1) They occupy a larger bandwidth (2) Low out of band radiation of the order of -60 dB to -70 dB can be achieved (3) limiter discriminator detection can used, which simplifies receiver design (4) high immunity against random FM noise 6) Write the example of constant envelope modulation. (1) BFSK (2) MSK

(3) GMSK 7) What is timing jilter? Timing errors increase when smaller distances between signals in the constellation diagram are used. This results in poorer performance. 8) What is OFDM? Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing as a means of providing power efficient signaling for a large number of users on the same channel.

9) What are the techniques are used to improve received signal quality and link performance? (a) Equalization (b) Diversity (c) Channel coding 10) What is the use of equalization? The term equalization can be used to describe any signal processing operation that minimizes ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) 11) What is adaptive equalizers? Mobile fading channel is random and time varying, equalizers must track the time varying characteristics of the mobile channel and thus are called adaptive equalizers. 12)What are operating modes of adaptive equalizers? The general operating modes of adaptive equalizers are trailing and tracking. 13) What are the types of equalization? (a) Linear equalization (b) Non-linear equalization 14) Draw the structure of linear transversal equalizer. y(t)+nb(t) TS TS TS TS

clock

taps

15) What is the rate of convergence? This is defined as the number of iteration required for the algorithms, in response to stationary inputs to converge close enough to the optimum solution. 16) What are the classic equalizer algorithm? (a) Zero forcing (ZF) algorithm (b) Least mean square (LMS) algorithm (c) Recursive least square (RLS) algorithm 17) Write the use of Diversity techniques? Diversity is powerful communication receiver techniques that provides wireless link improvement at relatively low cost. 18) What are the types of diversity schemes? (i) Space diversity (ii) Polarization diversity (iii) Angle diversity (iv) Frequency diversity (v) Time diversity 19) What are the types of space diversity? 1. Selection diversity 2. Feedback diversity 3. Maximal ratio combining 4. Equal gain diversity 20) What is rake receiver? A radio receiver that is capable of combining several received signals with different time delays into one composite signal then the type of receiver is called as rake receiver. 21) What are the types of error detection and correction codes? (i) Block codes (ii) Convolution codes (iii) Turbo codes UNIT-1V - CODERS & MULTIPLE ACCESS 1. What are the classifications of speed coders? i. waveform coders

ii.

vocoders

2. Write the examples of waveform coders? i. Pulse codes modulation(PCM) ii. Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) iii. Continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSDM) iv. Adaptive predictive coding(APC) 3. What are the characteristics of speech signals? The characteristics of speech signals i. ii. iii. Probability density function(PDF) Auto correlation function(ACF) Power spectral density function(PSD)

4. What is vocoder? Vocoders are class of speech coding system that analyse the voice signal at the transmitter. A vocoder is an example of lossy compression applied to human speech. 5. What are the types of speech signal? The speech signal is assumed to be of two types. (i) voiced (ii) Unvoiced *voiced sound :(m,n,vpronunciations) are a result of queasiperiodic vibrations of the vocal chord. *Unvoiced sound :(f,s,sh pronunciations) are fricatives produced by turbulent airflow through a constrict. 6. What are the types of vocoders? i. Channel vocoders ii. Ferment vocoders iii. Cepstrum vocoders iv. Voice-Excited vocoders. 7. What are the types of linear predictive coders? (i) LPC vocoders (ii) Multipulse Excited LPC (iii) Code Excited LPC (iv) Residual Excited LPC 8. What is RPE-LTP codec? The original speech coder used in the Pan-European digital cellular standard GSM goes by a rather grand noise name of regular pulse excited long term prediction(RPE-LTP).This codec has a net bit rate of 13kbps.

9. What are the blocks of GSM Codec/ The GSM codec consists of four blocks. They are (i) Pre-Processing (ii) Short term prediction(STP) (iii) Long term prediction(LTP) (iv) Regular pulse Excited(RPE) 10. What is aliasing? The distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when coding an analog signal for digital transmission is called aliasing. 11. What is codec? Codec is a device converts sampled analog signal to and form its PCM or delta modulation equivalent. 12. What is companding? Companding is a combination at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver of a communication system. 13. What is CDPD? The CDPD is a cellular digital packet data system that uses packet switched data and tends to be expensive then using a cellular modem, especially when data needs to be transmitted in short burst. The bit rate in the RF channel for CDPD is 19.2kbps. 14. What is multiple access? Allowing of many mobile users to share simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum is called multiple access. 15. What are the types of Multiple Access techniques? i. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) ii. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) iii. Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA) 16. What is narrowband and wideband system? Narrowband system: It is used to the relate the bandwidth of a single channel to the expected coherence bandwidth of the channel. In this available radio spectrum is divided into a large number of narrow band channels.

17. Write some features of FDMA. The FDMA channel carries only one phone circuit at a time After the assignment of a wice channel, the BS and the mobile transmit simultaneously and continuously. The symbol time of a narrowband signal is large as compared to the average delay spread. The FDMA mobile unit uses duplex uses duplexers since both the transmitter and receiver operate at the same time

18. Write the formula for number of channels used in the FDMA & TDMA system N FDMA = BT 2Bguard BC N TDMA = M (BTOT 2Bguard) BC 19. What is efficiency of TDMA? It is a measure of the percentage of transmitted data that contains information as opposed to providing overhead for the access scheme. F = 1 bOH bT 100

20. What is TDMA? The TDMA system divide the radio spectrum in to time slots and in each slot only one user is allowed to either to transmit or receiver. 21. What are the types of spread spectrum multiple access technique? 1. Frequency hopped multiple access (FH) 2. direct sequence multiple access (DS) , its also called as CDMA 22. What is CDMA? In CDMA system, they narrow band message is multiplied by a very large bandwidth signal called the spreading signal.

23. What is channel capacity? Channel capacity for a radio system can be defined as the maximum numbers of channels are users that can be provided in a fixed frequency band. 24. Define capture ratio In a packet radio protocols, the power ratio between the arriving packets to the other colliding packets is called capture ratio.

25. Write some features of TDMA 1. TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users, where each user makes use of non overlapping time slots. 2. data transmissions for users of a TDMA system is not continuous 3. the hand off processes is much simpler for a subscriber unit 4. TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and reception.

26. Write some features of CDMA? 1. many users of CDMA system share the same frequency 2. multi path fading may be reduced by the signal is spread over a large spectrum 3. channel data rates are very high in CDMA system 4. the near-far problem occurs at a CDMA receiver of an undesired user has a high detected power as compared to the desired user

UNIT V - WIRELESS SYSTEMS & STANDARDS

1. what type of modulation is used in 2G system? The second generation standard use digital modulation formats and TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access techniques. 2. write some standards used in 2G systems? (1)global system for mobile(GSM) (2)interium standard 136(IS-136) (3)pacific digital cellular(PDC) standards (4)interium standards 95(IS-95) 3. write the name of the subsystems used in GSM? (1)base station subsystem(BSS) (2)network and switching subsystem(NSS)

(3)operation support subsystem(OSS) 4. what is GSM? The GSM is global system mobile was introduced by Europe in 1991. in 1992, the GSM changed its name to the global system for mobile communications. 5. what are the databases used in the NSS? (1)home location register(HLR) (2)Visitor location register (VLR) (3)Authentication center(AUC) 6. write the functions of OSS? (1)manage all charging and billing procedures (2) In order to maintain all telecommunications hardware and network operations with a particular market the OSS is used (3)manage all mobile equipment in the system. 7. what are the interfaces used in the GSM? (1)GSM radio air interface (2) abis interface (3)A interface. 8. what are the types of services in GSM? The GSM services follow ISDN guidelines. The services are (1) tele-services (2) data-services.

9. what are the types of channels used in GSM? There are two types of channels are used. These are, (1) traffic channel (2) control channel. 10. write the features of GSM?

(1) The subscriber Identity module(SIM). It is a memory devices that stores information such as subscribers identification number, the networks and countries where the subscriber in entitled. (2) on the air privacy the privacy is made by several cryptographic key. 11. what is the use of midample bit? It allows the adaptive equalization in the mobile or BS receiver to analyse the radio channel characteristics before decoding the user data. 12. what is multiframe, superframe and hyperframe? Multiframe - combination of 26 TDMA frame. Superframe - combination of 57 multiframe=1326 TDMA frame Hyperframe - the combination of 2048 superframe=2,715,648 TDMA frame. 13.write some third generation wireless standards? The 3G standards are, (1) personal communication services(PCS) (2) International mobile telecommunication (IMT-2000) (3) Universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). 14. What is PDC? The pacific digital cellular standards was developed in 1991 to provide for needed capacity in congested cellular bands in japan PDC is also known as Japanese cellular(JDC). 15. What is Bluetooth? Bluetooth is an open standards that has been embraced by over 1000 manufactures of electronic appliances. It provides an ad-hoc approach for enabling various devices to communicate with one another within a nominal 10 meter range. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHZ ISM. Band and uses a frequency hopping TDD scheme for each radio channel. 16. What is common air interface (CAI)? Connecting the mobile subscriber to the base stations, radio links are established using a carefully designed communication protocols called common air interface. It degines the control channel signaling methods. 17. Differentiate wireless and fixed telephone networks? Fixed telephone network 1. The network configurations in the PSTN are virtually static. 2. networks are difficult to change. 3.The avalible channel bandwidth can be increased by installing high capacity cables.(filter obtic or co-axial cable). wireless network wireless networks are highly dynamic. It must reconfigure themselves for user within small intervals of time. Wireless networks are constrained by the meager RF cellular band-width provided for each user.

18. what is RMD? RAM mobile data (RMD) is a public, two-way data service based upon the mobiles protocol developed by ericsson. RAM provides street level coverage for short and long messages for users moving in an urban environment. It has capacity for voice and data transmission but has been designed primarily for data facsimile. 19. what is the forward and reverse link frequency for AMPS? Forward link frequency-935 -960 mhz Reversed link frequency-890 -915 MHZ. 20. write the specification of DECT? Frequency band -1880-1900 MHZ Number of carriers - 10 Rf channel bandwidth -1.728MHZ Multiplexing -FDMA/TDMA. Duplex -TDD. 21. What is near-far effect in wireless network? When used FM or spread spectrum modulation, it is possible for the stronger user to successfully capture the intended receiver, even when many other users are also transmitting. If the closest transmitter is able to capture a receiver because small propagation path loss. This is called the near-far effect.

22. Differentiate GSM with AMPS? s.no. parameter AMPS GSM

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Bandwidth (MHZ) Voice channels frequency reuse cluster size channels/size traffic(Erlangs/sq.m.) capacity gain

25 833 7 119 11.9 1

25 1000 4 or 3 250 or 333 27.7 or 40 2.3 or 304