EM-1 Lab Manual

D EP T O F EEE EM - 1 L A B M A N U A L
L EN D I I N ST I T U T E O F EN G I N EER I N G & T EC H N O L O G Y 1
SWI NBURNE S TEST
AND
SPEED CONTROL OF
D.C. SHUNT MACHI NE
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Experiment no: 1
SWINBURNES TEST AND SPEED CONTROL OF
DC SHUNT MACHINE
AIM : To Pre-determine the efficiency and performance characteristics of a
DC Shunt machine. (both as a generator & motor). Determination of
the speed characteristics of DC shunt machine by
a) Field control b) Armature control
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S.No Type DC Shunt Motor
01 Ratings 3.0 HP
02 Volts. 220 V DC
03 Current 12 A
04 Exc. Volts. 220 V DC
05 Exc. Current 0.6A
06
Duty S1
07
Ins. Class B
08
Speed 1500 rpm
APPARATUS:
S.No Apparatus Required Rating Type Qty.
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Ammeter
04 Rheostat
05 Tachometer
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THEORY:
SWINBURNES TEST:-
It is a simple method in which losses are measured separately and from their
knowledge, efficiency at any load can be pre-determined in advance. The only
running test needed is a no load test.
Swinburne`s test is applicable to those machines in which flux is practically
constant i.e. Shunt wound and Compound wound machines.
The machine is running as a motor on no-load at its rated voltage and its speed be
adjusted to its rated value using Shunt regulator.
The no-load armature current I
ao
is measured using an ammeter, where as shunt
field current I
sh
is given by another ammeter. The no-load input current is given
by I
o
= I
ao
+ I
sh
Let the supply voltage be V volts
No-load input = V I
o
watts
Power input to armature = V I
ao
watts
Power input to shunt = V I
sh
watts
No-load input supplies Copper losses (Armature & Field), Iron losses (Hysteresis
& Eddy current) & Mechanical losses ( Friction losses & Windage).
Constant losses = No load input power Armature copper losses
W
c
= V I
o
I
ao
Ra watts .
Predetermination of efficiency of a motor at any load
Input = V I watts.
Armature Cu losses = I
a
2
Ra
Constant losses = W
c
Total losses = W
c
+ ( I - I
sh
) Ra
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q = (Input Total losses) / (Input)
Predetermination of efficiency of a generator at any load
Output = V I watts.
Armature Cu losses = I
a
2
Ra
Constant losses = W
c
Total losses = W
c
+ ( I + I
sh
) Ra
q = (Output) / (Output + Total losses)
Maximum Efficiency : Variable losses (I
a
Ra) = Constant losses ( W
c
)
SPEED CONTROL:
Speed control of DC shunt motor can be done in the following two ways
Field control method
Armature control method
Field Control Method:-
This method of speed control also called as Field weakening method gives
speeds only above the rated speed.
The field flux and the speed of the shunt motor can be controlled easily by
varying the field regulating resistance.
By increasing the field circuit resistance under steady conditions, the field current
(I
f
) and field flux () are reduced since the rotor speed cannot change suddenly
due to inertia.
This decrease in flux also causes a reduction in the counter EMF. As a result more
current flows through the armature.
The percentage increase in the armature current is much more than the percentage
decrease in the field flux and hence electromagnetic torque increases. This being
more than the load torque, the motor gets accelerated. As field flux is inversely
proportional to speed, as it decreases, the speed of the motor increases at constant
armature voltage.
N = ((V-I
a
R
a
) 60A) / (ZP)
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N proportional to 1/
Armature control method:-
This method is used when speeds below the no load speed are required.
As the supply voltage is normally constant, the voltage across the armature
is varied by inserting a variable rheostat in series with the armature. The
potential difference across the armature is decreased, thereby decreasing the
armature speed.
E
b
= (ZNP) / (60A)
E
b
N
Therefore at constant flux (field current), as the voltage across the armature
increases, the speed of the motor also increases and vice versa.
PROCEDURE:
SWINBURNES TEST
1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Initially the starter must be in off position.
3. Switch on the D.C. Motor to 220V D.C. Supply by closing the DPST Switch.
4. Start the D.C. motor using the three point starter and thereby adjust the speed
to its rated speed using field rheostat.
5. Note down the readings of Voltmeter & Ammeters in Table
6. Switch off the D.C. Motor from 220V D.C. Supply by opening the DPST Switch.
SPEED CONTROL
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the armature rheostat resistance at maximum position and the field rheostat
at minimum position before starting the experiment.
3. The DC supply is switched ON and motor is started with the help of a three point
starter.
4. Keep the field current constant and vary the rheostat in series with the armature.
5. Note down the corresponding readings of the voltmeter across the armature and
speed of the DC shunt motor.
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6. Now the rheostat of the armature is kept as it is and now the field rheostat is
varied and note down the corresponding readings of field current and the speed of
the DC shunt motor.
OBSERVATION TABLES:
SWINBURNES TEST
At Constant speed of 1500r.p.m.
S.No. Input Voltage V Armature Current Field current
1
W
c
= V I
o
I
ao
Ra Watts = ________ Watts
FIELD CONTROL METHOD
A t V
a
=
I
f
(Amps) Speed, N (rpm)
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
At I
f
=
V
s
(Volts) Speed, N (rpm)
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CALCULATION TABLE:
SWINBURNES TEST:
I) For Motor
S.No
.
Input
Voltage
(V)
Input
Current(I)
Field
current(I
sh
)
Armature
Copper
Losses
Total
Losses
Input
Power
q
1
2
.
.
.
1 0
II) For Generator
S.No
.
Output
Voltage
(V)
Output
Current
(I)
Field
current
(I
sh
)
Armature
Copper
Losses
Total
Losses
Output
Power
q
1
2
.
.
.
1 0
MODEL GRAPHS:
SWINBURNES TEST
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Field current I
f
FIELD CONTROL METHOD AT CONSTANT ARMATURE VOLTAGE
Armature voltage Va volts
Armature control method at constant field current
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PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum before switching on the
220V D.C. supply.
2. Ensure that the starter arm is at extreme left position.
3. Avoid loose connections
4. Note down the readings from the meters without any parallax error
RESULTS:
Constant losses = _________ Watts
Current at which Max. q occurs for motor = _________ A
Current at which Max. q occurs for generator = _________ A
Maximum Efficiency for motor = __________ %.
Maximum Efficiency for generator = __________ %.
CONCLUSIONS:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1 What is the significance of Swinburne`s test?
2 What are the advantages & disadvantages of this test?
3 Why this test is not suitable for D.C series motor?
4 What is the purpose of 3 point starter?
5 What happens if field is open in D.C motor?
6 Why we have to keep the field rheostat in minimum position?
7 In how many ways , we can control the sped?
8 Compare the speed control methods?
9 What are the different losses in D.C machines?
10 What is the purpose of starter?
11 How do you reduce the iron losses?
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LOAD CHARACTERI STI CS
OF A DC
SHUNT GENERATOR
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Experiment no: 2
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM : To determine the internal and external characteristics of dc shunt generator
by performing a load test.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Type DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Generator
Ratings 3.0 HP 2 KW
Volts. 220 V DC 220 V DC
Current 12 A 12A
Exc. Volts. 220 V DC 220 V DC
Exc. Current 0.6A 0.7A
Duty S1 S1
Ins. Class B B
Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm
APPARATUS:
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Ammeter
04 Rheostat
05 Tachometer
06 Fuse
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THEORY:
Generator is run at rated speed and the field current is adjusted to give rated
voltage at no load.
DPST is closed and the load is gradually increased in steps and the readings are
recorded at each step. A plot of terminal voltage V
t
and load current I
L
with
respect to the particular value of field current I
f
and speed gives the external
characteristic curves.
The drop in voltage is due to R
a
drop, reduction of main field flux due to armature
reaction and further reduction in I
f
.
This test is applicable for two similar shunt machines. The two machines are
coupled mechanically. One machine runs normally as a motor and drives
generator.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST1 switch and start the motor with the help of starter.
3. Adjust the field regulator of the motor till the generator reaches it`s rated speed.
4. By adjusting the field regulator of the generator rated voltage can be applied to
the generator at it`s terminals.
5. Apply the load gradually in steps by closing the switch DPST2 and note down the
readings of the load current, terminal voltage and field current of the generator
for every change in load.
6 . Continue the above said procedure until the ammeter shows a reading of near to
full load current.
7. Then bring the rheostats to initial positions and switch off the supply
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Field
current, I
f
Terminal
voltage, V
t
Load current,
I
L
Armature
current, I
a
Generated
emf, E
g
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CALCULATIONS:
Armature current = load current + field current
I
a
= I
L
+ I
f
Generated emf = terminal voltage + armature resistance drop
E
g
= V
t
+I
a
R
a
MODEL GRAPHS:
AB drop in field current, BC Armature reaction drop, CD I
a
R
a
drop
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PRECAUTIONS:
Field regulator of the motor must be in minimum position while starting the
motor.
While loading the generator, at each step, the speed of the generator is
maintained at its rated value.
Generator should not be overloaded.
Ensure that the starter arm is at extreme left position.
Avoid loose connections
Note down the readings from the meters without any parallax error
Tachometer should be kept horizontal to the shaft while measuring the speed.
Before switch OFF the motor make sure that there is no load connected to motor
RESULTS:
CONCLUSIONS:
1) what is the difference between internal & external Characteristics?
2) What are the applications of D.C shunt Generator?
3) Why the field rheostat of the Generator should be kept in maximum position?
4) What is voltage regulation ?
5) What is residual voltage?
6) What are the losses in D.C Shunt Generator?
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BRAKE TEST ON A
D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
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Experiment no: 3
BRAKE TEST ON A D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
AIM : To obtain the Performance characteristics curves of a D.C. shunt motor by
conducting brake test on it.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
01 Rating 3.0 HP
02 Volts. 220 V DC
03 Current 12 A
06
Duty S1
07
Ins. Class B
08
Speed 1500 rpm
APPARATUS:
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Ammeter
04 Rheostat
05 Tachometer
06 Fuse
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L EN D I I N ST I T U T E O F EN G I N EER I N G & T EC H N O L O G Y 2 0
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THEORY:
It is a simple method of testing low rating DC machines and consists of applying
a brake to a water-cooled drum mounted on the motor shaft.
The four important characteristics curves of a D.C. Shunt Motor, namely,
Torque, Speed, Armature Current & efficiency, each plotted against the useful
Power, as shown in the model graph are known as Performance characteristics
A belt is wound round the brake drum and its two ends are attached to two spring
balances S
1
& S
2
. The tension of the belt can be adjusted with the help of swivels.
The force acting tangentially on the drum is equal to the difference between the
readings of the two spring balances.
The net force, F applied on the brake drum is 9.81(S
1
S
2
) Newtons
where , S
1
& S
2
are the readings of Spring balances 1& 2 in Kg.f.
Shaft torque, T developed by the motor is 9.81 (S
1
S
2
) R Nm
where, R is the radius of the pulley in meters & N is the speed in rpm
Useful Output Power = (2 a N T) / 60 Watts
Input Power = V I
L
Watts, where I
L
= (I
a
+ I
sh
)
% Efficiency ,q = (Output power / Input power) x 100.
Speed Regulation = [ (No Load speed ) ( Full load speed )] / Full Load.
The size of the motor that can be tested by this method is limited from the
consideration of the heat that can be dissipated at the brake drum
Where the output power exceeds about 2 H.P., or where the test is of long
duration, it`s necessary to use a water cooled brake drum.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Initially the starter must be in off position.
3. Switch on the D.C. Motor to 220V D.C. Supply by closing the DPST Switch.
4. Start the D.C. motor using the three point starter and thereby adjust the speed
to its rated speed using field rheostat.
5. Note down the readings of Voltmeter & Ammeters in Table under No Load
condition.
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6. Apply the Load on the drum gradually in steps by tightening the belt around it.
At each step, note down the readings of the Ammeters, Voltmeter, two Spring
balances and the Tachometer.
7. Pour water in the pulley and cool it often when the motor is loaded.
8. When the full load is reached, slowly reduce the load and switch off the
Motor from 220V D.C. Supply by opening the DPST Switch
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Input
Voltage
(V)
Armature
Current
(I
a
)
Field
current
(I
sh
)
Spring Balances
Speed (N)
S
1
S
2
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
1 0
CALCULATION TABLE:
Radius of the Brake Drum, R = ______ mts.
S.No.
Input
Voltage
(V)
Input
Current
(I
L
)
Torque,Nm
(T)
Output
Power
Input
Power
%
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
1 0
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PRECAUTIONS:
1. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum before switching ON the
motor.
4. Note down the readings from the meters without any parallax error
5. Tachometer should be kept horizontal to the shaft while measuring the speed.
6. Before switch OFF the motor make sure that there is nos load connected to motor.
MODEL GRAPHS:
RESULTS:
At full load:
i) Torque = __________ Nm.
ii) Speed = __________ rpm
iii) Armature Current = __________ A
iv) Efficiency = __________ %.
v) Speed Regulation = __________%
CONCLUSIONS:
1) What is Speed regulation?
2) What are the different types of motor?
3) What are the characteristics of D.C shunt motor?
4) What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
5) What are the different methods to reduce the iron losses?
6) What are the application of D.C Shunt Motor?
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MAGNETI ZATI ON
CHARACTERI STI CS OF A
D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR
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Experiment no: 4
MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
A D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM : To obtain the Magnetization Characteristics of a D.C. Shunt
Generator and to determine its Critical field resistance
& Critical speed.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Ratings 3.0 HP 2 KW
Current 12 A 12A
Duty S1 S1
Ins. Class B B
APPARATUS:
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Rheostat
04 Rheostat
05 Tachometer
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THEORY:
I) Magnetization Characteristics
The magnetization characteristics shows the relation between the no load
generated emf in armature, E
0
and the field (or) exciting current, I
f
at a given
fixed speed as shown in model graph.
These characteristics are also known as the No load saturation characteristics or
Open circuit characteristics. The shape of these characteristics is practically same
for all generators whether separately excited or self excited
Due to the residual magnetism in the poles, some emf is generated even when
I
f
= 0 represented by OD**. Hence, the curve starts a little way up.
The slight curvature, DE** at the lower end is due to magnetic inertia. It is seen
that the first part of the curve, EC** is practically straight. This is due to the fact
that at low flux densities, reluctance of iron path being negligible (due to high
permeability), total reluctance is given by the air gap reluctance, which is
constant. Hence, the flux and consequentially the generated emf are directly
proportional to the exciting current.
How ever at high flux densities, where is small, iron path reluctance becomes
appreciable and straight relation, CF** between E
o
and I
f
no longer holds good,
i.e., saturation of poles start.
(** refers to the model graph)
II) Critical resistance
It is that maximum value of the field resistance, above which the machine fails to
excite i.e. there will be no 'build up of the voltage.
This resistance corresponds to the straight-line position of the magnetization
characteristic because the magnetic circuit does not offer any appreciable
reluctance to the magnetic flux.
III) Critical speed
It is that speed for which the given shunt field resistance will represent critical
field resistance
(OR)
It is that minimum value of the speed of the machine below which the machine
fails to excite .
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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially the starter must be in OFF & SPST Switch in open positions.
3. Switch on the D.C. Motor to 220V D.C. Supply by closing the DPST
Switch.
4. Start the D.C. motor using the three point starter and thereby adjust the
speed of it to the rated speed of the D.C.generator using field method
of speed control.
5. Note down the voltage of the voltmeter which represents the residual
voltage of the generator when SPST switch is in open condition.
6. Excite the field winding D.C.generator in steps by decreasing its
external resistance gradually and note down various corresponding
readings of ammeter and voltmeter till 1.1 to 1.25 times the rated voltage
of the generator is reached, maintaining constant speed .
7. Gradually reduce the field current of generator and make it to zero
finally by opening SPST switch. and disconnect the D.C. Motor from
the 220V D.C. Supply
.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
At constant speed of 1500r.p.m.
S.No. Field current( I
f
) A Armature Voltage ( E
o
) V
1
2
.
.
.
1 0
MODEL GRAPHS:
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CALCULATIONS:
TO FIND CRITICAL FIELD RESISTANCE:
1. Plot the magnetization curve.
2. Draw the tangent such that it touches most of the linear part of the curve.
This line is the Critical field resistance line.
3. The slope of the above line gives the Critical field resistance.
TO FIND CRITICAL SPEED:
1. Draw the constant field resistance line R
f
.
2. From point A` draw a line on to the Critical field resistance line.
Now the Critical speed, N
c
= (AB /AC) N, where N is the rated speed of
D.C. generator i.e., 1500 r.p.m.
PRECAUTIONS:-
5. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum & for the generator in
maximum positions before switching on the D.C. supply.
8. Note down the readings form the meters without any parallax error
RESULT:
Critical field resistance = ________ ohms.
Critical speed = ________ r.p.m.
CONCLUSIONS:
1. What are Magnetization Characteristics?
2. What do you mean by Critical field resistance?
3. What do you mean by Critical speed?
4. How do you obtain the O.C.C at any other speed other than rated speed?
5. What are the different types of Generators?
6. What are the applications of D.C Shunt Generators?
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LOAD TEST ON DC
SERI ES GENERATOR
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Experiment no: 5
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR
Aim : To perform load test on a DC series generator and to draw the initial and external
characteristics.
Name Plate Details:
Type DC Shunt Motor DC Series Generator
Ratings 3.0 HP 2 KW
Current 12 A 12A
Duty S1 S1
Ins. Class B B
Apparatus:
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Rheostat
04 Rheostat
05 Tachometer
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THEORY:-
NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTIC:
In a DC series generator the armature winding and field winding and load
resistance are connected in series, therefore the field current is equal to the armature or
load current. In view of this, even though the series field current is zero the generator will
build some voltage which is due to residual flux and is known as residual voltage and it is
very low when the load is opened. However if the generator terminals are closed, through
the load rheostat the armature current will flow. This improves the residual flux and then
residual voltage. The magnetization curve at one speed for a series generator is illustrated
by curve 1.
EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS (E
g
V
s
I
a
):
This is known as total characteristics which give the relation between EMF
actually induced in armature and armature current.
When the load side switch is open, the small voltage due to residual flux will
be indicated by the voltmeter. When that switch is closed field current equal to load
current starts flowing. If the current in series field produces a flux aiding the residual
flux, the generator will build up voltage till point C is reached. At point C the field
resistance line OC meets the saturation curve. The field resistance line OC depends on the
total resistance in series circuit i.e., it implies the slope of the line OC is determined by
the sum of the armature circuit resistance, series field resistance and load resistance. If
the total resistance is more than the critical field resistance, just like a self-excited shunt
generator, the build up process will not begin. Increase the load on dc series generator in
steps and at each step, record load voltage and load current. A curve passing through
these plotted points gives external characteristic of curve 2. In the figure shown AB is
load voltage or armature terminal voltage for a load current of OA.
INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS (V v
S
I
L
):
This is known as Performance characteristics which give the relation between
terminal voltage and load current.
If total resistance drop I
a
R is added to the ordinates of curve2, the internal
characteristic shown by curve 3 is obtained. R is the sum of series field resistance and
armature circuit resistance (including brushes).Thus voltage drop BD is equal to the total
armature resistance drop I
a
R and the voltage drop CD is due to armature reaction. A
horizontal line through D meets the magnetization curve at F and DF gives
demagnetizing effect caused by the armature reaction for a load current equal to OA.
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M O D E L G R A P H : -
PROCEDURE:
2. Start the DC shunt motor using 3-point starter and adjust its speed with the help of
its field Rheostat to the rated speed of generator.
3. Note down the reading of voltage generated across the armature of generator at
the corresponding load current.
4. Now switch on the load in steps and note down the corresponding readings of
load current and terminal voltage maintaining at rated speed.
5. The procedure is repeated until the rated current is reached.
6. Reduce the load to zero and switch off the load.
7. Make all the Rheostats to its initial positions and then switch off the DC Supply.
OBSERVATIONS:
S No Terminal Voltage, V
t
(Volts) Load current, I
L
(Amp) E
g
(Volts)
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MODEL CALCULATIONS:
I
L
= Load current
I
A
= Armature current
V = Terminal Voltage
E
g
= Generated EMF
= V+ I
L
(R
a
+R
se
)
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The connections should be tight and clear.
2. Before starting the DC machine, the armature and field rheostats should be kept
at maximum and minimum positions.
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a DC series generator?
2. What are the factors on which the generated emf in a DC series generator depends?
3. Why is value of the series field resistance low?
4. Comment on the shapes of the load characteristics of DC series generator.
5. How does armature reaction affect the terminal voltage of a DC series generator at
high load current?
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HOPKI NSON S TEST
ON
D.C. SHUNT MACHI NES
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HOPKINSONS TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINES
Experiment no:6
Aim : To perform Hopkinson`s test on a given motor generator set and determine the
efficiency of both motor and generator.
Name Plate Details:
Ratings 3.0 HP 2 KW
Current 12 A 12A
Duty S1 S1
Ins. Class B B
Apparatus:
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Ammeter
04 Rheostat
05 Tachometer
06 Fuse
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Theory:
Hopkinson`s test is also known as back to back test. This test is regenerative test.
By this method full-load test can be carried out on two shunt machines, preferably
identical machines without wasting their output.
The two machines are mechanically coupled and their fields are so adjusted that one
of them acts as motor and the other acts as generator.
The power taken from the supply is that required to overcome the losses only.
Two identical machines of any size can be tested under full load condition and
therefore this method is very useful for determining efficiency and also a heat run
test for determining the temperature rise.
The electrical output of the generator plus the small power taken from the supply is
taken in by the motor and given out as mechanical power after supplying the motor
losses.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Keep the field rheostats of motor, generator at minimum, and maximum positions
respectively.
3. Close the DPST switch and open the switch S`.
4. Start the motor using the 3-point starter and adjust the speed to the rated value.
5. Build up the voltage across the generator by adjusting the field current till the
voltmeter across switch S
2
is zero then close the switch S
2
.
6. Note down the readings of all the ammeters and voltmeters.
7. Switch off the DC supply.
OBSERVATIONS:
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Supply voltage = V
Motor armature resistance = R
am
Generator armature resistance = R
ag
Motor armature current = I
am
Generator armature current = I
ag
Motor field current = I
fm
Generator field current = I
fg
Current taken from supply = I
L
Motor armature copper losses = I
am
2
R
am
Motor field copper losses = V I
fm
Generator armature copper losses = I
ag
2
R
ag
S.No V
T
(V) I
L
(A) I
fm
(A) I
ag
(A) I
fg
(A) V
G
(V)
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Generator field copper losses = V I
fg
Power drawn from the supply = V I
L
Total stray losses (W
c
) = VI
L
(I
am
2
R
am
+ I
ag
2
R
ag
+ V I
fm
+ V I
fg
)
Stray losses per machine = W
c
/ 2
Motor:
Motor Input = V ( I
am
+ I
fm
)
Motor losses = Armature copper losses + Shunt copper losses
+ Stray losses
= I
am
2
R
am
+V I
fm
+ W
c
/ 2
Generator:
Generator output = V I
ag
Generator losses = Armature copper losses + Shunt copper losses
+ Stray losses
= I
ag
2
R
ag
+V I
fg
+ W
c
/ 2
Generator efficiency =
GRAPHS :
1.Output VS Efficiency (of generator)
2. Output VS Efficiency (of motor)
PRECAUTIONS:
1 . The switch S is closed only when the voltmeter across the switch reads zero.
2. Loose connections are to be avoided.
3. The rheostats are to be kept at proper positions while starting the motor.
4. The readings of all the metres are to be noted down without any error.
RESULT:
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CONCLUSIONS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of Hopkinson`s test?
2. What are the advantages of Hopkinson`s test?
3. What are the conditions for conducting the test?
4. Why the adjustments are done in the field rheostat of generator and motor?
5. If the voltmeter across the SPST switch reads zero what does it indicate?
6. If the field got opened in the running condition in DC shunt generator what happens?
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BRAKE TEST ON
D.C.
COMPOUND MOTOR
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Experiment no:7
BRAKE TEST ON A DC COMPOUND MOTOR
Aim : To perform Brake test on a given D.C. Compound motor and obtain the
performance characteristics of the motor from the test observation.
Name Plate Details:
S.No Type DC compound Motor
01 Rating 3.0 HP
02 Volts. 220 V DC
03 Current 12 A
06
Duty S1
07
Ins. Class B
08
Speed 1500 rpm
Apparatus:
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Ammeter
04 Rheostat
05 Tachometer
06 Fuse
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THEORY:
It is a direct method and consists of applying brake to a water cooled pulley
mounted on the motor shaft. The simple brake test can be used for small motors only.
Because, in case of large motors, it is difficult to dissipate the large amount of heat
generated at the brake. The simple method of measuring motor output is by the use of
pulley brake method. A rope is wound round the pulley and its two ends are attached to
two spring balances S
1
& S
2
. The tension of the rope can be adjusted with the help of
swivels. The force acting tangentially on the pulley is equal to the difference between the
two spring balances. If r` is the pulley radius, the torque at the pulley is T
sh
=(S
1
~S
2
)r. If
e=2HN is the angular velocity of the pulley, then
Motor output = T
sh
x e = 2HN(S
1
~S
2
)r m-kg-wt
= Watts
Efficiency may, as usual, be formed by using the relation:
P R O C E D U R E :
1 . Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2 . Decrease the field regulating variable resistor of motor to a minimum value.
3 . Put ON the DPST switch.
4 . Using a 3-point starter start the motor and bring it to a rated speed.
5 . Note all the readings at no load i.e., the terminal voltage, load current and speed of
the motor.
6 . Now tighten the belt of the pulley so that the load increases gradually. While doing
this, note again all the above readings mentioned and also the spring balance
readings.
7 . Pour water into the pulley and cool it whenever the motor is loaded heavily and see
that the drum of the pulley doesn`t get much heated.
8 . Run the motor till the full load is reached and now release the load slowly and stop
the motor by switching OFF the DPST switch.
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O B S E V A T I O N S :
S.No S
1
(Kg)
S
2
(Kg)
Line
current I
L
(A)
Terminal
Voltage V
(volts)
Speed
N (rpm)
Torque
t =
9.81(S
1
~S
2
)r
(N-m)
Input
Power
P
i
=VI
L
(Watts)
Output Power
(Watt)
Efficiency
MODEL CALCULATIONS :
Terminal voltage, V = Volts
Radius of the pulley, r = 0.15m
Input power, P
i
= V x I
L
Watts
Torque, = 9.81(S
1
~S
2
) r N-m
Speed, N = rpm.
Output Power,
%Efficiency,
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M O D E L G R A P H S :
PRECAUTIONS :
1 . Loose connections must be avoided to prevent from short-circuits.
2 . Starter should be operated gently and the brake should be slowly applied in steps to
avoid over loading.
3 . See that the drum of the pulley doesn`t get much heated by pouring water.
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R E S U L T :
C O N C L U S I O N :
V I V A Q U E S T I O N S :
1) Where are dc compound motors used?
2) Where are differentially compounded shunt motors used?
3) What may be the causes of sparking in a motor?
4) How can be the direction of rotation of motor be reversed in DC compound
motor?
5) What is the purpose of using 4-point starter to start compound motor?
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LOAD TEST ON
D.C.
COMPOUND GENERATOR
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LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR
Experiment no:8
AIM: To determine the load characteristics of a DC compound generator.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Type DC Shunt Motor
DC compound
Generator
Ratings 3.0 HP 2 KW
Current 12 A 12A
Duty S1 S1
Ins. Class B B
A P P A R A T U S :
S.No. Name of Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Load box
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THEORY:
The external characteristics of a compound generator are shown in graph. In a
cumulatively compound generator with increase in load current the series field flux aids
the shunt field flux. Depending upon the number of series field turns, the cumulative
compound generator may be under compounded, over compounded and flat compounded.
Cumulative compound generators are more common because they can furnish almost
constant voltage from no load to full load.
In differentially compound generator, with the increase of load, series field flux opposes
shunt field flux and consequently the terminal voltage falls more rapidly, these are not
damaged by short circuit. In view of this, these types of generators may be used for
welding purposes, where sudden short circuit occurs every time the electric touches the
working part. The degree of compound can be controlled by connecting a suitable low
resistance called diverter in parallel with series field winding
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2) Keep the field and armature rheostats of motor and the field rheostat of the
generator in minimum, maximum and maximum positions respectively.
3) Start the motor using a 3-point starter and there by the generator.
Run the motor to its rated speed by varying the armature and field rheostats of the
motor and keep it constant
4) Adjust the shunt field rheostat of the generator to obtain rated voltage at no load.
5) Note down the no load terminal of the generator.
6) Apply the load in steps on the generator and for each load note down the
corresponding field current, line current and terminal voltage.
Then remove the load and switch off the supply
OBSERVATIONS:
S
No
V
t
(volts) I
sh
(amps) I
L
(amps) I
a
(amps) E
g
(volts)
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MODEL CALCULATIONS:
V
t
= I
sh
=
I
L
= I
a
= I
L
+ I
sh
R
a
= R
se
=
E
g
= V
t
+ I
a
R
a
+ I
L
R
se
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Ensure that the armature rheostat is kept at the maximum position and the field
rheostat is kept at minimum position before switching on the supply.
2) Speed must be maintained constant throughout the experiment.
3) The tachometer should be kept in line with the shaft while measuring the speed.
4) Ensure that the starter arm is at the extreme left position before switching on the
supply.
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
I
L
, I
a
(Amps)
External
Characteristics
Internal
Characteristics
V
t
, E
g
(Volts)
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1.How the compound generator operates?
2.What is the application of cumulative compound wound generator?
3.When the compound wound generator will be called as over compound?
4.Explain the characteristics of all types of compound wound generators?
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SEPARATI ON OF LOSSES
I N D.C. SHUNT
MACHI NE
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Experiment no:9
SEPARATION OF LOSSES IN D.C. MACHINE
Aim : To determine suitable tests on the given D.C. shunt machine and determine from
the experiment, the stray losses and separate these into friction, hysteric and
eddy current losses.
Name Plate Details:
01 Rating 3.0 HP
02 Volts. 220 V DC
03 Current 12 A
06
Duty S1
07
Ins. Class B
08
Speed 1500 rpm
Apparatus:
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 fuse
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Theory:
D.C. machine consist the following losses.
1. copper loss
2. Rotational losses
Copper loss consist of armature copper loss and field copper loss. Rotational losses
consist of iron losses mechanical losses and stray load losses.
Iron loss again subdivided into hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
By performing no load test on D.C. Shunt machine at different fixed field currents all the
above losses can be separated.
Procedure:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The motor is started slowly using the starter keeping the field and armature
rheostats in minimum and maximum positions respectively.
3. The field current is adjusted to the rated value at no-lead.
4. The armature ckt resistance is reduced in steps while increasing the speed.
5. The readings of the voltmeter, ammeter and tachometer are taken at constant field
current.
6. The experiment is continued till the maximum speed is obtained by cutting out
the complete resistance in armature circuit.
7. The armature rheostat is brought back to its initial maximum position.
8. The motor is stopped.
9. The armature resistance is measured using a multimetre.
10. The readings are tabulated.
Observation Table:
S.NO V(Volts) Ia(A) N(rpm) Ws=Eb*Ia Ws/N
I
f
=
I
f
=
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Model Graph:
Ws/N
N
The plot of Ws/N versus N is to plotted to find out the intercept and slopes.
Precautions:
1. The rheostats are to be kept in proper positions while starting the motor.
3. The field current is to be maintained constant for a particular excitation though
the speeds are varied, by using the armature rhestat.
Results:
Conclusions:
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1. What are the losses in a DC machine?
2. Why is the field copper loss negligible at no load?
3. Why does the armature resistance increase when the motor is running?
4. How can the mechanical losses be reduced?
5. How can the core losses be minimized?
6.What will happen to the losses in a dc motor when its supply voltage is: a) doubled
b) halved?
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FI ELDS TEST ON D.C.
SERI ES MACHI NES
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Experiment no:10
FIELDS TEST ON D.C. SERIES MACHINES
Aim : To perform FIELD test on a given D.C series motor generator set and determine
the efficiency of both motor and generator
Name Plate Details:
Type DC Series Motor DC Series Generator
Ratings 3.0 HP 2 KW
Current 12 A 12A
Duty S1 S1
Ins. Class B B
Apparatus:
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Fuse
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Theory:
Small series machines can be tested by brake test similar to shunt machines, but the large
series machines cannot be tested by Swinburne`s test in the same way as shunt machines,
because series motors cannot be run on no load due to dangerous high speed. In view of
this field test is quite suitable for D.C. series machines
In this test two similar D.C. machines are required. These
two machines are mechanically coupled together and their fields are connected in series
in order to make iron losses of both machines equal. One of the machines operates as a
motor and drives the other machine operating as a separately excited generator.
PROCEDURE:
2. Start the DC series motor using 2-point starter and adjust its speed with the help
of Rheostat to the rated speed of generator.
3. Note down the reading of voltage generated across the armature of generator at
the corresponding load current.
4. Now switch on the load in steps and note down the corresponding readings of
load current and terminal voltage maintaining at rated speed.
5. The procedure is repeated until the rated current is reached.
6. Reduce the load to zero and switch off the load.
7. Make all the Rheostats to its initial positions and then switch off the DC Supply.
OBSERVATIONS:
S No Terminal Voltage, V
t
(Volts) Load current, I
L
(Amp) E
g
(Volts)
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Let supply voltage=V volts
Motor input current=I
1
Terminal voltage of generator=V
2
Load current of generator= I
2
Armature resistance of each machine=R
a
Series field resistance of each machine=R
se
Input to the total set=VI
1
Output power = V
2
I
2
Total losses of the set, P
T
= VI
1
-V
2
I
2
Series field and armature copper losses of motor=I
1
2
(R
a
+R
se
)
Ser Series field and armature copper losses of generator = I
1
2
R
se
+I
2
2
R
a
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Total copper losses of the set, P
c
= I
1
2
(R
a
+2R
se
)+I
2
2
R
a
Stray power losses for the set = P
T
- P
c
Stray power losses per machine, P
s
=
MOTOR EFFICIENCY:
Motor input = V
1
I
1
Motor losses = I
1
2
(R
a
+R
se
)+P
S
Motor output = V
1
I
1
- I
1
2
(R
a
+R
se
)-P
S
Motor efficiency =
GENERATOR EFFICIENCY:
Generator output = V
2
I
2
Generator losses = I
2
2
R
a
+I
1
2
R
se
+P
S
Generator input = V
2
I
2
+I
2
2
R
a
+I
1
2
R
se
+P
S
Generator efficiency =
GRAPHS :
1.Output VS Efficiency (of generator)
2. Output VS Efficiency (of motor)
PRECAUTIONS:
2 . The switch S is closed only when the voltmeter across the switch reads zero.
3. The rheostats are to be kept at proper positions while starting the motor.
4. The readings of all the metres are to be noted down without any error.
RESULT:
CONCLUSIONS:
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1 . W h at i s t h e ad v an t age o f f i e l d s t e st ?
2 . Ho w t h e d i r e ct i o n o f r o t at i o n o f DC se r i e s m o t o r can b e r e v e r se d ?
3 . I f a DC m o t o r i s co n n e ct e d acr o ss A C su p p l y w h at h ap p e n s?
4 . W h at t y p e o f m o t o r w i l l b e u se d f o r t r act i o n p u r p o se a n d w h y ?
5 . W h y t h e st at o r i s n o t l am i n at e d i n D. C. m ach i n e s?
6 . Di f f e r e n ce b e t w e e n t w o p o i n t st ar t e r an d t h r e e p o i n t st ar t e r ?
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