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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

X.I. Venetxki

K chuyn v kim loi


Cho mng cc bn n c u sch t d n sch cho thit b di ng Ngun: http://vnthuquan.net/ To ebook: Nguyn Kim V. MC LC Gii thiu Li ta ca nh xut bn Mir Li Be Mg Al Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Nb Mo

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K chuyn v kim loi
Ag Sn Ta W Pt An Hg Pb U

X.I. Venetxki

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Gii thiu

Tc gi ca cun sch ny l X.I. Venetxki. Qua mi chng, vi v s cc mu chuyn l th, v gn gi vi thc t, tc gi k cho chng ta nghe bng cch no ngi ta tm ra cc kim loi, k cng tinh ch chng ra sao, con ng m mi kim loi xm nhp vo i sng, s i ngi ca chng, cng nh nhng c tnh hu ch v mi m ca chng di v ngoi ca cc hin tng k l, huyn b. Dn dt qua cc cu chuyn, X.I. Venetxki bin mt trong lnh vc kh khan "kh nut" nht thnh mt ti cun ht, d nh m khng h dng ti nhng m hnh hay cng thc phc tp c nguy c khin bn c ri tr. V khi ng trang sch li, bn c cn nh cu chuyn v b ch tr keo kit vi nhng ming tht i b liti vch mt ra sao, hay nhng v khch c n pht khc trong ba tic ca hong Php Napoleon III, v khng c dng loi tha nhm sang trng, th y l X.I. Venetxki thnh cng. K chuyn v kim loi du c vit ra cch y hn mt thp k, nhng ni dung ca n vn cn nguyn gi tr thc tin v mi m cho n tn ngy nay. Bn ting Vit m chng ti gii thiu sau y c dch bi L Mnh Chin, Nh xut bn Khoa

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

hc v K thut H Ni, v Nh xut bn Mir, 1989. Trong sch, cc tn ring v a danh c phin m ra ting Vit (nhng ln dng u tin c vit bng ting Anh), v th, chng ti gi nguyn cch phin m ny.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Li ta ca nh xut bn Mir

K t ngy thi k chuyn giao li quyn hnh ca mnh sang cho thi i ng, cc kim loi phc v con ngi mt cch trung thnh, gip con ngi xy dng v sng to, khc phc thin tai, khm ph cc b mt ca thin nhin, ch tc ra cc c cu v my mc tuyt diu. Gheor Agricla (Georg Agricola) - nh t tng ngi c th k XVI, tc gi ca nhiu cng trnh v luyn kim, tng nhn mnh vai tr to ln ca kim loi trong cuc sng ca chng ta. Trong tc phm V ngnh m v luyn kim, ng vit: Con ngi s khng th lm g nu khng c kim loi..., nu khng c kim loi th hn con ngi phi ko l kip sng thm hi v gh tm nht gia by d th. Hn l ngi ta phi quay v vi nhng ht d v nhng qu to qu l mc di trong rng, phi n c v r cy, phi dng mng tay o bi cho mnh nhng ci hang ly ch ban m chui vo nm, cn ban ngy th lang thang ht ch ny ch n trong cc chn rng rm v ng hoang chng khc g nhng con d th. Bi v li sng nh th hon ton khng xng ng vi tr tu con ngi - mn qu qu nht m thin nhin ban cho, nn l no li c ngi ngu ngc v gn d n ni khng ng rng, kim loi tht cn tit cho vic n mc v ni chung l duy tr cuc sng cho con ngi? Nh bc hc v i M.V.Lomonosov cng nh gi rt cao ngha ca kim loi i vi s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Trong cun My li bn v li ch ca ha hc, ng vit: Kim loi to nn v p v s bn vng cho cc dng quan trng v cn thit trong x hi... Kim loi bo v chng ta trc s tn cng ca k th, cc con tu nh c kim loi m tr nn cng vng v c chng buc bi sc mnh ca kim loi lt trn sng bin trc nhng trn cung phong d di. Kim loi lm cho t ai tr nn ph nhiu; kim loi gip chng ta trong vic sn bt cc loi ng vt trn cn v di nc nui sng chng ta... Ni tm li, khng mt lnh vc ngh thut no, khng mt ngh th cng n gin no li c th trnh c vic s dng kim loi. Th gii kim loi tht hp dn v v cng phong ph. Trong s cc kim loi c nhng th l ngi

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

bn lu ca con ngi: ng, st, vng, bc, ch, thic, thy ngn. Tnh bn ny c t hng ngn nm nay. Song cng c nhng kim loi m con ngi ch mi quen bit trong vng my chc nm gn y. Tnh cht ca cc kim loi tht k l v a dng. Chng hn, thy ngn khng b ng cng ngay c ba mi m, cn vonfram th khng s nhng cuc vy hm nng bng nht ca ngn la. Bc v ng dn in rt thoi mi, cn titan th chng thch th g ci vic y. Liti nh bng mt na nc v d mun n u cng khng th nhn chm, cn osimi - nh v ch ca cc kim loi nng, th chm nghm nh mt tng , bi v mt ca n ln hn ca nc trn hai mi ln. Hnh tinh ca chng ta rt giu nhm, cn franxi th him n ni hm lng ca n trong v tri t ch c tnh bng gam. Tht kh hnh dung ni iu g s xy ra trong th gii xung quanh chng ta nu nh cc kim loi bng nhin bin mt ht. Nu khng c st th chng ta chng c t v tu ha, khng c cu v ng ray bng thp, khng c nhng c my cng c v nhng kt cu btng ct thp; nu khng c nhm th ngy nay khng th ni n ngnh hng khng v ngnh xy dng; ng m mt i th chng loi sn phm k thut in s gim st gh gm; nu khng c vonfram th hng t bng n in s tt ngm; nu khng c crom v niken th thp khng g s b bao ph bi mt lp g dy cm. Ti ngh rng, s chng cn phi v tip bc tranh bun thm ny na: chnh l v hu ht mi kim loi u c nhng cng lao c nhn ca mnh i vi k thut hin i. May mn thay, chng ta khng b tt c s mt mt e da. Hn th na, cn c th khng nh mt cch chc chn rng, quy m sn xut v tiu dng hu nh tt c mi kim loi cng nghip s ngy cng c m rng, cc nh bc hc s to ra rt nhiu kim loi mi, ri c nhng kim loi v hp kim c cng s bc l thm nhng kh nng mi y bt ng ca chng. Chng hn, ai m bit c trong nhng nm sp ti, cc th thy tinh kim loi a dng - cc kim loi ng c trng thi v nh hnh, s cho chng ta thy nhng tnh cht g? Hp kim thn diu nitinon v hng lot cc hp kim tng t khc th hin nng lc c mt khng hai l nh c hnh dng ban u ca mnh. Trin vng ca cc vt liu phi tr m thnh phn quan trng ca chng l kim loi, hp kim v cc hp cht ha hc ca kim loi tht l to ln. Tm li, khng cn nghi ng g na, trong tng lai lu di, kim loi vn gi c v tr hng u ca mnh v s l c s ca nn vn ha vt cht ca chng ta. Cun sch m ti c vinh d c gii thiu cng bn c y k v s phn ca nhng kim loi quan trng nht. Ti tin chc rng, n s gy nn s hng th khng nhng cc bn thanh thiu nin ang mun m ra cho mnh mt th gii khoa hc, m cn tt c nhng ai tuy ri gh nh trng ph thng hay i hc t lu, song vn khng mt i tnh ham hiu bit vn c ca tui tr v

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K chuyn v kim loi
mun tn dng mi c hi m rng tm mt ca mnh. Vin s A. F. Belov

X.I. Venetxki

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Li Nh nht trong s cc kim loi nh

Nm 1967, liti - nguyn t ng u tin trong s cc kim loi trong H thng tun hon ca .I. Meneleep k nim 150 nm ngy n c tm ra. L k nim ny din ra lc liti ang bui sung sc: hot ng ca n trong k thut hin i tht l th v v nhiu mt. Th m cc nh chuyn mn vn cho rng, liti vn hon ton cha bc l ht mi kh nng ca mnh v h tin on cho n mt tin rng ln. Nhng, mi bn, chng ta hy thc hin mt cuc du lm vo th k va qua, hy ng vo phng th nghim tnh mch ca nh ha hc Thy in tn l Iohan Apgut Acfvetxn (Johann August Arvedson). y l nc Thy in nm 1817.

... l ngy m nh bc hc tin hnh phn tch khong vt petalit tm c m Uto gn Stockholm. ng kim tra i kim tra li nhng kt qu phn tch, nhng c mi ln nh vy, ng u ch nhn c tng s cc thnh phn l 96%. Vy th mt vo u 4%? S ra sao nu nh...? Phi ri, khng cn nghi ng g na: khong vt ny c cha mt nguyn t mi m t trc ti nay cha c ai bit. Acfvetxn lm ht th nghim ny n th nghim khc v cui cng t c mc ch: mt kim loi kim mi c pht hin. Bi v, khc vi nhng ngi h hng gn gi ca mnh - kali v natri m ln u tin c tm thy trong cc sn phm hu c, nguyn t mi ny c pht hin trong mt khong vt, nn nh bc hc quyt nh gi n l liti (theo ting Hy Lp, liteos ngha l ) t lu sau, Acfvetxn li tm thy nguyn t ny trong cc khong vt khc, cn nh ha hc Thy in ni ting Berzelius th li pht hin ra n trong nc khong Cacxbat v Mariebat. Nhn y cng ni thm rng, ngy nay, cc ngun nc sui cha bnh Visi (nc Php) s d ni ting khp ni v nhng tnh cht cha bnh rt tt chnh l v trong c cc mui liti.

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nm 1818, nh bc hc ngi Anh l Humphry Davy ln u tin tch c nhng ht liti tinh khit bng cch in phn hiroxit ca n, ri n nm 1855, mt cch c lp vi nhau, nh hoa hc Robert Bunsen ngi c v nh vt l hc Matissen ngi Anh iu ch c liti nguyn cht bng cch in phn liti clorua nng chy. l mt kim loi mm, trng nh bc, nh hn nc gn hai ln. V mt ny th liti khng gp mt i th no trong s cc kim loi: nhm nng hn n nm ln, st - 15 ln, ch - 20 ln, cn osimi - 40 ln! Ngay nhit trong phng, liti cng phn ng mnh lit vi oxi v nit ca khng kh. Bn hy th mt mu liti trong bnh thy tinh c nt mi nhm. Mu kim loi ny s ht ht khng kh c trong bnh: trong bnh xut hin chn khng v p sut kh quyn n vo nt mnh ti ni cc bn kh m ko n ra c. V vy, bo qun liti l mt vic kh phc tp. Nu nh natri chng hn, c th bo qun d dng trong du ho hoc xng, th i vi liti, khng th dng cch y c, v n s ni ln v bc chy ngay tc khc. bo qun cc thi liti, ngi ta thng dm chng vo trong b cha vazlin hoc parafin, nhng cht ny bao quanh kim loi v khng cho n bc l tnh hu phn ng ca mnh. Liti cn kt hp mnh m hn vi hiro. Ch mt lng nh kim loi ny cng c th lin kt vi mt th tch hir rt ln: trong 1 kilgam liti hirua c 2.800 lt kh hiro! Trong nhng nm Chin tranh th gii th 2, cc vin phi cng M dng nhng vin liti hirua lm ngun hir mang theo bn mnh. H s dng chng khi gp nn ngoi bin: di tc dng ca nc, cc vin ny phn r ngay lp tc, bm y kh hiro vo cc phng tin cp cu nh thuyn cao su, o phao, bngangten tn hiu. Cc hp cht ca liti c kh nng ht m cc mnh, iu khin cho chng c s dng rng ri lm sch khng kh trong tu ngm, trong cc bnh th trn my bay, trong cc h thng iu ha khng kh. Bc vo th k XX, liti mi c bt u s dng trong cng nghip. Cn trong gn mt trm nm trc th ch yu ngi ta dng n trong y hc lm thuc cha bnh thng phong. Trong thi gian Chin tranh th gii ln th nht, nc c rt cn thit s dng trong cng nghip. Do nc ny khng c qung thic nn cc nh bc hc phi cp tc tm kim loi khc thay th. Nh c liti nn vn ny c gii quyt mt cch tt p: hp kim ca ch vi liti l mt vt liu chng ma st tuyt vi. T tr i, cc hp kim liti lun gn lin vi cc ngnh k thut. c nhng hp kim ca liti vi nhm, vi berili, vi ng, km, bc v vi nhiu nguyn t khc. Nhng trin vng ht sc to ln rng m cho cc hp kim ca liti vi magi - mt kim loi nh khc c tnh cht kt cu rt tt: nu liti chim u th th hp cht s nh hn nc. Nhng ri thay, cc hp kim c thnh phn nh vy li khng bn vng, rt d b oxi ha trong khng kh. T lu, cc nh bc hc ao c to nn mt s phi tr v mt cng ngh bo m c tnh bn To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

lu cho cc hp kim liti - magi. Cc nh khoa hc Vin luyn kim mang tn A. A. Baicp thuc Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X gii quyt c bi ton : bng l ni chn khng nung bng in trong mi trng kh tr agon, h iu ch c hp kim ca liti vi magie m khng b m xm trong khng kh v nh hn nc. Nhiu tnh cht qu bu ca liti nh kh nng phn ng cao, nhit nng chy thp (ch 180,5 c), mt cc hp cht ha hc ca n nh, khin cho nguyn t ny c tham gia vo nhiu qu trnh cng ngh trong luyn kim en v luyn kim mu. Chng hn n ng vai tr cht kh kh v kh oxi mt cch xut sc - n xua ui cc cht kh nh nit, oxi ra khi cc kim loi ang nng chy. Nh c liti m cu trc ca mt s hp kim tr nn mn ht, do m nhng tnh cht c hc ca chng tr nn tt hn. Trong sn xut nhm, liti thc hin rt tt vai tr cht thc y qu trnh. Pha thm cc hp cht ca liti vo cht in phn s nng cao c nng sut ca b in phn nhm; khi , nhit cn thit ca b s gim xung v tn ph in nng s gim r rt. Trc kia, cht in phn ca cquy kim ch gm cc dung dch xt n da (NAOH). Nhng nu pha thm vo cht in phn ny vi gam liti hiroxit (LiOH) th tui th ca cquy s tng ln ba ln. Ngoi ra, khong nhit ca cquy cng c m rng thm: n khng phng in ngay c khi nhit ln ti 40 C v hai chc m vn khng b ng c. Cht in phn khng c liti th khng chu ng c nhng th thch nh vy. Nht Bn ch to c loi cquy t hon c o dng cho cc ng h in t eo tay: b dy ca cquy ch bng 34 micron, ngha l mnh hn si tc, trong , cc dng l mt mng liti cc mng, cn cc m th lm bng titan isunfit. Thit b in tinh vi ny chu ng c 2000 chu k np v phng in, mi ln np in cho php ng h lm vic t 200 - 300 gi. Cc cng trnh s ca cc hng ch to t cng t nhiu hy vng khng nh vo liti. Chng hn, M ngi ta ch to pin bng liti dng cho t chy bng in nng. Loi xe ny c th t ti tc 100km/h v c th chy hng trm km m khng cn phi thay pin. Mt s hp cht hu c ca liti (stearat, panminat v. v... ) vn gi nguyn c nhng tnh cht vt l ca mnh trong khong nhit rng. iu cho php s dng chng lm nn cho cc vt liu bi trn trong k thut qun s. Cht bi trn c cha liti gip cho cc xe chy trn mi a hnh ang lm vic Nam cc thc hin c cc hnh trnh vo su trong lc a ny, ni m nhit bng gi c khi thp n -80 C. Cht bi trn cha liti l tr th c lc cho nhng ngi ua t. Nhng ngi ch ca loi xe t jiguli tin chc iu nn khng phi ngu nhin m h gi n l cht bi trn vnh cu: Khi mi bt u s dng, ch cn dng n bi trn mt ln cho cc chi tit hay c xt ca t, th l nhiu nm sau khng cn phi lp li cng vic y na. Trong chng ta chc ai cng nghe ni n nhng php l m nhng ngi iga n thng lm. Trc mt m cng chng y kinh ngc, h nhai chic cc thy tinh thnh nhng mnh nh To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

chng khc g n chic bnh bch-quy bnh thng, ri li cn nut chng vi v thch th, nh th trong i h cha h c n mt thc g ngon hn. Cn bn tng nm th thy tinh cha? Cu hi tht qu v l! Tt nhin l cha!. C l bt c ngi no khi c ny u ngh nh vy. Nh th l nhm ri y. Tht ra th thy tinh thng thng vn ha tan trong nc. Tt nhin l khng phi mc chng hn nh ng, nhng d sao n vn b ha tan. Nhng chic cn phn tch chnh xc nht cho bit rng, cng vi cc nc ch nng, chng ta cn ung khong mt phn vn gram thy tinh. Nhng nu khi nu thy tinh, ta pha thm mt t mui lantan, mui ziriconi v mui liti th ho tan ca n trong nc s gim hng trm ln. Thu tinh s rt bn vng ngay c i vi axit sunfuric. Hot ng ca liti trong ngnh sn xut thy tinh khng phi ch b hp trong vic h thp ha tan ca thy tinh. Thy tinh cha liti c c trng bi nhng tnh cht quang hc rt qu gi, tnh chu nhit tt, sut in tr cao, mt mt in mi t. c bit, liti cn tham gia vo thnh phn ca thy tinh dng lm n hnh trong cc my thu hnh. Nu ta x l knh ca s thng thng trong cc mui liti nng chy th trn b mt ca n s hnh thnh mt lp bo v: knh s bn gp i v chu ng tt hn i vi nhit cao. Pha thm mt lng nh nguyn t ny cng gim c rt nhiu nhit nu ca thy tinh.

T xa xa, git sng c dng lm biu tng cho tnh trong sut. Nhng ngay c nhng th thy tinh trong sut nh git sng cng khng p ng c nhu cu ca k thut hin i. K thut hin i cn c nhng vt liu quang hc khng nhng cho cc tia sng nhn thy c bng mt thng xuyn qua, m cn phi cho cc tia khng nhn thy, chng hn nh tia t ngoi cng xuyn qua c. Vi knh thin vn thng thng, cc nh vt l thin vn khng th thu nhn c bc x ca nhng thin h rt xa. Trong s cc vt liu m b mn quang hc bit n th liti clorua c trong sut cao nht i vi tia t ngoi. Cc thu knh lm bng cc n tinh th ca cht ny cho php cc nh nghin cu xm nhp su thm rt nhiu vo nhng b mt ca V tr. Liti ng vai tr khng nh trong vic sn xut cc loi men s, men st, cc cht mu, s v snh c cht lng cao. Trong cng nghip dt, mt s hp cht ca nguyn t ny c dng ty trng v cm mu vi, cn mt s cht khc th dng nhum vi. Cc mui ca liti rt quen thuc vi cc nh ch to v s dng thuc n: chng lm cho vt n vch ng v pho sng c mu xanh lc - lam rc r. Tr o thut sau y da trn kh nng ha thut ca liti. Bn hy dng que dim t mt cc

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ng nh, v s chng c iu g xy ra c: ng bt u nng chy nhng khng chy. Cn nu trc m bn xt ming ng vo tn thuc l th n s bc chy d dng vi ngn la mu xanh da tri rt p. S d nh vy l v trong thuc l cng nh trong nhiu thc vt khc, hm lng liti tng i ln. Khi t chy thuc l, mt phn cc hp cht ca liti vn cn li trong tro tn. Chnh v th m ta lm c tr o thut n gin ny. Nhng tt c nhng g va k trn mi ch l nhng cng vic th yu, nhng ngh ph ca liti. N cn lm c nhng cng vic quan trong hn. y mun ni n ngnh nng lng hc ht nhn, , c th chng bao lu na liti s bt u ng vai tr ca mt trong nhng cy n v cm s mt. Cc nh bc hc xc nh c rng, ht nhn ca ng v liti-6 c th d b ntrn ph v. Khi hp th ntrn, ht nhn ca liti tr nn km bn vng v b phn r, kt qu l hai nguyn t mi s hnh thnh l kh tr nh heli v hir siu nng - triti - cc k him. nhit rt cao, cc nguyn t triti v teri (mt ng v khc ca hidro) s kt hp vi nhau. Qu trnh km theo s gii phng mt lng nng lng khng l m thng c gi l nng lng nhit hch. Cc phn ng nhit hch cc k mnh lit s xy ra khi dng ntron bn ph liti teri - mt hp cht ca ng v liti-6 vi teri. Cht ny c dng lm nguyn liu ht nhn trong cc l phn ng liti, l nhng l m so vi nhng l phn ng urani th c nhiu u im hn: liti d kim v r tin hn nhiu so vi urani, cn khi phn ng th khng to ra cc sn phm phn hch c tnh phng x v qu trnh phn ng d iu chnh hn. Liti-6 c kh nng bt gi cc ntron chm kh tt, l c s s dng n lm cht iu tit cng cc phn ng din ra ngay c trong cc l phn ng urani. Nh tnh cht ny m ng v liti-6 cn c s dng trong cc l chn chng bc x v trong cc b pin nguyn t c thi hn s dng lu di. Trong tng lai khng xa, liti - 6 rt c th s tr thnh cht hp th ntron chm trong cc kh c bay dng nng lng nguyn t. Cng nh mt s kim loi kim khc, liti c s dng lm cht ti nhit trong cc thit b ht nhn. y c th dng mt ng v d kim hn ca n, l liti-7 (trong liti thin nhin, ng v ny chim khong 93%). Khc vi ngi em nh hn ca mnh, ng v ny khng th dng lm nguyn liu sn xut triti, v vy m n khng c quan tm ti trong k thut nhit hch. Nhng vi vai tr l cht ti nhit th n li t ra rt c lc. Nhit dung v dn nhit cao, nhit ca trng thi nng chy nm trong mt khong rng, nht khng ng k v mt nh - l nhng iu gip n hon thnh tt nhim v ny. Trong thi gian gn y, k thut tn la bt u dnh cho liti nhng a v quan trng. Mun vt qua lc ht ca tri t vt ln khong khng gian ngoi v tr cn phi chi ph rt nhiu nng lng. Chic tn la tng a con tu tr nh du hnh v tr u tin trn th gii Iuri Gagarin ln To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

qu o c su ng c vi cng sut tng cng l 20 triu m lc! l cng sut ca hai chc nh my thy in c nh Nh my thy in niep. Tt nhin, vic la chn nhin liu cho tn la l mt vn cc k quan trng. Cho n nay, du ha (ng l du ha gi c v tt bng) c oxi ha bi oxi lng vn c coi l nhin liu hu hiu nht. Khi t nhin liu ny, nng lng pht ra ln gp hn 1,5 ln so vi khi cho n cng mt lng nh vy loi thuc n Nitroglixerin l loi thuc n mnh nht. Vic s dng nhin liu kim loi c th c nhng trin vng tuyt vi. Ln u tin cch y hn na th k, cc nh bc hc X -vit ni ting l F. A. Txaner v Iu. V. Conrachiuk khi xng l thuyt v phng php s dng kim loi lm nhin liu cho ng c tn la. Liti l mt trong s nhng kim loi thch hp nht cho mc ch ny (ch c berili mi c th hunh hoang v sut ta nhit ln). M ngi ta cng b nhng pht minh v nhin liu rn dng cho tn la trong cha t 51 n 68% liti kim loi.

Mt iu ng ch l trong qu trnh lm vic ca cc ng c tn la, liti li phi chng chi li vi... liti. L mt thnh phn ca nhin liu, n cho php sn sinh ra nhit rt cao, cn cc vt liu gm cha liti (chng hn nh stupalit) c tnh chu nhit cao th c dng lm lp ph ng phun v bung t bo v chng khi b nhin liu liti ph hy. Trong thi i chng ta, k thut lm ra nhiu vt liu tng hp a dng - cc polime. Chng c s dng mt cch thnh cng thay th thp, ng thau, thy tinh. Tuy nhin, cc nh cng ngh i lc cng gp nhng kh khn ln khi m vic ch to mt s nhng sn phm i hi h phi lin kt cc polime vi nhau hoc vi cc vt liu khc. Chng hn, polime teflon cha flo - mt cht ph chng n mn rt tuyt diu - trong mt thi gian di vn khng c s dng trong thc tin ch v n khng chu bm vo kim loi. Cc nh bc hc X Vit hon chnh c mt cng ngh hn ht nhn rt c o hn gn cc polime vi cc vt liu khc. Cc b mt cn hn c bi mt lp mng cc hp cht ca liti hoc bo; cc hp cht ny c dng lm lp keo ht nhn c bit. Khi dng ntron chiu vo lp keo ny th s sinh ra cc phn ng ht nhn km theo s gii phng mt nng lng ln, nh vy m sau mt khong thi gian cc ngn (cha n mt phn t giy), trong cc vt liu s xut hin cc vi on c nhit hng trm, thm ch hng ngn . Nhng cng sau nhng khonh khc ny, cc phn t cc lp tip gip kp dch chuyn v i khi cn kp to ra nhng mi lin kt ha hc mi vi nhau - qu trnh hn ht nhn din ra nh vy. Thng thng, cc nguyn t nm gc trn cng bn tri ca bng Meneleep u ph bin rng ri trong thin nhin. Tuy vy, khc vi a s cc bn lng ging ca mnh - natri, kali, magie,

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

canxi, nhm, l nhng nguyn t c nhiu trn hnh tinh ca chng ta, liti li tng i him. Trong thin nhin ch c khong ba chc khong vt cha nguyn t qu bu ny. Hp cht thin nhin ch yu ca liti l spoumen. Cc tinh th ca khong vt ny c hnh dng ta nh nhng thanh t vt ng st hoc thn cy, i khi t n kch thc khng l: ti bang Nam Dakota (nc M) tm thy mt tinh th di hn 15 m v nng hng chc tn. Ti cc m M pht hin ra cc bin th ca spoumen c mu xanh ngc bch v mu tm pht hng rt p. l cc khong vt hienit v cunxit rt qu. pecmatit dng granit c th gi mt vai tr to ln trong vic dng lm nguyn liu sn xut liti. Ngi ta d tnh rng, trong 1 kilmt khi granit c ti hn mt trm ngn tn liti. l mt lng ln hn rt nhiu so vi lng liti khai thc c hng nm tt c cc nc cng li. Trong cc kho tng granit, bn cnh liti cn c niobi, tantali, ziricon, thori, urani, neoim, xezi, xeri, prazeoim v nhiu nguyn t him khc. Nhng lm th no bt c granit phi chia s ca ci ca n vi con ngi? Cc nh bc hc ra sc tm ti v nht nh s sng to ra nhng phng php ta nh cu thn ch Vng i! Hy m ra!, cho php con ngi m ca cc kho bu granit. kt thc cu chuyn v liti, chng ti xin k mt chuyn vui, trong nguyn t ny ng vai tr rt quan trng. Nm 1891, anh sinh vin va tt nghip trng i hc tng hp Havard M tn l Rbec Ut (Robert Wood) (sau ny tr thnh nh vt l hc ni ting) n Bantimo nghin cu ha hc ti trng i hc tng hp a phng. Khi n trong khu nh tr ca sinh vin, Ut nghe n rng, b ch hnh nh vn lm mn tht rn bui sng... bng nhng ming tht gp nht t nhng a tha li t ba tra ngy hm trc. Nhng lm th no chng minh iu ? Vn l ngi rt thch tm li gii c o ng thi li n gin cho mi bi ton, ln ny, Ut cng khng lm tri vi nhng nguyn tc ca mnh. Mt hm, trong ba n cha ngi ta dn ra mn bttt, anh bn tha li trn a vi ming tht kh to sau khi rc ln mt t mui liti clorua mt cht hon ton khng c, b ngoi v mi v rt ging mui n bnh thng. Ngy hm sau, nhng vin tht rn trong ba n sng ca sinh vin c em thiu trc khe h ca knh soi quang ph. Vch ca quang ph vn c trng cho liti cho mt kt lun dt khot: b ch nh tr qu keo kit b vch mt. Cn Ut th mi nhiu nm sau vn thy thch th mi khi hi tng li cuc thc nghim tm vt ca mnh.

X.I. Venetxki

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Be Kim loi ca k nguyn v tr

X.I. Venetxki

Berili - mt trong nhng nguyn t tuyt diu nht, mt nguyn t c ngha to ln c trn l thuyt ln trong thc tin. ... Vic lm ch bu tri, nhng chuyn bay dng cm ca my bay v khinh kh cu s khng thc hin c nu khng c cc kim loi nh; v chng ta s thy trc rng, c berili cng s n gip nhm v magie l cc kim loi hin i ca ngnh hng khng. V khi my bay ca chng ta s bay vi tc hng ngn kilmet trong mt gi. Mt tng lai sng ln ang ch n berili ! Hi cc nh a ha hc, hy tm ra nhng m mi. Hi cc nh ha hc, hy tm cch tch th kim loi ny ra khi ngi bn ng hnh ca n l nhm. Hi cc nh cng ngh hc, hy lm ra nhng hp kim nh nht, khng chm trong nc, cng nh thp, n hi nh cao su, bn nh platin v vnh cu nh ngc qu... C th, nhng li hin thi xem ra ging nh chuyn hoang ng. Nhng trc mt chng ta, bit bao chuyn hoang ng tng bin thnh chuyn c tht ha nhp vo tp qun hng ngy ri sao, v chng ta qun rng, mi 20 nm v trc, chic radio v phim lng ting chng ngn vang nh cu chuyn hoang ng tng tng ? Cch y gn na th k, nh bc hc X Vit v i, vin s A. E. Ferxman vit nh vy. Lc by gi ng bit nh gi ng n ngha ca berili. ng, berili l kim loi ca tng lai. V n lc y, trong H thng tun hon s c nhng nguyn t m lch s ca chng tng t nh lch s ca berili, cng li v qu kh xa xi. ...Hn hai ngn nm v trc, trn sa mc Nubi, ni c nhng m ngc bch ni ting ca n hong Cleopatre, nhng ngi n l khai thc c nhng tinh th mu xanh k diu. Tng on l hnh lc mang ngc bch n b bin , ri t , ngc bch i vo cung in ca vua cha cc nc chu u, Cn ng v Vin ng - cc hong Vizanti, cc quc vng Ba T, cc thin t Trung Hoa, cc vng hu n . Vi nh ho quang lng ly, vi mu sc trong ngn, vi v p huyn o khi th xanh lc m, gm nh xanh thm, khi th xanh lung linh chi ngi - tri qua nhiu thi i, ngc bch lm cho con

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ngi phi m say. Nh s hc c La M Plini B vit: So vi ngc bch th khng vt no c th xanh hn c.... Theo truyn thuyt, hong L M Neron - mt con ngi tn bo v hiu thng, thng hay xem nhng trn u m mu ca bn ngi chi qua mt tinh th ngc bch mi nhn. Khi La M bng ln mt m chy, Neron ngm ngha nhng ngn la nhy ma bp bng qua vin ngc bch quang hc y, trong mu da cam ca ngn la rn rn ha ln mu xanh lc ca vin ngc (C l phi nh chnh mt iu quan trng trong truyn thuyt c ny: theo cc ngun tin trn bo ch th chic ng nhm ca Neron hin c gi ti Vatican gn y qua s gim nh ca mt chuyn gia v khong vt hc, th ha ra tinh th y khng phi l ngc bch m l crizolit). N xanh lc, trong ngn, vui, mt v du dng nh c xun.... A. I. Kup-rin vit nh vy v ngc bch. Cng vi vic tm ra chu M, mt trang s mi c ghi thm vo lch s ca loi xanh ny. Trong cc ngi m v n miu Mexico, Peru, Columbia, ngi Ty Ban Nha tm thy v s ngc bch ln, mu lc thm. Ch my nm sau , h v vt ht nhng ca ci huyn b ny. H cng i tm nhng a im m ngi xa khai thc th ngc k diu ny nhng khng tm thy. Mi n gia th k XVI, nhng k chinh phc chu M mi lm ch c b mt ca ngi Inca v mi xm nhp c vo cc kho bu cha y ngc bch x Columbia. Vi v p him c, ngc bch Columbia ng tr trong ngh kim hon n th k XIX. Nm 1831, mt ngi th nu nha thng Uran tn l Macxim Cogiepnicp khi nht ci kh trong rng, gn con sui Tcva, tm thy vin ngc bch u tin nc Nga. Nhng vin ngc bch ln mu lc sng ca x Uran nhanh chng c nhng ngi th kim hon trn th gii tha nhn. Trong thi gian lm quyn ch huy xng mi mt Ecaterinbua, Iacop Cocvin - mt con ngi lim khit, rt am hiu v v cng l ngh nhn lm qu, lnh o vic khai thc nhng m ngc bch Uran. Nm 1834, mt vin ngc bch rt ln, nng hn hai kilgam, tm c ti mt trong cc m y n tay ng. Lc by gi ng u c bit vin p tng i vo lch s khong vt hc vi tn gi ngc bch Cocvin y s ng vai tr nh mnh trong s phn ca ng. Ngi ch huy t tay mi nhng vin qu nht. Ln ny, ng cng nh chnh tay mnh mi cc mt vin ngc khng l. Nhng nh ca ng khng thc hin c: theo mt li t gic ba t t Ptecbua (Staint Peterburg), mt ban iu tra bt ng p n, ra lnh la sot nh Cocvin v tm thy vin ngc bch m ng khng nh du i. Ngi ta p gii Cocvin v th cng vi vin ngc. B tc Perpxki vn lng danh l ngi snh si v a thch qu tin hnh thm vn v ny. ng a v n n kt thc m mnh vn hng mong i: b tc nht chng

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Cocvin v ti vo t (trong t, v khng chu ng c nhng li vu khng bt lng nn ngay sau , ngi th ngc t st), cn vin ngc bch th vt qua kho bc nh nc n b sung cho b su tp ca b tc. Nhng vin ngc cng khng y c bao lu: v nh bc b thua to nn vin i thn danh ting ny nh lng t gi n, v vin ngc bch li n c ng nh vin c vn c mt ca triu nh l cng tc Cochuby - ngi ch ca b su tp qu ln nht nc Nga. Sau khi v cng tc ny cht, con trai ng chuyn ch nhiu ngc qu trong c c vin ngc Cocvin sang Vin bn ht. Theo thnh cu ca vin hn lm Nga, triu nh Nga hong b ra mt mn tin ln mua li b su tp. Vin ngc bch ln nht th gii tr v T quc (Nga) v hin nay ang c trng by trong vin bo tng khong vt hc thuc Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X Maxcva. Ngc bch l mt trong nhng khong vt ca berili. Aquamarin mu xanh nc bin v Vorobievit mu hng anh o, helioo mu ru vang v berin mu lc pht vng, fanakit trong sut v eucla xanh lam du dng, crizoberin xanh lc trong tro v mt bin th l thng ca n l Alecxanrit ban ngy th mu lc m, cn khi chiu n vo th mu ti (nh vn N. X. Lexcp m t mt cch hnh nh: bui sng xanh ti v bui chiu m mu) - ch l mt s, nhng l nhng i biu danh ting nht ca dng h ngc qu cha berili. V tri t tuyt nhin khng ngho berili, mc du berili lun lun mang ting l mt nguyn t him. iu c gii thch bi mt l l nhiu khi khng d tm thy khong vt cha berili. V y, ch - ngi bn lu i ca con ngi, c th gip chng ta. Trong nhng nm gn y, trn sch bo thng xut hin nhng tin tc v vic tm kim c khong sn nh cc nh a cht bn chn. Chng ta bit nhiu s kin v huyn thoi v vic ch da theo mi tm kim mt vt hoc mt ngi no . Nhng cn nng lc a cht ca chng th nh th no? Cc nh snh qung x lng y c th tm c nhng khong vt g? Tin s sinh hc G. A. Vaxiliep - ngi khi xng mt phng hng mi trong vic thm d cc kho tng thin nhin nm su di t, k rng: B su tp ca Vin bo tng khong vt hc thuc Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X gip chng ta gii p c cu hi . Th nghim vi berili kim loi t ra rt c hiu qu: sau khi ngi kim loi ny, ch Jina chn ra c ngc bch, aquamarin, vorobievit, fanakit, bertranit trong s rt nhiu khong vt, ngha l n chn c tt c nhng khong vt, v ch nhng khong vt cha berili. Sau chng ti ln tt c cc khong vt cha berili vi cc mu khong vt khc, ri yu cu n tm li. Khi , con Jina i khp nh bo tng, ri nm p ngc vo chic t knh m trong c vin ngc bch ln nht v sa. Cc i biu ca gii thc vt cng sn sng ng gp cng sc ca mnh vo vic tm kim berili. Cy thng bnh thng c th ng vai tr ny v n c khuynh hng tuyn chn berili t t v tch ly li trong v cy. Nu cy thng mc gn ni c cc khong vt cha berili th hm lng To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nguyn t ny trong v cy s cao gp hng trm ln so vi trong t v gp hng chc ln so vi trong v cy khc, chng hn nh cy bch dng hay cy tng rng l. Nh cc bn bit, nhng ngi th kim hon t ra rt knh n i vi nhiu loi qu cha berili, cn cc nh cng ngh chuyn sn xut berili kim loi th li tinh tng hn i vi nhng th quyn r mnh: trong s tt c cc khong vt cha berili, h ch coi trng berin m thi, v ch c khong vt ny mi c gi tr cng nghip. Trong thin nhin thng gp nhng tinh th berin khng l: khi lng ca chng ln n hng chc tn, cn chiu di ln n vi mt. Gn y, trn o Maagaxca tm thy mt n tinh th berin nng 380 tn, chiu di l 18 mt, chiu rng l 3,5 mt.

Ti Vin bo tng m Lningrat c mt hin vt rt th v - l mt tinh th Berin di mt mt ri. Trong ma ng b phong ta nm 1942, n pho ca ch xuyn thng mi nh v n phng chnh. Cc mnh n lm cho tinh th b thit hi nghim trng lm cho n tng nh khng cn c trng by trong bo tng na. Nhng nh bn tay kho lo ca cc ngh nhn phc ch, tinh th ny c khi phc li hnh dng ban u. Hin gi ch cn li hai mnh n han g, c khm vo tm bng thuyt minh lm bng thy tinh hu c gii thiu v hin vt ny lm cho mi ngi bit n cuc phu thut m n tri qua. Chng c g ng ngc nhin l ngay t xa xa khng phi ch nhng ngi u thch ca qu, m c cc nh khoa hc cng rt ch n cc vin qu cha berili. Hi th k XVIII, khi m khoa hc cn cha bit n nguyn t m by gi c t s 4 trong H thng tun hon, th nhiu nh bc hc c gng phn tch berin, nhng khng mt ai c th tm thy th kim loi cha trong . Hnh nh n n nu sau lng nhm v cc hp cht ca nhm tnh cht ca hai nguyn t ny ny ging nhau n mc k l. Tuy vy vn c nhng s khc bit. Lui Nicla Voclanh (Louis Nicolas Vanquelin) - nh ha hc Php, l ngi u tin nhn thy s khc bit y. Ngy 26 thng Ma nm th su ca lch Cng Ha (tc l ngy 15 thng 2 nm 1798), ti phin hp ca Vin hn lm khoa hc Php, Voclanh thng bo mt tin lm chn ng d lun, rng, trong berin v ngc bch c cha mt th t mi c tnh cht khc hn vi t phn hoc nhm oxit. Cc mui ca nguyn t mi ny c d v hi ngt, v th m Voclanh ngh gi n l glixini (theo ting Hy Lp, glykos ngha l ngt), nhng nhiu nh bc hc khc li coi tn gi y l cha tht t, bi v mui ca mt s nguyn t khc, chng hn nh ca ytri, cng c v ngt. Theo ngh ca cc nh ha hc ni ting l Claprt (ngi c) v Ekeb (ngi Thy in) - c hai ng

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

u nghin cu berin - nguyn t ha hc ny c gi l berili, cn tn glixini th ch tn ti mt thi gian di trong sch bo ha hc ca Php m thi. S ging nhau gia berili v nhm gy nn nhiu iu rc ri cho . I. Menelep - ngi sng lp nn H thng tun hon ca cc nguyn t. Nguyn do l vo gia th k XIX, v c s ging nhau ny nn berili c coi l mt kim loi c ha tr ba vi khi lng nguyn t bng 13,5 v th m n phi chim v tr gia cacbon v nit trong H thng tun hon. iu dn n s ln xn r rt trong quy lut thay i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v khin ngi ta nghi ng tnh ng n ca nh lut tun hon. Vng tin s ng n ca mnh, Menelep cho rng, khi lng nguyn t ca berili c xc inh khng ng, nguyn t ny khng c ha tr ba, m phi c ha tr hai, v c nhng tnh cht ca magie oxit. Trn c s , ng t berili vo nhm th hai sau khi sa li khi lng nguyn t ca n thnh 9. Chng bao lu sau, cc nh ha hc Thy in l Nixn v Petecxn m trc y vn mt mc tin rng berili c ha tr ba, buc phi xc nhn iu . Cc cuc nghin cu k lng ca hai ng cho thy khi lng ca nguyn t ny bng 9,1. Nh vy, nh berili - k khuy ng s yn tnh trong H thng tun hon, m mt trong nhng nh lut quan trng nht ca ha hc ginh c chin thng. S phn ca nguyn t ny c nhiu im ging s phn cc nguyn t kim loi anh em vi n. Nm 1828, nh ha hc c l Vule (Wholer) v nh ha hc Php l Buxi (Bussy), mt cch c lp vi nhau, tch c berili dng t do v mi n by mi nm sau nh bc hc Php l Lb (Paul Lebeau) mi c th iu ch c berili kim loi nguyn cht bng cch in phn cc mui nng chy ca n. Cng d hiu rng, hi u th k XX, cc sch tra cu v ha hc khng khng buc ti berili l k n bm, l chng c cng dng thc t Song s pht trin nh v bo ca khoa hc v k thut c trng cho th k XX buc cc nh ha hc v cc nh chuyn mn khc phi xem xt li bn n qu bt cng ny. Vic nghin cu berili nguyn cht chng t rng, n c nhiu tnh cht qu bu v th v. L mt trong nhng kim loi nh nht, berili ng thi li c bn cao, cao hn c cc loi thp kt cu ch cha cn so vi cc bn ng nghip ca n trong nhm kim loi nh. Chng hn, nu mt si dy nhm c tit din mt milimet vung ch sc chu ng hn 10 kilogam (bng mt x nc), th mt si dy berili c cng tit din nh th s chu c mt khi lng gp su ln, tc l bng khi lng thn th mt ngi ln. Ngoi ra, berili cn nng chy nhit cao hn nhiu so vi nhm v magie. S kt hp cc tnh cht mt cch tt p nh vy lm cho berili ngy nay tr thnh mt trong nhng vt liu ch yu ca ngnh hng khng. Cc chi tit ca my bay lm bng kim loi ny nh hn hn so vi cc chi tit bng nhm.

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
Tnh dn nhit tuyt vi, nhit dung v tnh bn nhit cao cho php s dng berili v cc hp cht ca n lm vt liu gi nhit trong k thut v tr. Chng hn, cc b phn gi nhit trong bung li ca con tu v tr Mercury u lm bng berili. V cc chi tit lm bng berili bo m cho cc kch thc c chnh xc v tnh n nh cao nn chng c s dng trong cc kh c con quay hi chuyn; cc kh c ny nm trong h thng nh hng v bnh n ca cc tn la, cc con tu v tr v v tinh nhn to ca Tri t. Cn mt tnh cht na ca berili khin n rt c trin vng trong lnh vc chinh phc v tr: khi t chy, n ta ra nhit lng rt ln. V mt ny th khng mt kim loi no khc cnh tranh c vi n. Khng phi ngu nhin m cc cng trnh s v k thut v tr li coi berili l mt thnh phn c th to nn th nhin liu tn la c nng lng cao dng cho cc chuyn bay ln mt trng v n cc thin th xa hn na. Ngi ta cng ngh dng berili ch to cc bnh cha nhin liu ca cc h thng tn la: khi nhin liu chy ht, c th s dng ngay "bao b" bng berili lm nhin liu. Cc hp kim ca ng vi berili gi l ng berili c s dng rng ri trong ngnh hng khng. Nhiu chi tit phi i hi phi c bn ln, c sc chng mi v chng n mn cao, gi c tnh n hi trong khong nhit rng, c dn in v dn nhit tt c ch to t cc hp kim . Ngi ta c tnh rng, trong mt my bay hin i hng nng c hn mt ngn chi tit c ch to bng cc hp kim ny. Nh c tnh cht n hi nn ng berili l loi vt liu tuyt vi lm lo xo. Trong thc t, l xo lm bng hp kim ny khng b mi: chng c th chu ng c hng t chu k ti trng ln! Nhn y xin k mt tnh tit th v trong lch s chin tranh th gii hai c lin quan n l xo. Lc by gi, nn cng nghip ca Hitle b ct ri khi ngun berili ch yu. Trn thc t, nc M nm ton b sn lng th gii v th kim loi chin lc qu bu ny. Th l ngi c phi tm mu mo. H quyt nh s dng nc Thy S trung lp mua lu ng berili: cc hng ca M nhn c n t hng t nhng ngi th ng h Thy S xin mua hp kim ny vi lng dng lm l xo ng h cho ton th gii trong khong nm trm nm v sau. S thc th mnh khe ny b bi l nn n t hng y khng c thc hin. Nhng dn dn, l xo bng ng berili vn c mt trong cc loi sng lin thanh cc nhanh mi nht t trn my bay trang b cho qun i pht xt. Tnh mi l mt trong nhng bnh ngh nghip ca nhiu kim loi v hp kim. V khng chu c ti trong thay i hng lin tc nn cc kim loi v hp kim ny dn dn b ph hy. Song nu thm vo thp mt lng berili, d rt nh, cng c tc dng nh mt cnh tay hng s mt mi. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nu nh cc nhp t lm bng thp cacbon thng thng s b gy sau 800 - 850 ngn ln x y, th sau khi pha thm vitamin Be vo thp, nhp s chu ng c hng chc triu ln x y m khng t ra c du hiu mi mt. Khc vi thp, ng berili khng pht ra tia la khi va p vo hoc kim loi, v th m n c s dng rng ri ch to cc dng c dng nhng ni d gy n nh trong cc hm m, cc nh my sn xut thuc n, cc trm xng du. Berili c nh hng r rt n cc tnh cht ca magie. Chng hn, ch cn pha thm vi chc phn triu berili cng gi cho cc hp kim magie khng b bc chy khi nu chy v khi c (tc l khong 700 C). Khi n mn ca cc hp kim ny trong khng kh cng nh trong nc s gim hn. Chc hn mt trin vng to ln s thuc v cc hp kim ca berili vi liti. S lin minh ca hai kim loi nh nht ny c th s dn n s ra i cc hp kim kt cu tuyt vi, va bn nh thp li va nh nh g. Da vo cc tnh cht ha hc ca mnh m berili c th m nhim rt tt vai tr cht kh oxi cho thp, gip thp chng li s xm nhp ca oxi. ng tic rng, berili vn cn qu t nn cc nh luyn kim cha th s dng n vi khi lng ln. Tuy nhin, h tm ra c mt lnh vc s dng berili quan trng khc m trong khng tiu tn nhiu kim loi ny. l dng n bo ha b mt cc chi tit bng thp - gi l s berili ha, nhm nng cao cng, bn v kh nng chng mi mn ca chng. Cc nh k thut rngen rt u chung kim loi ny v n cho tia rngen i qua d dng, hn hn cc kim loi khc. Hin nay, trn ton th gii, ngi ta u dng berili lm ca s cho cc ng rngen. Kh nng cho tia rngen i qua ca cc ca s ny cao gp gn hai chc ln so vi cc ca s bng nhm m trc y vn c s dng vo mc ch ny. Berili ng vai tr ni bt trong s pht trin ca hc thuyt v cu to nguyn t v ht nhn nguyn t. Ngay t hi u nhng nm ba mi, khi bn ph ht nhn berili bng ht anfa, cc nh vt l hc ngi c l Bothe v Becker khm ph ra ci gi l bc x berili, tuy rt yu nhng li c sc m xuyn rt mnh: xuyn qua lp ch dy vi centimet. Nm 1932, nh bc hc ngi Anh l Chadwick xc nh c bn cht ca bc x ny. Ha ra, l mt dng cc ht trung ha v in vi khi lng mi ht xp x bng khi lng ca proton. Nhng ht mi ny c gi l ntron. V khng mang in nn cc ntron d xm nhp vo ht nhn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc. Tnh cht ny lm cho ntron tr thnh vin n hu hiu nht bn ph ht nhn nguyn t. Hin nay, i bc ntron c s dng rng ri thc hin cc phn ng ht nhn. Vic nghin cu cu trc nguyn t ca berili cho thy c trng ca n l tit din bt gi ntron To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

th nh m tr s phn tn ntron th ln. V vy, berili pht tn ntron, lm thay i hng chuyn ng v km hm tc ca chng cho n tr s thch hp cc phn ng dy chuyn xy ra mt cch c hiu qu hn. Trong s tt c cc vt liu rn th berili c coi l cht km hm ntron tt nht. N t ra tuyt vi khi ng vai tr cht phn x ntron, a cc ntron tr v vng hot ng ca cc l phn ng, ngn gi chng li, khng cho chng b tn mt. Berili cn c tnh chng bc x rt cao, k c nhit rt ln. Tt c nhng tnh cht tuyt diu ny lm cho berili tr thnh mt trong nhng nguyn t cn thit nht ca k thut nguyn t. Kh nng truyn m ca berili r rng l mt iu m khoa hc rt ng quan tm. Trong khng kh, tc ca m thanh l 330 mt trong mt giy, cn trong nc l 1500 mt trong mt giy. Cn trong berili th m thanh ph v tt c cc k lc v t n tc 12.600 mt trong mt giy (gp 2 -3 ln so vi trong cc vt liu kim loi khc). Nhng ngi ch to nhc c ch n c im ny. C berili oxit cng c nhiu tnh cht qu bu. Tnh chu la tt (nhit nng chy trn 2500 C), bn ha hc ln v dn nhit cao cho php s dng vt liu ny lm lp lt cc l cm ng, lm ni nu chy cc kim loi v hp kim. Chng hn, nu chy berili trong chn khng, ngi ta ch dng ni lm bng berili oxit, v cht ny hon ton khng tng tc vi berili. Oxit ny l vt liu ch yu bc cc b phn ta nhit ca l phn ng nguyn t.

Tnh cht cch nhit ca berili oxit cng c th c s dng trong vic nghin cu cc tng t su ca hnh tinh chng ta. C mt d n ly mu t t lp v manti ca tri t su 32 km nh ci gi l kim nguyn t - mt l phn ng ht nhn t hon t trong mt v bc cch nhit lm

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

bng berili oxit v c mi nhn bng hp kim vonfram nng. Berili oxit c thm nin cng tc cao trong cng nghip thy tinh. Pha thm n s lm tng cng, tng chit sut v bn ha hc ca thy tinh. Vic pha thm berili oxit v cc hp cht khc ca berili cho php lm c nhng loi thy tinh c bit c trong sut cao i vi tt c cc tia quang ph - t tia t ngoi n tia hng ngoi. Berili oxit cn c dng lm nguyn liu ban u lm ra ngc bch nhn to v cc loi ngc cha berili khc khi chng c nui cy trong iu kin p sut v nhit cao. Hin nay, qu trnh ny c thc hin khng phi ch trong cc phng th nghim khoa hc, m cn c trong nhng iu kin sn xut. ... Nhng li tin on ca A. E. Fexman - nh bc hc li lc c nhiu c m, tr thnh s tht. Ch mt thi gian ngn na thi, berili s p ng c nhng hy vng m ngi ta ang t vo n. T mt nguyn t him t ngi bit n, ngy nay n tr thnh mt trong nhng kim loi quan trng nht ca th k. X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Mg Kim loi "d pht khng"

Tm kim loi mu nhim tr danh l mt trong nhng vn ch yu m bit bao cn b khoa hc ca cc phng th nghim gi kim thut thi trung c dc sc vo y. H hy vng rng, nu c loi th s tm ra b quyt bin cc kim loi r tin thnh vng. Cc cuc tm kim c tin hnh theo nhiu hng khc nhau. Mt s ngi ngh dng ch vo mc ch ny. Ch phi c t nng n khi thu c s t (tc l n khi nng chy), sau em un si trong ru vang chua. Nhng ngi khc li cho rng, nc i ca sc vt l nguyn liu thch hp nht lm ra hn mu nhim. Mt s ngi khc th cho rng, chn l trong nc. Cui th k XVIII, mt trong nhng nh gi kim thut ngi Anh, c l l ngi theo phi th ba, ly nc ly chy ra t lng t gn thnh ph Epxom em un cho bc hi ht, kt qu l thu c mt loi mui c v ng v c tc dng nhun trng, ch khng phi l th mu nhim. My nm sau mi pht hin ra rng, khi tng tc vi kim bt bin (thi by gi ngi ta gi xt v potat nh vy), mui ny to ra mt cht bt mu trng, xp v nh. Khi nung mt khong vt tm thy ngoi vi thnh ph c Hy Lp Magnexi, ngi ta cng thu c th bt ng nh th. V s ging nhau ny nn mui Epxom c gi l magezit trng. Nm 1808, nh bc hc ngi Anh l Humphry Davy khi phn tch magezit trng thu c mt

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nguyn t mi m ng gi l magie. L mng nhn dp tm ra nguyn t mi ny khng c pho hoa, bi v thi by gi cha ai bit rng, a con mi sinh ny c nhng tnh cht tuyt vi thuc v k thut lm thuc pho. Magie l mt th kim loi trng nh bc v rt nh. N nh hn ng hoc st khong nm ln; ngay c nhm c cnh cng nng hn magie mt ln ri. Nhit nng chy ca magie khng cao lm, ch 650 C, nhng trong nhng iu kin bnh thng th nu chy magie li tng i kh, v khi b nung nng trong khng kh n 550 C, n bng ln v bc chy tc khc vi ngn la sng n chi mt (tnh cht ny ca magie c s dng rng ri trong k thut lm thuc pho). t kim loi ny, ch cn g vo n mt que dim chy d, cn trong mi trng kh clo th n t bc chy ngay nhit trong phng. Khi chy, magie ta ra nhit lng rt ln v nhiu tia t ngoi: ch vi gam nhin liu cng un si mt cc nc . Cc nh khoa hc Vin ha hc cng nghip Vacsava li dng tnh cht ny ca magie vo mt vic rt c o: h ngh ch to th v hp c gn mt mnh magie mng lm cht t nng: ch cn m hp ra l mnh magie t bc chy v vi pht sau, c th dn ngay mn n nng ln bn.

Trong khng kh, magie b m c rt nhanh bi n b bao ph bi mt lp mng oxit. Mng ny tr thnh lp o gip chc chn, gi cho kim loi khng b oxi ha thm na. Magie l mt kim loi hot ng mnh: n chim ot oxi v clo a s cc nguyn t khc mt cch d dng. Tuy magie bn vng, chng li c tc ng ca mt s axit, natri cacbonat, cc cht kim n da, xng, du ha, du khong, nhng magie li chu khut phc trc nc bin v b ha tan trong . N hu nh khng tng tc vi nc lnh, song li y oxi rt mnh ra khi nc nng. V tri t rt giu magie: by ng nghip ca n trong Bng tun hon Menelep c mt trong thin nhin vi khi lng ln. Cc nh bc hc phng on rng, cc lp di cng ca v tri t, hm lng nguyn t ny ht sc ln. Magie c trong thnh phn ca gn hai trm khong vt. Trong s c mt khong vt rt khc thng: n d gp li nh chic khn tay, c th dng n nh mt t giy gi mt vt no , v cui cng, li kh m dng ngn tay x rch n thnh tng mnh. Nm 1953, ti vng Vin ng, ngi ta tm thy mt mu khong vt nh vy, qu l c mt khng hai. Khi o ging khai thc mt m qung a kim, cng nhn y pht hin ra mt ci hang nh v trong c mt tm mn trng nh bc bung thng t nh xung ta nh c gp

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

lm i. Tm mn ny di chng mt mt ri, s vo th cm thy nh da th, va mm va dai. nh ca vi ny khin mi ngi phi kinh ngc. Ngi ta lin gi ngay vt l va tm c ny n Maxcva. Php phn tch ha hc cho bit rng, n ch yu gm magie alumosilicat v l palgockit - mt khong vt thuc nhm atbet ln u tin c vin s A. E. Fexman pht hin m Palgorxc hi nhng nm hai mi ca th k ny. V n c nhng tnh cht khc thng nh vy nn ngi ta gi khong vt ny l da . Mu da tm c Vin ng hin c tn tr ti Vin bo tng khong vt hc thuc Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X. Mu ny tr thnh ni ting l v ln u tin trn th gii tm thy mt mu da c kch thc ln nh vy. Magezit, olomit v cacnalit l cc khong vt c ngha quan trng nht v mt nguyn liu dng sn xut magie. C hai phng php sn xut magie: phng php nhit in v phng php in phn. Trong trng hp th nht, ngi ta iu ch magie trc tip t oxit bng cch dng mt cht kh no , chng hn nh cacbon, nhm v. v... cho tc dng vi magie oxit. Phng php ny kh n gin v trong thi gian gn y c s dng ngy cng rng ri. Nhng hin nay, phng php in phn vn l phng php cng nghip ch yu iu ch magie. y ngi ta in phn cc mui magie nng chy, ch yu l cc mui clorua. Bng cch ny c th thu nhn c magie rt tinh khit, cha khng n 0,01 % tp cht. Khng phi ch ring v tri t mi giu magie. Nhng kho tng xanh thm ca cc bin v i dng ang bo tn nhng tr lng magie c b sung thng xuyn v thc t l khng bao gi cn. Ch cn ni rng, trong mt mt khi nc bin c ti gn bn kilgam magie th thy iu . Cn ton b khi lng nguyn t ny ha tan trong nc bin v i dng l 6.1016 tn. Ngay c nhng ngi xa cch vi ton hc c l cng hnh dung c con s ny to ln n chng no. Tuy nhin, thy r hn, chng ta hy hnh dung: t u cng nguyn n nay, loi ngi mi tri qua hn 60 t (6.1010) giy. Cn nu nh ngay t ngy u cng nguyn, ngi ta bt u khai thc magie t nc bin v n nay phi rt cho ht ton b tr lng nguyn t ny trong nc th mi giy phi khai thc c mt triu tn magie! Tuy vy, hi vng vn c th yn tm v ca ci ca mnh: ngay c trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th hai, khi m vic sn xut magie t mc ng k, th ngi ta cng mi ch khai thc c t nc bin c thy 80 ngn tn magie trong mt nm (ch khng phi trong mt giy!). Cng ngh khai thc magie kh n gin. Trong nhng chic thng ln ngi ta trn ln nc bin vi vi va lm t v s bin nghin vn. Kt qu l to thnh va magezi; sau va ny chuyn thnh magie clorua. Tip theo, magie c tch khi clo bng cch in phn. Hin nay, cc nh my sn xut magie t nc bin ang hot ng nhiu nc, m ch yu l cc nc khng c tr lng magie phong ph. Tin th cc x nghip ven bin ny cn iu ch mui n, To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
mui Glaub, clo, nc ung v nc mui sn xut xt n da. Nc cc h mn cha magie clorua cng c th l mt ngun cung cp magie. Lin X cng c nhng kho magie nh th, chng hn, Crm (h Xaki, h Xaxc - Ivas), lu vc sng Vonga (h Entn) v nhiu ni khc. Vnh Cara-Bgat-Hn tn tr nhiu nguyn liu magie: nc mn y cha ti 30% mui ca nguyn t ny. Nh vy, cc bn bit magie l g v n c khai thc nh th no. Song nguyn t ny v cc hp cht ca n c s dng vo mc ch g? Tnh nh c th lm cho kim loi tr thnh mt vt liu kt cu tuyt vi. Nhng tic thay, magie nguyn cht li mm v khng bn. V vy, cc nh thit k buc phi s dng cc hp kim ca magie vi cc kim loi khc. Hp kim ca magie vi nhm, vi km, vi mangan c s dng rt rng ri. Mi mt thnh phn ca cng ng ny u gp c phn ca mnh vo nhng tnh cht chung: nhm v km lm tng bn ca hp kim, mangan lm tng tnh cht chng n mn. Cn magie th sao? Magie lm cho hp kim tr nn nh - cc chi tit lm bng hp kim magie nhe hn 20 - 30% so vi lm bng nhm, nh hn 50 - 75% so vi lm bng gang hoc thp. Trong thi gian gn y, nhiu nc ch to c nhng hp kim kt cu nh khc thng, gm magie v liti, m l tt nhin, lc no cng tm c nhng cng vic th v lin quan ti chng. Cc nh ch to my bay khng th khng ch n tnh nh ca cc hp kim magie. Ngay t nm 1934, Lin X ch to chic my bay Sergo Orjnikitze hon ton bng cc hp kim magie. Sau khi th nghim thnh cng, my bay ny c s dng trong nhiu nm. Kinh nghim ny c ch trong nhiu nm chin tranh v quc v i, khi m cc hp kim magie c dng ch to xe, thn cc kh c v cc chi tit my bay. Magie cng c c s vng chc c s dng trong k thut tn la: nh c t nhit cao m nhng thi im nng nht, cc b phn bn ngoi ca my mc v tr lm bng hp kim magie b nng t hn so vi lm bng thp. Cng nghip ch to t, cng nghip dt, in, k thut v tuyn, sn xut kh c quang hc - ngy nay, u u cng s dng nhng hp kim nh ca magie. Nguyn t ny ng vai tr khng km phn quan trng trong c ngnh luyn kim. N c s dng lm cht kh kh trong qu trnh sn xut nhiu th kim loi (vanai, crom, ziriconi, titan). Magie gp phn vo vic kh oxi trong thp v trong cc hp kim - n lm gim lng oxi l cht rt c hi i vi kim loi. Khi pha vo gang nng chy, magie lm cho gang thay i tnh cht, lm cho cu trc v nhiu tnh cht c hc khc ca gang tr nn tt hn. Cc vt c bng gang bin tnh c th thay th cc vt rn bng thp. Tuy nhin, khng phi d lm cho magie tip xc vi cc kim loi nng chy, v nh nn n khng chu chm vo kim loi lng m c ni trn b mt, ri chy bng ln v lm cho gang tung to khi go mc. Tht l d hiu khi loi pho hoa nh th khng lm cho cc nh luyn kim To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

thch th. y tm c li thot: p hn hp gm magie, cht do v cc thnh phn khc thnh tng bnh, bn trong c li thp ng vai tr lm vt nng. Bnh ny s ngoan ngon ln vo gang nng chy. Cc cht ph bao quanh magie s chy t t, khng lm cho magie bng ln. Li thp tan ra nhanh chng v ha tan trong gang nng chy, magie cn li mt mnh chng gy nn iu g khc ngoi vic ci thin tnh cht ca gang. Hot tnh ho hc ca magie gi cho cc cng trnh s ngnh thu li mt ngh th v: dm mt tm magie vo nc v ni n vi kt cu kim loi ngm bng mt dy dn l ta c c mt b bin c kch thc rt ln, trong , nc ng vai tr cht in phn. Tm magie thc hin chc nng ca mt in cc hot ng s b ph hoi dn dn, song nh vy m n bo v vng chc phn kim loi ca kt cu chnh. Cc hnh lang ngm bng thp v b tng ct thp ca cng trnh khai thc m Du ni ca nhng ngi khai thc du m trn bin Caxpi, u c bo v bng phng php ny. Di nc, magie cn c mt cng dng khc. nc Anh, ngi ta ch to mt loi o ln su bng cc hp kim ca magie c kh nng chu c p sut thu tinh ln. Khng bao lu na s n lc m cc nh a cht, th khoan, th lp rp s mc nhng b qun o nh v bn nh vy ln xung y bin tin hnh nhng cng vic lin quan ti vic khai thc khong sn. Magie ( dng bt, dng si, dng di) bc chy vi ngn la sng trng ti chi mt. Tnh cht y c s dng rng ri trong k thut qun s - sn xut pho sng v pho hiu, n pho vch ng v bom chy. Trc y, cc nh nhip nh rt quen thuc vi nguyn t ny: Bnh tnh! Ti chp nh! th ri nh chp rc sng ca bt magie chiu ri vo khun mt ca nhng ai mun gi li hnh nh ca mnh cho con chu. Ngy nay, magie khng cn gi vai tr ny na cc n in cc mnh buc n phi t chc. Nhng chn hn iu khng lm cho magie phi bun ru: n cn c nhng cng vic quan trng hn. Chnh magie tham gia vo mt cng vic to ln l tch lu nng lng mt tri. Magie c mt trong cht dip lc mt php s v i, l cht hp th nng lng mt tri ri dng nng lng y bin kh cacbonic v nc thnh nhng cht hu c phc tp (ng, tinh bt...) cn thit cho s sng ca con ngi v ca mi ng vt. Qu trnh to thnh cc cht hu c nh vy c gi l s quang hp; qu trnh ny c km theo s gii phng oxi t l cy. Nu khng c cht dip lc th s khng c s sng, m nu khng c magie th khng c cht dip lc, v nguyn t ny chim n 2% trong . Nh vy c nhiu khng? Cc bn th on xem: ch ring lng magie trong cht dip lc ca thc vt cng ln n gn 100 t tn! Ngoi thc vt ra, magie cn c mt trong hu ht tt c cc c th sng. Gi s bn cn nng 60 kg th trong c chng 25 g magie. Hi gia nhng nm 60, cc nh bc hc Trng i hc tng hp Minnexta (M) lm mt vic rt b ch: h chn v trng lm i tng nghin cu khoa hc v xc nh c rng, v To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

trng cha cng nhiu magie th cng bn chc. iu c ngha l nu thay i thnh phn thc n ca g , ta c th lm tng bn ca v trng. Ch cn qua nhng con s sau y cng thy tm quan trong ca kt lun ny i vi nng nghip: ch ring bang Minnexta, thit hi hng nm do nn v trng ln ti hn mt triu la. Vy s khng c ai ni rng, cng trnh nghin cu ny ca cc nh bc hc l khng c gi tr. Magie cng c s dng rng ri trong y hc : chng ta ni n mui Anh (tc magie sunfat) l mt th thuc x rt tt. Magie oxit tinh khit (magezi nung) c s dng khi axit ca dch v qu cao, khi b chua v nhim c axit. Magie peroxit l mt th thuc chng nhim khun khi b ri lon tiu ho.

Cc s liu thng k khng nh rng, nhng ngi sng cc vng c kh hu m p th t b bnh co tht mch mu hn so vi nhng ngi phng bc. Nh chng ta bit, tim dung dch ca mt s mui magie vo tnh mch hoc vo bp tht th tr c chng co tht v kinh git. Hoa qu v rau gip cho vic tch lu mt lng d tr cn thit cc mui ny trong c th (m, o v sp l rt giu magie). Chng hn, chu , ni m khu phn thc n nhiu magie, th bnh x cng ng mch v cc chng bnh tim mch khc t xy ra hn chu u hoc chu M. Cc thy thuc Anh khuyn rng, mi ngy nn n bn qa chui b li mt na nhu cu v magie ca c th trong mt ngy m (khong 0,3 0,5 gam). Nhng th nghim do cc nh khoa hc Hungari tin hnh trn ng vt xc nhn rng, nu thiu magie trong c th th d mc bnh nhi mu. Ngi ta cho mt s con ch n vi khu phn giu magie v mt s con ch khc vi khu phn ngho magie. Kt qu th nghim ny cho thy rng, nhng con ch no m khu phn n ca chng thiu magie th u mc bnh nhi mu c tim. nhng ngi hay cu gt, d b xc ng, cc c tim khi lm vic thng hay b ri lon hn l nhng ngi im tnh. S d nh vy l v khi tc gin magie c trong c th s b bc chy. Cc nh sinh hc Php cho rng, nguyn t ny s gip cc thy thuc chng li mt cn bnh nghim trng ca th k XX l bnh lao lc. Cc cng trnh nghin cu cho thy rng, trong mu ca nhng ngi mt mi c t magie hn so vi nhng ngi cn sung sc, v ngay c khi m ng cong magie ch b lch rt t so vi mc bnh thng th cng khng phi l hon ton v s. Cc nh sinh hc Php cng xc nh c nh hng rt ng ch ca nhiu nguyn t i vi gii tnh ca th h con chu. Th ra, nu trong thc n ca con vt m m tha kali th n con sinh ra s ch yu l con c, cn nu thc n cha nhiu canxi v magie th n con sinh ra ch yu l

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

con ci. C th chng bao lu na, cc thy thuc s tho ra nhng thc n c bit cho cc b m tng lai bo m cho h sinh con trai hay con gi theo mun. Nhng trc ht cn phi xc nh cho r, tc dng ca cc nguyn t ny nh ghi nhn c, liu c th p dng c cho con ngi hay khng. Bi v, cc cuc kho nghim va k mi ch c tin hnh i vi ... b ci. Phm vi s dng cc hp cht ca magie khng phi ch b hp trong y hc. Chng hn, magie oxit c s dng trong cng nghip cao su, trong vic sn xut xi mng, gch chu la. Mt hng Canada hon chnh cng ngh sn xut mt loi vt liu chu la mi chng c nh hng ca cc loi x, c bn cao v rng nh; y, magie oxit c tinh khit cao chnh l thnh phn ch yu ca loi vt liu chu la ny. Nh chng ta u bit, cc n in t thng thng ch bt u lm vic sau khi chng c t nng. Mi ln chng ta m my thu thanh hoc thu hnh u phi ch mt lc ri mi nghe c ting nhc hoc nhn thy mn nh nhp nhy. khc phc nhc im ny ca n in t, cc nh khoa hc Ba Lan ngh ph mt lp magie oxit ln catt. Loi n mi ny s lm vic ngay khi ng mch. Ngay t nm 1867, mt ngi Php tn l Xoren trn magie oxit nung nng vi dung dch magie clorua m c v thu c ci gi l ximng magezi (hay ximng Xoren). Ngy nay, ngi ta s dng cht gn kt ny sn xut cc liu vt liu xy dng va nh va chng chy, va cch m: l fibrolit lm t phoi g v xilolit lm t mn ca. Magie peroxit c dng ty trng vi, magie sunfat c s dng trong cng nghip dt v cng nghip giy lm cht ty trc khi nhum, cn magie cacbua th c dng vo vic sn xut vt liu cch nhit. Cui cng mt lnh vc hot ng quan trng na ca magie l ngnh ha hc hu c. dng bt, magie c s dng kh nc trong cc cht hu c quan trng nh ru v anilin. Cc hp cht hu c cha magie (trong , nguyn t magie trc tip lin kt vi nguyn t cacbon) c ngha rt ln. Cc cht ny, c bit l cc hp cht ankin- magie- halogenua (thuc th Grignard) m trong thnh phn ca n c cc halogen (clo, brom hoc iot), c s dng rng ri trong ha hc. Vai tr ca cc hp cht ny quan trng ti mc vo nm 1912, nh ha hc ngi Php l Grinia (Grignard) c nhn gii thng Nobel do iu ch c cc ankin- magie- halogenua v hon thnh vic tng hp cc cht hu c. Sau nhiu nm, ng vit: Ta h nh mt cy n v cm c ln dy tht tt, di nhng ngn tay iu luyn, cc hp cht hu c cha magie c th pht ra nhng ting ngn vang vi m hng mi lc mt mi m, bt ng v hi ha hn. ...Th y, hot ng ca magie trong thin nhin v trong nn kinh t quc dn tht l a dng, trn nhiu phng din. Song c l hy cn sm nu ta ni v nguyn t ny rng: Tt c nhng g c th lm c th n lm ht c ri. Nh luyn kim X - Vit ni ting, vin s A. F. Blop tin To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

on vic s dng rng ri magie lm vt liu kt cu. ng vit: n nm 2000, nht thit s tm c cch bo v magie khi b n mn v n s l mt trong nhng kim loi c bn. Cc hp kim ca magie c ln mt trng; ni y, dng mt s chi tit ca chic my khoan t ng t trn trm mt trng - 24, chng tham gia vo vic ly mu t trn Nguyt Cu. Nhng yu cu rt nghim ngt c t ra cho vic ly mu t . Th nht l c cu ny phi nh, v trong mt cuc du hnh ng di nh vy, phi tn mt lng cht t rt ln cho mi kg v ch. Th hai l cc chi tit ca my phi rt bn: nu khng tin chc rng chng s khng dn n nhng giy pht gian nan th vic a chng vo mi chuyn cng cn h trng nh vy chng cn c ngha g na. M qu tht, c th coi nhng pht lm vic trn mt trng thc s l nhng pht cc k gay go. Nhng ngi thit k my khoan t ng ly mu t ni trn quyt nh s dng cc hp kim ca titan v magie, v chng va nh va bn. Trc khi a ln mt trng, cc nh bc hc th nghim thit b ly mu t trong nhng iu kin kh khn nht trn tri t. N c kim tra bng cch cho khoan mi loi t khc nhau, trong c c nhng loi t rn chc nht. Lc u, cuc th nghim c tin hnh trong nhng iu kin kh hu bnh thng, sau mi th nghim trong nhng bung kn ln, c chn khng rt cao v nhit cao thp khc nhau phng theo nhng iu kin trn mt trng, ni m ht s oi bc ban ngy (nng n +110 C) li tip n s lnh gi ban m (lnh n -120 C). Cc cuc th nghim thnh cng. t lu sau, c chuyn bay ca trm t ng din ra tt p: mu t trn mt trng c a v tri t.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Al "Bc" ly t t st

Nh vit s c i Plini B c k li mt s kin l th tng xy ra gn hai ngn nm v trc. Mt hm, mt ngi l n gp hong La M Tibri. Ngi mang tng hong mt ci chn do chnh mnh lm ra t mt th kim loi lp lnh nh bc, nhng li rt nh. Ngi th ni rng, anh ta ly c th kim loi m cha ai bit ny t t st. C l Tibri t khi bn tm bit n ai, v ng ta

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

cng l mt hong thin cn. S rng, th kim loi mi vi nhng tnh cht tuyt vi ca n s lm mt ht gi tr ca ng vng v bc ang ct gi trong kho, nn v hong ny ra lnh chm u ngi pht minh v ph tan xng ca anh ta t y v sau khng cn ai dm sn xut th kim loi nguy him y na. l chuyn c tht hay ch l truyn thuyt - tht kh ni. Nhng du sao th nguy c cng qua khi, v tic thay, qua lu lm ri. Mi n th k XVI, tc l khong mt ngn nm trm nm v sau, lch s ca nhm mi c ghi thm mt trang mi. V y s kim nh vn vt hc y ti nng ngi c l Philip Aureon Teofrat Bombat Fn Hhengy (Philippus Aureolus Theophratus Bombastus Von Hohenheim) - ngi i vo lch s vi bit danh l Paratxen, lm c iu . Khi nghin cu cc cht v cc khong vt khc nhau trong c c cc loi phn, nh bc hc ny xc nh c rng, chng l mui ca mt loi t cha phn no m thnh phn ca n c cha oxit ca mt kim loi cha ai bit; th oxit ny v sau c gi l t phn. T thi xa xa ngi ta bit n cc loi phn m Paratxen tng quan tm. Theo xc nhn ca nh vit s ngi Hy Lp l Hroot (sng th k th V trc cng nguyn) th cc dn tc c xa dng mt loi cht khong m h gi l Alumen, ngha l lm sn si gi mu khi nhum vi. Cht khong ny chnh l phn. Vo khong th k th VIII - IX, phn c dng nhum vi, thuc da cu, da d nc Nga c xa. Thi trung c, mt s xng sn xut phn hot ng chu u. Nm 1754, nh ha hc ngi c l Anrat Xighizmun Macgrap (Andreas Sigismund Marggaf) tch c th t cha phn m Paratxen ni n t hai trm nm trc . Phi qua my chc nm na, nh bc hc ngi Anh l Hanfri vi (Humphry Davy) mi th tm cch tch th kim loi n nu trong phn. Nm 1807, bng cch in phn cc cht kim, ng pht hin ra natri v kali, nhng ng cha phn gii c t phn bng dng in nh th. My nm, nh bc hc ngi Thy in l Iun Iacop Becxliut (Jons Jakob Berxelius) cng bt tay vo nhng cuc th nghim nh vy, song cng cuc ca ng khng thu c kt qu. Mc du vy, cc nh bc hc vn quyt nh t tn cho kim loi bt tr ny: lc u, Becxliut gi n l alumium, v v sau, vi i alumium thnh aluminium (nhm). Nh bc hc ngi an Mch Hans Khrixtian Ecxtet (Hans Christian Oersted) l ngi u tin ch c nhm kim loi ging nh ngi th v danh thi c La M. Nm 1825, trong mt tp ch ha hc, ng ng mt bi trong ng vit rng, sau nhng th nghim do ng tin hnh thu c mt mu kim loi c mu v nh kim hi ging thic. Nhng tp ch ny khng ni ting lm nn thng bo ca Ecxtet hu nh khng c gii khoa hc ch n. V li, v mi m nghin cu v in t nn chnh nh bc hc khng coi trng pht minh ny ca mnh. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Hai nm sau, mt nh ha hc c tr tui nhng ni ting, tn l Friric Vule (Friederich Wohler) n Cpenhaghen gp Ecxtet. Ecxtet cho Vule bit l ng khng nh tip tc cc th nghim iu ch nhm na. Th l sau khi tr v nc c, Vule lao ngay vo nghin cu vn ny - mt vn m ng quan tm t lu. Ch n cui nm 1827, ng cng b phng php iu ch kim loi mi ny ca mnh. S thc th phng php ca Vule ch cho php tch c nhm dng ht c ln khng bng u kim bng, nhng nh bc hc tip tc lm thc nghim cho n khi hon chnh cc phng php iu ch nhm dng khi c. ng phi mt ... mi tm nm vo vic . Thi by gi, kim loi mi ny c danh ting ngay. Nhng v ngi ta ch thu c n vi lng rt t i nn gi ca n cao hn gi vng v tm mua c n khng phi n gin. Bi vy, cng d hiu rng, khi mt v Quc vng chu u sm ring c cho mnh mt b hong bo nh cc nhm th ng ta lin ln mt vi cc vua cha khc m mn xa x nh vy khng hp vi ti tin ca h. Cc vua cha kia chng cn cch no khc ngoi ghen tc vi ngi c dim phc c lm ch b cc qu him v nh m thm bun b ch n mt ngy tt p hn. Chng phi ch i lu, nim vui ln n vi h: nm 1855, ti cuc Trin lm quc t Pari, ngi ta trng by "bc ly t t st" lm chn ng d lun. l nhng tm v thi nhm do nh bc hc kim nh cng nghip ngi Php Hngri Etien Xanh -Cle vi (Henri Etienne Sainte Claire Deville) ch to ra.

Trc khi xut hin nhng vt trng by , mt vi s kin sau y xy ra. Hi y, Napleon III - a chu b t ca ng bc v i - nh nhng ngi ng thi thng gi, l hong nc Php. Vn l mt k thch chc tc ngi khc, c mt ln, ng ta m mt ba tic, ti , nhng ngi trong hong gia v nhng v khch vinh d nht c dng tha v da bng nhm. Cn nhng khch khc th buc phi s dng nhng dng c n ung bnh thng (song vn l nhng th dng cho cc ba tic ca hong ) bng vng v bc. D nhin l h ut c n pht khc ln v khng ti no nut ni, nhng bit lm sao c khi ngay c hong lc cng khng th sm cho mi v khch mt b bng nhm theo yu cu. V khi m s mnh ban cho ng ta mt v hong t ni di th ngi cha y dim phc ra lnh cho ngi th kim hon trong cung nh lm mt b chi xa x bng nhm, vng v cc th qu.

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Sau t lu, trong c ca Napleon III chn mui mt d n tru ngi, ha hn mt nim vinh quang v hnh din, nhng iu ch yu l lm cho cc vua cha khc phi xanh mt v ghen t: hong quyt nh trang b cho binh lnh trong qun i ca mnh nhng b o gip bng nhm. ng ta dnh cho Xanh Cle vin mt khon tin ln ng ny tm cch ch c nhm vi s lng ln. Ly phng php ca Vule lm c s cho nhng thc nghim ca mnh, Xanh - Cle vin ra mt quy trnh cng ngh thch hp, nhng kim loi ca ng lm ra vn rt t. Chnh v vy nn binh lnh Php vn cha c m th nhng b o gip nh vua cha ha hn, trong khi th nh vua li rt quan tm n vic h v bn thn mnh: v s ca ng c trng din nhng b o gip mi tinh. Phe cnh Bnapac nh li dng vic Xanh - Cle vin iu ch c nhm nguyn cht nhen nhm ln ngn la dn tc ch ngha: khp mi ni, ngi ta ku go v ch quyn ca nc Php trong vic pht hin ra kim loi ny. ng knh thay Xanh - Cle vin, ng phn i nhng li thi phng ny bng mt hnh ng thch hp vi mt nh bc hc chn chnh, ng thi cng rt c o: ng dng nhm do chnh mnh sn xut ra khc mt tm huy chng mang chn dung Friric Vule, nm 1827, ri gi tng nh bc hc c. Chnh thi k ny cng xut hin bc vin vi t cch l vt trng by trong Trin lm quc t. C th, nhng ngi t chc cuc trin lm lit nhm vo hng nhng kim loi thng dng, nhng tic thay n vn cha t ti iu . Thc ra, ngay t thi by gi, nhng ngi tin tin hiu c rng, cc o v o gip ch l nhng tnh tit nh mn trong i hot ng ca nhm. Ln u tin nhn thy nhng sn phm bng nhm, N. G. Checnsepxki phn khi tht ln: kim loi ny nht nh s c mt tng lai to ln. Hi cc bn, trc mt cc bn l th kim loi ca ch ngha x hi. Trong tiu thuyt Lm g ca ng xut bn nm 1863 c nhng dng nh sau: ...Ngh thut kin trc ca ngi nh bn trong ny thanh thot bit bao, nhng bc tng gia cc ca s gn nh lm sao. Cc ca s th to ln, rng ri, chon ht c chiu cao tng nh... Cn sn v trn nh th th no? Cc ca ln v khung ca s kia lm bng g? l ci g vy? Bc chng? Bch kim ?..., by gi ti mi bit, Xasa ch cho ti mt tm bng nh nh tm knh, li c c hoa tai v trm ci u nh vy na; phi, Xasa ni rng, sm hay mun ri nhm cng thay th g, v c th cn thay th c na. Nhng sao li di do th. Ch no cng l nhm... V y, trong phng ny na, mt na sn ng, v th l r ri, n lm bng nhm... Nhng trong khi nhng dng tin tri ny c vit ra th nhm ch yu vn l th kim loi trang sc nh trc. Mt iu th v l nm 1889, khi Menelep Lun n, t tha nhn cng lao xut sc ca ng trong s nghip pht trin ngnh ha hc, ngi ta tng ng mt mn qu qu: mt chic cn lm bng vng v nhm. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Xanh - Cle vin trin khai hot ng mnh m. Ti th trn La Glaxie, ng xy dng nh my luyn nhm u tin trn th gii. Nhng trong qu trnh nu luyn, nh my thi ra nhiu kh c hi, lm nhim bu khng kh ca La Glaxie. Nhng ngi dn a phng vn coi trng sc khe ca mnh v khng mun hy sinh sc khe v s tin b k thut nn khiu ni ln chnh ph. Nh my nh phi chuyn i ni khc, lc u, ra ngoi Pari, sau n min nam nc Php. Song n lc ny, nhiu nh bc hc thy rng, mc cho tt c cc c gng ca Xanh - Cle vin, phng php ca ng cng khng c trin vng. Cc nh ha hc cc nc khc vn tip tc tm ti. Nm 1865, nh bc hc Nga l N. N. Bektop xut mt phng php rt th v. Phng php ny nhanh chng c p dng ti cc nh my luyn nhm cc nc Php v c. Nm 1886 tr thnh mt ci mc quan trng trong lch s ca nhm, khi m nh bc hc M l Sacl Martin Hn (Charles Martin Hall) v nh bc hc Php l Pn Lui Tuxtanh Eru (Paul Louis Toussaint Heroult) mt cch c lp nhau hon thin phng php in phn sn xut kim loi ny (Trong lch s khoa hc v k thut c khng t nhng trng hp m hai nh bc hc trong cng mt nm i n nhng kt lun hoc nhng pht minh nh nhau. S trng nhau ny cng chng cht thm bi c Hn v Eru u sinh nm 1863 v nh th hn c vi nhau, c hai nh pht minh ny u mt nm 1914). tng ny khng phi l mi: ngay t nm 1854, nh bc hc ngi c l Bunzen pht biu ngh v vic iu ch nhm bng cch in phn cc mui ca n. Nhng phi mt hn ba mi nm, nh ny mi c thc hin. Do phng php in phn i hi nhiu nng lng, nn nh my u tin sn xut nhm bng phng php ny chu u c xy dng Neyhazen (Thy S), gn thc nc sng Ranh - mt ngun in r tin.

Ngy nay, sau hn mt trm nm, chng ta khng th tng tng c vic sn xut nhm m khng dng phng php in phn. Chnh iu gip cc nh bc hc phi vt c suy ngh v mt s thc y b n nh sau. Trung Quc c ngi m ca i c danh ting l Chu Du, cht hi u th k th III. Cch y khng lu, mt s ha tit trang tr ngi m c phn tch bng quang ph. Kt qu tht bt ng n ni phi phn tch i phn tch li nhiu ln, v mi ln nh vy, vch quang ph khng thin v ai chng t hng hn rng, th hp kim m nhng ngi th c xa dng lm ha tit trang tr cha ti 85% nhm. Vy bng cch no m ngay t th k th III ngi ta iu ch c kim loi ny? Thi by gi, con ngi bit n in ha chng ch l qua sm st, m chc g sm st th chc g ng tham gia vo qu trnh in phn. Th ngha l vn phi gi nh rng, t thi xa xa y c mt phng php khc no iu ch nhm, nhng tic thay b tht

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K chuyn v kim loi
truyn hng bao th k. Cui th k XIX, ngnh sn xut nhm trng thnh vt bc, kt qu l gi kim loi ny gim xung r rt v n khng cn c coi l th kim loi qu na. Tt nhin, i vi nhng ngi th kim hon th chng c g ng quan tm na, nhng lp tc n thu c s ch ca gii cng nghip m lc ny ang ng ngng ca ca nhng s kin ln: ngnh ch to my bt u pht trin mnh m, ngnh cng nghip t ng vng, ngnh hng khng ang i nhng bc u tin m trong nhm ng vai tr quan trng nht. Nm 1893, Maxcva xut bn cun sch Nhm v luyn nhm ca k s N. Giucp, trong tc gi vit: Nhm phi chim v tr ni bt trong k thut v phi thay th nu khng phi tt c th cng phi thay th c nhiu kim loi thng dng.... c nhng c s cho li khng nh : ngay t lc by gi ngi ta bit nhng tnh cht tuyt diu ca th bc ly t t st. Nhm l mt trong nhng kim loi nh nht, n nh hn ng v st khong ba ln. V tnh dn in v nhit th n ch thua km bc, vng v ng. Trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, kim loi ny c bn ha hc kh cao. Nhm c tnh do cao nn c th cn n thnh l mng khong vi micrn, ko thnh si rt mnh nh t nhn; 1000 mt si ny ch cn nng 27 gam v c th gn trong mt bao dim. Ch c cc c tnh v bn l cha c tha mn lm. Chnh iu thc gic cc nh bc hc ngh cch lm sao cho nhm bn hn m vn gi c tt c nhng tnh cht c ch ca n. T lu ngi ta bit rng, bn ca nhiu loi hp kim thng cao hn hn bn ca cc kim loi nguyn cht c mt trong cc hp kim y. Bi vy, cc nh luyn kim ra sc tm kim cho nhm nhng ngi bn m sau khi kt thn vi nhm th s lm cho nhm bn hn. Chng bao lu, thnh cng n vi h. Trong lch s khoa hc, lm khi nhng hon cnh ngu nhin li ng vai tr quyt nh. Chng ti xin ln lt k ra y.

X.I. Venetxki

Mt hm (chuyn xy ra hi u th k XX), nh ha hc kim luyn kim ngi c l Anfrt Vinm (Alfred Wilm) pha ch mt hp kim, trong , ngoi nhm ra cn c cc cht ph khc l ng, magie v mangan. bn ca hp kim ny cao hn bn ca nhm nguyn cht, nhng Vinm vn cm thy c th lm cho n bn hn na bng cch em ti. ng t nng mt vi mu hp kim n khong 600 C, sau em nhng vo nc. Ti nh vy lm cho bn ca hp kim tng ln r rt, nhng v kt qu th nghim cc mu khc nhau li khng ng nht, nn Vinm t ra nghi ng s hon ho ca dng c v chnh xc ca cc php o. Nh nghin cu kim tra li dng c sut my ngy lin. Cc mu b ng b qun vn nm tr tri

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

trn bn mt thi gian, v n khi cc dng c o sn sng tr li lm vic th nhng mu y khng nhng c ti m cn b bi bm y na. Vinm tip tc cuc th nghim v khng tin chnh mt mnh: dng c o cho thy rng, bn ca cc mu tng ln gn gp i. Nh bc hc lp i lp li cc th nghim ca mnh v mi ln u thy r rng, sau khi ti, trong nhng ngy tip theo, hp kim vn tip tc ngy cng tr nn bn hn. Th l khm ph ra mt hin tng l th - l s ha gi t nhin ca cc hp kim nhm sau khi ti. Bn thn Vinm cng khng bit iu g xy ra vi kim loi trong qu trnh ha gi, nhng sau khi dng phng php thc nghim chn thnh phn ti u ca hp kim v ch x l nhit, ng nhn c bng pht minh v t lu sau ng bn n cho mt hng c. Nm 1911, hng ny sn xut m hp kim u tin, gi l uraluminium (uren - tn thnh ph ln u tin sn xut hp kim ny theo quy m cng nghip). V sau, n c gi l uralumin, hay l ura. Nhng chic my bay u tin lm bng ura xut hin nm 1919. K t lc y, nhm mi mi gn b s phn ca mnh vi ngnh hng khng. N hon ton xng ng c mnh danh l kim loi c cnh v bin nhng ci gi g th s thnh nhng my bay chuyn tuyn khng l. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm vn cha c nhm nn nhiu my bay, ch yu l my bay hng nh, vn tip tc c ch to bng g.

Lin X lc by gi ch c Nh my ch bin kim loi mu Conchugin sn xut cc hp kim nhm. Nh my ny sn xut conchugalumin - mt hp kim nhm c thnh phn v tnh cht gn ging ura, song sn lng khng c nhiu. T hp kim ny, cng trnh s hng khng tr tui A. N. Tuplep lc u dng ch to cc xe trt tuyt c chong chng; loi xe ny chu ng rt tt nhng cuc th nghim trn nhng cnh ng bao la y tuyt ph. Sau cuc kim tra ban u nh vy, conchugalumin c a ln khng trung: nm 1924, chic my bay kim loi u tin ANT - 2 ca Lin X c ch to t hp kim ny. Vn xy dng mt nn cng nghip nhm hng mnh tr nn cp thit. u nm 1929, ti Nh my Ngi Vborg (Vborg l mt cng trn vnh Phn Lan, gn Lningrat) Lningrat tin hnh nhng cuc th nghim v luyn nhm. Ngi lnh o cc cuc th nghim ny l P. P. Fetiep - mt nh bc hc c tn tui gn lin vi nhiu trang s ca kim loi c cnh. Ngy 27 thng 3 nm 1929 sn xut c 8 kg nhm u tin. V sau, Fetiep vit: C th coi thi im ny l s khi u ca ngnh sn xut nhm Lin X vi nng lng ca nh my thy in Vnkhop v hon ton bng cc vt liu t lm ra. Bo ch Lningrat lc by gi nhn xt rng, thi nhm u tin l mt bu vt bo tng, phi c gn gi nh mt tng i k nim mt trong

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nhng thnh tu ln nht ca nn k thut X - vit. Sau , nhng mu nhm do nh my Ngi Vborg sn xut cng vi cc sn phm lm bng th nhm y c nhng ngi lao ng Lningrat dng ln i hi cc X - vit ton Lin bang ln th V. Kt qu tt p ca cc cuc th nghim cng nghip cho php khi cng xy dng cc nh my luyn nhm Vnkhop v niep. Nm 1932 v nm 1933, hai nh my ny ln lt i vo sn xut. Cng trong thi k ny pht hin ra c nhng tr lng qung nhm thin nhin ln vng Uran. S vic xy ra trc khi khm ph ra cc m nhm cng rt ng ch . Nm 1931, nh a cht tr tui N. A. Cagiavin n mt hin vt vn c coi l qung st vi hm lng st thp trng by ti nh bo tng ca mt x nghip m Uran. Anh rt ngc nhin trc s ging nhau gia m qung ny v boxit - mt loi st cha nhiu nhm. Sau khi phn tch khong vt ny, anh bit chc rng, th qung st ngho l nguyn liu nhm tuyt vi. Th l ngi ta bt u trin khai nhng cuc tm kim a cht ni tm thy mu qung ny, v chng bao lu t kt qu tt p. Nh my luyn nhm Uran c xy dng trn c s cc m va mi tm c. Sau my nm (lc l nhng nm chin tranh) xy dng Nh my Bogotlpxc l nh my cho ra lot sn phm u tin ng vo Ngy chin thng lch s - ngy 9 thng 5 nm 1945. Mt iu ng ch l trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th hai, khi m mt s nc tham chin lm vo tnh trng thiu boxit - nguyn liu ch yu sn xut nhm, th nc Italia chng hn phi ly nhm t ... dung nham ni la Vesuvio. Cng vo khong thi gian y, ngi ta pht hin c nhng m boxit ln trn o Giamaica, v li, iu xy ra trong hon cnh kh th v. Mt ngi dn trn o nh lm n bng ngh trng c chua. ng trng mt vn c chua trn n in ca mnh v ch ngy thu hoch. Song mi vic din ra li khng tri chy nh th: c vn c chua tn li v cht mt cch nhanh chng. ng ta li trng th mt ln na, nhng kt qu cng thm hi nh ln trc. Cay ng than th v s bt cng ca s mnh, ngi lm vn bt hnh quyt nh tm cho ra cn nguyn ca s tht bi. ng gi mu t khng ly g lm ho phng ly t khu vn nh mnh n mt phng th nghim M phn tch v yu cu gii thch ti sao c chua li khng trng c trn loi t ny. Chng bao lu, ng nhn c li gii p, i nh sau: Liu th t cha n 99% boxit c th nui dng c c chua khng?. Th l ch vi nm sau trn t Giamaica, thay cho c chua, cc x nghip khai thc m mc ln. Hin nay, sn phm ca cc x nghip ny i n cc nh my sn xut nhm. Nhu cu v kim loi ny khng ngng tng ln. ngnh hng khng vn l khch hng ch yu ca cng nghip luyn nhm nh t trc n nay: nhm chim v tr hng u trong s cc kim loi c s dng ch to my bay. Vi vic chinh phc v tr, kim loi c cnh tm c To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nhng ngi hm m ngay c trong s cc nh thit k k thut tn la. V ca v tinh nhn to u tin ca Lin X bay quanh tri t c ch to bng cc hp kim nhm. Nm 1960, M phng v tinh Ting vang-1 dng phn x tn hiu v tuyn. l mt qu cu rt ln, ng knh 30 mt, ch to bng polime v c bc bng mt lp nhm rt mng. Mc du kch thc rt ln nhng v tinh ny ch nng 60 kilgam. Cc hp kim nhm lm vic tt trong khong nhit rng (t khng tuyt i n 200 C) c chn lm vt liu kt cu cho cc thng cha hiro lng v oxi lng t trn cc tn la Sao Th ca M.

Mt l nhm rt tinh khit c dng lm mn hunh quang t trn mt v tinh nghin cu cc ht tch in do mt tri bn ra. Khi cc nh du hnh v tr M l Neil Armstrong v Edwin Aldrin b ln mt trng, h tri ln b mt mt trng mt l nhm nh vy: trong sut hai gi, n chu tc ng ca cc tia do mt tri pht ra. T gi mt trng, cc nh du hnh v tr ly li l nhm , cho cng cc mu t ly trn mt trng vo trong nhng ci hp c bit lm bng nhm em v tri t. Nhm khng nhng tham gia vo vic chinh phc cc tm cao v tr m cn gp sc vo vic khm ph y bin. M ch to chic tu ngm hi dng hc Aluminaut c th ln n su 4.600 mt. Tu ngm ln cc su ny khng phi lm bng thp nh ngi ta tng, m lm bng nhm. Nhm cn l mt v khch qu ca ngnh giao thng vn ti. Lin X ch to tu ha cc nhanh; ln u tin, loi tu ny chy trn tuyn ng gia Matxcva v Lningrat. V hnh dng, con tu ny ta nh thn my bay hin i v n lt vi tc ca my bay Tu lc ct cnh: mt s on ng, tc ca tu t ti 200 kilmt trong mt gi. Cc cng trnh s ngh ch to toa tu tc hnh bng hp kim nhm. Khung toa th nghim vt qua c nhng th thch c lit: ngi ta p n vi lc rt ln, bt n phi chu lc l rt mnh v nhiu cc hnh khc na, song kim loi vn chu ng c tt c. Th l on tu mu xanh nht c vic lt nhanh trn khp mi min bao la ca t nc. Nhm c bn n mn cao. l nh mt mng oxit cc mng xut hin trn b mt nhm; lp ny v sau tr thnh lp v bo v kim loi trc s tn cng ca oxi. Nu khng c lp v bc y th nhm s chy bng ln trong khng kh vi ngn la chi la. Lp o gip bo him ny cho php cc chi tit bng nhm lm vic c hng chc nm ngay c trong nhng ngnh c hi i vi sc khe ca cc kim loi, chng hn nh ngnh cng nghip ha hc. Cc nh bc hc xc nh c rng, nhm cn c mt tnh cht qu bu na: n khng ph hy cc vitamin. V vy, ngi ta dng nhm ch to thit b cho cc ngnh cng nghip b

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

sa, ng, bnh ko, ru bia. Khng phi ngu nhin m cc mn n ngon v nc hoa qu trong khu phn ca cc nh du hnh v tr u c ng trong cc hp bng nhm. C trn tri t na, nhm c mi n lm vic thng xuyn trong cc ngnh cng nghip hp, ni m n thay th rt tt cho th st ty c truyn. Nhm chim c v tr vng chc trong c ngnh xy dng. Ngay t nm 1890, nhm ln u tin c s dng xy dng nh ti mt thnh ph M. My chc nm sau, tt c cc b phn lm bng nhm vn trng thi tt. Cho n nay, mi nh u tin bng nhm lp hi cui th k trc vn cha phi sa cha. Trong khu in Cremli Maxcva, Cung i hi lng ly c xy dng ton bng nhm v cht do. Ti trin lm quc t Bruxen, gian trng by ca Lin X c xy dng bng knh v nhm lm mi ngi phi sng st bi v p ca mnh. Cu cng, nh ca, cc cng trnh thy li, ga sn bay - u u cng s dng n kim loi k diu ny. ty Beclin, ngi ta xy dng nh th theo phong cch cc k hin i vi nhng ci cng bng nhm c. Chnh v vy m nhng ngi hm hnh gi l nh th thnh nhm. C tin n rng, hnh nh chnh quyn o Rot (thuc nc Hy Lp) d nh dng kim loi ny lm bn sao bc tng Ngi khng l Rot mt bc tng c dng t th k th III trc cng nguyn (y l tng thn mt tri, c dng vo nm 281 - 280 trc cng nguyn, b do mt trn ng t nm 235 trc cng nguyn. N c coi l mt trong by k quan ca th gii - N. D), trang im li vo bn cng trn o Rot trong bin Egi. Theo d n th bn trong ci u ca k quan th gii c hi sinh ny, ngi ta nh t mt... qun bia. Cng nghip k thut in l mt lnh vc s dng quan trng ca nhm. T nhm ngi ta lm ra dy dn in cao p, lm cun dy ca ng c in v my bin p, lm dy cp, chui bng n in, t in v nhiu linh kin khc. Trong ngnh luyn kim, nhm t lu c s dng mt cch c hiu qu lm cht kh oxi cho thp. Vn nhm l thnh phn ch yu ca cc hn hp pht nhit dng trong qu trnh nhit nhm ch to nhiu loi hp kim. Ch lit k cho ht mi lnh vc hot ng ca kim loi vn nng thc s ny th hng chc trang sch vn cha . y mi ch cp n hai lnh vc l th nht trong s . Chng hn, nhm c c dng lm nhng ch s to b trn chic ng h ln nht Lin X ang t im cho ta nh chnh ca trng i hc tng hp quc gia Matxcva. Poliuretan v nhm c dng lm vt liu cho tri tim nhn to u tin ca con ngi: sau cuc phu thut nm 1982, tri tim p trong lng ngc ca Bacni Clac (ngi M) c vi thng. ng nh cc nh chuyn mn d tnh, nm 1983, cc bnh xe bng nhm khng c sm lp lp trn chic t thun di gn ng c phn lc cho php mt k s ngi Anh tn l Richard Nopl tr thnh ngi lp k lc th To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
gii v tc trn mt t: 1019,7 kilmet trong mt gi. Hin nay, nhm cn c dng ng tu bin, thuyn bum, lm nhng on ng di ng cho cc vng m ly v nhng on ng tp trt tuyt vo ma h, lm nhng chic n v cm v ghi ta pht ra m thanh khng thua km cc nhc c bng g, lm nhng chic vt tennit v nhng lp p tng vnh cu, ch to ng c t v thm ch c ... v xe tng na. C th gp kim loi c cnh ngay c trong cc b su tp ca nhng ngi chi tem: nm 1955 Hungari, nhn dp k nim 20 nm ngnh cng nghip nhm nc ny, ngi ta pht hnh mt loi tem bu in khc thng, c in trn l nhm c b dy 0,009 milimet. Hnh v trn con tem l mt nh my luyn nhm v mt chic my bay ln trn . V sau, nhng con tem tng t xut hin cc nc khc. Vi trng nhm c mt tnh cht tuyt vi: n bit si m v c lm mt na. Nhng tm rm ca s bng vi ny nu treo cho pha kim loi hng ra ngoi th s cho nh sng i qua nhng li phn x cc tia nhit, nn v ma h nng nc, trong phng vn mt m. V ma ng, cn phi tr mt tm rm, n s tr li nhit vo trong phng. Mc o khoc bng vi ny, ta s khng s nng cng khng s lnh. Mun trnh nhng tia mt tri thiu t, ch cn mc cho mt kim loi ra ngoi. Cn nu tri rt th hy ln o li, kim loi s tr li nhit cho c th ca bn. Tip Khc sn xut mt loi chn trng nhm rt tin li: dng trong cn phng m p hay lnh lo u tt nh nhau. Loi chn ny ch nng c 55 gam v nu cun li th s d dng nht gn vo trong chic bao c kch thc khng ln hn chic tu ht thuc l thng thng. C th khng phi nghi ng na, ri y cc nh a cht, cc nh du lch, nhng ngi nh c, tm li l tt c nhng ai phi du di nng gi, s nh gi ng nhng u im ca nhng chic o khoc v nhng lu tri lm bng loi vi ny. nhng vng nng nc, nhng chic m, o chong v bng nhm s rt c a chung. B qun o trng kim loi s lm cho nhng ngi th nu thp t b hun nng hn. N cng gip nhng ngi lnh cu ha vt v hn trong cuc vt ln gay go vi gic la. Tm gng c ng knh su mt v nng nhiu tn ca knh thin vn ln nht th gii do Lin X ch to cng c ph mt lp mng nhm cc mng. Hng vo v tr xa thm, con mt vin vng ny c th nhn thy nh sng ca mt ngn nn bnh thng t cch xa 25 ngn kilmet. Cn cc nh bc hc M th ngh dng nhng tm gng khng l lm bng cht do c ph mt lp nhm chiu sng cho cc thnh ph vo ban m: nu c cc con tu v tr vn ti a ln mt qu o dng v c iu khin bng my tnh in t, th nhng chic gng khng l ny s phn chiu nh sng mt tri mnh gp hng chc ln so vi mt trng. Mt tm nhm m vng ln ng vin du trn trm v tr lin hnh tinh Ngi tin phong- 2 ca M: trn tm danh thip ny ca tri t c khc hnh tng trng cho hnh tinh chng ta gii thiu vi i biu cc nn vn minh khc. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Trong thi gian gn y, cc nh bc hc v k s rt ch n vic ch to nhng loi vt liu hon ton mi - l cc kim loi bt. Cng ngh ch to nhm bt - a con u lng ca gia nh tuyt diu ny, c hon thin. Th vt liu mi ny v cng nh: mt xentimet khi ca mt s loi nhm bt ch nng n 0,2 gam. Li-e vn l mu mc v tnh nh cng khng th cnh tranh vi loi vt liu ny v cn nng hn n 25 - 30 %. Tip theo nhm bt xut hin berili bt, titan bt v nhiu vt liu k l khc. Trong tiu thuyt chin tranh gia cc th gii vit hi cui th k XIX, nh vn vin tng ngi Anh l Hbec Unx (Herbert Wells) c m t mt ci my m ngi trn sao Ha dng sn xut nhm: T khi mt tri ln n khi r cc v sao, chic my bay thn k ny sn xut c hn mt trm thanh nhm trc tip t t st. Khi m chng ta mi ch tm hiu mt trng bng mt thng th mt nh nghin cu v tr ngi M nu ln mt gi thuyt th v. Nh bc hc ny cho rng, mi hecta b mt mt trng c th cha ti hng trm tn nhm nguyn cht. ng xem mt trng nh mt x nghip thin nhin khng l, trong , ci gi l gi mt tri (dng proton do mt tri pht ra) bin qung st, magie, nhm thnh kim loi tinh khit. n nay, gi thit ny vn cha c xc nhn. Tuy nhin, khi phn tch cc mu t do cc nh du hnh v tr M v cc trm t ng ca Lin X ly t mt trng v th thy rng, hm lng nhm oxit trong kh cao. D sao th cng c mt phn s tht trong gi thuyt ca nh bc hc ny: trong mu t do trm t ng mt trng - 20 ly phn lc a ca nguyt cu - gia bin Khng hong v bin Di do, tm thy ba ht nhm t sinh b xu c kch thc vi phn mi milimet (cn trong nhng iu kin ca tri t th ngay dng b t nh vy, du c "t uc i tm" cng chng bao gi thy). Th th c th cho rng, trn sao Ha v trn mt trng, vn nhm c gii quyt. Cn trn tri t th sao? Cn sao na, y moi vic u tt p ch sao. Mc d trn hnh tinh ca chng ta cha c nhng ci my tng t nh ca nhng ngi trn sao Ha, v trn mt t th nhm khng ln lc hng tn, song con ngi trn tri t vn khng phi bun phin: thin nhin chm lo mt cch chu o con ngi khng b thiu thn th kim loi k diu ny. Ni v hm lng trong v tri t th nhm ch thua km oxi v silic, cn hn hn cc kim loi khc. Thin nhin vn giu c, nhng con ngi phi bit tit kim trong khi lm ch nhng ca ci m thin nhin ban cho mnh. c khng t nhng d n v nhng thit b ang hot ng nhm ly li nhng thnh phn qu bu t nhng vt ph thi m ngi ta vo cc ng rc ca thnh ph. Trn thc t, ngi ta d nh t mt b phn nam chm in c bit trong cc thit b nh vy khai thc nhm t rc ri. Nhng t trng khng tc ng n nhm c m. Vy th sao li dng n ht kim loi ny? Tht ra, nu kch thch dng in xoay chiu trong mt vt bng nhm bng cch di chuyn vt trong mt in trng tng ng, th n mt lc no , nhm s nhim To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
t. trng thi ny, nhm s ri vo tay ca cc nam chm. Vy l chng ta c nguyn liu nhm. Cn cc k s v cc nh bc hc th phi lo ch to nhng thit b c o, hon thin cc phng php sn xut kim loi c cnh v tm cho n nhng lnh vc s dng mi.

X.I. Venetxki

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Ti Con ca t

Ngy 18 thng 8 nm 1964, mt tn la v tr bay ln trn i l Ha Bnh Matxcva. Con tu khng gian mc du khng i ti mt trng hay sao Kim, song s mng ca n th khng km phn vinh d: mi mi ng yn trn bu tri Matxcva hng trm nm sau, i k nim lp lnh nh bc phi gi cho mi ngi nh v con ng u tin m mt cng dn X - vit m vo khng gian v tr. Mt thi gian kh di, cc tc gi ca bn n khng chn c vt liu p mt ngoi cho i k nim hng v ny. Ban u ngi ta nh thit k i k nim bng thy tinh sau bng cht do, v sau na bng thp khng g. Nhng tt c cc phng n b chnh cc tc gi hy b. Sau nhiu ln suy i tnh li v sau nhng cuc th nghim ko di i n quyt nh dng nhng tm titan c nh bng sng ngi lm v bc. Ti sao li chnh titan c giao ph s mng quang vinh l k li cho cc th h mai sau v k cng ca nhng ngi thi i chng ta? Khng phi ngu nhin m titan c gi l vt liu vnh cu. Nhng trc khi ni n nhng tnh cht ca n, chng ta hy tm hiu tiu s ca kim loi ny.

Nu nh titan phi in cu tr li vo phiu iu tra, th mc Anh c i h ln no khng?, n buc phi ghi r l trc nm 1795, n c gi l menakin. Mt linh mc ngi Anh tn l Uyliam Grgo (William Gregor) pht hin ra n vo nm 1791 v t cho n ci tn y. Trong nhng lc rnh ri,

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

v linh mc ny thng say m nghin cu khong vt hc v ha hc. Gn gio phn ca mnh, ti th trn Menacan trn bn o Cornuon, ng tnh c nht c mt khong vt l, trng ging nh nhng ht ct to ti mu. Ri t khong vt ny, ng tm ra mt nguyn t m trc cha ai bit. Grgo t tn cho khong vt ny l Menacanit v cho nguyn t mi tm c l Menakin. Nhng c l nguyn t ny khng hp vi ci tn y nn ngay t dp u tin vo nm 1795, khi nh ha hc ngi c tn l Martin Claprt ln th hai pht hin c nguyn t ny trong khong vt rutin, ng thay cho n mt ci tn khc p hn - l titan. Trong thn thoi Hy Lp, cc con trai ca Gia - n thn t, c gi l titan. Hai nm sau ngi ta mi bit rng, Grgo v Claprt pht hin ra cng mt nguyn t m t ti nay mang mt ci tn y kiu hnh - titan. Pht hin ra mt nguyn t - iu khng c ngha l tch c nguyn t y dng tinh khit. C Grgo ln Claprt u ch thu nhn c mt hp cht ha hc ca titan vi oxi - l mt th bt kt tinh mu trng ca titan oxit. Vic tch titan ra khi cc hp cht ca n qu tht l mt bi ton him hc. Nhiu nh ha hc ni ting ca th k trc c gng gii bi ton , nhng s tht bi ch n h.

C mt thi ngi ta tng nhng cuc tm ti ca nh ha hc ngi Anh l Urnlaxtn (Wollaston) thnh cng tt p... Nm 1823, khi nghin cu cc tinh th tm thy trong x l luyn kim, ng i n kt lun rng, cht tinh khit khng phi l ci g khc m chnh l titan nguyn cht. Sau 33 nm, nh ha hc ngi c l Vule xc nh rng, cc tinh th l mt hp cht ca titan vi nit v cacbon, ch hon ton khng phi l titan t do nh Urnlaxtn lm tng. Trong nhiu nm mi ngi u ngh rng, nh bc hc Thy in ni ting l Becxliut thu c titan kim loi ln u tin vo nm 1825 khi kh kali flotianat bng natri kim loi. Nhng ngy nay, khi so snh cc tnh cht ca titan v ca sn phm m Becxliut thu nhn c th c th khng nh rng, v th k sut i ca Vin hn lm khoa hc hong gia Thy in lm v titan nguyn cht nhanh chng ha tan trong axit flohidric (khc vi nhiu axit khc), cn titan ca Becxliut th chng li c tc dng ca axit . Mi n nm 1875, nh khoa hc ngi Nga l . K. Kirilp mi iu ch c titan kim loi. ng cng b kt qu ca cng trnh ny trong tp sch nh Nghin cu v titan. Nhng trong nhng iu kin ca nc Nga di thi Nga hong th cng trnh nghin cu quan trng ny khng c mt ai ch n, v vy m n b lng qun. Nm 1887, sau khi kh titan tetraclorua bng natri kim loi trong bnh thp kn mt, hai ngi ng

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

hng ca Becxliut l Ninxn v Petecxn thu c mt sn phm kh tinh khit - cha khong 95% titan. Nh ha hc Php l Muatxan (Moissan) tin thm mt bc trn con ng i n titan nguyn cht vo nm 1895. ng kh titan oxit bng cacbon trong l h quang, sau cho kim loi thu c qua hai ln tinh luyn na. Titan ca ng ch cha vn vn 2% tp cht. Cui cng, nm 1910, sau khi hon thin phng php ca Ninxn v Petecxn, nh ha hc ngi M l Hnt (Hunter) thu c vi gam titan tng i tinh khit. S kin ny gy nn ting vang ln nhiu nc. Chnh v vy m cho n nay, nhiu ngi vn lm tng l Hnt ch khng phi l nhng ngi trc ng ln u tin tch c titan dng tinh khit Nh vy l iu ch c titan dng nguyn cht. Tuy nhin n c coi l nguyn cht mt cch kh gng p, v n vn cn cha vi phn ngn tp cht. Ch vi phn ngn thi...Nhng, con su lm ru ni canh. Cc tp cht lm cho titan tr nn gin, khng bn v khng chu c gia cng c hc. Th l n li mang ting xu nh mt th kim loi v dng, khng dng c vo vic g c. Tt nhin, vi bn nhn xt nh vy th titan khng th m tng n mt cng vic trng trch. nh phi hi lng vi nhng vai tr th yu vy thi. Ngay t nm 1908, Roze v Batran M v Farup Na Uy ngh sn xut bt trng ch khng phi tp cht ca ch hoc ca km nh trc kia vn lm, m bng titan oxit. Dng loi bt trng ny c th nhum trng c mt b mt rng gp vi ln so vi dng bt trng ch hoc km. V li, bt titan trng khng c (cn bt ch trng th rt c), v titan oxit v hi i vi c th con ngi. Trong y hc xy ra trng hp c ngi ung mt ln gn na kilgam cht ny m khng h b mt hu qu ng bun no. Dn dn, titan oxit c s dng nhum mu cho da, vi, c dng trong ngnh sn xut thy tinh, s, men, ngc nhn to. Mt hp cht khc ca titan cng tm c vic lm. l titan tetraclorua m trn y ni ti, do nh ha hc ngi Php l uma iu ch c ln u tin vo nm 1826. Kh nng to ra mn khi ngy trang dy c ca hp cht ny c s dng rng ri trong thi k chin tranh th gii th nht. Cn trong nhng nm ha bnh th n c dng si m cho cy c trong nhng cn rt but ca bui sng ma xun. Song, nh chng ta s thy di y, titan hon ton c quyn i hi mt cng vic quan trng v l th hn. V cui cng nh bc hc ngi H Lan l Van Aken (Van Arkel) v Bua (De Bur) iu ch c titan vi tinh khit rt cao bng cch phn gii titan tetraclorua nh mt si dy vonfram nung . Th l n lc m quan nim tng thnh hnh v tnh gin ca titan khng ng vng na; bi v kim loi m Van Aken v Bua iu ch c th li c tnh do rt cao: c th rn To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

c n khi ngui chng khc g st; c th cn n thnh l, thnh tm, thnh si, thm ch thnh l cc mng. Ngy nay, ci tn y kiu hnh m nguyn t ny mang khng cn khin mt ai cm thy l mt tr ma mai ca s phn nh trc na. Trc mt n l mt con ng rng m i vo th gii k thut. Hnh nh t lng bit n v c gii thot khi vng t hm ca cc hp cht, nn titan bt u lm cho cc nh bc hc phi sng st v nhng tnh cht k diu ca mnh. Chng hn, ngi ta thy r rng, titan nh hn st gn hai ln nhng li bn hn nhiu loi thp. V bn tnh theo trng lng th titan khng c i th trong s cc kim loi cng nghip. Ngay c mt kim loi nh nhm cng phi thua km titan v nhiu mt, v titan ch nng gp ri nhm nhng li bn hn nhm n su ln. Mt iu ht sc quan trng na l titan vn gi c bn ca mnh nhit cao (n 500 C, cn nu pha thm cc nguyn t iu cht vo th n 650 C), trong khi , bn ca a s cc hp kim nhm li gim xung t ngt ngay c 300 C. Titan l mt kim loi rt cng: n cng hn nhm v ng rt nhiu, thm ch cn cng hn c st. Gii hn chy ca mt kim loi cng cao th cc chi tit lm bng kim loi y chu ng ti trng s dng cng tt v gi nguyn c hnh dng v kch thc ca mnh cng lu. Gii hn chy ca titan cao gp nm ln so vi nhm v gn gp ba ln so vi st.

Khng c g ng ngc nhin khi mt cu hi c t ra cho cc cng trnh s hng khng l nn giao ph vic khc phc chng ngi m thanh cho kim loi no, th h chn ngay titan. Ngay t nhng nm 60, trn bo ch nc ngoi xut hin nhng dng tin ni v vic M ch to my bay phn lc siu m Chim en t ti tc hn 3.200 kilomet trong mt gi. Thn ca my bay ny c lm bng titan. K t , ch ng ca titan trong ngnh ch to my bay c cng c r rt: cc b phn bn ngoi ca my bay (khoang ng c, cch ph, bnh li) cng nhiu cm my v chi tit - t ng c cho n cc inh c - u c lm bng cc hp kim ca titan. Nh c titan nn cc my bay tr nn nh hn, ngha l trng ti ca chng tng ln. Chng hn, ch ring vic thay th cc bulng thp ca ng c bng bulng titan m trong mt loi my bay khu trc, khi lng ca ng c gim i gn mt trm kilogam. Theo d tnh ca cc chuyn gia th trong nhng nm sp ti, t l cc kt cu bng titan v bng cc hp kim titan trong nhng loi my bay c tc gp 2 - 3 ln tc m thanh s ln n 60 - 90 %.

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K chuyn v kim loi
Nu khng c kim loi ny th k thut v tr s khng lm nn cng chuyn g. c bit, nhng thng titan cha oxi lng v hiro lng t r nhng tnh nng s dng tuyt vi: nhit cc thp, titan vn khng b ph hy nh a s cc kim loi khc, m ngc li, cn tr nn bn vng hn. C l titan s l vt liu kt cu ch yu ca cc hng mc cng trnh c lp rp trc tip trong v tr. Cc th nghim do cc nh du hnh v tr X - vit Gheorghi Snin v Valeri Cubaxp tin hnh hi nm 1969 cho thy rng, trong nhng iu kin ca chn khng v tr, kim loi ny d hn v d ct. Khng phi ch ring cc cng trnh s v thit b v tr mi knh n titan. Chng hn, cc k s Cng ha dn ch c s dng lp m bng titan tng bn cho cc chi tit ng h eo tay: mt lp titan cc mng, ch 0,2 micron, nng cao tui th ca c cu ng h ln vi ln v cn lm tng c chnh xc na. Nht Bn ch to mt loi my nh chuyn dng cho cc phng vin th thao; n cho php chp c nhng tm nh vi thi gian phi sng l 1/4000 giy: s d t c nh vy l nh c hp kim titan lm ca rm bt nh. Khung xe p lm bng titan ch nng hn 1 kilogam cn c chic xe p th nng cha n 7 kilogam. Nhng chic xe p nh bng ny rt c cc nh th thao a chung. Nhng ngi ua thuyn siu hng cng sn sng thay nhng chic thuyn thoi c bng nhng thuyn thoi mi lm bng si than v cc hp kim titan: chic thuyn mi tm cho nh vy nh hn so vi chic thuyn trc y t nht l 20 kilogam. Titan cng lm cho cc nh ha hc phi ch n mnh. Ti mt nh my, ngi ta lm mt th nghim nh sau. H ch to ba my bm bng gang, bng thp khng g v bng titan bm cc cht lng c tnh n mn cao. Chic th nht b n sau ba ngy m, chic th hai chu c mi ngy, cn chic th ba (bng titan) th sau na nm lm vic khng ngh vn nguyn vn, khng b h hi g. Mc du titan vn cn kh t, nhng trong nhiu trng hp, dng n thay th cc vt liu r tin hn th vn c li v mt kinh t. Chng hn, thn thng phn ng ca mt thit b ha hc nu lm bng titan th t gp bn ln so vi lm bng thp khng g. Nhng thng phn ng bng thp ch dng c su thng, cn thng bng titan th dng c mi nm. Ngoi ra, hy cng thm nhng chi ph cho vic thay thng thp thng k v nhng thit hi do s ngng tr thit b th s thy r rng, mc du nghe c v nh nghch l, rng titan t tin vn r hn thp r tin. Ti cuc trin lm v s dng titan trong cng nghip c t chc my nm trc y London trng by rt nhiu loi thit b lm bng titan trang b cho cc nh my ha cht. Cc ng phun lm bng titan sau khi lm vic hn hai thng trong mi trng kh sunfur nng vn c th tip tc lm vic thm na, dng nh trong chng cha h xy ra chuyn g c; cn cc ng phun bng thp To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

khng g th b hng ngay sau vi gi lm vic. Titan c s dng rt c hiu qu ch to cc chi tit lm vic trong mi trng kh clo, hi axit sunfuric hoc nitric v cc ha cht n mn khc. Mt s x nghip sm c nhng ng thng gi s bng kim loi ny, cao n 120 mt. Tt nhin, ci ng nh vy l t tin, nhng sau , n ng vng hng trm nm rng m khng cn sa cha g c - tt c mi chi ph s c b li mt cch d tha. Titan c s dng rng ri sn xut cc loi hp kim cng dng lm dng c ct gt. Ch mt lp ph cc mng bng titan cacbua cng nng cao hn nhng tnh nng ct gt ca dng c, lm cho cht lng b mt ca sn phm c gia cng tr nn tt hn. Cc dng c phu thut tuyt vi lm bng cc hp kim titan rt c ca ngi. Bc s Lin X Iuri Xenkevich - ngi tham gia on thm him quc t di s lnh o ca nh du lch ni ting Tur Heyerdahl ngi Na Uy, mang theo trong chuyn vt bin rt di ngy trn chic b Ra bng c giy mt b dng c phu thut bng titan - n va nh va bn va chng c n mn. Trong nhng nm 60, cc nh bc hc ch to c mt th hp kim k l gm niken v titan, gi l nitinon. N c mt tnh cht khc thng l nh c qu kh ca mnh, hay ni mt cch chnh xc hn, n ly li c hnh dng ban u ca mnh sau khi b bin dng do gia cng (iu ny s c k t m trong mc con qu ng vit v niken). Hi u th k XX, trong cc nh luyn kim ni ln mt kin cho rng, titan l mt tp cht c hi i vi st. Phi qua nhiu nm mi chng minh c tnh m h ca cch nhn nhn . Ngy nay, luyn kim l mt trong nhng ngnh tiu th titan nhiu nht. C th k ra hng trm nhn thp v hp kim c cha nguyn t ny vi mt lng no . Titan c pha thm vo thp khng g ngn chn s n mn su vo cc tinh th. Trong cc hp kim chu nng c hm lng crom cao, titan lm gim ln ca cc ht, lm cho cc hp kim c cu trc tinh th mn ht v ng nht. Trong cc hp kim chu nng khc, titan dng lm nguyn t tng bn. i lc ln ca titan i vi oxi (chng ta cn tr li vn ny) cho php s dng n kh oxi cho thp. So vi silic l mt trong nhng cht kh oxi ch yu, th kh nng kh oxi ca titan cao hn khong mi ln. Titan cng c vai tr nh vy i vi nit. Vic kh ht cc cht kh cho thp gp phn nng cao cc tnh cht c hc v tng bn n mn ca thp. Mt trong nhng tnh cht tuyt vi ca titan l kh nng chng n mn - k th c c nht ca cc kim loi, rt cao. Trn b mt mt tm titan ngm trong nc bin sau mi nm vn khng h thy mt du vt han g no (sau thi gian y, nu mt tm st th ha may ch cn du vt ca n trong tr nh m thi). Nhng u phi ch chc nm m thi: cc php tnh cho thy rng, nu th nghim ny c bt u t mt ngn nm v trc, chng hn, t khi nc Nga chnh thc nhn chnh gio C c lm quc gio (vo nm 988 - 989), th n nay, lp n mn ch c th gm su vo tm titan vn vn c 0,02 milimet. V vy, tht l d hiu khi cc nh ng tu bin, To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

xy dng thy li, thit k kh c ln su u by t thin cm vi titan chng km g cc cng trnh s hng khng v cc nh ha hc. Hng General Electric M ng nh xy dng mt n xy dng cc trm nghin cu ngm di bin c ngi iu khin. Cc trm ny c th t su 3.700 mt. Trong cc n ny, cc hp kim titan ng mt vai tr quan trng. Chnh v titan c bn n mn cao nn nhng ngi sng to i tng nim mi mi ghi nh vic con ngi chinh phc khng gian v tr chn ch danh kim loi ny lm vt liu p ngoi. Trong khong nhng nm , ngi ta cn d nh s dng titan vo mt cng trnh s na. Ti cuc thi chn cc n xy dng i k nim 100 nm ngy thnh lp hi vin thng quc t do UNESCO t chc, n ca cc kin trc s X - vit ot gii nht (trong s 213 n c trnh by). i k nim d kin t ti Qung trng Cc dn tc Ginev s l hai v s bng b tng cao 10,5 mt c p bng nhng tm titan nhn bng. i dc theo mt con ng nh gia hai v s ny, ngi ta s nghe c ging ni, ting bc chn ca mnh, ting n o ca thnh ph, s thy cc hnh nh ca mnh tm cc vng trn mt ht dn vo khong xa v tn. n ny cho n nay vn cha c thc hin, nhng mt i k nim khc kiu thp nhn ca tc gi Lin X cng lm bng titan hin ang t im cho cng vin Cung cc dn tc Ginev. l mt i k nim cao 28 mt, tng trng cho lng kht khao ca con ngi mun vn ti nhng tm xa v tr v nhng thnh tu t c trn con ng . Nm 1971, Lin X chuyn cng trnh ny lm qu tng cho Lin hp quc. Nm 1980, tng k nim Iuri Gagarin c dng ln Maxcva. Thn hnh cao 12 mt ca nh du hnh v tr u tin trn tri t t trn nh ct cao vt, m cng l m hnh con tu v tr Phng ng hon thnh chuyn bay lch s, u c lm bng titan. Khng th hnh dung ni ton cnh Lningrat nu khng c hai ngn thp lu chung ni ting Bn doanh hi qun v Pho i Petropaplpxc. Hin nay, mt ngn thp lu chung th ba c t ln ta nh ca bn cng ln nht Lin X trn o Vasilliepxki. Ngn thp lu chung mi trang im cho hi cng Panmira phng bc (Panmira l mt thnh ph c ng bc Xyri, vn l trung tm bun bn v th cng nghip rt phn thnh vo khong th k I - III. Trong vn chng Nga, ngi ta thng v Lningrat l Panmira phng bc -N. D.) ny cng c lm bng titan - th vt liu m cc kin trc s, cc nh iu khc v xy dng u a chung. Nu nh ngi Hy Lp c xa m bit n titan th rt c th h s dng n lm vt liu xy dng nhng ta nh ca thnh Acropn Aten. Nhng tic thay, cc nh kin trc thi xa khng c th vt liu vnh cu ny. Nhng cng trnh sng to tuyt vi ca h phi chu tc

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ng hy dit ca hng bao th k. Thi gian tn nhn ph hoi nhng di tch ca nn vn ha Hy Lp. n u th k XX ny, ngi ta thy rng, thnh Acropn ngy mt iu tn y phi c sa cha. Th l cc b phn ring r ca ta nh c chng chng bng nhng khung thp. Song ch c my nm, lp g gm mn kim loi, nhiu phin hoa cng b sp xung v nt n. cu Acropn khi b h hi, ngi ta quyt nh thay cc khung thp bng cc khung titan khi b n mn. Tnh khng nhim t ca titan l mt c tnh quan trng ca n: ngay c nhng t trng mnh cng khng th tc ng n titan. Trong nhiu trng hp, min dch khng t nh vy rt c ch. Chng hn nhng ngi tham gia on thm him bc cc ca bo nc Nga X - vit hi nm 1983 em theo chic t k duy nht ca h trn chic xe trt khng nhim t lm bng titan. on thm him ny dng xe trt do ch ko vt hn chc ngn kilomet dc theo b bc bng dng. Nh vy, titan l mt kim loi may mn c nhng tnh cht qu bu. Khng phi ngu nhin m nh luyn kim ni ting ca Lin X, vin s I. P. Barin phn u pht trin cho k c k thut luyn titan Lin X. ng vit: Ngy nay, ni n kim loi khng c ngha ch l gang v thp... cn l titan - mt i th tr ca st, hn hn st v tt c cc c im tnh cch ca mnh va nh, va bn, va chu nhit, va chng n mn. Vy th ti sao cho n nay, titan vn cha c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip nh thp hoc nhm chng hn? Gi cao - chnh l iu km hm vic s dng titan mt chng mc no . Ni cho ng th khuyt im ny khng phi l bm sinh, m ch l do qu kh khn trong vic tch titan ra khi qung. Nu ly gi thnh tng i ca titan trong tinh qung lm n v, th sau mt qung ng cng ngh di v phc tp m titan phi vt qua trong qu trnh bin ra thnh phm l l mng, gi thnh ca n tng ln hng trm ln. Nhng l mt iu bt hnh c th cu vn c: cng ngh sn xut kim loi mi ny ang c hon thin khng ngng, v khng phi qu lu na, s n lc n cng r nh nhm - th kim loi m mi hi cui th k trc cn t nh cc kim loi qu him. Ri y trong t knh ca cc ca hng c th s gp nhng b dng c n ung v lm bp bng titan v bng cc hp kim ca n - titan s i vo qun chng. Cho n rt gn y (v hin gi i khi vn th) ngi ta vn lit titan vo hng cc kim loi him m hon ton khng c cn c. Thc ra th trong thin nhin, cc nguyn t hay gp hn titan cng chng nhiu lm. Lng titan c trong v tri t cn cao gp my ln so vi tr lng cc kim loi nh ng, km, ch, vng, bc, platin, crom, vonfram, thy ngn, molipen, bitmut, antimon, niken, thic cng li. Th m him ? Tuy nhin, v mt no th thut ng him cng c mt mi quan h no vi Titan: chnh l him c th t khng cha nguyn t ny vi mt hm lng no . Ngi ta bit khong 70 To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

khong vt ca titan m trong n dng oxit hoc cc mui ca axit titanic. Trong s , inmenit (m trc y gi l menacanit), rutin, peropsit v sfen l c ngha thc tin ln nht. Phe nhm cc khong vt cha titan ngy cng m rng. Ti vng i nguyn Lovozero trn bn o Cola, cc nh a cht tm thy mt th (ni chnh xc hn l mt ht ct v n ch cn nng vi phn mi gam) m trc y cha bit v t tn cho n l natisit, bi v cc thnh phn ch yu ca n l natri, titan v silic. pha bc vng cn Baican ngi ta tm thy mt tinh th t hon ca mt khong vt mi cha titan. tn vinh nh vt l hc X vit xut sc - vin s L. . Lanau, khong vt cc k him ny c gi l lanaunit. Trn tri t c khong chng hn 150 m titan ln, gm cc m qung v cc m sa khong. Nhng d tri t c giu khong sn n u i chng na, th sm hay mun ri cc kho tng di t cng s n ngy cn kit. Bi vy, cc nh bc hc v cc nh vn vin tng thng hay hng v y i dng v vo v tr xa xi. Mt trong nhng nhn vt chnh trong cun tiu thuyt khoa hc vin tng tinh vn tin n ca I. A. Epremp - nh c sinh vt hc kim nh vn X vit ni ting, tn l ar Vater, lm vic ti mt x nghip m titan di nc, gn b bin Nam M. y l cnh tng hin ra trc mt nhn vt khi anh ta n y bt tay vo cng vic: Xa xa ngoi bin hin ln mt di ct nhn to m phn cui ca n c mt ngn thp b sng nc bao quanh. Ngn thp ny dng ra sn lc a, cm dc xung i dng n su khong mt kilomet. Di thp ny, mt ging m ln i thng xung t, c dng mt ci ng xi mng rt dy chng li p lc ca nc su. y bin, ng ny chc ng vo nh mt qu ni ngm hu nh hon ton bng rutin (titan oxit) nguyn cht v lung nc c ngu pha ln cc cht khong ph thi lan ta ra xung quanh c a ln mt t.

Ngay t trc khi con tu v tr Apollo ca M v cc trm t ng Mt trng ca Lin X a c cc mu t trn mt trng v tri t, mt s nh bc hc nu ln gi thuyt rng, t trn mt trng cha kh nhiu titan. Hin nay, gi thuyt ca ngy hm qua tr thnh s thc c xc minh bng thc nghim. C th trong tng lai khng xa, bit u bo ch s a tin x nghip m titan u tin trn mt trng bt u hot ng mt ni no trong vng bin Bnh Yn hoc trong vng i dng Bo Tp. Cc nh du hnh v tr X vit Pit Climuc v Valentin Lbep (on phi hnh trn con tu v tr Lin hp - 13) a v tri t nhng s liu th v. H thu nhn c nh ph t ngoi ca mt trong nhng tinh vn hnh tinh m cc nh thin vn hc lun lun quan tm n. Tinh vn in hnh l mt thnh to dng kh vi mt ngi sao nng trung tm. Bi v cc thin th ny rt xa

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

hnh tinh ca chng ta nn thng tin v chng ht sc ngho nn. Sau nhiu nm nghin cu cc tinh vn hnh tinh mi ch pht hin c 17 nguyn t ha hc, hn na, trong sut mt phn t th k qua khng h nhn c tin tc g v iu ny t v tr xa thm. V th l cc kh c trn con tu Lin hp - 13 xc inh chc chn rng, mt tinh vn hnh tinh cn c hai nguyn t na l nhm v titan. Nh vy, c hnh tinh ca chng ta, c nhng ngi bn ng gn gi nht ca n v c cc thin th khc u khng c l do g ku ca l khng c titan. Song cn phi tch n ra khi qung v a n vo trng thi m c th s dng c trong k thut hin i. Nhim v ny tht khng d dng. Vn l ch hp cht ca titan vi oxi (m nguyn t ny li thng gp trong thin nhin dng hp cht nh vy) l mt trong nhng hp cht bn vng nht trong ha hc. D l dng in hay nhit cao u khng th tch titan ra khi vng tay ca oxi. iu bt buc cc nh bc hc phi tm kim nhng con ng gin tip iu ch titan dng t do. Nm 1940, nh bc hc ngi M l Kron xut ci gi l phng php nhit magie sn xut titan vi quy m cng nghip. Thc cht ca phng php ny nh sau. u tin, dng clo v cacbon chuyn titan oxit thnh titan tetraclorua. X tr vi clo (by gi n chim v tr ca oxi) th d hn nhiu. Mt nguyn t chng hn nh magie hon ton c th gii quyt c nhim v ny. Do phn ng gia titan tetraclorua v magie, mt khi bt xp gm titan, magie v magie clorua c to thnh. em nu li trong chn khng hoc trong mi trng kh tr ( cho oxi v nit ca khng kh khng lt c vo kim loi), khi bt xp ny s bin thnh titan c st tinh khit. thu c titan c bit tinh khit, ngi ta s dng phng php ioua do cc nh bc hc quen bit ca chng ta l Van Aken v Bua xut. Lm cho titan tr nn r hn - nhim v ny ang c cc vin nghin cu ha hc chuyn ngnh gii quyt. S vin nh th ngy mt tng ln. Cleveland (nc M) cch y khng lu thnh lp mt vin mi chuyn nghin cu cc kim loi nh. Mt iu th v l ti bui l khnh thnh, di bng truyn thng cng cng vo vin c lm bng ... titan. ct di bng ny, ng th trng thnh ph buc phi dng n x v knh bo him thay cho ko. Trong thi i chng ta, hng ngn nh bc hc ang ch n titan. Ti rt nhiu phng th nghim, cc mu kim loi ny hng ngy phi chu ng nhng cc hnh tn khc: ngi ta ko t thnh tng mng, b queo, nu trong cc axit v cc cht kim, nung , lm lnh n nhit cc thp, t vo nhng ti trng rt ln, ri dng in cao tn v siu m. V titan ang tit l vi con ngi nhng iu b mt ca mnh...

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K chuyn v kim loi
X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin V Vitamin V

X.I. Venetxki

Nu khng c vanai th s khng c ci t ca ti. l li ca vua t Henri For (Henri Ford). Nm 1905, ng ta c mt ti mt cuc ua t ln. Ging nh ti nhiu cuc ua tng t, y cng khng trnh khi tai nn. Sau mt thi gian, For n ni xy ra tm thm kch v nht c y mt mnh v ca mt chi tit thuc chic t ca Php - mt trong hai chic t m nhau. l mt on ca chic cn xupap. D ch l mt chi tit bnh thng nhng v ang b thu ht vo nhng vn ny nn For n kch thc khng ln ca n v quyt nh a mu kim loi ny ra th nghim. Qu nhin linh tnh khng nh la For: loi thp ny t ra rt cng v rt bn. Ti phng th nghim tin hnh phn tch ha hc mnh v c gi n, ngi ta cho bit l loi thp ny cha vanai. s dng rng ri loi thp nh vy vo vic sn xut t hon ton chi phi For. Ch phi ni: nu thc hin c ny th t s tr nn nh hn; iu cho php c th tit kim c nhiu kim loi, v c th t c th c bn vi gi r hn. Ngha l s ngi mua s tng ln r rt, nh vy, li nhun ca For s tng ln. Th l For lin bt tay vo vic thc hin ca mnh. ng phi vt qua bit bao kh khn trc khi t c mc ch. My nm sau cuc ua t m v tnh ng vai tr khng km phn quan trng trong lch s ngnh ch to t, b thng mi v cng nghip Php tin hnh th nghim cc chi tit ring r ca chic t For loi mi v thy r rng, thp ca M vt hn thp ca Php v nhiu ch tiu. Vy th vanai - k thc hin mt cuc cch mng thc s trong cng nghip t l ci g vy? V y, nh ha hc Thy in ni ting l Becxliut m t lch s pht hin ra vanai nh sau: Ngy xa c v n thn Vanais xinh p tuyt vi v c mi ngi yu mn sng phng Bc xa xi. Mt hm, c mt ngi no n g ca nh nng.

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

N thn ngi thoi mi trn chic gh bnh v thong ngh: C cho ngi ta g ca ln na. Nhng ri ting g ca ngng hn v ngi kia i khi. Nng bn khon t hi: v khch khim tn v rt r y l ai vy? N thn m ca s v nhn ra ng. Mt chng Vule no ang vi v ri khi lu i ca nng. My ngy sau, nng li nghe thy ting ai g vo ca nh nng, nhng ln ny ting g dn dp ko di cho n khi nng ng dy v i ra m ca. Trc mt nng l chng trai khi ng tun t Ninx Xepxtrm. Th ri lin ngay sau , h yu nhau v sinh ra mt ngi con trai, t tn l Vanai. cng l tn ca th kim loi mi do nh vt l kim ha hc Thy in Ninx Xepxtrm pht hin ra vo nm 1830. Trong cu chuyn ny c mt im cha c chnh xc. Ngi u tin g ca phng n thn Vanais khng phi l nh ha hc c Friric Vule (Frederich Wohler), m l nh ha hc kim ha vt hc ngi Mxic, tn l Anret Manuen en Ri (Andres Manuel Del Rio). Trc Vule kh lu, vo nm 1801, khi nghin cu qung ch nu ca Mxic, en Ri pht hin ra rng, trong qung y c mt th kim loi mi m thi by gi cha ai bit n. Cc hp cht ca kim loi ny mang nhng mu sc rt khc nhau, v vy m nh bc hc ny gi n l panchromium, ngha l phim sc, v v sau, ng i tn n thnh erythronium, c ngha l . Tuy nhin, en Ri khng th xc nhn c s pht hin ca mnh. Hn na, nm 1802, ng i n mt kt lun sai lm rng, nguyn t mi ny chnh l crom va c pht hin trc khng lu. Cn Vule cng nghin cu qung ch Mxic y v gn i n thnh cng, nhng kh hiro florua ... cn tr ng. Gia lc ang say m lm vic th nh bc hc b ng c do kh ny nn nh phi nm ngh trn ging mt vi thng. Sau khi bnh phc, Vule khng tr li ngay vi nhng th nghim v qung ch. Chnh iu l l do khin Becxliut trch ng l qu nht nht khi g ca nh n thn Vanais.

V khi Vule m th cng chnh l lc vanai ra i ln th hai. Ln ny mt hc tr ca Becxliut l nh bc hc Thy in Ninx Gabrien Xepxtrm (Nils Gabriel Sefstrom) ng bn ni ca ch b mi sinh. Thi by gi, ngnh luyn kim Thy in bt u pht trin. Cc nh my mc ln khp mi min trong nc. V ngi ta nhn thy rng, st thp luyn t mt s m th gin, trong khi , t qung ca nhng m khc th li rt do. Ti sao c nhng s khc bit nh vy? Xepxtrm quyt nh tm li gii p cho cu hi ny. Khi nghin cu thnh phn ha hc ca mt s qung m t luyn c thp c cht lng cao, sau nhiu ln th nghim ko di, nh bc hc chng minh c rng, cc qung ny cha mt

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nguyn t mi, m chnh l nguyn t m lc sinh thi, en Ri pht hin ra v lm tng l crom. Theo li khuyn ca Becxliut, ngi ta gi kim loi mi ny l vanain v v sau i thnh vanai. C en Ri v Vule u khng c cng nhn l cha u ca nguyn t mi, mc du h i n gn pht minh, ch cch c vi bc. Sau thnh cng ca Xepxtrm, Vule vit th cho mt ngi bn ca mnh: Ti qu l mt con la thc s, v ti b qua nguyn t mi trong qung ch, v Becxliut ni ng khi ng ci, c phn ma mai vic ti g ca nh n thn Vanais nhng khng gp c nng v g kh v thiu kin nhn. Trong sut nhiu nm rng, khng mt ai may mn tch c vanai dng tinh khit. Mi n nm 1869, nh ha hc ngi Anh l Henri Rxco (Henry Roscoe) mi iu ch c vanai dng kim loi tinh khit. Tuy vy, n ch c th c coi l tinh khit i vi thi by gi m thi, v cn cha ti 4% tp cht. M thc ra ngay c tp cht khng nhiu cng lm cho tnh cht ca nguyn t ny thay i rt r rt. Vanai nguyn cht l mt th kim loi mu xm bc, c do cao, ngha l c th rn c. Lng tp cht d rt nh, khng ng k, c bit l nit, oxi, hiro, cng lm cho kim loi ny tr nn cng v gin, nn rt kh gia cng. Mt thi gian di ngi ta khng th iu ch c vanai tinh khit do tnh hot ng mnh khc thng ca n nhit cao: khng chn c th vt liu lm ni nung m khng b ha tan trong vanai v khng lm bn n khi nu chy. Lc by gi, cc nh bc hc i theo con ng khc: h hon thin phng php in phn tinh luyn vanai n tinh khit 99,99 %. Tt nhin, 4% v 0,01% l mt s khc bit rt ln. Sut hng chc nm, vanai khng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Chng hn hi u th k ca chng ta, mi nm trn th gii ch sn xut vi tn vanai. ng l gi ca n hi cao qu sc tng tng: mi kilogam gi nm mi ngn rp vng (gi tr mt rp vng thi by gi l 0,774235 gam vng nguyn cht. Nh vy, gi mt kilogam vanai lc by gi l gn 39 kilogam vng! (N. D.)). Cng d hiu l v sao vanai c sn xut t i nh vy, v gi ca n t khng khip n th. Mc du v tri t cha khng t vanai (nhiu hn bc khong mt ngn ln) nhng cc k him thy nhng im tch t ca n trn mt t. Chnh v vy nn vanai c xp vo hng cc kim loi him. Qung cha 1 % vanai c coi l cc k giu; ngay c nhng qung ch cha 0,1 % nguyn t qu v him ny cng c khai thc v ch bin theo quy m cng nghip. Mt trong nhng m vanai ln nht th gii nm vng ni Pru, trn cao 4700 mt so vi mt nc bin. Ti y, nhng ni xa tt tn chn my, t nhiu nm nay ngi ta khai thc khong vt patronit giu vanai m trn tri t khng h gp li mt ni no khc na. Cch y cha lu lm b bc bin Caxpi, trn bn o Buzatri, bt u khai thc du m c hm lng vanai cao To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

theo phng thc cng nghip. Nhim v ca cc nh a cht l phi hon thin cng ngh tch nguyn t qu bu ny t qung du m mt cch c hiu qu. Mt iu ng ch l trong cc thin thch ri xung tri t, hm lng vanai ln gp hai - ba ln so vi trong v tri t. Trong quang ph ca mt tri c th d dng tm thy nhng vch c trng cho cc nguyn t vanai; iu chng t rng, mt tri cng rt giu nguyn t ny v cn giu hn c hnh tinh chng ta. C th n mt lc no , vic a cc chuyn qung giu vanai, t sao Ha hoc sao Kim chng hn, n nh my luyn kim s c coi nh mt cng vic vn chuyn bnh thng, cn by gi th con ngi trn tri t vn phi trng cy vo d tr ca chnh mnh m thi. Ci kh ca vic ly vanai ra khi qung cng chnh l nguyn nhn khin cho kim loi ny trong mt thi gian lu n th khng th tm c vic lm cho mnh. Tuy nhin, s pht trin nh v bo ca k thut nhanh chng m rng ca n vanai vo th gii cng nghip. Nguyn t ny c kh nng truyn cho thp nhng tnh cht rt qu; iu quyt nh s phn ca n vanai bt u ng vai tr vitamin i vi thp.

Ch cn pha thm mt lng vanai rt t (vi phn trm), th l thp lin c cu trc mn ht, c bn cao v n hi ln. Loi thp nh vy c ti chu ng va p v lc un, bn b chng li c s mi mn v chng c s t gy rt tt. M chnh cc tnh cht ny li ht sc cn thit cho cc chi tit t. Bi vy, cc cm my v cc chi tit quan trng ca t nh ng c, l xo xupap, nhp, trc quay, trc bnh xe, bnh rng v. v... u c ch to bng thp vanai khng mi. Cng v th m Henri For nh gi vai tr ca vanai cao nh vy. V cng khng phi ngu nhin m vin s A. E. Ferxman ni v nguyn t ny: .. huyn diu thay nhng sc mnh m n truyn cho st v thp bng cch trang b cho st v thp cng v bn, do v dai, tnh khng b ph hy rt cn thit cho trc t. Trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th nht, my bay do cc k s Php ch to gy nn c s chn ng tht s. My bay ny c trang b khng phi l sng my nh thng thy, m l pho; nhng khu pho ny gy nn ni kinh hong cho cc phi cng c. Nhng bng cch no m c th t c pho ln my bay? Sc ch ca nhng chic gi g thi by gi rt nh. Th ra vanai gip khu pho tro ln my bay. Nhng khu pho ca khng qun php c ch to bng thp vanai. Vi khi lng khng ln lm, chng c nhng tnh nng tuyt vi v bn, cho php di ha lc kinh ngi vo my bay c. Tip theo , ngi ta bt u dng thp vanai sn xut m cho binh lnh. Loi m kh nh, lm

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

bng thp mng nhng bn ny che chc chn cho ngi ch ca n khi b u n v mnh bn vo. V bc bng thp cng rt cn thit bo v cc pho th khi ln n sng trng thin x. Nhm mc ch ny, trong nhng nm , Sfin (Sheffield, nc Anh), ngi ta sn xut loi thp lm v bc cha kh nhiu silic v niken. Tic thay, khi th nghim th u n d dng xuyn thng nhng lp v bc lm bng loi thp ny. Lc by gi ngi ta quyt nh em ra th nghim loi thp cha 0,2 % vanai. Thnh cng vt qua mi s mong i: thp ny vt qua c cuc st hch v bn trong 99 n 100 trng hp! Th l vanai bt u phc v c vic phng th na ch khng phi ch phc v tn cng m thi. Cc hng M, Anh, Php sn sng s dng thp vanai vo nhng mc ch khc nhau. Th m cc nh luyn kim c, vn lun lun c coi l cc chuyn gia c ln v nhng vn ny, by t mt quan im m mi nhn qua th qua th hon ton kh hiu: h t ra rt hoi nghi i vi vanai trong vai tr nguyn t iu cht, v trn thc t, h t chi s dng thp vanai. Thm ch, mt nh my ca c a ra kt lun dt khot rng, luyn thp vanai l mt vic chng c ngha g c. iu ny c v nh l mt nghch l. Nhng ngay sau , mi vic u sng t: v ngi c khng c qung vanai trong nc nn h chng thch th g khi thy gi vanai trn th trng th gii tng ln cng vi nhu cu ca kim loi ny; do , h c tm mi cch km hm vic s dng thp vanai. Cng chnh h ro rit tm kim nhng nguyn t c kh nng tc ng n thp nh vanai, song chng bao lu, h bit chc chn rng, khng c vanai th khng xong. Th l nhng mu m ca cc nh ngoi giao luyn kim hng ni xu thp vanai tht bi, cn vic sn xut kim loi ny th tip tc tng ln t nm ny sang nm khc. Chnh vanai gip thp hon thnh cng v mt cch tt p trong nhng iu kin khc nghit ca vng bc cc v vng Xibia: th ra nu pha thm vanai v nit vo thp - d ch vi phn vn thi - s lm tng r rt tnh chu lnh ca loi thp dng lm cc ng ng dn, cc loi my khoan, thp khoan. Bt k loi thp no cng khng chu c gi rt phng bc v u tr nn gin nh thy tinh. Cn thp vanai th khng h suy suyn g ngay c m 60 C. Ngnh hng khng, ngnh vn ti ng st, k thut in, k thut v tuyn, cng nghip quc phng ... - tht kh k cho ht mi lnh vc cng nghip hin i m hin nay ang s dng thp vanai. C gang cng c hng th cng lao ca vanai, gang vanai cht lng cao c dng c vng gng, c khun c thp thi, trc cn, khun dp ngui. Tuy nhin, vanai lm vic khng ch vi t cch l mt kim loi - vitamin. Cc mui ca nguyn t ny - mu xanh, vng, , en, vng cho (chng ta hy nh li ci tn panchromium - phim sc, m en Rio t cho kim loi ny) u c s dng rt hiu qu trong vic sn xut cc cht mu v cc loi mc c bit, trong cng nghip thy tinh v gm. Nhn tin ni thm l chnh vanai To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

bt u cuc i hot ng thc tin ca mnh t ngh sn xut gm ngay sau khi c Xepxtrm pht hin ra. Nh cc hp cht ca vanai ngi ta trng ln cc sn phm s v snh mt lp men mu vng ng nh v nhum cho thy tinh c mu xanh l cy hoc mu xanh da tri. Nm 1842, nh ha hc Nga ni ting N. N. Zinin iu ch c anilin. iu thc y mnh m s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut thuc nhum. V y, vanai c mt ngay: ch cn 1 gam vanai oxit ha tr nm l bin 200 kilogam mui anilin khng mu thnh mt cht nhum mu rt mnh - l anilin en. Ngy nay, nu khng c vanai th ha hc cng chng lm nn cng chuyn g: oxit ca n l mt cht xc tc tuyt vi trong qu trnh sn xut axit sunfuric m ngi ta vn gi l bnh m ca ha hc. Sut nhiu nm amian nhum platin (tc l amian c rc bt platin) ng vai tr ny. Nhng trc tin, cht xc tc ny rt t, th hai l n khng bn vng lm: n thng khng chu lm vic do b ng c bi cc tp cht th kh. Chnh v vy, khi cng ngh sn xut axit sunfuric vi cht xc tc l cc hp cht ca vanai c ra, th cng nhn cc nh my sn xut axit sunfuric lin t gi amian nhum platin m khng h do d. Nhng tnh cht thn diu ca vanai oxit cng c s dng trong vic chng ct du m v khi iu ch nhiu hp cht hu c phc tp.

Ngay c ... ln cng qu trng nhng phm cht tt p ca vanai. Achentina ngi ta th nghim a nguyn t ny vo khu phn thc n ca ln. Kt qu ra sao? Bn ln con hay n hn ln v tng trng rt nhanh. Cc nh bc hc M phng th nghim ca bnh vin Long - Bch nghin cu nh hng ca vanai i vi s trng thnh ca chut. Nhng con chut c th nghim vi ch n ung hon ton thiu hn nguyn t ny th ln chm bng mt na bn b ca chng nhm i chng c nui bng thc n bnh thng. Song ch cn cho thm vo thc n ca chng mt lng nh vanai th ch sau vi ngy l tc ln ln ca chut c khi phc n mc bnh thng. C l vanai cng cn thit i vi nhiu m ng vt: n c mt trong trng g, tht g, sa b, gan ng vt v ngay c trong no ngi. Mt iu ng ch l mt s thc vt v ng vt di bin - cc loi hi sm, hi qu, hi m bit su tm vanai. Chng ly vanai t mi trng xung quanh bng phng php no m con ngi cha bit. Mt s nh bc hc gi nh rng, nhm sinh vt ny, vanai cng ng vai tr nh st trong mu ca ngi v ca cc ng vt bc cao, tc l gip mu hp th oxi, hay ni

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

mt cch hnh nh l gip chng th. Cc nh bc hc khc th cho rng, cc c dn di y bin cn vanai khng phi th m l n. Nhng kt qu nghin cu tip tc s cho bit ai ng ai sai. Cn by gi th xc nh c rng, trong mu ca loi hi sm c rt nhiu vanai, cn cc bin chng ca loi hi qu th hm lng nguyn t ny trong mu cao gp hng t ln so vi hm lng ca n trong nc bin. Qu tht, chng ng l nhng ci ng gom gp vanai. R rng l cc nh bc hc ang rt quan tm n kh nng khai thc vanai nh s gip ca cc c dn chn thy cung. Nht Bn chng hn, cc n in hi qu ko di hng trm kilomet dc b bin. Hi qu rt mn : t mt mt vung n in mu xanh da tri ny, ngi ta ly c khong 150 kilogam ng vt ny. Sau khi thu hoch ma mng, th qung vanai sng ny c gi n cc phng th nghim chuyn mn t tch ra th kim loi m cng nghip ang rt cn. Gn y, trn bo ch c tin ni rng, cc nh luyn kim Nht Bn ch to c th thp m trong nguyn t iu cht l vanai khai thc c t loi hi qu. Trn cn cng c nhng nh su tp vanai: mt trong nhng v y l loi nm c amanita trng m mi ngi u bit kh r. Mt s loi nm mc cng khng th vi vanai: thiu vanai th chng hon ton khng pht trin c. Trong khoa hc, nhng loi thc vt c kh nng tch ly mt nguyn t no trong c th c gi l nhng my tch t sinh hc (bioconcentrator). Chng gip sc cho cc nh a cht rt nhiu, v chng ng vai tr nhng vt ch th c o trong vic tm kim qung ca mt s kim loi qu. Nm 1971, trn cc nhnh ni thuc dy Thin Sn, cc nh c sinh vt hc X - vit pht hin ra du vt ca mt loi thc vt m khoa hc cha h bit n tn (ngi ta gi n l menneria) - l mt loi to n bo, tng sinh sng trn tri t chng ... mt t ri nm trc y. n y, bn c hon ton c quyn hi: Vy th loi to mi ny c quan h g vi vanai?. ng, c quan h trc tip y: cc nh bc hc cho rng, lc sinh thi, menneria ng vai tr quan trng trong s hnh thnh bu kh quyn ca chng ta, trong vic to nn t th ca cc nguyn t ha hc nh vanai v urani trong v tri t. ...Chng ta va nghe k v qu kh v hin ti ca vanai. V ci g cn i n ngy mai? Ti y, s phn ca th kim loi tuyt vi ny s ra sao? V khng c ci my thi gian nh trong truyn vin tng nn hn l khng th tin on tng lai ca vanai mt cch chng sai cht no, nhng v bit c nhng tnh cht qu bu ca n bn c hc ng k, sc chng n mn ln, nhit nng chy cao, t trng nh hn ca st - cho nn rt c l gi nh rng, vanai s tr thnh mt th vt liu kt cu tuyt vi. Song trc ht, con ngi phi bit cch tc ot vanai ca thin nhin vi mt khi lng tht ln (ln hn

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nhiu so vi by gi!), v thin nhin ang ct gi n rt cn thn trong nhng kho tng khng bao gi cn kit ca mnh.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Cr Ch "X" b n

Gi bt k cun sch tra cu no v kim loi no ra, gia v s nhn hiu ca cc loi thp, bn s nhiu ln gp nhng nhn hiu m trong c ch X: X18H10T, X12M, 0X23I-05, IIIX5, 8X4B401, X147=14H3T, 12X2HBOA, 30XMIOA v. v... i vi nhng ngi khng thng tho trong lnh vc ny th m s b n nh th cn kh hiu hn c nhng ch tng hnh Trung Hoa. Song cng nh mt nhc cng, khi c cc nt nhc th cng nghe thy cc giai iu n nu trong , cc nh luyn kim cng vy, ch mi nhn qua cng hiu c nhng ch ci v cc ch s trong t hp ngu nhin . Thm ch ch nhn lt qua cng thy c ci chung trong nhn hiu cc loi thp c k tn n: tt c cc loi thp y u cha mt lng no nguyn t crom (ch X cho bit nh vy). Cng vi cc ng nghip ca mnh trong ngh iu cht nh niken, vonfram, molipen, vanai, titan, ziriconi, niobi v cc nguyn t khc, crom cho php nu luyn nhng th thp c cng dng rt khc nhau. Thp s dng trong k thut hin i phi bit lm nhiu vic: chng c p lc ln, chu c cc ha cht xm thc, chu c qu ti lu m khng bit mi, d gia cng, khng s nung nng v cng khng s lnh. Crom cng hin phn mnh vo rt nhiu nhng tnh cht nh vy ca thp. Hn hai trm nm v trc, vo nm 1766, khi n vng Uran, gio s ha hc Iohan Gtlop Leman (Johann Gottlob Leman) (ging dy Ptecbua) tm thy trong qung m vng Berezovo, cch Ecaterinbua (hin nay l Xveclpxc) khng xa, mt khong vt trong c cha kh nhiu ch. Sau my nm, trong cun sch Cuc du lch khp cc tnh ca quc gia Nga, nh vn vt hc kim

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nh du lch, vin s Pit Simon Palat m t m qung Berezovo. ng cho bit: Vng m Berezovo gm bn m qung c khai thc t nm 1752. Ti cc m , ngoi vng ngi ta cn khai thc bc, qung ch v cn tm thy qung ch tuyt p m trc y cha tng thy mt m no khc trn nc Nga. Qung ch ny c cc mu khc nhau (i khi ging nh mu thn sa), nng v hi trong. Thnh thong, nhng khi hnh thp nh nhn khng u n ca khong vt ny khm vo thch anh ta nh nhng vin hng ngc nh. Khi nghin ra thnh bt n c mu vng rt p.... Khong vt ny c gi l ch Xibia. V sau, n mang tn l crocoit. Cui th k XVIII, Palat a mu khong vt ny n Pari. Nh ha hc Php ni ting Lui Nicla Voclanh rt quan tm n crocoit. ng vn bt u cuc i lao ng ca mnh t vic ra chai l trong mt hiu thuc. t lu sau, nh ha hc kim nh hot ng chnh tr ngtoan Franxoa Furoa (Antoine Francois Fouroroy) tuy hy cn tr, nhng chim gi a v vng chc trong khoa hc ch n chng trai c nng lc ny v ly anh lm ngi gip vic cho mnh. Nm 1796, Voclanh a crocoit ra phn tch ha hc. Trong bo co ca mnh, Voclanh vit: Tt c cc mu ca cht ny m hin nay c mt ti mt s phng khong vt hc chu u u c ly t m vng y (tc l m Berezovo - T.G.). Trc kia, vng m ny rt giu khong vt , song ngi ta ni rng, my nm v trc tr lng trong m kit v hin nay, n c mua ngang vi gi vng, c bit l nu n c mu vng. Nhng mu khong vt khng c mt ngoi u n hoc b v thnh tng cc th c dng trong hi ha, ni m chng c qu trng nh c mu vng da cam khng h bin i trong khng kh... Mu rt p, tnh trong sut v hnh dng tinh th ca khong vt Xibia bt buc cc nh khong vt hc phi quan tm n bn cht ca n v a im tm thy n. R rng l t trng ln ca n v qung ch i km theo n khin ngi ta ngh n s c mt ca ch trong khong vt ny....

Nm 1797, Voclanh li phn tch khong vt ny mt ln na. ng ly crocoit tn nh thnh bt b vo dung dch kali cacbonat ri un si ln. Kt qu thu c ca th nghim ny l ch cacbonat v mt dung dch mu vng, trong cha mui kali ca mt axit m thi by gi cha ai bit. Khi pha thm mui thy ngn vo dung dch ny th xut hin cht kt ta mu , sau khi phn ng vi mui ca ch th to thnh cht kt ta mu vng, cn nu pha thm thic clorua th dung dch tr thnh mu xanh l cy. Sau khi lm cho ch kt ta bng axit clohiric, Voclanh cho phn lc bay hi ht, ri trn cc tinh th va tch c ra ( l anhiric cromic) vi than v cho vo ni nung lm bng grafit nung ln n nhit cao. Khi th nghim kt thc, nh bc hc thy trong ni nung c v s cc mi kim bng kim loi mu xm m

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

tua ta. Ln u tin nguyn t ny c tch ra nh th y. Furoa ngh gi nguyn t ny l crom (theo ting Hy Lp, chroma ngha l cht mu), v cc hp cht ca n c mu rc r v a dng. Tuy nhin, m tit crom vi ngha l c mu nm trong nhiu thut ng khng lin quan g vi nguyn t crom c. Chng hn, t cromozon (chromosome) dch t ting Hy Lp ra c ngha l th nhim sc; nhn c hnh nh c mu, ngi ta dng mt kh c l cromocop (chromoscope), ngha l b sc nghim; nhng ngi chi nh cng rt quen thuc vi cc loi phim izopancrom (isopanchrome - ng ton sc); pancrom (panchrome - ton sc); ortoccrom (orthochrome - nguyn sc); cromoxfer (chromosphere ngha l sc cu): cc nh vt l thin vn gi cc thnh th sng chi trong kh quyn bu tri l s bng sng sc cu v. v... Lc u, Voclanh khng thch ci tn m Furoa ngh, v kim loi do ng pht hin ra ch c mu xm bnh thng v hnh nh khng xng vi ci tn y. Nhng Furoa thuyt phc c Voclanh v sau khi vin hm lm khoa hc Php ng k pht minh ca ng vi y mi th thc, th cc nh ha hc trn ton th gii ghi t crom vo danh sch cc nguyn t m khoa hc bit n. Nh bc hc ngi c Martin Henrich Claprt cng pht hin ra nguyn t mi ny trong crocoit, nhng mun hn Voclanh vi thng. Cho n lc by gi, Claprt pht hin ra ba nguyn t l urani, ziriconi v titan (v sau cn c thm xeri na). Nhng vinh d ca ngi khm ph ra crom ln u tin ng l phi dnh cho Voclanh. tch c nguyn t mi ny dng tinh khit cn ti mt khong thi gian l hn na th k: nm 1845, nh bc hc ngi c l Bunzen lm c vic ny bng cch in phn crom clorua. Khc vi nhiu kim loi khc, thn bn mnh t r lng ho hip i vi crom ngay t u. Nhit nng chy cao, cng ln, kh nng d lin kt vi nhiu nguyn t khc to thnh hp kim, c bit l vi st, khin cc nh luyn kim n crom trc tin. Nm thng khng lm ngui lnh s quan tm : cho n ngy nay, ngnh luyn kim vn l ngnh tiu th crom nhiu nht mc d nguyn t ny tm c kh nhiu cng vic c ch khc. Crom c tt c nhng tnh cht c trng ca cc kim loi: dn in v dn nhit tt, c nh kim mt thuc tnh c a s cc kim loi. Mt c im rt ng ch ca crom l: nhit khong 37 C, n x s mt cch thch thc r rt: nhiu tnh cht vt l ca n thay i t ngt, c bc nhy vt. im nhit ny, ma st trong ca crom t gi tr ln nht, cn mun n hi th tt xung mc nh nht. dn in, h s gin di, sc nhit in ng cng thay i bt ng nh vy.

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Trong khi cc nh bc hc ang c gng gii thch s bt thng ny th crom li a ra mt s thch na. T lu cc nh vt l hc u bit mt quy lut: cu trc t tnh ca mt loi vt liu tng ng rt cht ch vi mng tinh th ca n. Nhng cc cuc nghin cu v crom siu tinh khit cho thy rng, quy lut ny li chng c quan h g vi crom c. Ngay c nhng lng tp cht khng ng k cng lm cho crom tr nn rt gin, v th m trong thc t ngi ta khng s dng n lm vt liu kt cu, cn vi vai tr l mt nguyn t iu cht th t lu crom c cc nh luyn kim qu trng. Ch cn pha thm mt lng nh crom vo cng lm cho thp c cng v chng mn cao hn. Nhng tnh cht nh vy rt cn cho loi thp dng lm bi m trong thnh phn ca n, ngoi crom (n 1,5%) ra, cn c cacbon (gn 1%). Crom cacbua to thnh trong loi thp c cng rt cao, cho php thp chng chi rt tt vi mt trong nhng k th nguy him nht - l s mi mn. Liu c ai m khng bit n tc phm s Anh cng nhn v ch nng trang vin ca V. I. Mukhina? Tng i hng v ny c lm bng thp khng g cha 18 % crom v 10 % niken. Nm 1937, n trang im cho gian hng ca Lin X ti trin lm quc t Pari v hin nay ang ng sng sng li vo khu trin lm Nhng thnh tu ca nn kinh t quc dn Maxcva. Tuy nhin, cacbon li c hi i vi thp khng g: khuynh hng to thnh cacbua ca crom khin cho phn ln lng nguyn t ny lin kt vi cacbon v tch ra nhng ch ranh gii cc ht thp, cn chnh cc ht thp th li ngho crom v khng chng li s tn cng ca cc axit v ca oxi. V vy, hm lng cacbon trong thp khng g phi rt t (khng qu 0,1%). Cc nh luyn kim Nht Bn ch to mt loi thp c bit c pha thm crom v nhm: n cch m tt gp hng trm ln so vi thp kt cu thng thng. Khung ca s v ca ra vo lm bng loi thp yn tnh ny hon ton khng gy ra ting n ngay c khi ngi ta rng ht sc nn vo chng. Mt l thp loi ny khi ri xung sn ximng th khng pht ra mt ting ku no. Cc nh ch to my m hng ngy buc phi nghe cc bui ha tu ca cc loi nhc c g p trong cc xng my u nh gi ng u im ca th vt liu mi ny.

nhit cao, thp c th b bao ph bi mt lp vy g. Trong mt s my mc, cc chi tit b t nng n hng trm . Mun cho thp dng ch to cc chi tit ny khng b vy g bao ph, ngi ta pha thm vo 20 - 30 % crom. Loi thp nh vy chu ng c nhit n 1000 C! Cc hp kim ca niken v crom - gi l nicrom - dng ch to cc phn t t nng rt tt: chng c in tr rt cao, v vy, khi c dng in i qua th s c nung rt nng. Thm coban v nhm vo cc hp kim crom - niken th cc hp kim ny s c kh nng chu c ti trng ln nhit

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

650 - 900 C; cc chi tit, nh cnh qut ca tuabin kh chng hn, c ch to bng loi hp kim chu nng nh vy. Crom cn c mt trong nhiu loi hp kim khc m ta c th nhn thy qua tn gi ca chng: cromen, croman, cromansi. Hp kim comocrom (gm coban, molipen v crom) khng c hi i vi c th ngi, v vy, n c s dng trong khoa phu thut phc hi. lm rng gi, ngi ta dng loi hp kim gm coban v crom: loi hp kim ny r hn vng nhiu ln, ng thi li c dn nhit nh, nn ngi mang b rng gi nh vy c th ung nc ch nng hoc n kem mt cch ngon lnh m khng cm thy kh chu. Ngy nay, phn ln qung crom khai thc c trn th gii u i n cc nh my sn xut hp kim st, ngi ta nu luyn cc loi ferocrom v crom kim loi. Nm 1820, ln u tin ngi ta ch to c ferocrom bng cch dng than g kh hn hp cc oxit ca st v crom trong ni nung. Nm 1854 thu c crom kim loi nguyn cht bng cch in phn cc dung dch nc ca crom clorua. Cng trong thi gian ny xut hin nu luyn ferocrom cha cacbon trong l cao. Nm 1865 cp bng pht minh u tin v thp crom. Nhu cu v ferocrom bt u tng vt. Dng in, hay ni chnh xc hn l phng php iu ch cc kim loi v hp kim bng nhit in ng vai tr quan trng trong vic pht trin ngnh sn xut ferocrom. Nm 1893, nh bc hc Php Muatxan luyn c ferocrom cha cacbon (gm 60% crom v 6% cacbon) trong l in. nc Nga trc cch mng, ngnh sn xut hp kim st pht trin vi tc chm nh ra. L cao ca cc nh my min nam ch luyn c ferosilic v feromangan vi s lng rt t i. Nm 1910, trn b sng Xatca (nam Uran), nh my luyn kim bng in c nh Porogi c xy dng v bt u sn xut ferocrom, sau sn xut c ferosilic. Nhng khng th ni n vic tha mn cc nhu cu ca nn cng nghip nc nh: p ng nhu cu ca nc Nga v cc hp kim st, hu nh phi hon ton nhp cng chng t cc nc. Nh nc X - vit tr tui khng th l thuc vo cc nc t bn ch ngha v mt lnh vc ti quan trng nh ngnh sn xut cc loi thp cht lng cao - ngnh tiu th ch yu cc hp kim st. thc hin c k hoch to ln nhm cng nghip ha t nc th cn phi c thp kt cu, thp dng c, thp khng g, thp lm bi, thp lm t my ko. Crom l mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng nht ca cc loi thp ny. Ngay trong nhng nm 1927 - 1928, Lin X bt u thit k v xy dng cc nh my sn xut hp kim st. Nm 1931, nh my hp kim st Tseliabinxc i vo hot ng v tr thnh a con u lng ca ngnh cng nghip hp kim st trong nc. Trong nhng nm , mt trong nhng ngi xy dng nn ngnh luyn kim cht lng cao ca Lin X - vin s thng tn Vin hm lm khoa hc Lin X V. X. Emelianop ang c, ni ng c c n nghin cu kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia nc ngoi. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Trong hi k, ng k li cu chuyn th v ca mnh vi mt nh luyn kim c : Nm 1933, ti mt nh my nh ca c, ti hi ng k s trng : - Cc ng bn ferocrom do nh my ny sn xut cho ai? ng ta lin k : - Khong nm phn trm tng sn lng, chng ti cung cp cho cc nh my ha cht gn y; nh my ca Becker mua ca chng ti hai phn trm, gn ba phn trm th... Ngt li ng ta, ti hi : - Th Lin X mua ca cc ng c nhiu khng ? - Lin X th lc no cng vy. Chng ti gi n cc nh my ca cc ng chng by mi lm n tm mi phn trm sn lng ca chng ti. Cn chng ti th ang nu luyn bng qung crom Uran. ng, lc by gi, Lin X khng nhng xut khu qung sang c m cn sang c Thy in, Italia, M, ri li phi mua ferocrom ca cc nc . Nhng khi hai nh my hp kim st na c xy dng ( Zaporoje v Zextafoni) vo nm 1933 tip theo nh my Tseliabinxc, th Lin X khng nhng ngng nhp khu cc loi hp kim st quan trng nht, trong c c ferocrom, m cn c kh nng xut khu cc hp kim sang cc nc. Ngnh luyn kim cht lng cao thc s cung cp y cc loi vt liu cn thit cho nn sn xut trong nc. Nm 1963, ti vng Actiubinxc thuc Kazcxtan tm thy nhng thn qung cromit rt ln - l nguyn liu ch yu sn xut ferocrom. Trong nhng nm chin tranh, nh my hp kim st Actiubinxc c xy dng trn c s nhng m ny, v v sau, n tr thnh x nghip ln nht sn xut crom v ferocrom cc nhn hiu. Vng Uran rt giu qung crom: khng phi ngu nhin m chnh ti y tm thy khong vt m t Voclanh khm ph ra crom. Nhiu nc khc cng c nhng m kim loi ny. Trong thi gian m chic xe t hnh Lunakht ca Lin X du ngon trn mt trng, cc kh c ca n xc nh rng, vng bin Ma cng c crom. Nhng nu n bin Ma kh xa, th n bin , c th ni, ch cn vi tay l ti. Ti y, cch b bin Sudan khng xa, cc nh bc hc Php pht hin c mt ci h c o, su ti 2.200 mt, cn nc su ny th rt nng. Cc nh kho st dng qu cu o su ln xung vc ny, nhng ngay sau h nh phi ngoi ln v thnh ca qu cu nhanh chng b hm nng n 43 C. Nhng mu nc ly c su ny cho bit rng, h ny gn nh cha y mt th qung lng v nng: hm lng crom, st, vng, mangan v nhiu kim loi khc t n mc cao khc thng. Trong nhng nm sp ti, rt c th cc chuyn gia s khai thc c nhng th ru thp cm gm cc kim loi ny. Cromit cng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip vt kiu chu la. Gch magezitcromit - loi vt liu chu la tuyt vi c dng xy lp lt l Mactanh v cc thit b luyn kim khc. Vt To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

liu ny c tnh chu nhit cao v khng s s thay i nhit t ngt nhiu ln. Cc nh ha hc s dng cromit vo vic iu ch kali bicromat v natri bicromat, cng nh cc loi phn crom thuc da, lm cho da bng p v bn. Da nh th c gi l da crom, cn ng lm bng da y th gi l ng da crom. m m, cc ngi sao hng ngc ca in Cremli ta sng trn bu tri Maxcva. Trong th gii ca cc loi qu, hng ngc ng hng th hai sau kim cng. Theo truyn thuyt n c i th hng ngc c to nn t nhng git mu do cc v thn r xung: Nhng git mu nng ri xung lng sng, tn nhng ch nc su phn chiu nhng cy c tuyt p. Ri t , con sng c mang tn Ravanaganga, v t by gi, sau khi bin thnh hng ngc, nhng git mu ny bng sng ln mi khi mn m bung xung, vi ngn la thn k rc sng bn trong, ri nhng tia la ny xuyn qua dng nc.... Huyn thoi phng ng c i k v s tch ca hng ngc nh vy y. Ngy nay, cng ngh sn xut loi ngc k diu ny tr nn n gin hn nhiu, v cc v thn khng phi rt mu linh thing ca mnh na: lm ra ngc ny, ngi ta pha crom oxit vi mt liu lng nht nh vo nhm oxit, nh vy m nhng tinh th hng ngc c mu sc k diu. Tuy nhin, hng ngc nhn to s d c qu chung khng phi ch do mu sc bn ngoi tuyt p: tia laze sinh ra nh s gip ca hng ngc qu l c nng lc to nn nhng php l. Ta nh nhng tia sng thn k do chic gng hyperboloit ca k s Garin v tr tng tng phong ph ca Alecxy Tonxti to ra, tia laze c th ct mi th kim loi mt cch d dng nh th chic ko ct giy vy, hoc c th chc nhng l rt nh xuyn qua kim cng, corunum v cc th ht h o rn chc khc m khng h e ngi trc cng ni ting ton th gii ca chng. Crom oxit gip cc nh ch to my ko rt ngn c rt nhiu thi gian chy r ng c. Thng thng, cng on ny ( cho cc chi tit c xt vi nhau c dp lm quen nhau) ko di kh lu, iu d nhin l khng lm cho nhng ngi sn xut my ko c hi lng lm. Nhng ngi ta tm c cch thot khi tnh trng sau khi iu ch c mt cht pha nhin liu mi c cha crom oxit. B quyt tc dng ca cht pha ny rt n gin: khi t chy nhin liu s to nn nhng ht crom oxit rt nh c tnh mi mn cao, chng ng li trn thnh trong ca xilanh v trn cc b mt chu ma st nn s nhanh chng mi nhn cc chi tit, lm cho chng va kht vi nhau. Kt hp vi loi cht bi trn mi, cht pha ny cho php gim thi gian chy r c 30 ln. Cch y cha lu lm, crom oxit c thm mt ngh mi rt th v: dng sn xut bng ghi m. Lp lm vic ca bng ghi m khng cha st oxit nh vn thng thy m cha crom oxit. S thay th nh vy em li kt qu rt tt: mt ghi tng ln, cht lng m thanh tt hn v bng lm

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vic ng tin cy hn. Sn phm mi ny c u tin ng k c tr trong cc b nh ca my tnh in t. Cc vt liu lm nh v dc phm, cc cht xc tc dng cho cc qu trnh ha hc v cc lp m kim loi - u u crom cng t ra rt c vic. C l cn phi k t m hn v cc lp m crom. T lu ngi ta nhn thy rng, crom khng nhng c cng cao (v mt ny th khng c kim loi no cnh tranh ni), m cn chng li c s oxi ha trong khng kh v khng tng tc vi cc axit. Dng phng php in phn, ngi ta th m mt lp mng kim loi ny ln b mt cc sn phm lm bng cc th vt liu khc gi cho chng khi b n mn, khi b xy xt, cng nh nhng chn thng khc. Tuy nhin, lp m crom t ra rt xp, d bong ra v khng p ng c nhng hy vng m mi ngi mong i. Trong sut gn ba phn t th k, cc nh bc hc au u v vn m crom v mi n nhng nm 20 ca th k ny, h mi gii quyt c. S d tht bi l do cht in phn c s dng y cha crom ha tr ba l th crom khng th to nn cht m c cht lng cn thit. Cn ngi anh em ha tr su ca n th li m ng ni nhim v ny. K t , ngi ta bt u s dng axit cromic (trong , crom c ha tr su) lm cht in phn. B dy ca cc lp m c th t n 1 milimet (chng hn, trn mt s chi tit bn ngoi ca t, m t, xe p). Song cng c khi lp m crom c s dng vo mc ch trang tr: m ng h, tay nm ca v cc vt khc khng nm trong vng nguy him. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, ch cn m nhng lp crom cc mng (0,0002 - 0,0005 milimet). Cc nh ha hc Litva xut phng php to nn b o gip nhiu lp cho cc chi tit quan trng c bit. Lp ngoi cng mng nht ca o gip ny l crom (di knh hin vi, b mt ca tng m ny qu tht hao hao ging o gip): trong qu trnh lm vic, y l lp u tin tip xc vi la, nhng phi qua nhiu nm, crom mi b oxi ha. Trong thi gian y, chi tit c vic gnh vc cng vic h trng ca mnh. Cho n gn y, ngi ta mi ch m crom cho cc chi tit kim loi. Nhng hin nay, cc nh bc hc bit cch to nn lp v crom ngay c trn cc sn phm bng cht do. Polistirolen - mt loi cht do rt quen thuc v kinh qua nhiu th thch, nu c m crom th s bn vng hn v khng s nhng k th mun tha ca cc vt liu kt cu nh s mi mn, s un v s va p. L ng nhin, thi hn s dng cc chi tit lm bng vt liu ny s tng ln. Lp v crom thm ch cn c ch cho loi vt liu mu mc v cng l kim cng. S d nh vy l v khng phi tt c kim cng khai thc c u c th dng ch to dng c ct gt: thng thng, kim cng thin nhin c rt nhiu vt nt cc nh lm cho n khng th dng gn ln dng c ct gt hoc mi khoan, v th dng c nh vy h chm vo kim loi hoc cng th kim cng lin v ra tng mnh nh. Ngoi ra, cc tinh th kim cng thin nhin thng khng bm cht vo thn dng c ct gt. khc phc nhc im ny, cc nh bc hc ngh bc kim To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

cng bng mt mng crom mng va bm chc vo vi kim cng va bm chc vo vi ch gn bng ng. Kim cng c bc bng crom tri qua nhiu cuc th nghim. Vy kt qu ra sao? Kim cng bm cht vo dng c ct gt, cn thi hn s dng ca mt tinh th th tng ln vi ln. Khi xem xt mt tinh th nh vy di knh hin vi th mt mt, ngi ta tm thy mt k nt kh su c gn li bng lp mng crom bao bc kim cng. Ha ra l sau khi kt hp vi cc nguyn t cacbon ca kim cng, cc nguyn t crom to ra nhng nguyn t crom cacbua cng trn b mt kim cng, ngoi ra, crom cn xm nhp vo k nt c thnh cng c bao ph bng mt lp crom cacbua. Cn lp crom nguyn cht st vi ch gn th to thnh hp kim vi ng, nh vy nn kim cng c gn chc vi dng c ct gt. Tm li, nh c crom m cng mt lc gii quyt c hai vic: dng c ct gt tr nn bn hn, cn kim cng th tr nn bn hn ... kim cng. Nm 1974, cc nh khoa hc ca Vin lin hp nghin cu ht nhn ti upna thu c mt ng v ca nguyn t siu urani c s th t l 106. Phn ng tng hp ht nhn c kt qu m mn ny din ra nh s bn ph mc tiu ch bng nhng ion crom cao tc. Ch th nhiu ln c dng lm mc tiu trong cc cuc bn ph tng t, cn crom th c chn theo nhng tnh ton s hc n thun: 24 proton ca ht nhn nguyn t crom cng vi 82 proton ca ht nhn nguyn t ch s to thnh con s 106 cn thit khi cc ht nhn ny ha nhp vo nhau. Mc du ng v ca nguyn t ny ch sng vn vn vi phn ngn giy, nhng cc kh c rt nhy ghi nhn c s ra i ca mt nguyn t siu urani mi. ...Trc khi kt thc cu chuyn v crom, chng ta hy tr li vi hi k ca V. X. Emelianp. Nm 1967, ng vit: Hai nm trc y, ti c bit mt tin khin ti xc ng su sc, nhng tic thay, nc ta, tin khng c ai ch n. Chng ta bn mt m ferocrom cho nc Anh mt nc m i vi chng ta, lun lun l biu tng ca s tin b k thut. Vy m by gi nc Anh li mua ferocrom ca chng ta! Ngi Anh hiu r ci m h mua.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Mn Bn ng mun thu ca st

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nu bn i tu in ngm Maxcva th hn phi ch n mt trong nhng ga p nht ca n ga Maiacpxki. Cc ct tr ca cung in ngm ny c trang im nhng ng vin thanh t bng hng thch (roonit) - mt khong vt cha mangan. Mu hng du dng (roon theo ting Hy Lp c ngha l hoa hng) v tnh d gia cng lm cho loi ny tr thnh vt liu trang tr v p tng tuyt p. Nhng sn phm bng hng thch ang c ct gi ti Bo tng Ermitagi, trong i gio ng Petropaplpxc v nhiu nh bo tng khc Lin X. Uran c rt nhiu va hng thch rt ln, v ngi ta tm thy mt tng nng 47 tn. Khng c mt ni no khc trn tri t c nhng khi hng thch ln nh Uran. Qu l hng thch ca Uran c v p m khng loi no snh kp. Tuy th, khong vt cng nghip ch yu cha mangan li khng phi l hng thch, m l huyn thch (piroluzit) - l mangan oxit. T thi xa xa, con ngi bit n th khong vt mu en ny.

Ngay t th k I, Plini B - nh vit s kim nh vn vt hc La M c i ( t nn trong trn phun tro ca ni la Vezuvi nm 79 sau cng nguyn) ni n kh nng k diu ca th bt en (piroluzit nghin nh) lm cho thy tinh tr nn trong sut. V sau, thi trung c, nh bc hc kim k s ngi Italia l Vannocho Biringucho (Vannuccio Biriguccio) (1480 - 1539) vit trong tc phm bch khoa ca mnh v ngnh m v luyn kim nhan Ha thut hc, xut bn nm 1540: ... piroluzit c mu nu thm;... nu thm vo n nhng cht c dng thy tinh th n nhum cc cht ny thnh mu tm rt p. Nhng ngi nu thy tinh lo luyn dng n nhum thy tinh thnh mu tm p tuyt trn: nhng ngi th gm lnh ngh cng dng n v ln nhng ng vn hoa tm trn bt a. Ngoi ra, piroluzit cn c mt tnh cht c bit: khi nu chy vi thy tinh lng, n lm cho thy tinh trong sch v bin t mu lc hoc mu vng thnh mu trng. Mi v sau, tn gi piroluzit mi c t cho khong vt ny, cn thi by gi, v n c kh nng lm cho thy tinh mt mu, nn ngi ta gi n l x phng cho thy tinh hay mangan ( theo ting Hy Lp manganese ngha l lm sch). N cn c mt tn khc na l magezi en, bi v, t thi c xa, ngi ta khai thc piroluzit tiu , gn thnh ph Mangnesia; xin ni thm rng magezi trng hoc magezi anba tc l magie oxit, cng c khai thc . Lch s ha hc coi nh ha hc Thy in Iuhan Gotlip Han (Juhan Gotlib Gahn) l ngi pht hin ra mangan vi t cch l mt kim loi (nm 1774). Tuy nhin, c c s cho rng,

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Ignati Gotfrit Caim (Ignatius Gotfrid Kaim) - ngi tng m t mangan trong bn lun vn ca mnh xut bn Vin vo nm 1770, l ngi u tin nhn c nhng ht mangan kim loi. Caim khng tin hnh cc cuc kho cu n cng, v th m a s cc nh ha hc thi khng bit n cc cng trnh ny ca ng. Mc du vy, trong mt cun t in ha hc, pht minh ca Caim c nhc n: Khi t nng nhng hn hp gm mt phn piroluzit dng bt v hai phn mt cht tr dung mu en, Caim thu nhn c mt th kim loi gin c mu trng xanh dng tinh th vi v s cc mt lp lnh c hnh dng khc nhau, m mt gy ca n th ng nh mi mu t xanh n vng. Nh bc hc Thy in Torbern Bergman lm nhng th nghim tip theo tm hiu v mangan. ng vit: Khong vt m ngi ta gi l magezi en l mt th t mi, khng nn nhm ln vi vi nung, cng khng nn ln ln vi magezi anba. Nhng ng cng khng tch c mangan ra khi piroluzit. Carl Vinhem Sel (Karl Wilhelm Scheele) - mt nh ha hc Thy in ni ting, bn ca Bergman, tip tc nghin cu khong vt ny. u nm 1774, ng trnh by trc Vin hn lm khoa hc Thy in mt bn bo co v piroluzit v cc tnh cht ca n, trong ng thng bo v vic ng pht hin ra kh clo. Sel khng nh rng, trong thnh phn ca piroluzit cn c mt nguyn t na, khc hn vi cc nguyn t ngi ta bit thi by gi. Nhng ng cng khng thu c nguyn t ny. Vic m Bergman v Sel khng th lm c th Han hon thnh. Thng 5 nm 1774, Sel gi cho Han mt t piroluzit tinh lc cng vi my dng ch nh sau: Ti nng lng mong i tin tc v vic piroluzit thun khit ny s dn n kt qu g sau khi anh cho n vo ha ngc ca mnh, v ti hy vng rng, anh s gi cho ti mt ht kim loi nh cng nhanh cng tt. Han vn ni ting gia cc nh ha hc vi t cch mt nh thc nghim iu luyn, nht l khi cng vic lin quan n cc th nghim v luyn kim. Trong chic ni nung m thnh bn trong ca n c ph mt lp bi t, ng b vo mt hn hp gm piroluzit tn nh v du, cn bn trn th ph bt than g. By gi n lt ha ngc ra tay. Sau khi nung rt nng hn hp ny mt gi th pht hin c mt ht trong ni nung. Chnh ht ny lm cho Han ni danh trn th gii, cn gia nh cc kim loi th c thm mt thnh vin mi - l mangan. Tuy nhin, nguyn t ny khng c xp vo hng cc kim loi ngay. S d nh vy l v hi cui th k XVIII vn cn vng vng d m nhng quan nim c xa ca cc nh gi kim thut, m thc cht ca chng chung quy li l mt nh r rng v ngn gn: C by kim loi to nn th gii, ng vi by hnh tinh. Hi , s kim loi m con ngi bit n cng bng ng by thin th ang hot ng (mt tri, mt trng, v nm hnh tinh khng k tri t). Hn l mi vic s rt tt p nu nh khng c thm kim loi no na; cn nu xut hin nhng hnh tinh mi th mi To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vic s ti t hn hn (mi n nm 1781 mi pht hin ra hnh tinh tip theo ca h mt tri). cho l thuyt hon chnh y khng b mo m do s thiu ht cc thin th, mt lot nguyn t mi c khm ph c rp tm ginh vai tr kim loi b lit vo hng na kim loi. Thut ng ny c lu li trong khoa hc c sau ny na, khi m ngi ta bit r rng, thin vn hc v ha hc khng b rng buc vi nhau bi nhng mi dy bn cht n mc nh cc nh gi kim thut ngh. Trong mt thi gian di, nhiu nh bc hc dng thut ng na kim loi gi nhng cht c mt , mu sc v v b ngoi t ra ging kim loi, nhng khng c tnh do cao l thuc tnh vn c vng, bc, ng, st, ch, thic - nhng nguyn t m thnh danh kim loi ca chng l iu khng cn phi nghi ng g na. Chng hn, ngi ta lit thy ngn, antimon, bitmut, km, coban vo hng na kim loi. Mt trong nhng nguyn t cui cng khng c lit vo hng kim loi l mangan. Th l cui thng 6 nm 1774, tc l chng bao lu sau khi khm ph ra nguyn t ny, Sel gi cho Han mt bc th, trong ng cm n Han gi cho ht mangan v chia s ngh ca mnh: ...ti cho rng ci vin m anh thu c t piroluzit l mt th na kim loi khc hn vi cc na kim loi bit t trc v c mi quan h gn gi vi st. Nhng dn dn, cc nh ha hc t b ci thut ng kh m h y, v mangan xng ng c chim gi mt v tr trong dy cc kim loi. nc Nga trong my chc nm u th k XIX, ngi ta bt u thu c mangan di dng hp kim vi st, tc l feromangan. Nm 1825, Tp ch m ni n vic s dng mangan luyn thp. K t lc , s phn ca nguyn t ny gn b cht ch vi ngnh luyn kim l ngnh m hin nay tiu th ch yu qung mangan. Trong tc phm ni ting Bn v thp bulat (thp bulat l loi thp cacbon c cu trc c bit, c vn hoa trn b mt, c cng v n hi cao, dng lm bo kim rt sc. Ty u, ngi ta gi l thp amat (Damascus steel, hoc acier e Damas) v n c dng Xyri rt sm (N.D.)) xut bn nm 1841, nh luyn kim li lc ngi Nga l P.P. Anoxp m t cc loi thp c hm lng mangan khc nhau. a mangan vo thp, Anoxp dng feromangan m ng thu c trong ni nung. T nm 1876, cc l cao ti vng h lu sng Taghin bt u nu luyn feromangan theo phng thc cng nghip. Nm1882 tr thnh mt ci mc trong lch s ca mangan, khi m nh luyn kim ngi Anh tn l Rbe Hatfin (Robert Hadfield) nu luyn thp vi hm lng mangan cao (gn 13%). T nm 1878 Hatfin bt tay vo nghin cu cc hp kim ca st vi cc nguyn t khc, c bit l vi mangan. Sau bn nm, nh luyn kim tr tui ca x Sepfin ny ghi trong nht k ca mnh nh sau: Ti bt u nhng th nghim ny v quan tm n vic sn xut mt loi thp va cng, ng thi li va dai. Cc th nghim dn n mt kt qu ng ch , rt quan trng v sc lm thay i cc quan im hin hnh ca cc nh luyn kim i vi cc hp kim ca st. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nm 1883, Hatfin c cp bng pht minh u tin ca nc Anh v thp mangan sn xut bng cch pha feromangan giu mangan vo st. Trong nhng nm tip theo, Hatfin tip tc nghin cu nhng vn lin quan vi thp mangan. Nm 1883, cc tc phm ca ng Bn v mangan v vic s dng n trong ngnh luyn kim, Bn v mt s tnh cht mi pht hin c ca st v mangan v bn v thp mangan ra i. Cc cng trnh nghin cu ny cho bit rng, nu c ti trong nc th loi thp mangan ny c thm nhng tnh cht mi, rt b ch. Hatfin cn nhn c hng lot bng pht minh na lin quan vi vic nhit luyn thp mangan, v n nm 1901 th ng c trao bng pht minh v kt cu ca l dng nung thp mangan trc khi ti, Thp ca Hatfin nhanh chng c cc nh luyn kim v cc nh ch to my tha nhn. Nh c tnh chu mn cao nn ngi ta bt u s dng n ch to cc chi tit b mi mn di p lc ring kh ln trong qu trnh vn hnh, nh ghi ghp ray, hm my nghin, bi trong cc my nghin bi, mt xch v. v... iu ng ngc nhin hn c l di tc ng ca ti trng, thp ny cng ngy cng cng thm. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng k l ny nh sau. Sau khi c, lng cacbua d tha trong thp mangan (lng cacbua ny lm gim bn ca thp) s phn tn ranh gii cc ht. V vy, thp phi c ti cho cc phn t cacbua ranh gii cc ht ha tan trong kim loi. Khi cc chi tit my lm vic, do s bin cng ngui (di tc ng ca ti trng), cacbon tch ra lp b mt - chnh l l do khin cng ca thp tng ln. Khng ly g lm l khi cc hng chuyn sn xut t st v kha rt a chung thp ca Hatfin. Gang mangan cng c tnh cht t tng bn. Chng hn, nhng my xc c lp cc trc lm bng th gang c th lm vic lin tc khng phi sa cha trong thi gian di gp i so vi nhng my xc cng nh vy nhng c lp cc trc bng ng . Trong ngnh luyn kim, mangan c s dng rng ri kh oxi v kh lu hunh cho thp. Vi vai tr nguyn t iu cht, n c mt trong thp lm l xo, thp lm ng dn du m v kh t, thp khng nhim t. Cng chng cn phi lit k ht cc loi thp cha mangan, bi v nguyn t do Han pht hin ra, d nhiu hoc t, hu nh c mt trong tt c cc loi thp v gang. Khng phi ngu nhin m ngi ta gi chnh n l bn ng mun tha ca st. M ng l trong h thng tun hon cc nguyn t, chng chim cc k nhau s 25 v s 26 (thm ch, mangan cng vi st cn xng c vo ... rng c mp, nhng chuyn s ni on sau)

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nm 1917, sau khi cc nh bc hc Nga X. F. Giemchugini v V. K. Petrasevich pht hin ra rng, ch mt lng nh ng (gn 3,5%) cng lm cho mangan c tnh do, cc nh luyn kim bt u quan tm n cc hp kim mangan. Trong k thut hin i, ngi ta s dng nhiu loi manganin - l hp kim mangan, ng v niken c in tr cao m trn thc t coi nh khng ph thuc vo nhit . Nguyn l lm vic ca cc p k in da trn kh nng thay i in tr ca manganin ty theo p sut m hp kim phi chu ng. Trong trng hp phi o p sut, chng hn, n vi chc ngn atmtfe, th khng th s dng cc p k thng thng c, bi v di p sut ln nh vy, cht lng hoc cht kh s n tung qua thnh ng p k, d ng bn n my chng na. Cn p k in th gii quyt nhim v ny rt c kt qu: o in tr ca manganin ang chu p sut cn xc nh, c th cn c vo mi tng quan bit xc nh p sut vi bt k chnh xc no. Cc hp kim manganin cn c mt tnh cht rt qu na l tnh chng rung, tc l kh nng hp th nng lng dao ng. Nu mt ngi gn d no nh c mt ci chung bng manganin th vi ci chung , chc hn anh ta khng th triu tp ni mt cuc hp khm ph: ng l phi l ting chung cp bo ngn vang th chung manganin ch pht ra nhng ting r r ct ngn. Nhng nu s im lng l mt nhc im rt r i vi ci chung, th i vi bnh xe tu ha hoc tu in, i vi nhng ch tip ni cc on ray v nhiu chi tit khc pht ra ting ku, c tnh bit gi mm gi ming, khng pht ra ting ku chng cn thit cho ai, li l mt u im ni bt. Trong cc xng gia cng kim loi bng phng php rn v dp, nh cc hp kim cm m c th gim hn nhng ting n o c hi trong sn xut. Cc hp kim cha 70 % mangan v 30% ng l c kh nng km gi ting n tt nht. Mt iu th v l ng mangan, tc l hp kim ca ng v mangan, c th nhim t mc du cc thnh phn u tch ring ra th u khng th hin cc tnh cht t. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc hp kim c tr nh ni ting rng ri (v hp kim nitinon ni ting nht trong s ny s c k trong mc Con qu ng vit v niken). S hp kim nh vy mi nm mt tng. Chng hn, cc nh ha hc nghin cu c mt hp kim trn nn mangan (c pha thm ng), m v kh nng nh li hnh dng trc kia ca mnh th n chng thua km nitinon ni ting. Hp kim ny ch to n gin, d gia cng v nht nh s tm c nhiu lnh vc s dng rt th v. Mangan c c mt trong mt hp kim c bit khc do cc nh khoa hc Ba Lan ch to ra: ty theo in p ca dng in, n c th biu hin hoc l tnh cht t, hoc l tnh cht bn dn. Hp kim hai mt nh vy s tm c nhiu cng vic a dng trong nhiu thit b v kh c in t. Cc hp kim mangan c dp i vo v tr: trong tin trnh cuc thc nghim cng ngh hc Phn To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

lc c thc hin nm 1976 trn trm qu o Cho mng - 5, que hn bng mangan - niken c cc nh du hnh v tr Borit Volnp v Vitali Giolobp dng hn ni cc mu ng lm bng thp khng g. Sau , cc cuc th nghim trn tri t chng t rng, cht lng ca mi hn tht tuyt vi: ch tip ni sc chu ng khong 500 atmotphe. Cuc th nghim ny c ngha thc tin rt quan trng, bi v phng php hn cc chi tit dng ng c coi l mt trong nhng phng php c trin vng trong tng lai khng xa tin hnh cng tc lp rp trong khong khng v tr. Cc nh ch to t lun mun lm cho ng c c cng sut ln nhng li tiu hao t nhin liu nht. gii quyt hai nhim v ny ngay cng mt lc, cn phi nng cao t s nn trong xi lanh, nhng lm nh vy th hay xy ra s kch n lm cho ng c chng hng. Th l phi ku gi s gip ca cc cht chng kch n - l nhng cht c bit pha thm vo nguyn liu: y, m nhim xut sc vai tr ny l cc hp cht ca ch. Tuy vy, tnh c ca cc hp cht ch tr thnh iu m ai cng bit. D mun hay khng mun ri cng phi tm cht khc thay th chng. Sau nhiu nm tm ti nghin cu, cc nh bc hc tm c nhng cht chng kch n mi - l cc hp cht hu c c bn ca mangan. Th ra cc cht v hi c ci tn n gin ny (chng hn, tributilstannocyclopentadieniltricarbonil - mangan) khng thua km cc bc tin bi h nh ch v kh nng chng kch n. Sut mt thi gian di, iu ch nit siu tinh khit, ngi ta phi dng cc kim loi t tin nh platin v palai lm cht xc tc. Ti Vin Ha hc v c v in ha hc thuc Vin hm lm khoa hc Gruzia, cc nh nghin cu xut mt phng php, trong , mangan ng vai tr cht xc tc rt cng hiu. Nh my si tng hp Rustavi (Gruzia) ch to c thit b iu ch nit hon ton v trng t khng kh; th nit ny rt cn thit sn xut si capron. Ngay t thi th u, chng ta lm quen vi mt hp cht ca mangan - l kali pecmanganat, hay gi mt cch n gin l thuc tm: vi t cch l thuc dit trng, n c dng ra vt thng, sc ming, bi vt bng. Trong cc phng th nghim ha hc, hp cht ny c s dng rng ri trong php phn tch nh lng - l php nh lng bng pecmanganat. Ging nh nhiu nguyn t khc, mangan ht sc cn thit cho s pht trin bnh thng ca c th ng vt v thc vt. Thng thng, hm lng mangan trong c th ng vt v thc vt khng vt qu vi chc phn triu nhng mt s i biu ca thc vt v ng vt li t ra rt chung nguyn t ny. Chng hn, trong c th kin la c n 0,05 % mangan; cc loi nm g (gy bnh g cy), rong ln, c u cn giu mangan hn na. Trong mt s loi vi khun, hm lng mangan ln n vi phn trm. Trong mu ngi c 0,002 - 0,003 % mangan. Nhu cu v mangan ca c th chng ta trong mt ngy m chng 3 - 8 miligam. Khi loi tr mangan ra khi khu phn thc n ca nhng con chut th nghim th chng mt kh nng sinh sn, nhng ch cn b sung mangan To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
clorua vo thc n th chng li c kh nng sinh con ci. Trn b cc hn o Nht Bn c kh nhiu tri nui trai ly ngc nhn to. Nh cc nh bc hc khng nh, mu ca ngc trai ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc ca nc ni trai sinh sng. Ngc trai mu pht hng thng c a chung nht. cho sn phm ca cc loi thn mn lm ra c mu sc ng nh vy, ch cn tng thm hm lng mangan trong nc. Nu pha thm cc nguyn t khc th s sn sinh c ngc trai c mi mu sc: xanh da tri, xanh l cy, vng da cam, mu tm hoa c.

X.I. Venetxki

V ang ni n thc vt v ng vt nn phi nh n cc loi c, m c th l con c mp nhc n trn. Cc nh bc hc nghin cu nhng chic rng ca con c bin hung d ny vn nm di y i dng vi ngn nm. Chic rng vn nguyn vn nhng b bao bc bi cc hp cht ca st v mangan. Cc hp cht y c ly t u? Ngay t th k trc, chnh xc hn l vo nm 1876, rng r sut ba nm tri, chic thuyn bum ba ct ca nc Anh tn l Challenger r khp y bin v i dng vi nhng mc ch khoa hc. Trong s nhng chin li phm thu c, n ch v nc Anh nhng vt th hnh qu thng y b n, c mu thm ly c t nhng ni khc nhau trn y bin. Bi v mangan l thnh phn chnh ca nhng qu thng ny nn ngi ta gi chng l nhng chi mangan, hay din t mt cch khoa hc l nhng kt hch st - mangan. Cc cuc thm him tip theo cho bit rng, nhng khi tch t vn yn v nhiu ni di y i dng. Tuy nhin, cho n gia th k XX vn cha ai t ra c bit quan tm n chng. V ch trong nhng nm gn y, do s thiu ht tng i qung mangan nn nhng ca ci ngm di nc thu ht c s ch ca cc nh bc hc. Cc vng c nhiu kt hch c kho st k lng - kt qu tht qu sc tng tng. Theo d tnh ban u (c th mnh dn ni thm rng, l nhng d tnh qu khim tn), ch ring Thi Bnh Dng cng tch t c hng trm t tn ( !) qung st mangan tuyt vi. M ng l qung: hm lng mangan trong t n 50 %, cn st - 27 %. (Tinh qung ca mt s kt hch cha 98 % mangan ioxit v c th s dng ngay m khng cn ch bin g na, chng hn, vo vic sn xut pin). i Ty Dng cng cha nhiu ti nguyn khng km. Cch y cha lu lm, on thm him gm cc nh khoa hc X - vit trn chic tu Hip s pht hin c nhng kt hch st mangan y n Dng. Kt qu tnh ton cho thy rng, c i dng ny cng khng ngho hn cc bn hu ca mnh. Theo gi nh ca cc nh hi dng hc, cc kt hch xut hin do s tp trung cc cht khong c

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

trong cc dung dch nc xung quanh mt vt th no . Mt s nh bc hc cho rng, y nu khng c s tham gia ca cc vi khun di bin - cc nh tuyn khong t vi, th mi vic cng khng xong. Cc nh sinh hc Lningrat pht hin ra loi vi khun sn sinh ra kim loi m trc y cha ai bit, c kh nng khai thc v tch t mangan t nc bin. Trong nhng iu kin ca phng th nghim, cc nh luyn kim di nc bc l nng lc lm vic tuyt vi: sau 2 - 3 tun lm vic, chng to nn nhng kt hch mangan c ln bng u que dim. Nu ch rng, bn thn nhng ngi lao ng ny cng rt kh nhn thy di knh hin vi, th chng ta khng th tha nhn nng sut nh vy l rt cao. Cc nh khoa hc ca mt trng i hc tng hp trn o Hawaii (M) chuyn nghin cu vic nui c bt cc vng nc ven bin thu c nhng kt qu rt bt ng. bo m ch cho c bt, h to nn nhng di ngm nhn to vng gn b bng cch nm mt s t c xung bin. Cc chuyn gia ngh c v cng kinh ngc khi h tin hnh kim tra tri c ca mnh sau na nm: th ra tt c cc t u c bao bc bi nhng trng hoa gm nhng vn qung mangan c chn lc. Cc nh bc hc khng nui cy mangan t nc bin sao? Nhng hy tr li vi nhng kt hch ca chng ta. Hnh dng ca chng khin ta ngh n nhng c khoai ty. Mu sc ca chng thay i t nu n en ty thuc vo hm lng st hoc mangan c trong . Nu hm lng ca mangan ln th chng c mu en tuyn. Thng thng, cc kt hch c kch thc t di 1 milimet n 10 - 15 xentimet. Nhng i khi cng gp cc kt hch c kch thc rt ln. Nh bo tng ca vin hi dng hc Xcrip ( M) cn gi mt kt hch c khi lng 57 kilogam tm c vng o Hawaii. Ln hn na l mt kt hch tnh c vng phi cc vng cp in thoi ngm di bin khi ngi ta ko ln sa cha: n cn nng 146 kilogam. Tic thay, mu kt hch c mt khng hai khng tr thnh vt trng by trong nh bo tng, v sau khi xem xt v phc ha li, do s ng nhn nn ngi ta nm n xung bin. Tuy vy, kt hch st - mangan di n mt mt ri do tu Hip s vt c Thi Bnh Dng ph v tt c mi k lc: tng ny nng gn mt tn. Nhng th nghim nhm ra quy trnh cng ngh tch ly st v mangan ra khi kt hch mang li nhng kt qu ban u. Mt k nim chng c o c trao cho hng lot cc nh bc hc tng c cng hin to ln vo vic chinh phc i dng: vt liu lm k nim chng l kim loi tinh luyn c t cc kt hch m ngi ta ly ln t y i dng su gn nm kilomet. Nhiu nc thc s quan tm n vn khai thc cc kho tng i dng. Hin nay ngi ta ang ch to nhng tu ngm chuyn dng, my ko li nc, my xc t trn phao v cc thit b khc khai thc cc kho bu t y i dng. Cng nghip khai khong i dng s c nhng th mnh khng th chi ci c i vi cng nghip m trn cn, v n khng i hi phi xy To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

dng ng x v h thng ng ng nh trn cn. Tu b c th a ngi v thit b ti bt c ni no trn i dng v c th vn chuyn khong sn khai thc c theo bt k hnh trnh cn thit no. Chng hn, cc cng trnh s H Lan xut d n thit k my xc t ng c bnh xch, hot ng di nc, dng khai thc qung mangan v cc qung khc y bin; ngi th m t ng ny c th lm vic su 5 kilomet. Tt c cc c cu ca n u chy bng in. Ngi ta d nh dng my quay truyn hnh vn hnh loi my ny, n cho php ngi iu khin c ngi trn tu ch qung i dng m ch huy vic khai thc di rn bin. Gung xon ca my xc s bi qung v a qung vo gu my xc. Lin X cng ang trin khai cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v thit k ch to ng b nhm khai thc ti nguyn di bin. Nm 1983, chic tu kiu mi mang tn Nh a cht bin ri gi lp rp ca nh my ng tu bin en thnh ph Nicolaepxc. Tu ny l mt phng th nghim lu ng trn mt nc rt ln, n s tin hnh vic tm kim kt hch st - mangan. Trn thc t, tu Nh a cht bin s c th ly mu t di y bin bt c su no. Hng nm, c hng trm on thm him i ra cc bin v i dng bao trm hn 70 % b mt ca tri t. Khng cn qu xa na, s n lc bt u cng cuc khai thc cc ngun d tr ca i dng theo quy m cng nghip, cn by gi th cc nh a cht v nhng ngi th m vn bn rn vi vic khai thc lng t. V hm lng trong v tri t th mangan khng thua km nhiu nguyn t ha hc. Cc nh a cht xc nh rng, hu ht cc m mangan u c tui xp x nh nhau. Theo kin ca nhiu nh bc hc th iu ni ln ngun gc v tr trong cc khi tch t mangan. C mt gi thuyt cho rng, khong hai t nm trc y, mt m bi thin thch giu mangan ri xung b mt ca tri t; chnh n to thnh cc m ca nguyn t ny trn lc a cng nh di y cc bin v i dng. Qung mangan c nhiu nc, nhng v tr lng mangan th khng c nc no cnh tranh ni vi Lin X. M mangan Chiatura (thuc nc Cng ha X hi ch ngha X - vit Gruzia) ca Lin X l mt trong nhng m ln nht trn th gii. Mt thc t c trng l hng nm, nc ca con sng nh Cvirila (mt nhnh ca sng Rioni) chy vng ny mang ra bin en hn mt trm ngn tn mangan. T nhng nm 70 ca th k XIX bt u khai thc qung Chiatura theo kiu cng nghip. Sau t lu, nc Nga, mt m ln na vng Nicopn bt u cung cp mangan. D iu l lng i na nhng nc nga thi Nga hong vn khng cn kim loi ny: chng hn, hu nh ton b qung mangan khai thc c trong nm 1913 u bn ra nc ngoi. Trong nhng nm v quc v i, cc m mangan Uran, Kazcxtan, Xibia c a vo khai thc. Hin nay, Lin X ng hng u th gii v sn lng loi qung qu bu ny. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Cc nh my hp kim st l ni tiu th ch yu qung mangan. y, nh cc qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau m ngi ta sn xut c cc loi hp kim ca mangan (vi st, vi silic) hoc mangan kim loi dng thun khit. Con ng mangan i vo xng luyn thp cn tip tc.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Fe Ngi lao ng v i

Nm 1910, i hi a cht quc t hp ti Xtockholm. Vn chng nn i st l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht c t ra cho cc nh bc hc. Mt y ban c bit c nhim v tnh ton tr lng st trn th gii trnh by trc i hi bn cn bng tr lng ny trn tri t. Theo kt lun ca cc chuyn gia c ln th 60 nm na tc l nm 1970, cc m st s cn kit hon ton. May mn thay, cc nh bc hc y l nhng nh tin tri loi xong, m ngy nay, loi ngi khng phi qu d xn trong vic s dng st. Nhng liu iu g s xy ra nu nhng li tin on ca h tr thnh s tht v qung st s cn kit? Cuc sng s ra sao nu st hon ton bin mt v trn hnh tinh chng ta khng cn mt gam nguyn t ny na? ... Cc ng ph s lm vo cnh hoang tn khng khip: khng c ng ray, khng c toa xe, khng c u my xe la, khng c t ... thm ch lt ng cng bin thnh t bi, cn cy c s kh ho v tn li v khng c th kim loi rt cn cho s sng ny. S tn ph nh cn lc s bao trm khp tri t v s dit vong ca loi ngi s tr thnh mt iu khng th trnh khi. V li, con ngi cng khng th sng st ti thi im , bi v, ch cn mt i ba gam st trong c th v trong mu thi th con ngi cng chm dt s tn ti ca mnh trc khi xy ra nhng bin c k trn. Mt ht st trong c th, tc l mt nm chc phn triu trng lng ca mnh - iu i vi con ngi c ngha l ci cht!. Tt nhin ri, v mun ni ln vai tr cc k to ln ca st trong cuc sng ca chng ta nn nh khong vt hc X - vit li lc, vin s A. E. Ferxman phc ha mt bc tranh bun thm n nh vy. Nu khng c st th khng c mt sinh vt no c th tn ti trn tri t: chnh

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nguyn t ha hc ny c mt trong mu ca tt c mi loi ng vt trn hnh tinh chng ta. St ha tr hai c trong huyt cu t (hemoglobin) - cht cung cp oxi cho cc m ca c th sng. Chnh v c st nn mu c mu .

Hi th k trc, ln u tin cc nh bc hc pht hin c st trong mu ngi. Ngi ta k rng, khi bit iu , mt sinh vin ha hc si tnh quyt nh tng ngi yu mt chic nhn lm bng st ca mu mnh. C nh k ly mu ra, anh chng thu c mt hp cht m t tch st ra bng phng php ha hc. Cha gom st lm chic nhn th anh chng ti nghip ny ln ra cht v thiu mu: chnh ton b lng st c trong mu ngi ch vn vn c vi gam. Khi thiu st, ngi chng mt mi, b nhc u thn sc tr nn l . Ngay t thi xa ngi ta bit nhng n thuc cha st khc nhau. Nm 1783, Tp ch kinh t vit: Trong mt s trng hp, bn thn st l mt v thuc rt tt, ung mt st tht mn dng n s hoc tm ng u b ch. Cng trong bi bo ny, tc gi cn gii thiu nhng th thuc st khc, nh tuyt st, nc st, ru vang thp (chng hn, ru vang chua nh ru vang sng Ranh), ngm vi mt st s l mt th thuc rt tt). D nhin, na cui th k XX th ngi bnh khng cn phi nut mt st na, song rt nhiu hp cht ca st c s dng rng ri ngay c trong y hc hin i. Mt s loi nc khong cng cha nhiu st. Lch s ghi li vic tm ra ngun nc cha st u tin nc Nga. Nm 1714, mt ngi th nh my luyn ng Carelia tn l Ivan Reboep b au tim n ni khng l ni i chn. Mt hm, ti mt vng m ly cha st cch h Laga khng xa, anh ta nhn thy mt lch nc v ung nc ny. Ung nc ny chng ba ngy th anh ta khi bnh. Hong Pit nht bit vic ny v ngay sau ra lnh cng b Thng bo v nc ha thn Olonet - gi nh th tn vinh v thn ca chin trn v st thp. Hong v gia quyn nhiu ln n vng ny ung th nc cha bnh . Trong bng cc nguyn t ca Meneleep, kh tm thy kim loi no khc m lch s nn vn minh li gn b mt thit vi n n th.Thi c xa, mt s dn tc qu st hn vng. Ch nhng ngi quyn qu mi c th eo nhng trang sc bng st, m thng chng c lp trong gng vng. La M c i, thm ch ngi ta cn lm nhn ci bng st. Trong thin anh hng ca Iliat, Homer k li v ngi anh hng trong cuc chin tranh Troa l Asin dng chic a lm bng st ht ban thng cho k chin thng cho cc cuc thi nm a. Trong cc hm m c Ai Cp, bn cnh nhng ca qu khc cn thy chic vng eo c, trong cc vng ht bng st

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K chuyn v kim loi
c b tr xen ln cc vng ht bng vng. Nhng ti liu cn gi c cho n ngy nay cho bit rng, mt v faraon x Ai Cp gp vua ca ngi Hittie m hi gia thin nin k th hai trc cng nguyn lng danh v thnh tch lm st, vi li thnh cu gi st cho mnh i ly vng vi lng bao nhiu cng c. Theo li v faraon th trn sa mc c bao nhiu ct, ng ta c by nhiu vng. Vy m vi st, ng ta li vp phi nhng kh khn nghim trng. Khi khai qut Ninevia - kinh x Assiria c xa, trong cung in ca vua Sargon nh y quyn uy, tng tr v hi cui th k th VIII trc cng nguyn, cc nh kho c hc khm ph c mt kho st thc th: trong mt cn phng c bit cn tn tr khong 200 tn cc sn phm khc nhau lm bng st (m st, li ca, cc cng c rn. ..) v c nhng tng st cha gia cng m c l ng vua lo xa ny ct giu phng ngy mt vn. Theo pht trin ca ngnh luyn kim, st cng ngy cng d kim hn v cn thit hn. Tuy nhin, cch y cha lu, nhiu dn tc lc hu vn cn cha c khi nim g v st.

X.I. Venetxki

Nht k ca nh hng hi ngi Anh James Cook hi th k XVIII ghi li kh nhiu chuyn bun ci m nhn vt chnh l nhng th dn trn cc hn o Thi Bnh Dng. Mt ln, Cook mang n lm qu cho h mt dm inh st. C l, trc nhng ngi bn a y cha h s dng nhng vt kim loi l lng ny, v vy, h c lng ngng xoay nhng ci inh trn tay. Mc du Cook c gng ging gii v cng dng ca nhng ci inh ny, song nhng ngi dn trn o vn khng th no hiu c. Mt v thy cng c knh n nht, c l vn c coi l chuyn gia c ln v mi vn , gip nh hng hi trong vic ny. Vi v trnh trng, ng ta tun ra mt trng nhng li l dy i, ri nhng ngi trong b lc ca ng ta lin chn nhng chic inh xung t. By gi, n lt nhng ngi khch phi ngc nhin. Khi nhn thy v mt ng ngc ca khch, nhng ngi bn a ging gii cho nhng ngi khch da trng ny bit rng, t nhng ci que st m h va gieo xung t, chng bao lu s mc ln nhng cy ta nh cy chui c eo nhng chm inh. Sau khi thu hoch song mt v qu kim loi c ma, b lc ca h nh c nhiu qu y nn c th nh bi mi k th. Nhng nhiu c dn trn o Polinesia thi by gi bit nh gi ng gi tr ca st. V sau, Cook nh li: ... Khng mt th g thu ht nhiu ngi n xem con tu ca chng ti nh kim loi ny. i vi h, st bao gi cng l mn hng qu gi nht, khao kht nht. C ln cc thy th ca ng kim c c mt con ln nh mt ci inh g. Mt ln khc, nh vi con dao c khng dng n m nhng ngi dn trn o cho cc thy th rt nhiu c, c i thuyn n trong

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
nhiu ngy. Ngh th rn c coi l mt ngh cao qu nht trong nhng ngh cao qu trong mi thi i. Mt huyn thoi c xa c chng lu truyn t ba ngn nm nay k v mt s kin nh sau.

X.I. Venetxki

Khi hon thnh vic xy dng ngi n Gieruxalem, vua Xalomon m tic khon i, c mi c nhng ngi th tham gia xy ct ngi n s ny n d. Khch kha n d tic va chun b nm cc mn n th bng nhin nh vua hi: - No trong s nhng ngi th xy dng th ai l ngi ch cht nht? Ai c ng gp ln nht vo vic kin to nn ngi n k diu ny? Mt ngi th n ng ln tha: - Hin nhin, ngi n ny l do bn tay chng ti to ra, v y khng th c hai kin. Chng ti nhng ngi th n, tng t vin gch cho ngi n. Hy nhn xem, nhng bc tng, cng vm, mi vm cun vng chc bit bao! Ngi n s vng chi i i lu li danh ting ca c vua Xalomon. Ngi th mc xen vo : - Khng c g phi tranh ci na, ng l ngi n ny bng , nhng, hi cc v khch qu! Cc ngi hy t phn xt ly. Th hi, ngi n ny c tt p c hay khng nu nh ti v cc ng nghip ca ti khng lm vic ct lc. Nhn nhng bc tng tr tri liu c d chu khng nu chng ti khng trang im cho chng bng g o hoa tm v g b hng Libng? Cn vn lt sn ca chng ti th ton bng cc loi g hong dng ho hng, trng p mt bit bao! Chng ti, nhng ngi th mc, hn c quyn coi mnh l nhng ngi thc s sng to nn cung in thn tin ny. Ngi th o t ngt li anh ta : - Hy nhn tt gc, ti mun bit, nhng k khoc lc ny (anh ta ht u v pha ngi th n v th mc) s dng nn ngi n ny nh th no nu chng ti khng o h mng cho n. Hn l bc tng v cng lao trang tr ca cc ngi s sp ngay t ngn gi u tin, chng khc g ngi nh bng giy! Nhng khng phi v c m vua Xalomon c mnh danh l mt ng vua sng sut. Vy gi ngi th n n, nh vua hi: - B ngh ca anh do ai lm ra? - Tt nhin l ngi th rn. - Anh th n bi ri p. Nh vua quay sang anh th mc :

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
- Cn ngh ca anh? - Khng phi ngi th rn th cn ai na. - Anh ta tr li khng cht do d. - Th cn xng v quc ca anh? - Vua Xalomon c ch hi ngi th o t. - Tu b h, b h bit y, ch c ngi th rn mi c th lm ra chng. - Cu tr li l nh th. Lc by gi vua Xalomon lin ng dy, n bn mt ngi nh nhem v khim tn - l ngi th rn. Nh vua dn ngi ny n gia phng v ln ting : - y l ngi ch cht xy dng nn ngi n, - ng vua sng sut nht trong mi ng vua tht ln nh vy. Va ni, ng va mi ngi th rn ngi ln m gm ngay bn cch mnh v mang n cho anh ta mt cc ru qu. Truyn thuyt l nh vy. Chng ta khng th bo m v tnh xc thc ca nhng s vic va k, nhng bt lun th no chng na, trong cng phn nh s knh trng m mi ngi lun lun dnh cho nhng ngi khai thc v ch bin st, ln c vai tr to ln m t thi c xa con ngi dnh cho st. ng iu vi huyn thoi phng ng, nc o cng c mt truyn thuyt lu i v ni qung vng Stiria, ni m qung giu st c khai thc qua nhiu th k. Truyn thuyt k rng, ngy xa, c mt ln thn nc b xa vo li ca mt ngi nh c ti ci h vng ny. c th, thn nc ha np mt mn tin chuc mng rt ln: np vng trong sut mt nm, np bc trong mi nm, hoc np st mi mi. Khng n o suy tnh nhng ngi dn a phng chn st.

X.I. Venetxki

T thi thng c xa xa, cc st u tin lt vo tay con ngi c l khng phi l st ca tri t, m l st c ngun gc v tr: st c mt trong nhng khi thin thch tng ri xung hnh tinh ca chng ta. Khng phi ngu nhin m trong mt s ngn ng c xa, st c tn l tri. Trong khi , thm ch nhiu nh bc hc ngay t hi cui th k XVIII vn khng chp nhn ngha cho rng, v tr c th cung cp st cho tri t. Nm 1751, mt thin thch ri xung gn thnh ph Vagram thuc nc c. Bn chc nm sau, mt gio s Vin vit v s kin ny: C th no tng tng c rng, hi nm 1751, ngay c nhng ngi c hc vn nht nc c dm tin l c mt cc st t trn tri ri xung; hi by gi, nhn thc ca h v khoa hc t nhin tht km ci bit chng no... Nhng thi i chng ta, khng th coi nhng chuyn hoang ng nh th l c th xy ra. Nh bc hc ni ting ngi Php l Lavoasie (Lavoisier) cng ng h quan im ny. Nm 1772, ng tn ng kin ca nhiu bn ng nghip cho rng, v mt vt l hc th khng th c chuyn t trn tri ri xung. Nm 1790, ngay c vin hn lm khoa hc Php cng thng

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

qua mt quyt ngh c bit: t nay v sau s hon ton khng xem xt n nhng thng bo v vic ri xung tri t, bi v cc nh bc hc v i hon ton thy r tnh phi l ca chuyn n i v nhng v khch nh tri. Nhng cc thin thch vn chng e d quyt ngh rn e ca cc vin s Php, nn thnh thong vn tip tc gh thm hnh tinh ca chng ta, chnh v vy m khuy ng s yn tnh ca cc ngi sao khoa hc. Cng ngy cng c thm nhiu s kin thc tin xc nhn iu , m nh mi ngi u bit, cc s kin thc tin l nhng bng chng bng bnh nht, nn n nm 1803, vin hm lm khoa hc Php (nh cam chu vy!) buc phi tha nhn nhng cc tri - t chng c php ri xung tri t. Mi nm, hng ngn tn thin thch cha n 90% st ri xung mt a cu. Thin thch ln nht c tm thy vng ty - nam chu Phi vo nm 1920. l thin thch Goba, nng khong 60 tn. Nm 1895, Robert Peary - nh kho st a cc ngi M, tm thy mt thin thch st nng 34 tn ang nm trong bng gi ca o Greenland. Phi vt qua bit bao kh khn gh gm mi a c thin thch ny v n New York, v n c bo tn cho n ngy nay.

Lch s cng ghi nhn kch thc v cng ln ca nhiu v du khch v tr; cc v ny tng gp tri t trn ng i ca mnh. Cui th k XIX, sa mc Arizona (nc M), ngi ta pht hin c mt ming h hnh phu rt ln, c ng knh 1.200 mt v chiu su 175 mt. Mt thin thch st khng l tng ri xung y t thi tin s to nn h ny. Ngi M t ra c bit quan tm n thin thch, hn na, s quan tm cng c nung nu thm bi nhng li n i rng, hnh nh c ngi tm c kim cng v platin trong cc mng v ca thin thch. Thm ch, mt cng ty c phn c thnh lp nhm s dng thin thch vo cc mc ch cng nghip. Tuy vy, kim li trn mn qu tri cho khng phi l chuyn d: va chm phi khi chnh ca thin thch su 420 mt, mi khoan b gy, v v khng tm thy iu g th v trong cc mu khong vt va khoan c nn cc nh kinh doanh thin thch b cuc. Theo nhn xt ca cc nh bc hc, khi thin thch Arizona cn nng khong vi chc ngn tn. Cng c th n mt lc no , cc nh luyn kim s li quan tm n n. St thin thch tng i d gia cng v con ngi bit dng n lm ra nhng cng c th s nht. Nhng tic thay, cc thin thch li khng ri xung theo n t hng, m nhu cu v st li l nhu cu thng xuyn, v vy, con ngi phi tm cch ly st ra khi qung. Th l n lc con ngi khng nhng c th s dng st tri m cn dng c st trn tri t ca mnh na. Thi i st thay th thi i ng. iu xy ra khong ba ngn nm trc y. Tuy nhin, cc nh s hc i khi ng chm phi

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nhng iu gi n nhng s kin rt ng ngc nhin, m nu l nhng s kin xc thc th chng ni ln rng, bn cnh nn vn minh ca chng ta, c th c nhng nn vn minh i trc, tng t n trnh cao v vn ha vt cht v tng bit n st. Chng hn, trong sch bo ngi ta gp mt tin ni rng, hnh nh th k XVI, nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha tng t chn ln t nam M tm c mt ci inh st di khong 18 centimet ti mt m bc Peru. Vt ny hn l s khng ng ch lm nu khng xy ra mt tnh hung: phn ln chic inh c gn cht trong mt cc , m ch chnh thin nhin mi lm c vic , th c ngha l ci inh nm trong lng t nhiu vn nm. Nghe u mt thi gian, ci inh b n ny c ct gi trong vn phng ca ph vng Pru tn l Francisco de Toledo; ng ny thng cho khch kha ca mnh xem ci inh y. Ngi ta cn c nghe ni n nhng vt tm c khc i loi nh vy. Chng hn, Australia, trong mt va than thuc k a cht th ba hnh nh pht hin c mt thin thch st c du vt gia cng. Nhng ai c th gia cng n k a cht th ba cch xa thi i chng ta hng chc triu nm? V ngay c t tin ha thch xa xa nht ca con ngi nh ngi vn pitecantrop cng xut hin mun hn rt nhiu - ch khong 500 ngn nm v trc. Hin gi, ci inh y v thin thch y u? Cc phng php hin i dng phn tch mi vt liu s cho php lm sng t bn cht v tui ca chng d ch l mt mc no , ngha l s khm ph c b mt ca chng. Tic thay, li khng mt ai bit chng ang u. Liu chng c phi l nhng vt c tht hay khng? St l mt trong chng 5 % st. Nhng ch mt phn bn mi ca kim loi ny l tp trung dng cc m thun tin cho vic khai thc. Cc khong vt qung ch yu ca st l macnhetit, hematit, qung st nu, xierit. Macneti cha n 72% st, v nh tn gi y cho bit, n c t tnh. Hematit, hay l qung st , cha n 70 % st; tn gi ca khong vt ny xut pht t ting Hy Lp hema, ngha l mu. Theo mt s nh bc hc, bn thn t st trong ting Nga l jelezo cng xut pht t ting Phn janja, c ngha l kim loi, l qung. Mt s nh bc hc khc cho rng, t jelezo ly gc t ting Phn ngha l lp lnh sng chi. K thut tm kim qung st thi xa rt k l. tm st, ngi ta dng mt cnh cy thn k - l mt cnh h o mnh mai c ci chc u. Ngi i tm qung cm hai u chc, nm cht tay li ri ln ng. Lc phi i hi nghim ngt quy phm cng ngh tm kim; quy phm ny ch bo m vic tm kim c kt qu trong trng hp nu cc ngn tay ca nh a cht thi c lun lun hng ln tri. C l tt c nhng tht bi ca nhng ngi tm qung thi by gi (m tic thay tht bi li nhiu gp bi so vi thnh cng) u c ct ngha bi s vi phm cng ngh tm kim. Cn nu nh tt c mi quy tc cn thit u c tun th th ti thi im m ngi tm qung i n ch c qung st, cnh cy s cp xung ch ni c qung. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Ngay thi by gi, nhiu ngi hiu rng, nhng phng php nh vy tht l ngy ng. Nh bc hc c ni ting th k XVI l Gheorg Agricola vit: Ngi th m thc s m chng ta mun coi l am hiu v nghim tc s khng s dng ci gy thn k, bi v mt ngi khn ngoan d ch bit i cht bn cht ca s vt cng hiu c rng, ci chc y chng mang li ci g cho anh ta trong vic ny; anh ta c trong tay nhng du hiu t nhin ca qung v anh ta phi da vo . Tuy nhin, nhiu nm sau, vic tm qung, chng hn nh Uran, vn c tin hnh nh ci cnh cy. Trong thi i chng ta, cc nh a cht c trang b nhng kh c tn tin hn, nh chng m h s nn c khp dc ngang hnh tinh ca chng ta. Dng nh trn tri t ny khng cn nhng vt trng cha c thm d a cht. Vy m thin nhin vn ban cho con ngi nhng m st mi cng nh nhng m khong sn khc. Chng hn, Braxin c trin ni Carajas. Cch y khng lu, min ny vn l nhng di bi cy nhit i kh i li, chng c g ng ch . Th nhng mt hm, mt my bay nh khi bay qua y b nhng m my thp dy c p xung mt t, ri bng nhin ng c my bay b trc trc, nn ngi li quyt nh h xung mt bi t trng trong thm rng xanh. My bay ang h xung th bt ng, kim ca cc kh c t nhy lon x. Ngi li kp cho my bay xung an ton. Cc nh a cht hiu nhng iu va xy ra v chng bao lu h khm ph ra b mt ca nhng s kin trn mt s ca cc kh c. Th ra trong lng t Carajas l mt kho st khng l, v th nn kim ca cc kh c o trn my bay lm vo tnh trng nhiu lon. Song chng ta hy mt ln na tr li thi k cch y vi trm nm. Hi th k XVII, Maxcva bt u c nhu cu ln v st. Sa hong Alecxy Mikhailovich phi ht on thm d ny n on thm d khc i tm kim cc m qung st mi. Nhng ngi i tm qung phi bit c qung g l ra u, th nm ra sao, phi xc nh c s trng cy vo chng c nhng g v c lu di hay khng. Tuy vy, cc cuc tm kim u khng c kt qu. Cn trong nhng nm u tr v ca mnh, hong Pit nht ban b sc lnh: Phi tm cch tng gp bi st c v st ren... v c gng lm cho ngi Nga tinh thng ngh gia cng st, cho s nghip y bn vng quc gia Maxcva. Cn i vi nhng k mu toan giu kn nhng m qung tm c th c sn cu hnh thm khc, hnh h thn th v n t hnh. t lu sau, t Uran bay v mt tin cho bit rng, ni Cao tm thy cc thn qung giu t thch: ...Gia ni l rn ca khi nam chm thun khit, cn xung quanh l rng thm v ni .... Mu qung gi v Maxcva c cc nh chuyn mn nh gi cao v Sa hong ra lnh tc khc trin khai xy dng cc nh my luyn kim. Trong s cc nh my vng Uran th nh my Nevianxc l ln hn c. Nm 1702, Pit nht giao nh my ny cho ngi th rn kim ch xng st Tula tn l Nikita emiovich Antufiep (v sau ly h l emiop) sau khi giao cho To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ngi ny nhim v phn u nc Nga ngng nhp khu st t nc ngoi vo. Nh my phi sn xut i bc, sng ci, sng trng, kim di, li l hnh gm, gm, kim cho k binh, m st trm tai v che mt, dy thp. Nikita emiop, v sau c con trai ng ta l Akinfi na, lm c nhiu vic pht trin ngnh luyn kim trong nc. St Uran c nh gi cao trn th trng th gii. Hi gia th k XIX, t bo Anh Morning Post vit: St emiop mang nhn Hc iu th gi (Trn nhn hiu ca nh my emiop c in hnh con hc iu th ang chy)... ng vai tr quan trng trong lch s nn cng nghip quc gia ca chng ta; ln u tin n c nhp cng vo nc Anh ch bin li thnh thp hi u th k XVIII, khi m ngnh sn xut thp ca chng ta va mi bt u pht trin. St emiop to nhiu thun li gy dng ting tm cho cc sn phm ca thnh ph Sefin. Nm 1735, mt ngi Vogun (mt dn tc vng ty - bc Xibia, nay gi l dn tc Manxi - N.D.) tn l Xtepan Chumpin tm thy mt cc qung st t rt ln ti mt qu ni Uran (m ngay sau c t tn l ni n hu) v a cho k thut vin v ngh m l Iartxep xem. ng ny rt quan tm n mu qung va tm c, nn n xem m qung, ri nhanh chng bo co v Ecaterinbua. Khi bit s vic ny, Akinfi emiop (lc by gi tr thnh vua x Uran nhng cha c th phong) c ngay mt ton sn ui c v trang, v ng ta khng mun cho ngun qung st to ln va mi khm ph ra tr thnh ti sn ca nh nc, m khng thuc quyn s hu ca mnh. Mc du vy, Iartxep vn thot khi cuc sn ui. S khai khong trao gii thng cho ngi u tin pht hin ra m, nhng ngay sau , Chumpin b git trong tnh hung rt b n. Gia nh emiop tr th nhng ai cn tr h trn ng i n cc kho bu ca lng t x Uran cn ci nh th y. Cui th k XVIII sang u th k XIX l thi k m st bt u xm nhp thc s vo k thut: nm 1778, chic cu st u tin c xy dng; nm 1788, ng dn nc u tin lm bng st c a vo s dng; nm 1818, chic tu thy u tin bng st ra i. Sau na th k, vo nm 1868, Tuyn tp v bin xut bn London vit: Hin nay, chic tu thy bng st u tin trn th gii Vuncan (Thn la) ng nm 1818 ang c sa cha Grincoc. Nm mi nm v trc, lc n c h khi gi lp rp, dn chng t khp c cc vng ln cn t tp li xem mt iu k l: chic tu c ng bng st m li ni trn mt nc c ?. Bn nm sau, vo nm 1822, chic tu thy bng st u tin chy bng hi nc chy qua li gia London v Pari. Nhng con ng m sau ny c gi l ng st tr thnh ni tiu th rt nhiu st. Tuyn ng st u tin c a vo s dng Anh nm 1825.

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nm 1889, Pari hon thnh vic xy dng ngn thp hng v bng st do k s ni ting ngi Php Epfen (Gustave Eiffel) thit k. Nhiu ngi ng thi cho rng, cng trnh s cao 300 mt ny c v khng bn vng, khng chc chn. p li nhng k hoi nghi, tc gi bn thit k khng nh rng, a con ca ng s ng vng khng di mt phn t th k. Th m gn mt th k tri qua ri, cn thp Epfen - biu tng ca Pari, cho n nay vn thu ht rt nhiu khch du lch. S tht th hi u th k XX ny, mt s t bo nc ngoi a tin rng, hnh nh thp Epfen b han g nng v c th b . Nhng vic gim nh trng thi ca cc kt cu st do cc nh bc hc v k s Php tin hnh cho thy l mt th tin vt thng thy trn bo: kim loi c ph mt lp sn dy nn khng b han g my.

Tuy nhin, nh li gm amoclet, nguy c b han g vn thng xuyn e da cc cng trnh v cc sn phm bng st. S han g, hay s n mn l k th nguy him ca st. Ch cn a ra con s sau y cng thy r iu : ch trong khong thi gian bn c xong trang sch ny, trn th gii, s han g hy hoi hng nghn tn thp v gang - cc hp kim cng nghip c bn ca st. Bi vy, ngay t thi c, con ngi quan tm n vic bo v th kim loi ch yu ny khi s n mn. Trong cc tc phm ca mnh, nh vit s thi c Hy Lp Heroot (th k th V trc cng nguyn) ni n vic m thic gi cho st khi b han g. n , hi chng n mn tn ti t 1.500 nm nay. th k th XIII, hi ny xy dng n th Mt tri Konaraka trn b vnh Bengan. Cng trnh ny do chu tc ng ca gi v hi nc bin hng my th k nn b nt, nhng ct st ca n th vn c bo tn trng thi tt. C l t thi xa xa, nhng ngi th lnh ngh n bit cch bo v kim loi khi b n mn. Cy ct tr bng st ni ting - mt trong nhng k tch ca th n cng ni ln iu . Trong cun sch S ra i ca n , Jaoahaclan Neru vit: R rng nc n c i t c nhng thnh tu to ln trong vic ch bin st. Gn eli, mt ct tr bng st ng sng sng, n cc nh bc hc n ch b tc v h khng th xc nh c cch thc ch to ra n m gi c cho st khng b oxi ha v chng c cc tc ng khc ca kh quyn. Cy ct ny c dng nm 415 tng nim vua Chanragupta nh. Lc u n c dng trc ngi n min ng n , n nm 1050 th c vua Anang Pola chuyn v eli. Nhng ngi m tn cho rng, ngi no ng ta lng vo ct m vng tay qua ct chm c nhau th s thc hin c mun thm kn ca mnh. T thi xa xa, nhng ngi i cu nguyn l lt t tp

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

v y mong thn linh ban cho mt t phc lnh. Nhng trong s nhng ngi ny, liu c ai c ph tr khng?... Ct ny nng gn 6,5 tn, cao hn 7 mt, ng knh gim dn t 42 centimet y n 30 centimet nh. N c lm bng st gn nh nguyn cht (99,72%). C l tinh khit ny l nguyn nhn dn n s tn ti lu i ca n. Chng phi nghi ng g na, tri qua bao nhiu th k, bt k mt th st no khc km tinh khit hn, chc hn bin thnh ng g ri. Vy th cc nh luyn kim thi c ch to cy ct k diu ny bng cch no m sc tn ph ca thi gian nh bt lc vi n? Mt s nh vn vin tng cng khng loi tr kh nng l n c ch to mt hnh tinh khc, ri mt i phi hnh v tr ch n n tri t nh mt th c hiu, hoc lm qu tng cho nhng ngi sng trn tri t. Theo cc c thuyt khc th cy ct c rn t mt thin thch st rt ln. Du sao, cc nh bc hc tng gii thch s kin ny bng ngh thut cao ca cc nh luyn kim n c xa vn ni ng. T lu, n ni ting khp th gii bi cc sn phm thp ca mnh, m cng khng phi ngu nhin m ngi Ba T c thnh ng ch thp n n tng t nh ch ci v rng. Ngy nay, khng ai cn ngc nhin v thp khng g thng thng. Cch y khng lu lm, M ngi ta cp bng pht minh v nhng l thp khng g trong sut. Chng c ch to bng phng php in ha hc. Phng php ny to nn nhng l hng cc k nh gia cc tinh th ring bit, lm cho thp tr nn trong sut. Trong thi i chng ta, cc nh ha luyn lnh ngh tinh thng vic nu luyn th kim loi c nhiu cng dng rt khc nhau ny. C loi thp no m bn khng gp trong danh mc sn phm ca cc nh my luyn kim hin i! No l thp khng g v thp gi, no l thp lm bi v thp lm l xo, thp t tnh v thp khng t tnh, thp bn nng v thp chu lnh... Lm sao m k ht c tt c mi loi thp! Ti mt nh my luyn kim nc B c mt c my dng cn thp thnh tng di ng thi khc ln b mt ca nhng di thp ny cc ng vn hoa khc nhau. Bng cch ny c th to cho thp c dng nh g, da, vi v cc vt liu khc. L thp c b mt ni vn hoa rt hp khu v ca cc nh ch to t, cc nh sn xut my mc, dng c dng trong i sng hnh ngy v cc nh kin trc. Nhu cu v st rt ln. Ch cn ni mt iu ny cng thy rt r: hi cui th k XIX, c 100 kg kim loi c s dng trong cng nghip, nng nghip v sinh hot th c 95 kg l st. Xy dng cc thnh ph v m cc tuyn ng st mi l, h thy cc tu vn ti chuyn tuyn vt i dng v xy dng cc l cao khng l, ch to cc my Xincrfaztron cc mnh v phng cc tu v tr tt c cc vic u khng th thc hin c nu khng c st. Tuy nhin, kim loi ny khng phi ch chuyn vic kin to - nhiu trang s m mu ca kim loi cng gn lin vi st thp. Trong hai cuc chin tranh th gii, kim loi ny trt ln u mi To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ngi hng t qu n pho v bom. Nhng g m con ngi sng to nn t st hoc nh s gip sc ca st qua nhiu th k, th cng b st ph hy trong chc lt. Gn hai ngn nm trc y, nh vn kim nh bc hc c La M l Plini B vit: Cc m st cung cp cho con ngi nhng cng c u vit nht v tai c nht. Bi v nhng cng c ny gip chng ta cy xi t ai, trng cy, xn cnh, chm sc vn cy n qu, lm cho chng ngy mt ti tt. Chnh nhng cng c ny gip chng ta xy dng nh ca, c o v s dng st vo nhng cng vic cn thit. Song ngi ta li chi bi, nh p v cp bc ln nhau cng bng chnh th st y; ngi ta dng st khng nhng nh gn m cn chp cnh cho n bay xa, khi th t l chu mai, khi th t nhng cnh tay lc lng, lc li dng mi tn c ui bng lng chim. Theo ti, iu ti li nht l th on c c ca tr tu con ngi. Bi v, lm cho ngi khc b git cht tht nhanh chng, ngi ta chp cnh cho st, lp thm lng chim ng sau mi tn st. V th m phi buc ti con ngi ch khng th li cho thin nhin. Chng ta cng khng ln n st v nhng ti li ca con ngi. Trong my chc nm gn y xut hin thm nhiu kim loi cnh tranh vi st: nhm, titan, vanai, berili, ziriconi v nhiu kim loi khc ang t tn cng st. Mc d n tui v hu (hn nm ngn nm), nhng st vn khng nh rt lui khi v i. Vin s A. E. Ferxman vit: Tng lai s thuc v cc kim loi khc, cn st s c gi v tr danh d nh mt th vt liu lu i, c nhiu cng lao, nhng ht thi. Tuy vy, cn lu mi n ci tng lai y ... St vn l c s ca ngnh luyn kim, ngnh ch to my, giao thng vn ti, ng tu xy dng cu cng.... Theo kin ca nhiu nh bc hc, s cn kit dn kho ti nguyn trong lng t sm hay mun cng dn n s cn thit phi tnh n chuyn khai thc cc ngun khong sn trong v tr. Vin s X. P. Corolep ni: Loi ngi i khi na n nh mt k no , ng l phi vo rng m cht ci un nu v si m th li ly ngay g vch nh lm ci. Tt nhin, nu nh khai thc, chng hn trn mt trng, ri a v tri t, th gi thnh ca mi tn qung st r rng l khng r. Nhng phi thy rng, tn du m u tin khai thc c t mt l khoan mi c gi thnh rt cao, cn tn th mt ngn th r hn rt nhiu, v n tn th mt triu th cng r hn na. Gi thnh ca qung st v tr cng s dn dn h xung nh vy. Th nhng liu c nht thit phi ch qung thng v tri t hay khng? Chng l khng th ly st ra khi qung ngay trong v tr c hay sao? c kh nhiu d n v vic khai thc st trn mt trng. Theo mt trong nhng d n th trn mt trng, ngi ta khng nu chy m lm thng hoa kim loi, tc l chuyn kim loi t trng thi rn sang trng thi kh, sau lm bo ha bng cacbon, ri ngng t trn b mt gi lnh ca mt bng chuyn v tn. Sau khi ngng ng trn bng chuyn ny, hi st c thm cacbon s bin thnh To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

thp; nh c chn khng rt cao bao trm khp b mt ca mt trng nn nhng tnh cht ca loi thp ny s tt hn nhiu so vi thp c ch to trn tri t. Cc chuyn gia M ch to mt thit b th nghim dng tch st ra khi t ly trn mt trng. Nh cc tia mt tri c hi t li bi nhng chic gng parabn, nn t ca mt trng s nng chy; sau , cc b pin mt tri li cung cp nng lng cho qu trnh in phn tch kim loi ra khi cc thnh phn khc ca khi nng chy. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh bc hc, mi ngy, mt b thit b nh vy vi kch thc bng ci bn vit (thc ra, c t hp thit b cng vi nhng mng pin mt tri s c kch thc rt ln, nh mt bi bng) c th sn xut c khong mt tn st. Nm 1970, khi trm t ng Mt trng - 16 ca Lin X a v tri t nhng mu regolit (phn t trn b mt ca mt trng), Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X ch th cho nhiu vin phi nghin cu ton din v k lng cc mu vt cht mt trng qu bu ny. Ngay sau , regolit chng minh c rng, s quan tm n n l hon ton c c s: cc nh bc hc rt ngc nhin v n cha cc ht st nguyn cht rt b m trn khng th pht hin ra c mt vt oxi ha no, d l nh nht. Qu l ng ngc nhin tht, v trn tri t, u u st cng b han g. Song iu ng ngc nhin nht l c trong nhng iu kin ca tri t, st mt trng cng khng b oxi ha. Ngy ny qua ngy khc, tun ny qua tun khc, ri thng ny qua thng khc, vy m st ly t ci xa xm trong v tr vn gi c tnh tinh khit ban u ca mnh, y nh cc kim loi qu vy. nhiu nm tri qua, th m s n mn khng th no tm c li xm nhp vo th st b n ny. C nhng ht st c trong cc mu ly trn b mt nguyt cu o cc trm t ng Mt trng 20, Mt trng - 24 ca Lin X v cc con tu v tr Apollo c ngi li ca M a v u khng cho php oxi xm nhp vo. Vy th, b quyt ca bn n mn k diu nh vy l ch no? gii p cu hi ny, cn phi tin hnh hng trm cuc thc nghim t m. Trong cc phng th nghim trn tri t, ngi ta to ra nhng iu kin gn ging nh trn mt trng, ri mt thit b rt nhy c thng xuyn bt mch cc ht bi v tr. Mt phng php phn tch hon ton mi v nguyn tc gip sc cho cc nh bc hc - l php soi quang ph in t - rnghen; phng php ny cho php cung cp thng tin rt chnh xc v c tnh tng tc ca cc nguyn t lp b mt cc k mng (khong vi phn trm hoc vi phn ngn micron) ca cc cht. B mt ca st mt trng b khm ph: th phm gy nn sc chng n mn cao gp bi so vi ca cc loi thp v hp kim c ch to trn tri t chnh l gi mt tri, tc l

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

dng cc ht tch in (dng in t v proton) do mt tri thng xuyn pht ra vo khng gian gia cc hnh tinh. V mt trng khng c lp kh quyn bo v nn khi b gi mt tri thi vo, cc ht proton xua ui oxi ra khi vt cht trn b mt ch Hng, ri mang oxi vo khong khng v tr. Sau khi c gii phng khi oxi th st c tnh min dch chng oxi bn lu n ni t v sau chng nhng khng b oxi ha trn mt trng, m ngay c trn tri t cng chng tr mnh m trc sc tn cng ca s n mn. Nhn tin ni thm, khng phi ch ring st tr nn bt kh xm phm i vi s n mn sau khi c tim chng nh gi mt tri: cc nh bc hc cng pht hin c kh nng titan, nhm v silic. Sau khi khm ph c b mt ca t trn mt trng, cc nh vt l hc v luyn kim lin ny ra nh li dng hin tng va c pht hin ny vo nhng mc ch v li: bn dng ion vo cc sn phm kim loi to nn trn b mt ca chng mt th o gip khng b oxi ha, gm cc ht kim loi c phn tn rt cao. Ti mt phng th nghim, h tin hnh mt cuc thc nghim l th. Trn mt a bng thp khng g, ngi ta vit ch mt trng v dng mt chm ion bn vo ch ny; sau , t chic a vo trong hi nc cng toan. iu g xy ra? Sau mt phn t gi, thp b bao ph bi mt lp g v ch c ch mt trng l vn sng ngi nh kim loi nh khng c g xy ra. Nm 1958, Bruxen, ta nh k l Atomium c dng ln mt cch oai nghim trn a phn khu trin lm quc t. Chn qu cu s bng kim loi, ng knh mi qu l 18 mt, nh th treo l lng trong khng trung: tm qu tm nh ca khi lp phng, cn qu th chn th trung tm. l m hnh mng tinh th ca st c phng i ln 165 t ln. Atomium tng trng cho s v i ca st - kim loi lao ng sng to, kim loi ch yu ca cng nghip.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Co Thuc n ca nhng khu i bc ho bnh

Paratxen - v y s kim nh vn vt hc ni ting ca thi Phc hng rt thch biu din mt tr o thut m ln no cng c qun chng tn thng. Nh bc hc ny a ra mt bc nh v phong cnh ma ng - nh ngn cy v i ni b tuyt ph. Sau khi cho khn gi xem bc tranh ht

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

lt, ng bin ma ng trn bc tranh thnh ma h ngay trc mt mi ngi: cy ci y cnh l sum su, cn trn cc ngn ni th hin ln c xanh mn mn.

Php l ? Nhng trn i ny lm g c php l! Thc vy, ha hc ng vai tr ngi c php l trong th nghim ny. nhit bnh thng, dung dch coban clorua c pha thm mt t st clorua hoc niken clorua vn khng mu, nhng nu dng n v mt ci g ri cho kh, sau h nng ln mt cht t th n s chuyn thnh mu xanh lc rt p. Chnh Paratxen s dng dung dch ny lm php l trn bc tranh phong cnh. thi im cn thit, nh bc hc chm mt ngn nn t ng sau bc tranh sao cho khn gi khng nhn thy, th ri trn nn la din ra s i ma khin cng chng kinh ngc, c y nh trong truyn c tch vy. Tht ra th thi by gi, bn thn Paratxen cng khng th bit c thnh phn ha hc chnh xc ca cc cht mu m ng dng: chnh lc , khoa hc cha h bit c coban ln niken. Nhng trc nhiu th k, cc hp cht ca coban c dng lm thuc nhum mu. Ngay t nm ngn nm trc y, mu xanh coban c s dng trong ngh lm gm v thy tinh. Chng hn Trung Quc, t thi xa xa coban c s dng vo vic sn xut th s mu xanh lam ni ting khp th gii. Ngi Ai Cp c xa dng th men mu xanh nc bin c cha coban trng ln cc th ng bng t nung. Trong ngi m ca faraon Tutankhamen, cc nh kho c hc tm thy thy tinh c nhum mu xanh nc bin bng cc mui ca nguyn t ny. Khi khai qut cc a im thuc x Axiria v Babilon c i, ngi ta cng tm thy nhng th thy tinh nh vy. Tuy nhin, hi u cng nguyn, b quyt v cc cht mu c cha coban c l b tht truyn, v trong thy tinh mu xanh do nhng ngi th kho Alecxanria, Bizantin, La M v nhiu ni khc vo thi k ny khng thy c coban, cn mu xanh l c to ra t ng v r rng l thua km hn mu xanh trc . Thy tinh t gi coban trong mt thi gian di. Mi n thi trung c, nhng ngi th thy tinh Venezia mi li bt u sn xut nhng th thy tinh mu xanh nc bin k diu; cc loi thy tinh ny nhanh chng ni ting khp nhiu nc. Chnh nh thnh cng m thy tinh li gn b vi coban nh xa. Ngi Venezia gi ht sc nghim ngt b mt v cch pha ch th men c mu p khng g bt chc ni ny. hn ch n mc thp nht kh nng r r thng tin, hi th k XIII, triu nh Venezia chuyn tt c cc xng thy tinh n hn o nh Murano, ni m ngi l b cm rt ngt, hon ton khng th m n c. Bt k mt chuyn gia no v ngh nu thy tinh mu cng

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

u khng c ri o nu khng c giy php ca chnh quyn. Vy m mt ngi th hc ngh tn l Giorgio Belerino vn thot khi ni ny bng mt con ng no . Ngi ny n nc c v m xng thy tinh mt thnh ph n. Nhng xng ny chng tn ti c bao lu: mt hm trong xng ca anh ta bng ln mt m chy, ri xng b chy tri, cn ng ch - k o tu th t vn bng dao gm. Nhng t liu cn gi c t th k XVII cho bit rng, nc Nga, cht mu cha coban tuy t tin nhng ng mt v bn lu rt c a chung. Ngi ta dng n v trang tr cc bc tng ca phng trng by v kh v phng l tn, ca cc nh th Arkhanenxc v Upenxc, ca nhiu cng trnh kin trc ni ting khc trong khu vc in Cremli Maxcva. S d cht mu cha coban rt t l v cc qung ca kim loi ny khai thc c rt t. Ni chnh xc hn l cng nghip cn cha bit n qung coban, v trong thin nhin khng c nhng im tch t nhiu kim loi ny, m n ch i km theo niken, asen, ng, bitmut v mt s kim loi khc vi hm lng tng i nh. Chnh v vy cho nn trong mt thi gian di, nhng ngi khai m x Xaxonia thi trung c vn khng nghi ng g v vic trong lng cc qu ni ca h cha mt th kim loi m thi by gi cha ai bit n. Nhng dn dn h bt gp mt th qung kh k l, m theo nhng du hiu bn ngoi th tng l qung bc, tuy nhin, mi c gng nhm ly bc ra khi qung y u khng t kt qu. V li, trong qu trnh nung, t qung li bc ra nhng cht kh c lm cho nhng ngi khai m rt kh chu. Cui cng, ngi Xaxonia bit phn bit qung bc tht vi bn sao gian tr ca n m h quyt nh gi l Kobold, theo tn ca thn Ni tr ng ti . Nh ha hc Thy in Gheorg Bran (Georg Brandt) quyt nh tm hiu su thm v k th ngm di t ny ca cc nh luyn kim. Trong mt s nm, ng nghin cu cc th qung ca vng Xaxonia, k c th Kobold ng nguyn ra ny. Bn lun vn Bn v cc cht na kim loi (Trong mc Bn ng mun tha ca st, bn c gp thut ng na kim loi. V sau, thut ng ny khng c s dng na, cn cc cht na kim loi trc kia th u c chnh thc gi l kim loi.) c cng b nm 1735 l kt qu nghin cu ca ng. Bran vit: Ti c vinh hnh l ngi u tin pht hin ra mt na kim loi mi... m trc y ngi ta nhm ln vi bitmut. Kim loi ny mang tn coban chnh l th na kim loi ny. Nu nh mt ph minh quan trng nh vy m c thc hin thi i chng ta th my in bo vin thng s tc th cng b i khp th gii, nhng th k XVIII cha c c nhng phng tin thng tin mnh m v nng ng kiu y. V vy, trong rt nhiu nm, ch mt s t ngi bit n bn lun vn ca nh ha hc Thy in ny. Khng my ai tha nhn quyn cng dn ca coban, v ngi ta cho rng, n l hn hp cc nguyn t khc nhau vi mt th t c bit no . Mi n nm 1781, nh ha hc Php Pie Giozep Macke (Pierre Joseph Macquet) mi hon ton thuyt phc c gii To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
khoa hc rng, coban chnh l coban ch khng c g hn na. Vo thi gian ny ngi ta cng pht hin ra niken - h hng ha hc gn gi nht ca coban. C trong thin nhin cng vy, hai kim loi ny thng bn nhau, nn khng phi ngu nhin m cc nh bc hc t cu hi: lm th no tch chng ra khi nhau nhm thu c c kim loi ny ln kim loi kia dng tinh khit ? Li gii p cho cu hi c tm ra mt cch kh bt ng. Chnh bc s th y Sacl Axkin (Charle Askin) l ngi ... gii c bi ton ha hc phc tp nht ny. S vic din ra nh sau. V bc s th y ny dnh mi thi gi rnh ri cho s thch ca mnh l khoa luyn kim. Nm 1834, ng rt lu n niken v cc hp kim ca n. Axkin mun thc hin nh ly niken ra khi qung. Nhng tht khng may (tuy vy, ni cho ng hn l rt may), qung ny cn cha c coban na. Lm th no by gi? Axkin lin n gp Benxon l ch mt nh my ha cht a phng nh ng ny gip . Th ra ng lc y, Benxon ang rt cn cobon sn xut gm. Nhng ng cng cha bit cch thc tch hai kim loi ny. Sau my ln suy tnh, hai ngi quyt nh dng vi clorua i n mc ch ca mnh. H tnh ton chnh xc s lng vi cn thit cho cng vic, ri mi ngi u chun b th nghim. Benxon c vi clorua nn cn lng theo d tnh x l qung, nhng khng t c kt qu g: trong dung dch c niken oxit ln coban oxit u kt ta.

X.I. Venetxki

Cn Axkin th khi sp sa bt u cuc th nghim mi cht nh ra rng, hin ch cn mt na lng vi clorua theo tnh ton. C l ng ngh: Hng ri, tht khng may, tuy nhin, ng vn khng nh hon cuc th nghim. V khng phi v c m ngi ta ni rng, trong ci ri c ci may. Axkin tht ngc nhin v vui sng v cuc th nghim m dng nh chng ha hn mt cht thnh cng no c th li cho ng ci kt qu m ng hng mong i: coban kt ta di dng oxit, cn niken th v khng vi clorua nn hu nh vn cn li hon ton trong dung dch. V sau, phng php ny c hon thin thm cht t v n nay vn c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip tch kim loi c h hng vi nhau. Cho n u th k XX, phm vi hot ng ca coban vn cn rt hp. Chng hn, cc nh luyn kim - nhng ngi m hin nay rt knh n coban, th lc by gi h vn c khi nim m h v cc tnh cht ca n. Trong cun sch Luyn kim loi mu xut bn nm 1912, tc gi ca n khng nh: ...cho n nay, t gc s dng th coban kim loi chng c g ng . c nhng pha coban vo st sn xut cc loi thp c bit, nhng cc th thp y li cha tm c lnh vc s dng no c.

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Tuy nhin, ngay t nm nm trc khi xut bn cun sch trn, nh luyn kim ngi M l Hei (Heins) ch to c mt nhm hp kim tuyt vi ca coban (coban chim n 50%) vi crom v vonfram; th hp kim ny c cng rt ln, c bn chng n mn v chng mi mn rt cao. V b mt nhn bng ca hp kim ny sng chi nn n c gi l hp kim stelit (t ch La tinh stella, ngha l ngi sao). Nu m mt lp hp kim stelit ln mp ct ca cc dng c ct gt hoc ln b mt lm vic ca cc chi tit my th tui th ca chng s tng ln vi ln. Cng v sau, vic sn xut cc hp kim cng cng tng ln khng ngng v coban hon ton khng cn ng vai tr th yu trong cc hp kim na. Chng hn, hn na th k trc y, cc nh bc hc v k s Lin X ch to hp kim cng pobeit, trong , bn cnh vonfram cacbua, cn c coban. Nm 1917, cc nh bc hc Nht Bn l Hona v Tacagi nhn c bng pht minh v loi thp do h ch to, cha t 20 n 60% coban v c nhng tnh cht t rt cao. Nhu cu v loi thp ny (m ngi ta gi l thp Nht Bn) rt ln, v cui th k XIX u th k XX l thi k xm nhp ca nam chm vo cng nghip nn xy ra nn i cc vt liu t. Trong s ba kim loi st t ch yu - st, niken v coban - th coban c im Quyri, ngha l nhit m t kim loi mt t tnh, cao nht. Nu nh i vi niken im Quyri l 358 C, i vi st l 769 C, th i vi coban, n ln n 1121 C. V cc thanh nam chm phi lm vic trong cc iu kin ht sc a dng, k c nhit rt cao, cho nn, coban nht nh phi l thnh phn quan trng nht ca cc loi thp t tnh. Thp coban thu ht ngay s ch ca gii qun s v cc nh cng nghip v h hiu c rng, c th s dng nhng tnh cht c bit ca n vo cc mc ch hon ton khng v hi. Ngay trong nhng nm ni chin, cc thy th v chin s Hng qun chin u phng bc chng bn can thip c dp lm quen vi nhng qu mn khc thng m thm ch khng cn chm phi, chng cng lm n tung cc tu vt mn ca phn hm i Xeverotvinxc. Khi nhng ngi th ln ko ln v v hiu ha c mt trong nhng chi thm him , th mi bit rng, n l mt qu mn t tnh v c nguyn tc hot ng nh sau: khi chic tu i ti gn qu mn v v thp ca tu nm trong phm vi cc ng sc t trng ca mn, th c cu kch n s lm vic v con tu s b nh m. Trc chin tranh th gii hai, nc c pht xt, vic sn xut cc loi thp coban lm vt liu ch to mn t tnh tng ln r rt. Nh b my tuyn truyn ca Gben (Goebbells) khng nh, v chnh xc, nhy v phn ng, th mn ca c

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

hn hn h thn kinh ca nhiu loi sinh vt cp cao do thng sng tao nn. M tht vy, khi qun c t trn my bay th mn xung b bin nc Anh, xung ca sng Temza v cc sng quan trng khc, th mn t tnh gy thit hi ln cho hm i Anh. Song V qut dy c mng tay nhn: khong hai tun l sau khi nc c ca Hitle bi c tn cng Lin X, cc chuyn gia qun s X - vit tho g c qu mn t tnh ca c u tin vng Ochacop. Trong thi k chin tranh, mt s tnh c xy ra ti mt m qung vng Uran. Trong mt bi thi c ca mt nh my tuyn khong tng nhiu nm ch bin qung ng, ngi ta pht hin ra coban m t trc ti gi cha ai ng ti. Trong mt thi gian ngn hon chnh xong cng ngh tch coban v ngay sau , cng nghip qun s nhn c th kim loi rt qu bu ly t t b i. Trong nhng nm chin tranh, ngi ta bt u s dng coban sn xut cc loi thp v hp kim bn nhit dng ch to cc chi tit ca ng c my bay, tn la, ni hi cao p, cnh qut ca my nn kh kiu tuabin v tuabin kh. Chng hn, hp kim vitali cha n 65% coban l mt trong nhng hp kim nh vy. Cc chuyn gia v k thut v tr cng ch n kim loi ny v khng phi l khng c cn c khi h ni rng, coban rt hp vi lnh vc k thut ny, bi v cc hp kim ca coban chng chi vi ti trng va p tt hn cc hp kim ca niken m lu nay vn c s dng rng ri trong ngnh ch to tn la. Mc du coban t tin, nhng cng c nhng lnh vc m trong n thay th rt tt th kim loi cn t hn na - l platin m sn lng khai thc c hng nm ch cht gn ln mt chuyn xe t vn ti. Cc ant khng ha tan c s dng trong k thut m in; cc ant ny khng c phn ng vi dung dch trong b m in. Platin l vt liu rt thch hp cho mc ch ny, nhng ant platin li rt t tin. T lu, cc nh bc hc tm suy ngh n vic thay th platin bng cc kim loi r tin hn. Sau nhiu cuc tm ti y cng phu, h xc nh c thnh phn ca mt th hp kim chng nhng khng thua km platin, m cn hn hn platin v kh nng chng cc axit m c. Trong hp kim , coban chim n 75%. Trong nhiu trng hp, coban cn lin kt vi platin. Chng hn, mt hng ca Anh ch to c hp kim t tnh gm hai kim loi ny - l platinax: hp kim ny c tnh cht n mn rt cao, ng thi li d gia cng c hc. T hp kim y, ngi ta ch to cc chi tit t tnh t hon cho ng h in t, cho my ic v cc b phn cm bin khc nhau. Ngi ta cn bit nhng hp kim t tnh khc na ca coban: comon v vicaloi, annico v magnico, pecmenua v pecminva. Qua s vic sau y tng c ni n trong sch bo, ta c th phn xt v kh nng t tnh ca hp kim annico: trong nhng nm 50, nh mt thanh nam chm vnh cu lm bng hp kim ny, ngi ta ht c mt ci inh ra khi ph qun ca mt em b, nh vy m cu c tnh mng em ny. Cn nhng thanh nam chm vnh cu mnh nht th c ch to To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

t cc hp cht ca coban vi mt s nguyn t t him, chng hn, vi samari. tch hai mnh nam chm lm bng vt liu ny c kch thc nh hn bao dim th phi dng n sc ca mt lc s c t nng tp luyn. Hp kim coban crom l vt liu tuyt vi lm ct rng gi. N bn hn vng (th kim loi thng c dng vo vic ny) v r hn vng rt nhiu ln. Trong y hc, coban cn c mt cng dng khc na; n l mt thnh phn quan trng ca vitamin B12 l th vitamin thc y s to thnh hng huyt cu. V c cng lao sng to ra th thuc cng hiu ny chng bnh thiu mu, nn b oroti Croufut Hotkin (Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin) nh ho hc v sinh ho hc ngi Anh, c trao tng gii thng Noben vo nm 1964. Ngay t thi c, cc sn phm s tuyt m vi mi mu sc khc nhau c sn xut Trung Hoa ni ting khp th gii. Cc hp cht ca coban to cho chng mu xanh da tri. Cho n hin nay, nguyn t ny vn khng t gi s - n c mt trong cc cht men s mu xanh nc bin. Cn cc chuyn gia v gm Gruzia th lm c loi s c mu en rt p; mu en ny c to nn bng cch cho loi ni la anzit tng tc vi coban oxit trong qu trnh nung. T u n gi, chng ta mi ch nghe ni n coban thng thng, nhng k t nm 1934, khi m cc nh bc hc Php Freeric v Iren Jlio Quyri khm ph ra hin tng phng x nhn to, th khoa hc v k thut bt u t r mi quan tm c bit i vi cc ng v phng x ca cc nguyn t khc nhau, trong c c coban. Trong s mi hai ng v phng x ca kim loi ny th coban - 60 c s dng rng ri nht trong thc tin. Cc tia phng x ca n c kh nng m xuyn rt cao. V cng sut phng x th 17 gam coban phng x tng ng vi 1 kilgam rai ngun phng x thin nhin mnh nht. Bi vy, khi iu ch, bo qun v vn chuyn ng v ny cng nh mi ng v phng x khc, phi tun th y nhng nguyn tc nghim ngt nht ca k thut an ton, phi p dng mi bin php cn thit bo v chc chn cho con ngi khi nhng tia t vong.

Sau khi coban kim loi thng thng bin thnh coban phng x trong l phn ng ht nhn, ngi ta lin nht n, ta nh nht v thn trong truyn c tch, vo nhng bnh cha c bit, c hnh dng ging nh bnh ng sa. Trong cc bnh cha nh vy, coban - 60 c mt lp ch bc bn ngoi c vn chuyn n ni cn dng trn nhng xe chuyn dng. Chng may xe bt ng gp tai nn, bnh cha c th b v, liu lc ampun ng coban t trong bnh cha c e da tnh mng con ngi hay khng? Khng, iu s khng xy ra. D nhin, khng mt t no c th

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

hon ton trnh c tai nn dc ng, nhng trong trng hp ny, thm ch nu tai nn xy ra th bnh cha coban vn nguyn vn v khng gy c hi g. V trc khi tr thnh bnh ng ng v phng x, cc bnh ny tri qua cc cuc th nghim rt nghim ngt. Chng c nm t cao nm mt xung nn btng, ri c t trong cc bung nhit v nhiu th nghim khc na. Ch sau , chng mi c php nhn vo bng mnh mt ampun nh xu cha cht phng x. Tt c nhng bin php phng nga nh vy thc s lm cho cng vic ca nhng ngi lin quan vi cc ngun bc x ht nhn tr nn an ton. Coban phng x c rt nhiu ngh. Chng hn, php d khuyt tt bng tia gama c ng dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip. y l phng php kim tra cht lng sn phm bng cch chiu tia gama vo soi, cn ngun pht ra tia ny l ng v coban - 60. Phng php kim tra ny cho php pht hin d dng cc vt nt, l hng, l r nhng khuyt tt khc bn trong cc vt c ln, cc mi hn, khu ni v cc chi tit nm nhng ch kh tip cn trc tip nh mt kh c gn nh v khng t tin lm. Bi v tia gama do ngun pht ra u n v mi pha, nn phng php ny cho php kim tra nhiu vt cng mt lc, cn i vi cc sn phm hnh tr th kim tra c ngay mt lc khp ton chu vi. Nh c tia gama nn c gii quyt c vn v chic mt n ca faraon Tutankhamen m t lu cc nh Ai Cp hc quan tm. Mt s nh bc hc khng nh rng, n c lm t mt cc vng nguyn vn, cn cc nh bc hc khc th cho rng, n c lp ghp t nhng phn ring bit. Ngi ta quyt nh nh s gip sc ca i bc coban - l mt kh c c bit c np n bng ng v coban - 60. Th ra chic mt n ny qu tht gm mt s chi tit, nhng c lp ghp vi nhau cn thn n ni hon ton khng th nhn thy nhng ng tip gip. Coban phng x c s dng kim tra v iu chnh mc kim loi nng chy trong l nung, mc phi liu trong l cao v trong cc phu tip liu, duy tr mc thp lng trong b kt tinh ca cc thit b rt lin tc. Dng c o dy bng tia gama cho php xc nh nhanh chng v rt chnh xc dy ca v bc thn tu thy, thnh ng, thnh ni hi v cc sn phm khc trong trng hp khng th tip cn c b mt bn trong ca chng nn v th m cc dng cu thng thng u bt lc. nghin cu cc qu trnh cng ngh v kho st iu kin lm vic ca cc thit b khc nhau, ngi ta s dng ci gi l cc nguyn t nh du, tc l nhng ng v phng x ca nhiu nguyn t, trong c coban. Lin X xy dng xong l phn ng ha hc phng x u tin trn th gii, trong , cng chnh ng v coban - 60 c dng lm ngun tia gama. Bn cnh cc phng php hin i khc tc ng n cc cht khc nhau, chng hn nh p lc siu cao v siu m, bc x laze v x l bng plasma, phng php chiu tia phng x c p To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

dng rng ri trong cng nghip v n lm cho tnh cht ca nhiu loi vt liu c ci thin mt cch ng k. Th d, lp t c lu ha bng tia phng x c tui th cao hn 10 - 15 % so vi lp bnh thng, cn nu si dng dt vi may qun o hc sinh m c cy cc phn t polistirolen nh tia phng x th vi s bn gp hai ln. Ngay c cc th qu sau khi tri qua cc th thut phng x cng tr nn p hn. Chng hn, di tc ng ca ntron nhanh, kim cng s c mu xanh da tri, cn ntron chm s lm cho kim cng c mu xanh lc, tia coban - 60 li lm cho kim cng c mu xanh lc pht lam du dng. Coban phng x cn lm vic trn c ng rung, ni m n c s dng kho st m ca t, xc nh tr lng nc trong thm tuyt, chiu tia phng x vo ht ging trc khi gieo v dng vo nhiu mc ch khc na.

Cc nh bc hc Php c mt pht minh rt l th. H xc nh c rng, coban phng x c th dng lm ... mi cho sm st rt tt. Nu pha thm mt lng nh ng v coban - 60 vo cn thu li th bc x gama s lm cho khng kh xung quanh b ion ha mc ng k. Nhng t phng in pht sinh trong kh quyn gia cn ging t s b ht vo ct thu li c cht phng x, ta nh mt st b ht vo thanh nam chm. Pht minh mi m ny gip ta thu lm sm st trong vng bn knh vi trm mt. kt lun, chng ta s nghe k v mt ngh na, c l l ngh quan trng nht ca coban phng x. N l bn ng minh ng tin cy ca cc thy thuc trong cuc chin u v cuc sng ca mi ngi. Cc ht ng v coban - 60 t trong cc khu i bc y hc s bn nhng chm tia gama vo cc khi u c tnh bn trong m chng gy hi g cho c th con ngi; chng hy dit cc t bo gy bnh ung th vn sinh si ny n rt nhanh chng, bt cc t bo ny phi ngng hot ng, nh m thanh ton c cc gy nn bnh him ngho. Trong cc cn hm bo qun ca Lin hp ng v ton Lin X c hng chc c bnh cha ln nh. Chng c dng ng cc ng v phng x ca coban, stronti, xeri v cc ngun phng x ht nhn khc. n lc chng c gi n cc bnh vin v cc phng khm bnh, cc x nghip v cc vin nghin cu khoa hc, tm li l n nhng ni cn nguyn t ha bnh.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
dch gi: L Mnh Chin Ni Con qu ng

X.I. Venetxki

C l khng phi ai cng bit rng, cc c c lu i ca chng ta hi cn tr trung v duyn dng rt m thch niken, v kim loi ny cng n p li tnh cm ca h: c ngi th eo n nh mt th trn bo lng lng trc ngc, c ngi th lm vng xuyn eo c tay, c ngi bin n thnh vnh khn trang im cho mi tc ng mt. Th y, cc bn ng ngc nhin: ngay t u th k XIX, niken c coi l mt kim loi qu. Vic khai thc niken gp nhng kh khn ln, v s niken t i sn xut c lt vo tay nhng ngi th kim hon tn thi. Cn k s th khng h quan tm n kim loi ny, v thi by gi h cha dng n vo vic g c. Con ngi bit n niken t nhiu th k trc. Chng hn, ngay t th k th II trc cng nguyn, ngi Trung Hoa c i nu luyn c th hp kim ca niken vi ng v km, gi l bch ng, c nhiu nc a chung: N cng tng lt n Bactria - mt quc gia nm a phn cc nc cng ha trung thuc Lin X ngy nay. Ngi Bactria dng hp kim ny c tin. Mt ng tin nh vy pht hnh t nm 235 trc cng nguyn hin ang c ct gi ti vin bo tng Anh quc London. Vi t cch mt nguyn t ha hc, niken c pht hin mt nm 1751: nh ha hc kim luyn kim ngi Thy in tn l Acxen Freeric Cronxtet (Axel Frederic Cronseted) khm ph ra n trong khong vt cupfe niken, c ngha l con qu ng. V nhng ti li g m th ny phi mang ci tn d s nh vy? Nguyn do l thi trung c, nhng ngi o qung x Xaxonia thng gp mt khong vt mu hi . Do c mu sc nh vy nn h thng nhm l qung ng. Mt thi gian kh lu, cc nh luyn kim ra sc nu luyn th qung ng ly ng, nhng h cng khng may mn g hn cc nh gi kim thut tng hy vng ly c vng t nc i sc vt nh hn mu nhim.

Ngi Xaxonia nt c v cu hi: Nguyn nhn tht bi l ch no? Cui cng, trong bn h c ngi ny ra ngh: chng qua ch l mu m ca thn Nick - v thn ni c c, k bm cht trong th qu qui ny v khng mun nh mt lng ng no ra khi kho d tr ca mnh. C th cc nh thng thi v sau lun chng mt cch khoa hc v gi thuyt

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

to bo ny. Nhng du sao, t y khng ai dm ngh n vic ly ng t khong vt mu nht y na. V cho mai sau khng cn ai b cm d bi nh ho huyn y, ngi ta quyt nh gi khong vt ny l con qu ng. Hn rng, Cronxtet khng phi l ngi m tn. V khng s qu nn ng vn ly c kim loi t con qu ng y, nhng khng phi l ng m l mt nguyn t mi no c ng gi l niken. Nhng hnh nh con qu tr th nh bc hc: cc nh ha hc khng ai mun tha nhn niken l mt nguyn t. Mi n nm 1775, tc l mi nm sau khi Cronxtet qua i, ngi ng hng ca ng l Torben Berman (Tobern Bergman) cng b nhng kt qu nghin cu ca mnh, trong tc gi chng minh mt cch chc chn rng, niken khng phi l hn hp ca vi nguyn t nh nhng ngi chng i khng nh, m n l mt kim loi c lp. Nhng c sau na, cc cuc tranh ci vn khng lng xung. Phi gn ba mi nm na tri qua, nh ha hc c Ieremia Richtr (Jeremiah Richter) mi chm dt c cc cuc tranh ci y: nm 1804, vn t con qu ng ny, ng tch c niken rt tinh khit, nhng t iu , ng phi cho niken sunfat kt tinh li 32 ln. Nh bc hc ny t u cho bi bo m trong ng m t niken l Bn v niken tinh khit tuyt i - mt th kim loi qu, cch iu ch v nhng tnh cht ca n. R rng l th kim loi khai thc c mt cch kh khn nh vy th ch nhng ngi th kim hon mi c th s dng c m thi. Lc by gi cha th ni n vic sn xut niken trn quy m cng nghip. Phi ch hn na th k na, trong cun C s ca ha hc xut bn nm 1869 Petecbua, nh tin tri v i . I. Menelep mi c th khng nh: Nu nh sau ny pht hin ra cc m niken giu c, th kim loi ny nht nh s c s dng rng ri trong thc tin c trng thi tinh khit ln dng cc hp kim. Vo khong thi gian , hay ni chnh xc hn l vo nm 1865, tm c nhng m niken rt ln trn o Tn Caloni. Trc khi xy ra s kin ny t lu, nh a cht tr tui Jun Garnie (Jules Garnier) - mt ngi c ngh lc phi thng v kin thc uyn bc, c ch nh ng u s khai khong x thuc a ca Php ny. ng nhanh chng trin khai hot ng mnh m, hy vng s tm c khong sn y. biu dng ngi Php cng ngh ny, ngi ta gi khong vt cha niken Tn Caloni l garnierit. Gn hai mi nm sau , Canaa, khi t tuyn ng st ven Thi Bnh Dng, cng nhn lm ng gp nhng thn qung ng - niken rt ln. Hai cuc pht hin ny thc y mnh m vic nghin cu khai thc niken vi quy m cng nghip. Cng trong khong nhng nm , ngi ta cn pht hin c mt tnh cht quan trng na ca kim loi ny: n lm cho cht lng ca thp c nng ln. Thc ra th ngay t nm 1820, nh bc hc ni ting ngi Anh l Maicn Faray (Michael Faraday) tin hnh mt s th nghim To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nu luyn cc th thp c cha niken, nhng lc by gi, chng cha h lm cho cc nh luyn kim phi quan tm. Cui th k XIX, Nh my ca Obukhop Petecbua nhn mt nhim v quan trong do b hi qun giao cho: nghin cu vic sn xut v bc tu thy c cht lng cao. Vo lc ny, tu chin ca Anh v Php bc loi v mi bng thp niken c cc nh chuyn mn nh gi rt cao. Nh luyn kim kim nh kim loi hc ni ting ngi Nga l A. A. Rjesotarxki nghin cu ch to v thp mi cho t nc. Chng bao lu, cng vic c tin hnh khn trng t kt qu tt p. Nh my Obukhop bt u sn xut v thp niken. V cht lng, v thp ny khng thua km ca nc ngoi, nhng Rjesotarxki quyt tm i xa hn na. Sau khng lu, ng hon thin c mt cng ngh mi ch to v thp: lp b mt kim loi c xementit ha, tc l c thm cacbon n mc bo ha. Bng cch ch to c v thp cc k bn v dai, cn lp b mt c cng rt cao. Ngay c nhng tm thp bc ca cng ty Php Schneider - Creusot (m trc khi xut hin v bc ca Rjesotarxki th sn phm ca n c coi l chun) cng kh cnh tranh ni. B hi qun tng thng ngi k s ti nng ny mt tm huy chng vng, cn theo cng ngh ca ng, ngi ta bt u sn xut v bc tu thy c cc nh my khc na. Ngay nay, thp niken c s dng rng ri vo nhng mc ch ha bnh. Cc dng c phu thut, chi tit ca cc thit b ha hc, dng gia nh bt u c sn xut bng thp crom - niken khng g. Niken cn lm mt nhim v quan trng l tham gia vo vic ch to cc hp kim a dng vi cc kim loi khc. Ngay t hi u th k XIX, bnh dch i tm hp kim mi c kh nng thay th bc lm bt a v cc b n ung lan n cc nh luyn kim v cc nh ha hc. Niken cn lm mt nhim v quan trng l tham gia vo vic ch to cc hp kim a dng vi cc kim loi khc. Ngay t hi u th k XIX, bnh dch i tm hp kim mi c kh nng thay th bc lm bt a v cc b n ung lan n cc nh luyn kim v cc nh ho hc. ng vai tr siu vi trng cho bnh dch l mt gii thng ln dnh cho ngi no may mn t c mc ch trc tin. Mi ngi lin nh n hp kim ca Trung Hoa c xa. Th l gn nh cng mt lc, cc nh bc hc khc nhau ly thnh phn ca bch ng lm c s v ch to c vi th hp kim rt ging bc. Mt trong nhng hp kim nh vy c tn l argentan (ging nh bc), mt hp kim khc c gi l noizinb (bc mi). Sau mt thi gian li xut hin cc hp kim mayso, anfenit v cc hp kim khc thay th bc m thnh phn ca chng nht thit phi c niken. Nhng hp kim va bn va p ny nhanh chng ch nn ph dng v i vo i sng thng ngy. Nhng vo nm 1916, mt trong cc hp kim noizinb - vp phi nhng iu rc ri ln. Hong nc o Franz Joseph vn s dng dng n ung bng hp kim ny bng nhin b To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

m ri cht. Ti sao vy? S nghi ng ln u bc mi, v lin c lnh cm lu hnh loi bt a bng hp kim ny. Cc cuc kho nghim k cng cho php minh oan hon ton cho hp kim v ti ny. Cn hong cht khng n ni bt ng lm : ngi sng vn vn c 86 tui! Thng thng, trc khi ch to c mt hp kim mi, phi tri qua nhng cuc tm ti lu di, nhng cuc thc nghim v bit bao ln th thch. Nhng cng c khi, s ra i ca mt hp kim ch l hon ton ngu nhin. Mt trng hp nh th xy ra hi u th k ca chng ta Canaa, ni khai thc c nhiu qung giu niken. Khi mi ln ch bin qung li ny sinh mt bi ton chng d dng g i vi cc nh luyn kim : lm th no tch c niken ra khi ng mt kim loi cng c mt trong qung vi hm lng ng k? Cn nu khng tch c hai kim loi ny m c nu luyn chng cng vi nhau th liu c thu c hp kim ng niken thin nhin khng? i t Ambro Monen (Ambrose Monell) ch tch cng ty niken quc t, ny ra ngh c o ny. Nm 1905, tng trn c thc thi v ho ra l hp kim ra i bt hp php ny c sn y mi u im : tnh bn vng ho hc, bn v do u cao, m ngoi p ; hn na, n li khng t lm, m iu ny th lc no cng c ngha hng u trong k thut. Ngay sau , hp kim monen (ngi ta gi hp kim ny nh vy) chim c ch ng vng chc trong cc ngnh ch to my mc ho hc, ng tu, k thut in, cng nghip du m, cng nghip y dc, cng nghip dt v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Cng ngy cng c nhiu cng vic mi cho cc hp kim ca niken. Trong thi gian chin tranh th gii th nht xy ra nhng trng hp nhiu tu chin cha tng tham gia chin trn buc phi nm ti bn di hn sa cha. S d tu hng l do hot ng ph hoi ca nc bin : n gm mn cc ng ch - km b phn ngng t ca ni hi tu thu. Th l li phi khn cp tm kim vt liu thch hp hn cho nhng ci ng xu s ny. Trong khi cc nh bc hc ang ra sc tm ti th chin tranh kt thc, nhng vn vn rt cp thit. Mi ti nm 1926 mi ch to c th hp kim ng niken m ngnh hng hi khng chng ch nh na. Ba nm sau, tt c cc tu chin ca Php v sau l hm i ca cc cng quc khc u c trang b nhng ng ngng t mi. Hin nay, cc nh hng hi c th tin tng vng chc rng, cc ng y s khng a h n nhng giy pht him nguy na. Ngy nay, s hp kim niken c s dng rng ri trong k thut, trong i sng v trong ngh kim hon vt qu 3000! Cng vi hp kim loi monen, cc hp kim chng n mn kiu hastelloy cng lm vic rt tt trong cc mi trng xm thc. Cc dy xon nicrom c s dng trong cc dng c un nng, trong cc l in tr. Noizinb tham gia cng vic ca cc my mc v kh c khc nhau. Trong ngnh c kh chnh xc, lm cc c v mu chun, ngi ta dng inva l th hp kim c h s gin n rt nh : khi t nng t 0 C n 40 C, th tch ca n ch tng thm mt phn triu so vi th tch ban To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

u. Hp kim platinit dng thay th kim loi platin t tin trong trng hp cn phi hn kim loi vi thy tinh (ng tim, bng n in v. v...) : h s n nhit ca hp kim ny ng nh ca thu tinh v platin. Hp kim n hi linva l vt liu tuyt vi lm l xo, nht l dy ct ng h. Cc hp kim nh annico, anni c t tnh cao. Hp kim pecmali sau khi c s l c - nhit c bit s c thm t ln khc thng, n d nhim t v kh t ngay c trong cc t trng yu; hp kim ny c s dng trong k thut in thoi v k thut v tuyn. ch to cc cp nhit, ngi ta dng cc hp kim cromen v alumen. Cc loi thp niken v hp kim niken bn nhit ng vai tr quan trng trong ngnh ch to my bay v k thut v tr. Khi c ngi ngh tit l vi b quyt ca mnh, mt nh kim loi hc tng pht kin c khc nhiu loi hp kim tuyt diu chu nhit cao tr li mt cch vui a : Ti ch ly niken thay st trong thp thi. Trong cu ni a ny c mt phn ln s tht. Chng hn, cc hp kim bn nhit nimonic v incomen l h hng kh gn gi ca thp khng g cha crom niken, nhng trong c rt t st : hu nh niken hon ton ui ht st. Nh vy, cc cnh qut ca tuabin kh v cc chi tit quan trng khc ca ng c my bay ch to bng hp kim ny vn lm vic rt tt ngay 1000 C. Cui nhng nm 60, cc nh bc hc X - vit ch to c mt hp kim m hc mi - l nicosi (gi theo cc m u ca cc thnh phn trong :94% niken, 4% coban v 2% silic). c trng cho hp kim ny l hiu ng t gio : di tc ng ca in t trng bin i, thanh nicosi b nn v b cng lin tc, tr thnh ngun dao ng m thanh. Mt thi gian di, chnh niken thc hin vai tr ny trong cc b to sng kiu t gio, nhng hp kim ny bin i nng lng in t thnh nng lng m thanh vi hiu sut cao gn gp ri so vi niken nguyn cht. Sau khi tham gia vo vic ch to cc ngun siu m mnh, nicosi khng nh c v tr vng chc ca mnh. Gn y, Lin X ch to c mt hp kim l khc - l cromvangan. Nn ca n l niken kt hp vi crom, vanai v gali. T mt gam hp kim ny c th ko ra mt kilmet dy rt mnh nh t nhn. Nhng u im ch yu ca hp kim ny khng phi l ch : in tr ca dy cromvangan trong khong nhit t - 60 C n 200 C thay i khng n mi phn triu, ngha l coi nh khng thay i. Nh tnh cht y m th hp kim mi ny thc s l vt liu v gi ch to cc mu chun, cc kh c v thit b khc nhau. Cc nh bc hc M ch to c mt loi vt liu phi tr mang tn rt p l hp kim kim cng : nn ca hp kim chu mi mn ny cha ti 30 % kim cng tng hp dng bi. Nhng chi tit chu ma st ca cc my cng c v cc my mc khc nu c ph mt lp vt liu mi ny th c tui th cao hn khong su ln so vi cc chi tit bnh thng. Tuy vy s quan tm ln nht ca gii khoa hc v cng nghip li dnh cho hp kim ca To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

niken ( 55%) vi titan - l nitinon. Hp kim ny c to ra t mt phng th nghim M hi u nhng nm 60, nhng khng bc l ngay nhng ti nng ca mnh. Kh nh, bn v do, chu c s n mn nn n c coi l mt hp kim khng xong, v ch c th thi. Song nhng ngi ch to ra n tip tc cc cuc thc nghim v n, v bng nhin hp kim ny th hin mt nng lc c mt khng hai l nh c qu kh ca mnh. iu din ra trong mt ln th nghim. Sau mt s x l nht nh, ngi ta t nng si dy xon lm bng nitinon n 150 C ri lm ngui i, sau , treo vo n mt vt nng ko cng n ra v bin n thnh mt si dy thng hon ton. Nhng iu k diu li xy ra khi ngi ta li t nng si dy ny ln na (t n 95 C) : bin n tr li thnh ... si dy xon trc nhng cp mt y kinh ngc ca cc nh nghin cu. Th nghim ny c lm i lm li nhiu ln v ngi ta to cho hp kim ny nhng hnh dng mi lc mt phc tp hn, song n vn tip tc chng minh tr nh tuyt vi, khng h nao nng ly li din mo ban u ca mnh. Chng hn, ngi ta un si dy thnh ch nitinon, sau nung nng ri lm ngui v lm cho bin dng n mc khng cn nhn ra hnh th ban u na, nhng ch cn cho mt xung in mnh chy qua m dy ri ny t nng n tc thi, th ch nitinon li hin ra trc mt cc nh bc hc. Cc nh thit k tm c cho nitinon rt nhiu lnh vc s dng. Chng hn, c th ch to cc inh tn bng hp kim ny ghp ni cc kt cu m ch c th s c chng t mt pha. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta yu cu n "nh li hnh dng chic inh tn thng thng, sau , bin mt u cn tn ca n thnh mt que trn v cm vo l tn nhit thp. By gi ch cn nung hi nng u inh tn, tc th n lin nh li l tng c lm phng ln c u kia. Ci inh tn nh vy s sit cht cc chi tit li. Mt hng M c lin quan vi cc cng trnh nghin cu v tr ch to mt loi anten bng nitinon dng cho cc v tinh nhn to ca tri t. Khi cun li thnh mt nm cht, n chon ch rt t trong thi gian phng v c t trong mt ci hc c bit. Nhng trong v tr khi tia mt tri nung nng hp kim ln th anten lin tr li hnh dng cn thit. Ngi ta cng ngh ng dng nguyn l ny ch to knh thin vn v tuyn vi anten c ng knh hn mt kilmet. Trong tiu thuyt Nhng chic bnh xe ca nh vn M Actua Hyli (Arthur Hailey), mt trong nhng ngi lnh o hng t ln tm s v nhng ngh ca mnh: Ci mi s nht nh s t m ng cho mnh. V nhng ci mi m quan trng nht m c th thy trc c s lin quan n cc loi vt liu; iu bt buc chng ti ... phi ch to mt loi t hon ton mi. Hy ly cc kim loi lm v d... Ngi ta ang nghin cu to mt th kim loi c kh nng nh c hnh dng ban u ca mnh. Chng hn, nu bn un mt ci chn bn hoc mt cch ca th ch cn gia cng chi tit ny nhit cao, cn kim loi s t khi phc li hnh dng trc y ca To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
mnh. Cc bn c th on c, on ny ni v nitinon. My nm trc y, ti sn bay L Bucgie Pari, trong s nhiu hin vt do Lin X gii thiu, nhng ngi tham quan phng trng by v ngnh hng khng c th thy mt bp tht nhn to ang c ng. l mt si dy nitinon c cun thnh hnh l xo v mt qu cn nho treo vo n. Khi cho dng in i qua si dy, l xo ny b t nng, qu cn lin b ln pha trn. Khi ngt dng in, l xo ngui i v qu cn li t t tt xung. Cc nh bc hc cn ch to c c mt lot hp kim phi tr cng c tr nh tt. Th l nitinon khng n c, song vn nh trc y, n chim v tr hng u trong s cc hp kim khng bit qun thi d vng ca mnh. Mi ngi u bit nim say m lu i ca niken: i vi cc kim loi khc km bn vng hn, niken sn sng bo v chng khi s oxi ha, li va to cho chng mt v b ngoi ho nhong. nh kim loi vui mt ca nhng chic soong ni, m pha c ph, m xamva - tt c u l nhng xo thut ca niken m nhiu dng thng ngy phi nh cy bng cch m mt lp mng kim loi ny. Ln u tin vo nm 1842, nh bc hc c Betghe (Betger) thc hin nh s dng kim loi ny m cc vt. Nhng ng khng t c mc ch, v lc by gi, niken cn cha nhng tp cht l, lm cn tr vic to thnh lp m bng phng php in phn. T v sau, k thut m in tin kh xa. Ngy nay, lp mng niken rt mng c th che ch cho st mt cch vng chc, gip cho lng st ln khi b n mn. Lp m bng niken thm ch cn gip ch trong vic chng ... bn lm tin gi. Php ang lu hnh mt ng 5 frng mi. S khc bit ch yu ca n so vi cc ng tin khc l n gm nhiu lp: mt lp niken c trng ln nn mayso khng c t tnh. By gi th ngi ch ca cc my bn hng t ng c th yn tm: ng 5 frng c nhng tnh cht in - t m trn thc t khng th nh tro n bng nhng mnh kim loi gi mo no . T lu, cc nh bc hc ch n nhng kh nng xc tc ca niken. Ngay t nhng nm 90 ca th k trc, cc nh ha hc Php l Xabatio (Paul Sabatier) v Xeneren (Saint Derain) say m vn iu ch ci gi l m ng cng t cc loi du thc vt lng. H xc nh c rng, mun lm c iu th cn phi lin kt thm mt lng hiro nht nh vo phn t du thc vt. Nhng ri thay: cc nh bc hc th c vic xc nh cn vic lin kt th khng th no thc hin c. Lc u, h ch n gin cho hir li qua cht bo, nhng cht ny li khng chu tng tc vi cht bo. Ri h li th pha thm nhiu cht khc na, song u v hiu. Ch n khi cc nh ha hc dng bt niken rt mn lm cht xc tc th mi t c mc ch. Cht bo ng cng iu ch bng cch c s dng vo vic sn xut macgarin. Ngy nay, niken l mt trong nhng nh hot ng ch yu trong ha hc xc tc. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Cui th k XIX xy ra mt s kin na m nh mt lot cc hp cht ha hc mi c pht hin mt cch ht sc bt ng - l cacbonyl ca cc kim loi. Trong lch s ha hc, niken cacbonyl l cht u tin thuc loi . Nm 1890, nh ha hc kim nh cng nghip ngi Anh l Lutvic Mong (Ludwig Mond) thu c cht ny mt cch ngu nhin khi ng cng ph t ca mnh nghin cu cch kh ht tp cht cacbon oxit ra khi cc cht kh. lm vic ny, ng cho kh cacbon oxit thi qua niken nng sng. Khi th nghim kt thc, Mong nhn thy rng, ngn la khng mu ca cacbon oxit thot ra tr thnh mu trng. Ch n hin tng ny, cc nh nghin cu li tip tc th nghim v ln no h cng nhn thy ngn la mu trng. Khng cn phi nghi ng g na, cacbon oxit tng tc vi niken. Nhng kt qu l s thu c cht g? Nh hn hp ca tuyt vi mui nn ngng t c nhng git cht lng nng, khng mu m ngi ta gi l niken cacbonyl. Mong l ngi u tin c nh s dng cc hp cht cacbonyl vo thc tin. ng ngh cho cacbon oxit tc dng ln cc cht cha niken lm cho niken bc hi di dng cacbonyl, sau nung nng cacbonyl ny s thu c niken nguyn cht. Hin nay, phng php cacbonyl cn c s dng rng ri sn xut cc kim loi c tnh khit rt cao, cng nh to cc lp m crom, coban v niken ln b mt cc sn phm. Trong s cc hp cht khc ca niken, oxit ca n c mt ngha cng nghip quan trng. Cht ny c s dng sn xut cquy kim st - niken m nh bc hc danh ting ngi M l Alva Edison pht minh ra. Loi cquy ny tuy km cquy ch v sc in ng, nhng li nh hn, c tui th cao hn v s dng n gin hn.

Trong h thng tun hon, niken ng cnh st v coban. Do rt ging nhau v nhiu mt nn ba nguyn t ny to thnh mt b ba. Mt iu th v l trong s tt c cc nguyn t m khoa hc bit, ch c cc thnh vin ca b ba ny v kim loi t him gaolini mi c nhng tnh cht st t trong iu kin bnh thng. Tnh h hng ny gy cho cc nh luyn kim nhiu iu rc ri: tch niken khi coban khng phi l vic d dng. Cn mt c lng ging ca niken trong bng tun hon l ng cng rt min cng khi phi ri xa niken. Thng thng trong thin nhin, c coban ln ng u i km vi niken. Tch cc nguyn t ny ra khi nhau l mt qu trnh rt phc tp gm nhiu giai on. Chnh v nguyn nhn ny m niken c coi l kim loi cng nghip t nht v khan him nht.

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Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
Trong v tri t, hm lng niken cha n mt phn vn: Nhng ng ngh rng nh vy l t. Gi s ngi no ny ra nh m niken cho hnh tinh ca chng ta, th liu tr lng niken trong v tri t c lm vic hay khng? Qua tnh ton th thy rng, khng nhng m cn cho hng chc ngn (!) qu cu nh th. Cn v tri t ch l mt lp mng bn ngoi thi, di v cn c nhiu lp cht st hn nhiu, m y, theo kin ca cc nh bc hc, hm lng niken cn cao hn nhiu. Cc nh a cht chuyn ngh tm kim khong sn nhiu khi phi nh cy s gip ca ... ch. Sut trong nhiu nm, cc nh bc hc vin a cht thuc phn vin Carelia ca vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X cng vi cn b vin khong vt hc thu c nhiu kt qu trong cc cuc thc nghim v vic hun luyn ngh tm qung cho nhng con vt ny. Ta nh nhng kh c nhy cm, cc ging ch becgi (chn cu), fcteria (sn chn) v xpanien (sn chim) nh hi thy qung ca nhiu kim loi, trong c niken, nm su vi mt. i vi th k XX, liu phng php ny c qu c s khng? C th mt s c gi no s ngh vy. Nhng ng vi kt lun: vn l ch trong nhng iu kin ca vng m ly phng bc, cc nh a cht i tm qung qu l rt kh khn v ph tn cho vic ny khng phi r. Cn nhng ngi bn bn chn th c kh nng i li cao hn, c th xm nhp vo nhng ni m con ngi khng th ti c. Bn knh hot ng ca loi kh c sng ny ln gp hng chc ln so vi cc kh c vt l thng c s dng tm kim khong sn. Ch cn c mt u im na l chng rt thnh nhy: kim tra hng chc hm cha mu qung, ch ch cn vi giy l xong, trong th nh a cht thc th phi mt n hng gi. Cc chuyn gia Canaa hc hi kinh nghim ca cc nh khoa hc Lin X v vic s dng ch trong cng vic thm d a cht. Ti s cnh st Vancuv, ngi ta tuyn chn ba con ch becgie c, hun luyn cho chng ngh mi ri c i cng cn di hn tm kim cc m khong sn. Di s ch o ca cc nh a cht giu kinh nghim, ch sau mt ma thc a, n ch pht hin c mt s thn qung ng v niken c trin vng khai thc. Trong s cc nc t bn, Canaa gi vai tr ch yu trong vic khai thc qung niken. Mt trong nhng m niken ch yu ca Canaa nm gn h Ontario. Ti x nghip m niken y tin hnh mt cuc n mn cng nghip rt ln. Vic chun b cho cuc n mn ny ko di hn mt nm. Trong cng, ngi ta khoan 17 ngn l mn, chiu di tng cng ca chng ln n vi chc kilomet. Lng thuc n khng l nht vo s l mn ny phi ch bng mt chuyn xe la gm ba mi toa! V n Mamut (ngi Canaa gi nh vy) tung ln khng trung mt triu ri tn cng v ba triu ri tn qung niken. Rt gn y, cch h Manitoba ca Canaa khng xa pht hin c nhng thn qung niken rt ln. t c kt qu ny l nh cc kh c quan To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
trc tri t t trn mt v tinh nhn to ca tri t.

X.I. Venetxki

Cui nm 1969, trn th trng chng khon London ni ln mt s n o huyn no cha tng thy: thi gi cc c phn do cng ty c phn Poseidon pht hnh khi th tng vt, khi th tt xung rt nhanh theo sau nhng tin tc t chu c (Australia) xa xi a ti. Cng ty Poseidon c thnh lp ngay sau khi ngi ta pht hin thy niken trong ct ven b lc a chu c. Lp tc London, kt qu cc cuc tm kim tip tc ca cc nh a cht c loan bo ngay. Lc u xut hin nhng tin ni rng, hm lng niken rt cao, nn thi gi cc c phn lin tng vt ln. Sau li c tin xy ra mt s nhm lm do t sai du phy nn hm lng niken thng bo cao gp mi ln, th l ch vi pht sau, mi ngi x nhau bn bn tho cc phiu c phn ca Poseidon, gn nh l cho khng. Ri li mt tin mi na t bng in bo vin thng a n ni rng, cc s liu ban u v hm lng niken cao l ng, do vy gi c phn li mt ln na tng ln n tt nh. Hn l c mt k no kim chc c khng t trong v ny, cn trung tm ca v huyn no v niken th by gi di chuyn trc tip sang Australia, ni m vic khai thc cc m giu niken nht c trin khai. Khc hn tri t, ni m ch gp niken cng vi cc nguyn t khc, trn nhiu thin th li c niken nguyn cht. Niken v tr ri xung hnh tinh chng ta vi s lng kh ln. Theo c tnh ca cc nh bc hc, mi nm, c mt kilmet vung trn i dng c n 250 gam niken ri xung dng thin thch. Tng chng nh vy cng khng nhiu nhn g. Nhng chnh i dng cao tui, li c din tch rt ln, nn lng niken tch ly c cng rt ln. Nhng s liu mi nht do cc v tinh nhn to thu thp c cho bit rng, kh quyn tri t hng nm thu ht hn mt triu tn bi v tr (ngoi ra, trong thi gian xy ra cc trn ma ro thin thch, lp bi ny tng ln hng trm ln), m nh chng ta u bit, hm lng niken trong bi rt cao. C nhng d n rt l th nhm b sung tr lng niken ca tri t nhm ly cc thin th. Trong khng gian gia cc hnh tinh, c hng chc ngn ci gi l cc tiu hnh tinh (asteroid) ang do chi, m ch yu chng gm c st v niken. Qu o quay ca mt s tiu hnh tinh khng cch xa qu o ca tri t nhiu lm, v i khi chng kh gn hnh tinh ca chng ta. Theo kin ca nhiu nh bc hc th trn l thuyt, c th s dng k thut tn la a mt tiu hnh tinh n mt qu o gn tri t, cn sau s trin khai vic khai thc qung st v niken trn . C mt d n tr tnh a mt thit b t ng c bit ln tiu hnh tinh, sau nh cc l chy bng nng lng mt tri, chng s nu chy vt cht ca tiu hnh tinh ri c thnh nhng thi c khi lng hng triu tn. Cc tn la s a cc thi ny ln mt qu o gn tri t, n y ch

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

cn vic cho kim loi p xung b mt ca tri t mt cch an ton. Nhng p xung bng cch no? Chng hn, ngi ta d nh nu chy kim loi trn qu o ri bm cht kh vo to thnh cc khi kim loi bt, sau s cho chng h xung i dng; y, chng s ni trn mt nc ch cc tu vn ti a n cc nh my luyn kim ven b bin. Theo c tnh ca cc chuyn gia th vi mc tiu th niken nh hin nay, mi kilomet khi vt cht ca tiu hnh tinh s bo m cung cp kim loi ny cho tri t trong khong 1250 nm. Liu nhng d n to bo ni trn c th tr thnh s tht c hay khng? Phi chng mi gn y thi, ch xem nh mt chuyn bay y mo him trong chuyn vin tng m ngay c nhiu nh bc hc cng khng th hnh dung ni cuc du hnh ca con ngi vo khong khng gian xa thm trong v tr y ? ...Cu chuyn ca chng ta v niken - kim loi mang ci tn ghi nh v thn ni c c, n ch kt thc. C th n mt lc no , l cng bng s thng, v ngi ta s gi niken l nh php thut tt bng. Nhng du n mang tn g th iu c quan trng lm khng? iu ch yu l n mang li nhng li ch to ln cho con ngi.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Cu tng thay th

Hi u nhng nm 50, nh kho c hc ngi Anh Jam Melat (James Mellaart) trin khai cc cuc khai qut trn cao nguyn Anatolia Th Nh K. Hin vt tm c khng nhiu v nh bc hc quyt nh ngng vic tm kim. Khi t gi Anatolia, Melat khng bit liu mnh c lc no s tr li y na hay khng. Tt nhin ng cng khng th ngh rng, ch vi nm sau , ti chnh ni y, ng li may mn hon thnh mt pht kin m cc nh chuyn mn nh gi nh mt s kin lm chn ng gii kho c hc th gii. Thnh thong, t nhin trong tr nh ca nh kho c hc li hin ln hai qu i ln thung lng sng Konya m ng cha h ng n. Mt iu g buc ng hi tng li chn ny, ni m nhng qu i c tn l Chatan - Hiuc nh ln gia tho nguyn t mn. Th l ma thu nm 1958, Melat li mt ln na n y v cng vi cc bn ng nghip bt tay

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vo cc cuc khai qut qu i pha ng ca Chatan - Hiuc. V iu g xy ra? Cc hin vt mi ti tp hin ra, ht ci ny n ci khc. Qu i hnh nh vi v t gi b mt ca mnh m n giu kn t nhiu th k. Th ra c mt thi gian, y l ni c tr ca nhng ngi trng trt v chn nui c xa. Php phn tch cacbon phng x cho php xc nh tui ca di ch ny: khong 6500 - 5700 nm trc cng nguyn. 8500 nm! Tui tc ng knh n th ca Chatan - Hiuc khng th khng gy nn mi quan tm c bit i vi di tch ca thi i mi ny. Ngay sau , cc nh kho c hc trin khai cng vic ti y mt cch c h thng, v vn may khng bt h phi ch i lu: h tm thy nhng tp lu cn c bo tn kh tt, nhng bp la gia nh, nhng dng hng ngy. Chatan - Hiuc cn t ra rt di do v cc tc phm ngh thut ca cc ngh nhn c xa: nhng bc tranh mu trn tng, tranh p ni, nhng bc tng nh xinh xn v nhng dng bng gm. Nhng c gi tr khoa hc ln nht c l khng phi l chng, m l nhng vt nh xu bng ng tm c mt trong nhng tng cui cng (c ngha l nhng tng c nht): nhng chic di nh, nhng ht cm v nhng mu ng b t dng lm trang tr cho qun o ph n. Nhng ht ng nh xu ln g xanh ny l nhng sn phm kim loi c nht tm thy c trn hnh tinh chng ta lc by gi. Lc u, Melat gi nh rng, ng m dn c y dng lm cc tp phm ca h c ngun gc t sinh. Nhng Chatan - Hiuc dnh cho cc nh khoa hc mt iu bt ng na: cng nhn khai qut ng phi mt cc x ng nhng lp t di cng ny. Th l r, nhng ngi th lnh ngh Chatan - Hiuc khng nhng bit ch tc ng t sinh m cn bit luyn kim loi ny t qung. Pht hin ny c ngha to ln i vi khoa hc. Mc d chng bao lu sau cc s kin va k trn, v pha ng trin sng Konya, thng ngun sng Tigris, mt nhm cc nh kho c hc M v Th Nh K tm thy vt tch ca mt im dn c c xa vi nhng du vt ca ng v qung ng; im dn c ny cn c hn Chatan - Hiuc khong nm th k. Chnh khu i gm hai ngn cao nguyn Anatolia ny - khu i tng y ranh gii gi nh s xut hin ngh luyn kim trn tri t li v qu kh xa xa ba ngn nm, i vo lch s ca khoa c hc nh mt trong nhng trang tuyt diu nht ca n. Vy ti sao chnh ng li l kim loi u tin lt vo tay con ngi. Ti sao n li c vinh d ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi ?

Cng vi vng, bc, st, thic, ch v thy ngn, ng thuc nhm tht hng gm by kim loi m con ngi bit n t thi c xa. trong s by kim loi ny, ch c ba - vng, bc v ng, l bt gp trn tri t trng

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

thi t sinh. Nhng vng v bc t khi ri vo tay t tin chng ta, cn ng th hay gp hn, hn na, i khi gp dng nhng khi t sinh rt ln. Chng hn, gia th k trc, ti vng H ln (Bc M) tm thy mt mnh ca mt tng ng ln c khi lng khong 400 tn. Trn b mt ca khi kim loi ny cn lu li nhng du vt ca ru m ngay thi i mi, con ngi dng o cc cc ng t tng ny ra nhm s dng cho cc nhu cu ca mnh. Cn nhu cu v kim loi ny th khng nh. Vi t cch l vt liu lm ra cc cng c lao ng, v kh, dng thng ngy, ng c nhng u im tri hn hn so vi . iu tht qu r rng n ni nhng ngi trng trt, chn nui hoc sn bn thi xa xa khng th khng nhn thy. Hn na, kim loi ny tng i d thay i hnh dng, c th p bt, mi sc cnh, c l. ng bt u y li v tr ca v nhanh chng i vo cuc sng ca ngi nguyn thy: thi i giao ph li quyn hnh cho thi i ng.

Cng ngy cng tch ly c nhiu kinh nghim gia cng ng nn con ngi t c nhiu thnh tu ln trong vic ny. Nhng sn phm bng ng m nhng ngi th thi c i cn li cho chng ta ni ln iu . Trong ngi m ca mt v faraon Ai Cp tng tr v vo khong gia thin nin k th ba trc cng nguyn tm thy mt ci ni ln c g t mt tm ng dt. Tip theo , con ngi bit cch nu chy ng v c cc dng n gin bng ng. Mc du, vt c bng ng c xa nht m cc nh kho c hc bit c l chic ru xut hin t su ngn nm trc y, song c l l con ngi ch thc s nm vng k thut c sau khi hc xong mt kha v gia cng nng kim loi. n lc by gi, ti nhiu ni trn tri t, con ngi khai thc c qung ng v dng n luyn ng. Cc m qung ng o Sp c ting tm c bit, m nh ngi ta vn gi nh, tn La tinh ca ng l Cuprum c lin quan vi tn ca hn o ny. Cn ch Nga Medb, th theo kin ca mt s nh bc hc, xut pht t ch CMIDA - cc b lc c xa tng sng phn t chu u thuc lnh th Lin X u dng t ny gi chung mi th kim loi. C th gp nhng on ni v ng trong cc ngun t liu sch v c xa nht. Trong tc phm Iliat, Homer m t v thn - ngi lao ng Hefet lm ngh th rn ch to cho ngi anh hng Asin (Achilles) trong cuc chin tranh Troa mt tm mc chin thng bng ng nh sau: Chng vung tm ng bt kh xm phm vo ngn la ang bc ngn ngt.... Theo cc truyn thuyt c Hy Lp, con trai ca thn t l Promete ly trm la ca cc v thn ri trao cho con ngi nn chng b thn Zt ra lnh xing chn vo ni bng mt si xch ng. Thi c, ng c bit n khng nhng trn tri m cn di mt t y ti li na, hn

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

na, th kim loi ny i khi b gn mt vai tr hi khc thng i vi thi by gi. Trong nhng nm 30 ca th k chng ta, khi khai qut gn thnh ph Baghdad, cc nh kho c hc ngi c tm thy c mt ci bnh bng t st rt k l, bn trong bnh c mt ci ng hnh tr rng bng ng cng vi mt thanh st han g nng. Sau khi xem xt vt tm c ny, cc nh nghin cu i n mt kt lun to bo: h cho rng, ngi rp c xa rt dung dch kim vo bnh ny lm ngun in, cn nhng ngi th kim hon xa kia dng n m vng ln cc vt bng kim loi. Nu gi thuyt ny ng th c ngha l b pin in u tin c cc nh k thut in vng Lng H ch to ra t hai ngn nm trc khi c nhng th nghim ca Galvani v Volta. Theo kin ca cc nh Ai Cp hc, thin nin k th hai trc Cng nguyn, ngh luyn ng Ai Cp t n quy m to ln: thi by gi c hn mt ngn l luyn ng hot ng nc ny. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu t liu lch s cho thy, vic sn xut kim loi ny sau gim xung mt cch t ngt. L no ngi Ai Cp li khng cn n ng na? Gn y ngi ta l gii c iu b n : cc cuc khai qut kho c hc cho bit rng, cng nghip luyn ng Ai Cp thi c tri qua... mt cuc khng hong nng lng tng bao trm c khu vc ny vo thi xa xa y. Nhng cy c v cy keo trng mc vng ven b sng vng chu th sng Nile vn c dng lm cht t cho cc l luyn ng b cht tri hon ton v b t sch. Tn tht ny qu tht l khng th b p c, v vic luyn ng nh phi ngng hn. ng c cng hin to ln vo vic pht trin nn vn ha vt cht, nhng hp kim ca ng vi thic - gi l ng - cn c vinh d ng vai tr quan trng hn. Hp kim tuyt diu ny c hng lot u im so vi ng nguyn cht: cng v bn cao, n hi ln, lm li ct rt st, t b n mn, d rt y khun c. Tip sau thi i ng ko di khng lu, thi i ng k tc ng tr trn hnh tinh chng ta. C l con ngi bit n ng t thin nin k th t trc Cng nguyn: cc cng c c nht bng ng c tm thy Iran, Th Nh K, Lng H c cc nh bc hc xc nh tui nh vy. Tuy nhin, tn gi ca ng th mi sau ny mi c. Thi xa xa, mt trong nhng thng cng ln nht ca nc Italia l Brinizi (xa kia gi l Bruizi); y l im cui ca con ng Appia l con ng dng ch ng khai thc c t cc m trong nc n cng. T y, kim loi ny ln ng sang cc nc khc. Nhng ng t khi c tinh khit, m thng dng hp kim vi thic. C th thu c hp kim nh vy mt cch t nhin trong qu trnh nu luyn, bi v ti cc m m t ng bc vo i, thng c thic chung sng vi ng. Ngoi ra, cc tu bun Hy Lp chuyn ch thic t qun o Britania thng xuyn gh qua cng ny. Hon ton c th l cc nh luyn kim y nhn thy rng, hp kim ca hai kim loi ny m ng i ca chng giao nhau ti Brunizi c nhng tnh cht rt tt nn tm cch sn xut tht nhiu. Chng To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

bao lu, ngi ta gi hp kim ny - ng t Brunizi (theo ting La tinh l es Brundisi), l ng . Ti mt ngi m Ai Cp thuc hi gia thin nin k th hai trc cng nguyn, ngi ta pht hin c mt bc tranh rt ng ch ; bc tranh ny m t quy trnh cng ngh ca vic sn xut cc vt c bng ng . Ba lao cng (hn l ba n l, v c mt gim th cm gy ng trng coi h) a kim loi vo l nu luyn. Cn thy nhng ni nung, nhng ng than g, nhng st ng than a vo xng c. Hai lao cng tht b, ngi th ba cm que ci l iu khin v duy tr ngn la trong l. Hai ngi dng nhng cy n nhc ni nu ng chy ra khi l v khnh n khun c - vic rt kim loi din ra y. Nh ha s thi xa cn vit li ghi ch km theo bc tranh: nhng dng ch tng hnh gii thch rng, bc tranh din t vic c cc cnh ca ln bng ng cho mt ngi n, ngoi ra, theo ch th ca faraon th kim loi ny c a t Xyri v. T nhng thi xa xa, cc nh iu khc ngh n ng . Thi gian cn li cho chng ta nhng tc phm iu khc tuyt m bng ng tng ra i t nhiu th k trc y: Marcus aurelius, Ngi nm a, Thn hoang d ang ng v. v... Mt s pho tng bng ng c kch thc khng l. Chng hn, hi u th k th III trc cng nguyn xut hin bc tng Ngi khng l Root - mt thng cnh ca bn cng c xa trn o Root trong bin gie. Bc tng thn mt tri Helios cao 32 mt ny ng sng sng li vo bn cng c coi l mt trong by k quan ca th gii. Tic thay, tc phm s ca nh iu khc Kharot (Chares) ch tn ti c hn na th k: mt trn ng t ph bc tng v n b em bn cho ngi Xyri nh mt ng nt. Ngi Nht Bn cng rt iu luyn trong ngnh c ng . Bc tng Pht cha Toaizi dng hi th k th VIII nng hn 400 tn. c c bc tng c mt khng hai ny, i hi phi c ti ngh tuyt vi v trnh k thut xut sc trong ngh c. C v sau ny, ng v ng vn tip tc phc v ngh thut iu khc mt cch trung thnh. Hn bn vn cn nh bc tng K s ng ni ting - tc phm bt h ca nh iu khc ngi Php th k th XVIII l Etienne Morice Falconet. Tng Thn T do cao 46 mt do nh iu khc ngi Php l Frdric Auguste Bartholdi dng ln hi cui th k trc vn ng sng sng li vo bn cng New York. Pho tng ny tiu tn ht 225 tn ng tm. tui thiu thi, ng sm bc l nhng nng khiu m nhc v mi mi gn b mnh vi ting chung. Ngi ta th c chung bng th kim loi v hp kim - bng thp, gang, ng thau, nhm, thm ch bng bc v vng - nhng khng mt vt liu no trong s c th tranh ti vi ng v cng v ngn di ca m thanh. Rt nhiu chung lm bng ng t thi xa vn tn ti cho n ngy nay - t nhng ci chung t hon cho n nhng ci To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

chung cp bo khng l. Sut nhiu th k, nhng s kin quan trng nht trong lch s ca chng ta gn lin vi ting chung - c lc lo u ln khi vui sng, c trong hi h cng nh nhng ngy au bun. mt s dn tc, n nay vn cn lu truyn nhng truyn thuyt v ci chung khin ngi nghe phi xt xa thng tic. Chng hn, Triu Tin, ngay t th k th VIII ngi ta c mt ci chung ln, nng 48 tn, pht ra m thanh trong tro khc thng. Theo truyn thuyt, v mun cu ngi cha khi nhiu iu ri ro, con gi ngi th c gieo mnh vo kim loi nng chy v ting ku thm thit ca nng trc khi cht ngng ng li trong ting chung. Nhng thng thng nhng ngi th c xoay x c m khng cn nhng s hy sinh nh vy: bng cch thay i thnh phn ca ng v kch thc ca vt c, h c th lm ra nhng ci chung vi hng trm th m thanh ngn ln trong nhng ngy chin thng v trong nhng gi pht gian nan ca dn tc. Bn cnh ng , t thi xa xa con ngi cn bit mt hp kim tuyt diu khc na ca ng - l ng thau: trong , km nhp vai bn ng minh ca ng. Cc thy cng Ai Cp c xa li cho chng ta nhng iu ni v hp kim ny. M c l h cng l nhng nh gi kim thut u tin trong lch s khoa hc: cc bn chp tay tm thy c khi khai qut mt ngi m Fiva c ni n nhng b quyt iu ch vng t ng. Theo s khng nh ca cc tc gi nhng chuyn kho ha hc linh thing ny th ch cn pha thm km vo ng, th l ng bin ngay thnh vng (nhn b ngoi th qu tht l ng thau hi ging vng). Thc ra, th vng ny c mt nhc im: trn b mt ca n thng xut hin nhng vt l lot v nhng m pht ban (khc vi vng, ng thau khng th chng chi vi tc ng tc hi ca oxi). Theo li cc ng thy cng th mun loi tr cn bnh ny, phi kin tr cu nguyn v cn phi bit nhng cu thn ch c hiu lc mnh m. Cc hp cht ca ng cng c cng dng a dng ngay t thi xa. Khi phn tch cc bc tranh c trn tng, cc nh ha hc pht hin thy c ng axetat trong : n c dng to nn mu lc sng. Cng thc pha ch hp cht ny nc Nga thi xa chng c g phc tp: Hy ly pho mt d v mt ong nht cho vo l ng, ri pha thm vn ng v ph vn ng ln trn. Hy gn np l li bng bt nho ri t l ln bp l trong hai tun. Ch c th thi! Khng ai bit nhng ngi La M xa kia to ra cht mu xanh lc ny nh th no, nhng ngi ta tm thy n cc bc v trn tng cc nh tm ca hong La M Tit (Titus), cng nh trong cc bc bch ha thnh ph c Pompei tng b chn vi di mt lp dung nham v tro bi sau trn phun tro ca ni la Vesuvi cch y khong hai ngn nm. Trong s hng ha m cc thng nhn Alecxanri hay bun bn thi by gi, th m phm mu xanh ng rt c u chung. Nhng ngi n b n din thng dng cht to nn nhng To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

qung mt - thi by gi, lm nh th mi c coi l bit t im. V lch s cng lp li, th son phn y ngy nay li tr thnh mt ca thi i. Cc m qung ng tng c khai thc trn lnh th Lin X c n vi ngn tui. Trong cc cuc khai qut ngoi Capcaz, trung , Xibia, Antai, cc nh kho c hc tm thy dao, ru, u mi tn v l chn m v trang sc - tm li l v s dng c lm ra t rt lu trc cng nguyn - bng ng v ng . Hi u th k XVI, cc x nghip quc phng Maxcva nh Xng c sng, Bi c sng, ch to ra cc v kh bng ng vi cc c khc nhau. Trong vic c v kh, nhng ngi th Nga lnh ngh t n trnh hon ho. Khu i bc Vua nng 40 tn do Anrei Chokhp c bng ng nm 1586 cho n nay vn c coi l kit tc ca ngh thut c. Mt chng tch tuyt vi na ca k thut c l qu chung vua bng ng nng 200 tn do cha con ngi th kho Maturin c vo nm 1735 treo ln gc chung Iva i . Nhn y cng ni thm, vm ca di tch kin trc th k XVI ny c lp bng nhng l ng nguyn cht m vng. Ca pha nam ca gio ng Uxpenxki - nh th chnh ca nc Nga c, cng c lm bng nhng tm ng. V thiu ng nn nc Nga phi thng xuyn tm kim nhng m ng mi. Gia th k XVII, nh bun Xemen Gavrilop c c n huyn Olonet lng qung ng. Chuyn i thnh cng: qung ng thc s c tm thy. Hin cn gi c mt ti liu c t nm 1673 k rng, vin huyn i trng Olonet phi ra lnh dn sch con ng t m qung n xng di mt vecxta ri (Vecxta l n v o chiu di c ca nc Nga, bng 1066 mt(N. D.). Trc t lu, vo nm 1652, vin tnh trng Kazan bo co vi nh vua rng, qung ng tm c nhiu v s dng cc xng luyn ng.

Th m ng vn khng . Nn thiu ng c bit nghim trng trong thi gian chin tranh vi Thy in (mt iu k l l sut thi gian chin tranh, nc Nga vn mua c ng v st ca ... Thy in). Trong trn nh gn Narva nm 1700, qun i Nga b tht bi nng n. Hiu c s cn thit phi xy dng mt lc lng pho binh hng mnh, cho nn, bn cnh vic tng cng nu luyn ng, Pit nht cn quyt nh trng thu chung ng v cc th ng khc ca nh th. Bt chp s phn i ca cc cha c, nh vua vn dc ton b s lng ng thu c vo mc ch qun s. Trn Pontava xc nhn c s sng sut ca nh vua. Qun i Thy in ch c mt t v kh nn b thua ling xing trc ha lc ca hng chc c i bc

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

bng ng ca qun i Nga. Vic nh bi qun i Thy in c ngha rt quan trng i vi s pht trin sau ny ca nn kinh t Nga. Sau chin thng Pontava, Pit nht cn thc hin mt cuc ci cch na. Vic bun bn trong nc va mi pht hin i hi mt th vt liu r dng c tin, c kh nng thay th bc, v bc rt cn cho ngoi thng. Li mt ln na, chung ng c huy ng, nhng by gi khng phi l c sng m l c tin. Trong nhng nm tip theo, vic sn xut ng nc Nga vn tip tc pht trin. Hng chc xng luyn ng xut hin Uran, Antai. Cui th k XIX c xng luyn ng Capcaz v Cazcxtan. Cng trong khong thi gian ny, ngh luyn ng cn xut hin vng cc bc (thuc tnh Enisei c). Nm 1919, nh a cht N. N. Urvantxep pht hin c nhng tn tch ca l luyn ng Norinxc. Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy rng, l ny c xy dng nm 1872, cn trc khi xy l xy ra nhng s kin kh l th. Thi by gi ai cng bit l Taimr c qung ng, nhng cng nghip luyn ng khng th pht trin c v gi vt liu xy dng qu t, nht l gch. Th ri vo nm 1863, nh bun Kiprian Xotnikop quyt nh i mt nc c tinh khn. ng ta yu cu tng c tnh Enisei cho php xy dng ti lng uinca mt nh th g bng tin ring ca mnh. L tt nhin, vin tng c khng th t chi k n l ca cha v nguyn thing ling ny, v nh bun c cp ngay giy php ng th tc. Tr ma mnh l ch vn phng tng c khng bit rng uinca c nh th ri, m li l nh th bng . V vy, sau khi khn trng xy ct xong nh th bng g, lo li bun lu lnh ny bn d nh th c v ly gch linh thing xy l luyn ng vo nm 1872 - l c t ca nh my luyn kim mu khng l hin nay thuc lin hp luyn kim Norinxc. Lin hp ny i vo hot ng khng lu trc chin tranh v quc v i. Cho n u th k XX, mt phn ng k ca ngnh cng nghip ng ca nc Nga vn nm trong tay cc x nghip nhng quyn nc ngoi. Nm 1913, ch sn xut c 17 ngn tn ng tinh luyn. Con s khng th p ng c nhu cu ca t nc. Cuc ni chin v s can thip ca khi ng minh a ngnh sn xut ng ca nc Nga n ch gn nh t lit hon ton. Nhiu x nghip khai thc ng b tn ph hoc b ngp nc, cc nh my b ng ca: c cng nhn, ln nguyn vt liu v nhiu liu u khng c... thc hin k hoch in kh ha t nc ca Lnin, cn phi c nhiu ng. Ngy 5 thng 5 nm 1922, nh my luyn ng Kalata (nay l nh my Kirovograt) va c khi phc cho ra m sn phm u tin. Hon ton c th coi ngy khi u hot ng ca x nghip l ngy ra i ca ngnh luyn kim mu

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

X - vit... Hin nay, cng nghip ng l mt trong nhng ngnh ch o ca nn luyn kim mu X - vit. ng mt trong nhng kim loi c nht m con ngi bit n, c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc k thut hin i no? Nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca ng l tnh dn in v dn nhit tuyt vi. Ch ring bc l kim loi duy nht c nhng tnh cht ny tt hn ng. Nhng bc li rt t tin nn khng th s dng rng ri vo cc mc ch cng nghip. Chnh v vy m ng xng ng c gi l kim loi ch yu ca ngnh k thut in. Cc nh cng ngh chuyn nghin cu vic gia cng ng hin nay cng nh t tin xa xa ca h tng sng trong hang ng u a chung kim loi ny v tnh do cao ca n : ng c th cn thnh l cc mng, mng hn nhiu ln so vi t giy cun thuc l. ng cn c mt tnh cht qu bu na - l tnh khng nhim t. Trn ni i kh tng ti thnh ph Xveclpxc c mt ngi nh g xy dng nm 1836 quan trc kh tng v a t. Khi xy dng ngi nh ny, ngi ta ch dng inh ng ch khng dng mt chic inh st no c trnh nhiu cho cc kh c o t. Nm 1952, chic thuyn bum ba ct Bnh minh ng theo n t hng ca Lin X ri xng thnh ph Turku (thuc Phn Lan). l mt chic thuyn bum nh c ng c, dng kho st t trng ca tri t. S vt liu nhim t trong kt cu v thit b ca con thuyn c gim n mc ti thiu, nn cc php o t c chnh xc cao. Cc x v thuyn g u c lm bng ng thau; neo, xch neo v a s chi tit ca my mc trn thuyn u c lm bng ng v cc hp kim khng nhim t. Ngay c dng c c t cho nhn vin v cc nh khoa hc trn thuyn luyn luyn tp th thao trong cc cuc i bin di ngy cng u lm bng ng thau. C th gp ng trong my bin p v ng c t, trong my thu hnh v thu thanh, trong cc thit b in t rt phc tp v trong cc my gia cng kim loi. T ng, ngi ta ch to cc chi tit ca thit b ha hc v dng c lm vic c lin quan vi cc cht d n v d chy, nhng ch m khng th dng thp, v thp d nh la. Hi ng l tc nhn ch yu ca ci gi l laze xung m knh hin vi laze u vit nht c ch to trn c s : loi knh hin vi ny cho php chiu hnh nh cc vt v cng nh ln mn nh vi phng i 15 ngn ln. ng v cc hp kim ca n c thm nin cng tc rt lu nm trong ngnh xy dng. Ngay t thi trung c, kim loi ny c dng lm mi lp cc lu i v nh th. Chng hn, lu i ni ting ca vua nc an Mch Enxino, ni m hong t an Mch Hamlet theo ca Sechxpia v i quyt nh la chn mt trong hai iu: Tn ti hay khng tn ti, cng c lp bng ng l. Hoa vn v cc chi tit trang tr khc bng ng i vo kin trc hin i mt cch thnh cng. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nhng ngi kin to nn to nh Empire State Building mt trong nhng to nh cao nht th gii, noi theo ngi Ai Cp c xa lm ng dn nc bng ng: hn 200 tn ng c s dng cho h thng ng dn nc ca to nh chc tri cao 381 mt ny. Nhng chi tit khung v vin chm tr ca c nm ngi sao bng hng ngc trang tr cho cc thp ca im Cremli Maxcva u lm bng ng l m vng. S hp kim ca ng c s dng trong cc lnh vc hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi ang tng ln khng ngng. Mi vi chc nm trc y, ngi ta ch gi cc hp kim ca ng vi thic l ng , vy m hin nay c cc loi ng cha nhm v ch, cha silic v mangan, cha berili v caimi, cha crom v ziriconi. c bit ngy nay ngi ta dng ng cha nhm (hp kim ca ng vi khong 5 % nhm) c tin. Ln u tin, tin ng lu hnh nc Nga hi gia th k XVIII. Nm 1662, s kin ny dn n cuc khi ngha Maxcva tng i vo lch s vi ci tn l Cuc ni lon v ng. Vic thay th tin bc bng tin ng l nguyn nhn trc tip dn n cuc khi ngha ny, v iu lm cho gi bnh m v gi cc thc phm khc tng vt. B khn kh do cuc chin tranh dai dng vi Ba Lan v Thy in, li phi chu ng cnh thiu thn cng cc do nn mt ma kinh nin v phi np nhiu th su thu nng n, nn nhn dn vng ln khi ngha. Sa hong bp cuc ni lon v ng ny v n p nhng ngi khi ngha mt cch tn khc, nhng tin ng cng phi ngng lu hnh. Ngi ta bit khng t nhng ci tn p v nhng bit danh nho bng m nhiu vua cha cng hu tng mang theo vo lch s. Trong bn h, mt s ngi gp may mn: chng hn, ai chng mt lng mt d v hng trm v hng ngn nm v sau vn c lu hnh l V i, l Khi ng hoc Hung tn? Vy m vua Henry VIII nc Anh tng tr v hi th k thc XVI nh phi than th vi s phn, bi v ng ta b thn dn ca mnh t cho ci bit danh nho bng l Ci mi ng c rch. Nguyn do ca ci vinh d cao c y nh sau. Di thi Henry VIII, vic chi tiu trong cung nh rt tn km, nhiu tin ca phi cung phng cho mt s hong hu k tip nhau (ng ta c n na t v chnh thc), ri cc cuc chin tranh vi Php v Xcotlen cng i hi nhng khon chi tiu rt ln. Tt c nhng iu lm cho ngn qu ca nh vua tr nn thiu ht nghim trng. ng vua hm sc v hiu chin ny tm c mt phng k c o thot khi tnh th nguy ngp: theo ch th b mt ca nh vua, ngi ta bt u dp nhng ng tin bc bng .... ng, ri ch m mt lp bc rt mng bn ngoi. Nhng tht l ri ro, tt c nhng ng tin tng lu hnh trong nhiu nm u b mn dn. Nhng ng Shilling m chnh vua Henry VIII in mt mnh ln cng nh phi cam chu s phn y. V ci mi l chi tit li ra nhiu nht ca b mt nh vua trn ng tin nn n b mn nhiu hn c. Bc chp mi b mn ht lm cho ng l ra mt cch tr trn. Bi vy, ngay khi Henry VIII cn sng, dn chng gi To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ng l Ci mi ng c rch. Cho n nay, ci tn nho bng y vn cn lu truyn trong nhng ngi su tp tin c. Gia th k XVII, Thy in ngi ta c nhng ng tin rt khc thng: chng l nhng tm ng hnh ch nht dy cp, nng gn 20 kilgam. Th tin l ny mi n tay cc nh bc hc cha lu lm, khi nhng ngi th ln tm thy vi ng tin nh th trong xc mt chic tu thi trung c nm di y bin Bantic. nc Nga cng tng pht hnh nhng ng tin tng t, nhng thc ra th kch thc nh hn. Nm 1725 pht hnh nhng ng tin rp bng ng c dng tm mng hnh vung, nng 1,6 kilgam. Cng vi ng rp cn c nhng ng tin hnh vung nh hn: na rp, mt phn t rp, mi cpech, nm cpech v mt cpech. Tiu pha bng nhng ng tin hnh vung nng trnh trch ny qu l rt bt tin, nn ngi ta phi nh ch pht hnh chng. Ngy nay, nhng ng tin c mt khng hai y i vi cc nh su tp tin c c nh gi ngang vi trng lng vng. i khi, tuy c v nghch l, nhng ng tin bng ng li t hn nhng ng tin bng vng rt nhiu ln. C mt ln London, mt ng tin nh c bn u gi vi gi mt penny (tc l mt phn trm ca ng bng Anh). Nhng nhng ngi c mt ti th bit rng, ci khoanh kim loi xm xt kia hon ton khng ng gi mt xu. Nm 1933, xng c tin Anh c c thy su ng tin nh vy, m nm trong s c gi li ngn kh quc gia nc Anh, cn ng th su th hi by gi c ct gi trong mt b su tp t nhn. Ngi ch mi ca ng tin c kia a n ra bn u gi vi mn tin gn ln l 2600 bng Anh, ngha l cao gp na triu ln gi tr danh ngha ca ng tin c. Trong thin nhin c nhiu khong vt cha ng. p nht trong s l malachit. Lng t x Uran cn ci tng tr nhng thn qung ln ca th xanh lc k diu ny vi nhng ng vn khng g bt chc ni. Nm 1835, ngi ta tm thy y mt tng nng 250 tn. Bn tay vng ca nhng ngi th chm Uran bin malachit thnh nhng sn phm c v p k diu: nhng ci hp, l hoa, bn gh, ct tr. Trong gian malachit ca bo tng Ermitagi Lningrat c by nhng l hoa lm bng th qu ny. Zambia v Zair (chu Phi) c nhng m qung ng giu c. Lch s khm ph ra chng tht th v. Hi u th k ny, khi i sn linh dng nga sng kim, mt ngi dn a phng bn b thng mt con, ri ui theo n cho n khi n ng gc trn mt mm . i n tng , ngi th sn thy trn c nhng ng vn mu ngc bch. Anh ta lin mang mt cc ny v cho cc nh a cht. V cc nh a cht xc nh c rng, thin nhin ct giu y nhng kho ng khng nh ca mnh. Vng t c loi ny lin c gi l vnh ai cha ng, cn m ng Zambia, ni tm thy ng ln u tin, t mang tn l Roan Antelope (ngha l linh dng nga). To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

tn vinh ng, trong i snh ca sn bay quc t th Luxaca ca Zambia, ngi ta dng ln mt i k nim - l mt khi qung ng mu lc nht, nng nhiu tn. Tm danh thip ca quc gia chu Phi non tr ny l nh th. Cn mi vm bn mt ca mt ta nh ln th - ni t tr s ca quc hi Zambia, th c p bng nhng tm ng rt ln, tng trng cho ti nguyn thin nhin giu c - nn tng kinh t ca nc ny. Mt iu rt l th l chnh trong cc hm l ca m ng Zambia, cc nh bc hc pht hin c du vt c s nht ca s sng trn tri t: trong cc tng c tui mt t nm vn cn thy nhng hnh lang nh li ti do cc sinh vt a bo c ra; nhng sinh vt ny so vi cc i biu c tui nht ca h ng vt trn tri t m khoa hc bit th cn cao tui hn n 300 triu nm. Khc vi Zambia, ni m cng nghip khai thc ng ch mi xut hin th k chng ta, trn lnh th Thy in, cc m ng c khai thc ngay t thi m ngi viking (nhng ngi Bc u tng t chc nhng cuc hnh qun n cp cc vng ven bin Chu u t th k VIII n gia th k IX(N. D.).) cn honh hnh, tc l khong mt ngn nm trc y. Ti nh bo tng ca thnh ph Falun - ni tng ni ting mt thi v ngh khai thc ng, khch tham quan bng ch n mt hin vt kh k l: mt ci m rt to bng ng. T thi xa, mt ngi th lm m c l rt snh ngh qung co tng hnh ngh y. Hn l ng ta thu nhng ngi th c ng lm cho mt ci m hnh tr cao mt mt v ln my ch Lm m trong cung nh ri trng by cho mi ngi xem li cun khch hng. Hin nay, chic m c o ny, c n ni b co xc, l c nh ng quch ra, chim mt v tr danh d gia cc vt trong bo tng ny. Ti mt nc khc Bc u - nc Phn Lan, cng c ng. Mt trong nhng m mi c tm thy y mang tn k khm ph ra n - ch becgie Laria c hun luyn ngh a cht. ng nh mi ngi mong i, i vi thng bo v gii thng bng tin thng cho ngi c cng pht hin ra m, con ch t ra rt bit kim ch, bi v, mt chui xc xch eo vo c mang li cho n nim vui thc s. Trong thi gian gn y, lin minh gia cc nh a cht hc v thc vt hc ngy cng tr nn bn cht, to nn ci gi l a thc vt hc ch th. P. P. Bajop - ngi vn thng ca ngi nhng kho bu bng ca x Uran trong truyn ngn ca mnh, vit v nhng th hoa v c thn k bit pht hin cho con ngi nhng kho vng, st, ng. V c r cm su vo t nn nhiu loi cy c ht c dung dch cht khong t lng t, chng khc g nhng ci bm ht. Nu nh gn cy c qung ca mt kim loi no th hm lng kim loi y trong r, cnh, l s cao hn hn mc bnh thng. Mi loi cy a thch mt mn n ngon ca mnh: cy ng v cy kim ngn khng h hng vi vng, hoa violet a chung km, mangan hp khu v ca ngi cu, cy thng thch berili. Hm lng cao ca mt nguyn t no trong thc vt l du hiu cho cc cuc tm kim a cht v thng dn n s pht hin ra cc m. Chng hn, nh cc bn hu mu xanh m ngi ta To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
tm c nhng m qung ng Uzbekixtan v Antai. Mt nh th c ni: ng xa th thy c ci to ln hn. C l cc nh a cht hon ton ng vi nh th ny. thi i chng ta, h ang s dng phng php chp nh t v tr nghin cu tri t c k hn. Mt my chp nh c t trn v tinh nhn to hoc trn trm nghin cu khoa hc trn qu o xem xt k lng b mt ca tri t bng con mt chp nh, cn mt my tnh in t m b nh ca n ghi nhng cnh quan a cht in hnh cng lm vic vi my chp nh s lm cho chng ta bit phi c bit ch n ci g. Gii m cc bc nh tht k lng, cn trn thc a th kim tra li nhng ni m cc nh a cht thy cn lu , bng cch , chng ta s thu c nhng kt qu tt p. Chng hn, a cht hc v tr gip pht hin nhng m qung ng Pakixtan m trc y cha ai bit. Mi nm, hng triu tn qung ng c vn chuyn t cc ni khai thc n cc x nghip luyn kim theo cc tuyn ng st v ng t, trn cc sng, h, bin v i dng. V cng tht k l, nhng kin hng hon ton v hi ny i khi li l cn nguyn ca mt mi nguy him ln. Chng hn, cch y cha lu lm, qung ng l ... th phm ca mt tai nn ging ln con tu ch hng Anatina ca Na Uy. Cc khoang ca chic tu thy ang chy v pha b bin Nht Bn u cht y tinh qung ng. Bng nhin, ci bo ng r ln: tu b thng. Th ra nhng kin hng m tu ang ch chi mt tr a ma qui vi cc thy th: ng trong tinh qung cng vi v thp ca tu Anatina to thnh mt b pin m hi nc bin l cht in phn. Dng in sinh ra gm mn lp v bc tu n ni nhiu ch b thng, khin cho nc bin trn vo khoang tu. Cn mt lnh vc hot ng na ca ng, tuy khng phi vi t cch l mt kim loi nhng cng rt ng quan tm. ng thuc ci gi l nguyn t sinh hc rt cn thit cho s pht trin bnh thng ca thc vt v ng vt. N chu trch nhim thc y cc qu trnh ha hc din ra bn trong cc t bo. Nu khng c hoc thiu ng trong cc m thc vt th hm lng cht dip lc s gim, l cy b vng a, cy s khng ra qu v c th cht. Khng phi ngu nhin m ng sunfat c s dng rng ri trong nng nghip. Trong s cc i biu ca gii ng vt th cc loi bch tuc, mc, s hn v mt s loi thn mm cha nhiu ng hn c. Trong mu ca cc loi tm cua v cc loi chn u, ng tham gia vo vic to thnh sc t h hp hemocyanin, cng ging nh vai tr ca st trong mu ca cc ng vt khc. Khi kt hp vi oxi ca khng kh, hemocyanin c mu xanh (v vy m c sn c mu xanh), cn khi nh oxi cho cc m th n tr nn khng mu. nhng ng vt ng bc thang pht trin cao hn v ngi, ng ch yu nm trong gan. Nu khng lng ng trong thc n, con ngi s mc bnh thiu mu v xut hin chng suy nhc. C l chnh v th nn nhiu dn tc gn cho ng nhng tnh cht cha bnh. Chng hn, ngi To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nepan coi ng l mt kim loi linh thing gip cho vic tp trung t tng, b ch cho s tiu ha v cha c cc chng bnh ng rut v d dy (ngi bnh c ung nc trong mt ci cc ng vi ng tin ng). Mt trong nhng ngi cha to nht v p nht Nepan c tn l Cha ng. Nu nh c chp khng th vi ng th nhng c dn to xc hn ca thy ph, nh bn c mp, li khng th chu ng c nguyn t ny, hay ni chnh xc hn, chng rt k mt hp cht ca ng vi lu hunh - l ng sunfat. Nhiu th nghim kim tra th thuc chng c mp ny c tin hnh M hi u chin tranh th gii th hai. Khi , nhiu tu thy b m v bom n v thy li nn rt cn nhng phng tin chng c mp mt cch hu hiu. Nhiu nh bc hc v th sn c mp tham gia vo vic gii quyt vn ny. Nhn y xin ni thm, c vn ho Ernest Hemingwy cng khng ng ngoi cuc: ng ch r tng ni m ng nhiu ln sn ui loi c d tn ny. Thnh cng ca cc cuc th nghim vt qu s mong i: c mp tham v nhng ming mi khng c ng sunfat v trnh xa nhng ming mi tm cht ny ngoi mt dm. Thc ra, cc chuyn gia Australia lc u nghi ng th thuc chng c mp ny. H ma mai: i vi c mp x chng ti (c mp Australia c coi l d tn nht), ci chng khc g thuc au u. N ch l th gia v hi cay thm vo mn tht rn. Nhng khi thuc ny c th nghim ti vnh C mp ni ting bn b bin pha ty Australia th ngay c nhng k hoi nghi qu qut cng buc phi cng nhn hiu qu ca n. Cn c mt phng php khai thc ng lin quan vi cc qu trnh sinh hc. Ngay t hi u th k ca chng ta, cc m ng bang Iut (nc M) ngng hot ng, v nhng ngi ch m tin chc l tr lng qung ng cn kit, nn h tho nc vo cho ngp c khu m. Hai nm sau, ngi ta bm nc ra v thu c 12 ngn tn ng. Mt trng hp tng t nh vy xy ra Mxico: ch sau mt nm, ngi ta mc c 10 ngn tn ng t mt m b hoang khng ai ng ti. Vy th ng ny ly t u ra? Cc nh bc hc tm c li gii p. Trong v s cc loi vi khun, c nhng loi m cc hp cht sunfua ca mt s kim loi l thc n ngon c chng rt a thch. Bi v trong thin nhin, ng thng c lin quan vi lu hunh nn cc vi khun ny khng h hng i vi qung ng. Khi oxi ha cc loi ng sunfua khng hon tan trong nc, cc vi khun bin chng thnh nhng hp cht d ha tan, thm vo , qu trnh ny din ra rt nhanh. Chng hn, trong trng hp oxi ha thng thng th sau 24 ngy, ch 5 % ng c tch ra khi chancopirit (mt khong vt cha ng), nhng trong nhng th nghim c s tham gia ca vi khun, ch sau bn ngy ly c 80% ng. Nh chng ta thy y, vic so snh cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut hon ton cho thy r tnh u vit ca nhng ngi lao ng t vi. Phi ni thm rng, trong trng hp va k, ngi ta to c nhng iu kin coi nh l tng cho vi khun To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

lm vic: nhit ca mi trng thay i t 30 n 35 C, khong vt c nghin nh v c khuy trn thng xuyn trong dung dch. Song cng c kh nhiu s liu thc nghim chng t tnh d di ca vi khun: chng sn sng lm ci vic m chng a thch ngay c trong nhng iu kin khc nghit phng bc, nh bn o Kola chng hn. S tham gia ca vi khun rt c li i vi giai on kt thc vic khai thc cc m, v thng thng, ti nhng ni khai thc xong vn cn li t 5 n 20% qung. Nhng vic khai thc phn qung cn li ny khng c hiu qu kinh t v i khi hon ton khng th khai thc c. Vy m vi khun th khng ngi m n mi ng ngch ca ngha a ng thu dn ht cc ht qung ng cn li. Cng c th s dng vi sinh vt x l cc bi thi. Ti m Cananea Mexico, ni m ng c khai thc t hn mt trm nm nay, gn cc ging m mc ln nhng bi thi rt ln, n hng chc triu tn. Mc d hm lng ng trong hon ton khng ng k, song ngi ta vn th ti chng bng nc ging m; nc ny sau chy vo cc b cha ngm. C t mi lt nc ny, c th ly ra 3 gam ng. Vy l ch vn vn sau 1 thng, t ch khng c g khai thc c 650 tn ng. Lin X, vi khun cng c tnh vo bin ch ca mt s x nghip m. Thit b th nghim u tin v ngm chit qung ng bng vi khun bt u hot ng ngay t nm 1964 ti m ectiaxc - mt trong nhng m ng ln nht x Uran. Ti y, gn cc m l thin khai thc xong v trong cc bi thi ca nh my tuyn khong, qua nhiu nm hnh thnh mt m qung ng mi, mc d l ngho ng. Cc vi sinh vt c giao quyn khai thc ti y. Chng phi phn nn g v lng nhit tnh lao ng ca chng: nhiu tn kim loi qu gi ny c ly ra. Hin nay, ti ectiaxc lp t xong thit b khai thc bng vi khun theo quy m cng nghip. Ti cc x nghip khc Uran v Cazcxtan, ngi ta cng lm th tc hng lot cho vi khun ra lm vic. Cc cuc kho nghim tin hnh ti vin vi sinh hc thuc vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X chng t rng, khu v ca cc vi khun cng nghip kh a dng: ngoi ng, chng cn c th ly ra c st, km, niken, coban, titan, nhm v nhiu nguyn t khc t lng t, trong c nhng nguyn t rt qu gi nh urani, vng, gecmani, reni. Cc nh khoa hc ca vin ny chng minh kh nng khai thc cc kim loi him nh gali, ini, tali nh phng php ngm chit bng vi khun. Cc qu trnh luyn kim sinh hc rt c trin vng. Hin nay, ngm chit di t l phng php r nht d thu c ng, v con ngi khng cn phi chui xung hm l, khng cn n cc nh my nung v tuyn qung ng. Hng t nh luyn kim b li ti ta nh nhng ch qu ln gi ca trong cc truyn c tch ang ngy m lm vic khng bit mt mi, t gic thc hin ton b cng vic phc tp ny gip con ngi thu c th kim loi cn thit. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

L no nh c nhng cng nhn ny n lm vic nhng tng t su kh vi ti, ni tng tr v s cc loi qung qu gi, li khng hp dn hay sao? Chnh v cn khai thc ca ci y m nhng ngi khai m c khi phi tt su xung lng t n hng trm mt, thm ch c ni n 1500 mt nh m Taimr thuc Tannac nm ngoi vng bc cc. Chng ta th hnh dung mt x nghip luyn kim vi sinh hc trong tng lai. Nhng ci ng di chc su xung t, dung dch sinh hc cn thit c bm theo cc ng n tn ch c qung. Thm vo qung, dung dch ny s hp th nhng kim loi nht nh, v khi c y ln mt t th mang ca qu ln theo. n y ch cn phi ly ra khi dung dch ri c thnh thi, lm thnh cc dng hoc bin thnh nhng sn phm no . Nh bc hc X - vit ni ting, vin s A. A. Imsenetxki vit: Cc vi sinh vt ng vai tr rt to ln trong vng tun hon ca cc cht trong thin nhin. Hin nay, nhng t tng v a vi sinh hc do V. I. Vernatxki pht trin lc sinh thi ang c p dng trong thc t. Chng ta bit rng, vi khun l lc lng ch cng to nn khong sn kim loi. Chnh Pit nht ra lnh khai thc th qung mang ting ngho nn t y cc h min bc nc Nga sn xut i bc. Chnh th qung ny do... cc vi khun to nn. Trong tng lai khng xa, vi khun s bt u c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip vi t cch l nhng ngi sn xut tch cc cc kim loi qu. Cch y chng hai chc nm, iu c v nh l chuyn hoang tng, vy m ngy nay con ngi bit iu khin v thc y s hot ng ca cc nh luyn kim khng nhn thy ny. Gi y, nhiu ni trn a cu, ngi ta thu c urani, ng, gecmani v nhiu kim loi khc vi quy m cng nghip bng cch bm nc bo ha vi sinh vt vo cc ging m b hoang (do cn kit). Khng nghi ng g na, vic s dng vi khun trong thy luyn kim s lm cho ngnh ny tr thnh mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip ch o cui th k ca chng ta. Vic nui cy cc vi khun c kh nng oxi ha cc hp cht ca lu hunh v ca cc nguyn t khc l mt trong nhng phng thc luyn kim r tin v hon ho nht, hn na, nn sn xut li d t ng ha hon ton. ... Thi i ng i vo qu kh ca lch s t lu, nhng con ngi vn khng t gi ng ngi bn c rt trung thnh ca mnh.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Zn To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
"Tm vi ph" ca thp

X.I. Venetxki

Hi u nhng nm 60, ti vng ven trin ni bc Capcaz tin hnh nhng cuc khai qut kho c hc lng c Mesco. T xa xa lm, khong 2.500 nm trc cng nguyn, y l ni sinh sng ca cc b lc chn nui sc vt; nhng b lc ny bit s dng cng c lao ng lm bng ng v ng . Trong s nhiu trang sc nh lm bng kim loi tm thy y, c mt vt nh mu nu hi im i cht xanh lc, hnh ng nh, han g nng, khin mi ngi phi ch c bit. C l xa kia n l vt eo c ca mt thiu ph n din. Th trang sc nh mn ny c g m hp dn cc nh kho c hc v cc nh s hc hin i n th? Php phn tch bng quang ph cho bit rng, trong vt liu lm th trang sc hnh ng ny, km chim u th r rt. Phi chng th kim loi ny tng bit n t ngt nm ngn nm trc y? T xa xa, con ngi lm quen vi qung km: ngay t thi c i, hn ba ngn nm v trc, nhiu dn tc bit nu luyn ng thau l hp kim ca ng vi km. Nhng sut mt thi gian di, cc nh ha hc v luyn kim khng th thu c km dng tinh khit: tch c th kim loi ny ra khi oxit ca n u phi l vic d dng. ph t si dy gn b gia km vi oxi, phi c nhit cao hn hn nhit si ca km, v vy, khi gp khng kh, hi km va sinh ra li kt hp vi oxi tr thnh oxit. Mt thi gian di, ngi ta khng ph ni ci vng khp kn lun qun y. Th ri n khong th k th V trc cng nguyn, nhng ngi th n v Trung Hoa bit ngng t hi km trong cc bnh bng t st kn mt m khng kh khng lt vo c. Bng cch , h thu c mt th kim loi mu trng phn pht xanh. Sau vi trm nm, mt s nc chu u cng nm c k thut luyn km. Chng hn, Tranxinvania thuc lnh th Rumani ngy nay (hi u cng nguyn, y l tnh akia ca ch La M) tm thy mt tng th c c bng hp kim cha nhiu km (hn 85%). Nhng v sau, b quyt ca vic iu ch kim loi ny b tht truyn. Cho n gia th k XVII, km vn c a t cc nc phng ng n chu u v c coi l mn hng khan him. Chnh v th m hin vt tm c Mesco lm cho cc nh kho c hc phi kinh ngc v quan tm n nh vy. Qua phn tch mt ln na, cc vch quang ph vn khng nh rng, vt ny ch gm km v mt t tp cht l ng m thi. C th, vt trang sc bng km ny c ngun gc mun hn v ngu nhin lt vo m vt tht s rt c chng? Song gi thuyt ny trn thc t b bc b, v sau khi xem xt li tht chnh xc cc iu kin khai qut th thy rng, vt trang sc bng km ny c tm thy su tng ng vi thin nin k th ba trc cng nguyn; ni y, nhng

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Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vt tr hn cha chc ri vo c. Khng loi tr kh nng vt trang sc tm thy Mesco l vt c nht trong tt c cc sn phm bng km m chng ta bit hin nay. Thi trung c li cho chng ta kh nhiu t liu ni v km. Mt s ti liu ca n v Trung Hoa thuc th k th VII v th VIII cp n vn nu luyn th kim loi ny. Nh du lch ni ting qu Venezia (nc Italia) tn l Marco Plo tng n thm Ba T hi cui th k XIII k li trong quyn sch ca mnh v cch luyn km ca nhng ngi th Ba T. y th m mi n th k XVI, kim loi ny mi bt u c gi l km sau khi thut ng ny xut hin trong tc phm ca Paratxen - nh bc hc ni ting thi k phc hng. Trc , kim loi ny chng c tn gi hn hoi: bc gi, spenter, tucia, spauter, thic n , conterfei. Tn La tinh m n mang (zincum) c ngha l sc trng (theo mt c thuyt khc th tn gi ny ly gc t c c zinco, ngha l vy c mt). Nm 1721, nh ha hc kim nh luyn kim ngi c tn l Johann Fridrich Henkel (trong thi gian du hc Freiberg, chng Lmanxop tr tui hc ng thy ny) tch c km t khong vt ganmei. Henkel t ganmei v t m tro mi sinh ra, ng thu c km kim loi sng lp lnh m trong cc tc phm ca mnh, ng v n vi chim phng hong hi sinh t ng tro tn. Nh my luyn km u tin chu u c xy dng nm 1743 ti thnh ph Brixtn (nc Anh), tc l bn nm sau khi Jn Champion nhn c bng pht mnh v phng php chng ct iu ch km t cc qung km oxit. V nguyn tc, cng ngh Brixtn khng khc g my so vi cng ngh m cc nh luyn kim v danh thi xa s dng, nhng v h khng cn sng ng k phng php ny nn cnh nguyt qu dnh cho ngi pht minh ra quy trnh cng ngh sn xut km ri vo tay Nh v ch (Champion c ngha l nh v ch). Gn hai mi nm sau , Champion tip tc kin tr tp luyn trong lnh vc nu luyn km v hon thin c mt quy trnh na, trong , nguyn liu khng phi l qung oxit m l qung sunfua. Nu nh nh my Brixtn mi nm lm ra 200 tn km, th nay nay, sn lng kim loi ny trn th gii ln n hng triu tn. V quy m sn xut th km chim v tr th ba trong s cc kim loi mu, ch thua cc bc n anh tng c tha nhn trong ngnh kim loi mu l nhm v ng. Nhng km c mt u im khng th chi ci: so vi s cc kim loi cng nghip, gi thnh ca n thp v n d iu ch (trn th trng th gii, ch c st v ch r hn km). Bn cnh phng php chng ct c xa, cc nh my luyn km ngy nay ang s dng rng ri phng php in phn, trong , km lng ng li trn cc catt bng nhm v sau y c nu li trong l cm ng. Mt iu th v l nh pht minh ngi Anh rt c tn tui Henry Bessemer tng ni ting v vic pht minh ra l chuyn luyn thp, cng thit k mt ci l dng nng lng mt tri, trong To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

c th nu c km hoc ng. Tuy nhin, l ny cha hon ho v mt k thut, v li, nhng iu kin thin nhin ca x s m sng ny khng thun li cho vic s dng n trong thc t. Nh ngi ta vn ni, km i vo cuc sng lao ng ca mnh t rt lu trc khi ra i: cc nh luyn kim thi c xa nm nhng cc mu xm cha cc hp cht ca km vo la cng vi than, qung ng v thu c ng thau - mt hp kim tuyt diu c bn v do cao, chu ng c s n mn v c mu sc p, hay ni cho ng hn l c khong bin i mu sc ty thuc vo hm lng km v cc thnh phn khc. Khng nh ng thng thng, nc Nga ngy xa ngi ta gi ng thau l ng vng: khi tng hm lng km, mu sc ca hp kim thay i t nht n vng ti. Nu pha thm mt t nhm th ng thau c mu ti mt, hi ging vng v hin nay c dng lm huy hiu v m ngh. T xa, Aristote m t th ng ny l th ng ch khc vng mi v m thi. R rng, th ng ging nh vng y chng phi l ci g khc m l ng thau y thi. Mt thi gian di ngi ta cho rng, tng k nim Minin v Pogiacxki c dng hi u th k trc trn Qung trng Maxcva l bng ng . Nhng cng tc phc ch gn y nh chnh iu : ha ra khng phi l ng m chnh l ng thau c dng cho tc phm k diu ca nh iu khc I. P. Martt. n c lng Bidar ni ting bi nhng th trang tr m cc ngh nhn a phng lm ra t hp kim ca ng, km v thic. Cc m ngh nh bnh ng nc, a, tng nh c trng mt dung dch c bit cho kim loi tr thnh en tuyn. Sau y, cc ha s khc ln y nhng bng hoa hoc nhng hnh v trang tr trng y nh khm bc vy. Cc hnh v trang tr ny khng bao gi b m i. Do vy, cc sn phm m ngh ca Bidar rt ni ting khng nhng n , m cn nhiu nc khc. Thng thng, km v ng trong cc hp kim l i bn ng minh, chng b sung v ci thin tnh cht cho nhau. Th m gn y, chng trong tnh trng cnh tranh ln nhau v chnh km loi ng ra khi hp kim. iu xy ra M, ni m cho n gn y, ng xen (ng tin nh nht ca M) vn c dp t hp kim cha 95% ng v 5% km. Cch y my nm ngi ta quyt nh thay i thnh phn ca hp kim. Vn nhng nguyn t y c mt trong hp kim, nhng vi t l hon ton khc hn: 97,6% km v vn vn ch c 2,4 % ng. S d c s thay bc i ngi nh vy l v km r hn ng rt nhiu, do , ngh hp l ha ca cc nh ti chnh ha hn mt mn li khng nh cho ngn kh Kh nhiu hp kim ca km c bit n (pha thm nhm, ng, magie, vi lng khng ng k), m c im ni bt ca chng l rt d c v c nhit nng chy thp. T cc hp kim ny, ngi ta c c nhng chi tit phc tp c thnh mng v nhng sn phm chnh xc khc, trong c nhng con ch in c nh. Hi gia th k trc, theo thit k ca nh iu khc ngi Nga I. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

P. Vitali, ngi ta c v dng phng Gheorghiepxki trong cung ln in Cremli Maxcva mi tm cy ct bng km c hoa vn trang tr v nhng bc tng mang nhng vng hoa nguyt qu. Mt ngi Cng ha dn ch c c mt b su tp c o v cc vt c bng km. My chc nm qua, ng dng km t tay c nhng hnh ngi v ng vt nh, cao khng qu 5 cm. B su tp ny gm khong 1500 phi cnh rt th v. Tuyt diu nht trong s l phi cnh ni v trn nh gn Lepzich nm 1813, ti , i qun ca Napolon cha li sc sau trn Boroin b thua thm mt trn ln na khi nh nhau vi lin qun cc nc Nga, Ph, o v Thy in. Phi cnh trn nh ca cc dn tc gm khong mt ngn phn t - l nhng ngi lnh v nga, xe c, v kh. mt chng mc ng k, nhit nng chy khng cao lm ca km (khong 420 C) lm cho nh su tp ngi c phi say m. Nhiu tnh cht ca kim loi ny ph thuc vo tinh khit ca n. Thng thng, km d tiu ha trong cc axit, nhng nu tinh khit t n nm con s chn (99,999%) th chnh cc axit y khng th no ng chm c n km ngay c khi nung nng. i vi km, tinh khit khng nhng bo m cho n tr nn bt kh xm phm v ha hc, m cn em li cho n tnh do cao: km tinh khit li d ko thnh si ht sc mnh. Cn km thng dng trong k thut th biu l tnh cch kh bt thng: n ch cho php cn thnh di, thnh l, thnh tm trong khong nhit nht nh - t 100 n 150 C, cn nhit bnh thng v cao hn 250 C cho n im nng chy th kim loi ny rt gin, c th d dng nghin nt thnh bt. Trong cc ngun in ha hc hin nay, cc tm km ng vai tr m, tc l c dng lm in cc m - ni y din ra qu trnh oxi ha kim loi. Ln u tin, km th sc mnh trong mi trng hot ng ny nm 1800, khi nh bc hc ngi Italia l Alexanro Vonta ch to ra b pin ca ng. Hai nm sau , nh mt b pin rt ln (so vi thi by gi) gm 4200 tm ng v km m nh bc hc Nga V. V. Petrp ln u tin to c h quang in.

Nm 1838, nh k thut in ngi Nga l B. X. Iacobi ch to mt chic thuyn gn ng c in m ngun in l mt b pin. Thuyn ny xui ngc dng sng Nva mt thi gian, ch c 14 hnh khch. Nhng loi ng c ny t ra khng kinh t, iu khin nh ha hc ngi c l Iuxtux Libic (Justus Liebig) c c s tuyn b: C trc tip t than thu nhit hoc sinh cng cn phn c li hn nhiu so vi chi ph than khai thc km, ri sau sinh cng trong cc ng c in bng cch t km trong cc b pin. Lc by gi, nhng s dng sc ko ca cc ng c in chy bng

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Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

pin khng thu c kt qu trn cn. Nh vt l hc ni ting ngi Anh l Jam Jun (James Precotr Joule) hnh nh c ln nhn xt na a na tht rng, chng th nui nga vn cn r hn l phi thay km trong cc b pin. Trong thi i chng ta, tng c sng li: hng ngn hng vn t in ang lt nhanh trn cc no ng ca nhiu nc, hn na, khi chn ngun ng lc, cc nh thit k thng u chung loi cquy km - khng kh. B cquy ny thay th cho hng chc con nga, n cho php t chy c hn 100 kilmet m khng cn cho n thm, ngha l khng phi np thm in. Nhng ngun in t hon kiu nh vy ang c s dng trong cc my nghe, trong cc ng h so gi, trong kh c o l sng (ca my nh), trong cc my tnh loi nh. Trong b pin vung ca cc n pin b ti, di lp v giy c ba ng km: khi chy (tc l khi b oxi ha), km sinh ra dng in thp sng bng n pin. i vi cc thit b ln th ngun in rt ng tin cy, sc cung cp in cho hng chc kh c cng mt lc l nhng b cquy c in cc bng bc v bng km. Chng hn, mt b cquy nh vy lm vic trn mt v tinh nhn to ca Lin X bay vng quanh tri t. Cuc khng hong nng lng din ra trong nhng nm gn y buc nhiu t chc c ln v khoa hc v cng nghip phi tm kim cc ngun nng lng mi. Song nhng tay chi nghip d cng khng chu thua km cc nh sng ch chuyn nghip. Chng hn, mt ngi th ng h thnh ph Kierminxst nc Anh s dng ... qu chanh bnh thng vo cng vic ny. Khi cm vo qu chanh mt thanh km v mt thanh ng c dy dn ra ngoi, nh pht minh ny nhn c mt ngun in c o. Do phn ng ca axit limonic vi ng v km, mt dng in sinh ra, cung cp cho mt ng c t hon lm quay tm bin qung co trong t trng by ca hiu ng h trong vi thng. Chng l y khng phi l mt pht minh hay sao? Tic thay, theo tnh ton ca cc nh chuyn mn, cung cp in cho mt my thu hnh chng hn, cn phi c mt b pin lm t vi triu qu chanh. Nh sinh ha hc Menvin Canvin (Melvin Calvin) ngi M tng c gii thng Nben ngh dng mt ngun in thc vt mnh hn. ng hon chnh mt b pin mt tri, trong , km oxit v cht dip lc ca thc vt cng nhau to ra dng in. T b mt ca mt vn pht in mu xanh c kch thc bng mt cn phng nh, c th thu hoch c mt ngun in c cng sut 1 kiloat. C l trong tng lai khng xa, m c th l ngay cui th k ny, chng ta s c chng kin nhng thnh tu mi ca ngnh nng lng hc mt tri - thc vt, nhng by gi th hy tr li th k trc tm hiu ba s kin quan trng c lin quan trc tip vi km. S kin th nht xy ra nm 1850: mt ngi Php tn l Ghilo (Gillot) ngh mt phng php c o lm bn in km. Hnh c v bng tay ln mt tm km bng mt th To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

mc chng axit, sau y dng axit nitric ra b mt tm km. Khi , nhng ch c mc th vn nguyn vn, khng b h hi g, cn nhng ch khng c mc th axit s n km, to thnh nhng vt lm. Hnh v s tr thnh hnh ni v khi in ln giy th s nhn c hnh nh cn thit. V sau, phng php ny ca Ghilo c hon thin thm v tr thnh phng php lm bn km ngy nay, nh n m cc my in trn ton th gii hng ngy ang ti to li v s hnh v v tranh nh trong cc sch bo v tp ch. Nm 1887, nh bc hc ni ting ngi c l Heinrich Rudolph Hertz pht hin ra hin tng hiu ng quang in: di tc ng ca nh sng, mt cht no s pht ra cc in t. Mt nm sau, nh vt l hc ngi Nga l A. C. Xtoletp nghin cu k lng hiu ng quang in ny. Ti phng th nghim ca trng i hc tng hp Maxcva, ng tin hnh mt th nghim tinh t tng i vo lch s ca khoa hc. ng ni tm km vi cc m ca mt b pin v ni tm li kim loi vi mt cc dng, ri t i din vi tm km, cch xa mt khong no . Tt nhin, trong mch in h ny khng c dng in i qua v kim ca in k vn ch s khng. Khi nh bc hc chiu mt lung nh sng chi li vo tm km th kim ca in k lp tc ri khi v tr s khng. iu c ngha l xut hin dng in trong mch. Xtoletp tng thm ngun sng chiu vo tm km v nhn thy kim ng h dch i xa hn, iu chng t dng in tng ln. Ngay sau khi ngt ngun chiu sng, dng in ny bin mt v kim ca in k tr v v tr s khng. Dng c ny thc t l t bo quang in u tin - mt linh kin m k thut hin i khng th thiu c. Cng trong nm m Xtoletp thc hin th nghim lch s ca mnh, tm km tr thnh ngi cng tham gia mt pht minh th v: k s Beclin (Berliner), ngi c, vn lm vic M, ch to ra mt kh c dng ghi v pht li m thanh, gi l my ht v ng ngh dng a lm bng km c ph mt lp sp mng lm vt ti m. T a ny c th chuyn sang mt bn sao bng kim loi, tc l lm khun sn xut hng lot a ht. Chic a ht u tin trn th gii do chnh Beclin ch to hin ang c lu gi ti vin bo tng quc gia Hoa K th Oasinhtn. Nm 1907, Pari, cc a ghi li ging ht ca Enrico Caruzo, Franchexco Tamanho, Anelina Patti v ca cc ca s xut sc khc c trnh trng t vo trong cc hp kn c trng km bo qun lu di. Ngi ta d nh s m cc hp sau 100 nm. Tc l vo nm 2007. Trong k thut hin i khng ch s dng km nguyn khi m c bi km na. Chng hn, bi km gip nhng ngi lm thuc pho nhum ngn la thnh mu xanh lam. Cc nh luyn kim dng bi km ly vng v bc ra khi cc dung dch xianua. Ngay c khi iu ch km, nu khng c b km th cng khng xong: bi km c dng loi ng v caimi ra khi dung dch km sunfat trong phng php thy luyn (phng php in phn). Cu cng v cc kt cu nh cng nghip bng kim loi, cc my mc c ln thng c ph mt lp sn mu xm gi cho kim To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
loi khi b n mn: trong thnh phn ca loi sn cng c bi km.

X.I. Venetxki

Nu nhc n s n mn th phi ni n vai tr quan trng nht ca km: gn mt na sn lng km trn th gii c dng vo vic bo v thp trc mt k th hung c nht - l s han g m hng nm nut mt hng chc triu tn st thp. X v chu trng km, mi nh v ng thot nc trng km th dng c nhiu nm, trong khi , mt tm tn khng trng km th ch cn qua mt trn ma nh l c th b hoen g. Vy do u m chnh km c giao ph nhim v y kh khn v vinh quang l bo v bin cng ca st thp? Th m n hon ton khng c mang danh l chin s kin cng chng li cc ha cht xm thc nh crom, niken hoc coban, v sao? Th ra li gii p cho cu hi ny cng n giu chnh iu ny. Theo li din t ca mt nh hin trit no th cng ging nh ngi ph n, s d mnh chnh l v s yu t ca mnh. Km bo v st mt cch chc chn, gi cho st khng b n mn, bi v chnh n ... li khng sc chng li s n mn. Km c tnh hot ng ha hc mnh hn st, nn khi xut hin nguy c b oxi ha th km lin a mnh ra chng : n hy sinh thn mnh cu st khi s hy dit. Khng phi ngu nhin m i khi ngi ta gi phng php bo v nh vy l phng php th mng. Ngay c khi trn lp o gip bng km xut hin nhng vt xc th s n mn cng khng th thc hin c to g ca mnh: chng no trn b mt ca chi tit lm bng thp cn li d ch l vi ht km nh thi th st vn khng b ph hy. V im ny, cc lp m bng crom v niken tuy c sc chng n mn cao, nhng trong thc t i khi li t ra khng ng tin cy: chng ch c tc dng tt khi cha xy ra bt k s h hng no, cn mt khi trn lp m xut hin hin cho d ch l mt l thng rt nh, bng du chm thi, cng cc tc nhn xm thc c ng t nhp vo st, lm cho st bt u b g ngay trc mt niken hoc crom vn l nhng kim loi bt kh xm phm v ha hc. Nu tnh n vic dng km gi cho thp khng b n mn s r hn rt nhiu so vi dng cc th kim loi khc, th tht d hiu ti sao m lp m bng km li ang ng ng chim v tr s mt - c v quy m ln tm quan trng - trong s tt c mi lp m bng kim loi. Trong thi gian gn y, lp m bng km m rng phm vi hot ng bo v ca mnh: km bt u c trng ln b mt cc kt cu kim loi chu lng ti nhit ln. Chng hn, trc y, cc kt cu ca t hp thit b khi ng dng phng cc con tu v tr thng gim bn theo thi gian do chng b t qu nng. Hin nay, trnh iu , ngi ta ph ln chng mt lp km. Do c nhit si thp nn trong thi gian din ra cn st khi ng, lp km bc hi rt nhanh, hp

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

th mt lng nhit ln, v nh vy m gi cho kt cu kim loi khng b qu nng. Cng ngh m km kh n gin. Thng thng lm vic ny, cc l thp, ng thp, hoc cc chi tit bng thp c nhng trc tip vo km nng chy. Song bn hy th nhng vo km nng chy, chng hn mt cy ct in xem sao: khi th b km phi c kch thc ca mt b bi c ln. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy phi dng n phng php phun bi km nh cc kh c bm phun. Ngi ta ch ra mt loi sng chuyn dng n l mt si kim loi lng khi ng c li th to thnh mt lp m bo v dn u trn kt cu cn x l. Cn mun cho lp m km c nhn bng th dng phng php in phn. Phm vi hot ng khng nhng ca bn thn km, m c ca cc hp cht ca km cng rt a dng. Thi trung c, cc thy thuc Arp v Ty u dng tuyt trng - th bt km oxit xm xp nh lng t m cc nh gi kim thut gi l len mu nhim - vo mc ch cha bnh. Ngy nay, trong bt k hiu thuc no, chng ta u c th bt gp cc th thuc m, phn rm tr em, thuc nh mt v. v... cha nguyn t km mt dng no . Him c mt ngi ph n no li khng dng n km oxit. Chng nn nghi ng g iu , bi v phn xoa mt chng phi l ci g khc m chnh l bt km oxit pha thm cc cht thm, cht mu v mt s cht khc. Nu phng i ln th cc ht phn trng hao hao nh mt con nhn y lng vi nhng ci chn long ngong xo ra khp mi pha. Khong hai trm nm trc y, bt km trng xut hin Php v Anh. Khc vi bt ch trng vn c dng t lu, bt km trng khng c hi i vi c th con ngi, v th m n nhanh chng i vo cuc sng hng ngy. Khng bao lu, th bt trng mi ny c sn xut nhiu nc khc. Chng hn, nm 1807, mt tp ch xut bn nc Nga ng bi V vic sn xut bt trng bng km oxit - th bt c th thay th cc th bt trng thng thng. Km c th lm tang chng chc chn buc ti cc ha s lm gi mo tc phm ca cc bc danh ha thi trc. Nu em gim nh mt bc tranh c xng l tc phm ca Bruegel de Oude, ca Rubens hoc ca El Greco, m php phn tch mu li cho thy trong c bt km trng th c th khng nh ngay rng, l mt bc tranh gi mo. Nu khng c km oxit th cc x nghip lm cao su v vi sn s khng lm n g c. Km cng quen bit thy tinh t lu: nm 1851, ti trin lm quc t London, mt mt hng mi ca cng ngh thy tinh l pha l cha km c nhn bng v nh quang c bit khin mi ngi rt u thch. Hin nay, cc ha s trang tr thy tinh dng km sunfua lm thuc v v n cho php nhum thy tinh vi mu sc v sc rt phong ph, bin thy tinh thnh ngc bch hoc cm thch, thnh ngc mt mo hoc ngc lam. Trong nhng nm 20 ca th k chng ta, tinh th km oxit ln u tin hnh din i vo ngnh thng tin v tuyn: nh n m lc by gi ngi ta lp c k lc v c ly thu tn hiu v tuyn. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Cc hp cht ca km cng tm c vic lm trong k thut truyn hnh: ba mu c bn - xanh lam, xanh lc v - xut hin trn mn nh truyn hnh nh nhng tnh cht pht quang ca km sunfua, km selenua v km fotfat c hot ha bi bc, mangan hoc cc cht ph gia khc. Tinh th km selenua nhn to m nhn vai tr y trng trch trong vic xy dng k thut truyn hnh laze sau ny: din tch mn nh ca my thu hnh laze mu s n vi mt vung, ngha l hnh nh mu rc r s chon ht c bc tng trong cn phng. Cc hp cht ca km cn mang tnh bn dn, iu ha hn vi chng mt tng lai sng ln.

Khng phi ch c k thut mi cn n km - c th ng vt v thc vt cng rt cn n nguyn t ny vi liu lng nh. Nhu cu trong mt ngy m ca con ngi v nguyn t vi lng ny dao ng trong khong t 5 n 20 miligam. Cn nhng ngi nghin ru th c nhu cu rt ln: hnh nh ru gt km ra khi c th th phi. Iran v Ai Cp, cc cuc khm nghim i vi ngi ln cho thy, s d chiu cao khng pht trin c l v trong khu phn thc n ca nhng ngi ny cha mt hm lng km rt thp. Cn nhng con chut ci m khu phn ca chng hon ton khng c km th chng bao lu s tr nn hung d, hay cn x nhau. c im tnh cch ny sau c truyn li cho th h k tip, m th hin r nht l phi yu. mt s ng vt bin khng xng sng, km gi vai tr nh st trong mu ngi: trong tro ca cc loi thn mm, i khi c n 12% km. Trong nc c ca rn, nht l rn lc v rn h mang, c mt hm lng km ng k. Cc nh bc hc cho rng, nguyn t ny bo v rn khi chnh nc c ca mnh. Km gi vai tr quan trng c trong gii thc vt. Chng hn, la m c th b cht nu trong t khng c km. Trong cc loi qu nh nho, cam, l, c kh nhiu km; trong c chua, hnh, x lch cng c km; cc loi nm nh nm xp vng, nm xp nu, nm mo g, u cha nhiu km. T thi xa xa ngi ta nhn thy rng, nhiu loi thc vt a sng gn c m qung. Chng hn, hoa violet rng v hoa png - x ng thch mc nhng ni c km. Nhng ngi tm qung thi xa bit n nhng c tnh ny ca cy c; v ngay c cc nh a cht hin nay cng s dng du hiu tm kim cc khong sn n nu trong lng t. Khong vt hay gp nht ca km l sfalerit m ngi ta cn gi l gi bng km. V nhng ti li g m th ny phi mang ci tn nho bng nh vy? C l l v tp cht ca cc nguyn t khc lm cho khong vt ny c mu sc khin ngi ta d ln ln v nhn nhm sfalerit thnh mt th qung khc no . Ti vng ni Antai hay gp loi qung c tn l sc vn - mt th hn

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
hp ca sfalerit v fenspat nu. Loi vn ny thc s ging nh con sc vn. Trong thin nhin, km thng dng cc qung a kim cha c ng, ch, st, v nhiu nguyn t him. Mt trong nhng m ch - km chu u tng l nguyn nhn ra i ca hn mt quc gia. Chuyn ny xy ra hi th k trc, sau khi ch Napolon b nh bi th mt phn t ai thuc ch ny phi gt v cho cc nc thng trn. Khi phn chia ti sn t ai, gia nc H Lan v nc Ph ny sinh s tranh chp v vng Morene nm ranh gii hai nc ny. Cui cng, nm 1816, mt gii php nhn nhng c chp nhn: mt phn ca vng ny c nhp vo nc H Lan, mt phn nhp vo nc Ph, cn phn m trn c m km v ch rt qu gi (v th m xy ra s tranh chp) th c tuyn b l vng trung lp. Nc cng ha t hon Morene ra i trong bi cnh nh vy, n chim mt din tch ch vn vn c 3,3 kilmet vung v vi dn s ch vi trm ngi. Song d sao chng na th ch quyn v khong sn ca t nc vn cn c bo v. bo v nc cng ha, mt qun i gm ... mt qun nhn c thnh lp - ngi ny thc hin chc nng ca c ngi lnh ln chc nng ca mt v tng t lnh. (Hn rng, khi c mt ng ta th ai ny u kh khng nh: mt ngi trn trn tin th khng phi l chin binh). n gia nhng nm 80 ca th k trc, tr lng km v ch trn thc t y cn kit, nhng quc gia Morene vn tn ti cho n nm 1920, sau mi c sp nhp vo nc B. Trong thi gian gn y, nhng ngun ca ci thin nhin khc thng thu ht s ch ca cc nh chuyn mn: trong lng bin , su khong hai kilmet, ngi ta pht hin c nhng va qung sn st cha km, ng, bc. T ra i d n ch to mt chic tu c bit: t mn tu, mt ng ht s c th xung y bin - qua ng ht ny, qung dng bn nho s c ht t y bin ln. Trn tu, bn nho s c ch bin thnh tinh qung giu km. Nh vy, qung km khng nhng c khai thc trn cn m cn c khai thc c di nc na. V nhng tnh cht ca kim loi ny cng nh cc hp kim cha n ang c nghin cu chng nhng trong cc iu kin ca tri t m c trong khng gian v tr: trong s cc th nghim do cc nh vt liu hc Bungari chun b thc hin trn trm qu o Cho mng ca Lin X, cng c th nghim v vic nui cc tinh th km v iu ch hp kim ca km vi st. T v tr, liu km s em li iu g vui mng cho chng ta ?

X.I. Venetxki

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Zr To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
"Trang phc" ca nhng thanh urani

X.I. Venetxki

Nm 1789, khi phn tch mt trong nhng bin chng ca khong vt ziricon, nh ha hc ngi c l Martin Henrich Claprt pht hin c mt nguyn t mi m ng gi l Ziriconi, nh mu sc p , khi th lng lnh nh vng, khi th mu da cam, lc khc li mu hng, nn ngay t thi Alecxanr x Macedonia, ziricon c coi l mt th qu. Tn gi ny c l l xut pht t mt t Ba T l zargun, ngha l lng lnh nh vng. Ziricon (trong cc ti liu cn gp nhng tn gi khc ca khong vt ny: hyacinth, jacinth, jargon) t thi c xa chng nhng c dng lm trang sc, m cn c coi l mt th ba lm cho tri tim rn rng, xua tan mi ni phin mun v nhng ngh su bi, khin cho tr thng minh v lng cao thng c nhn ln gp bi. Trong mt tc phm ni v y hc, vi s tinh thng ngh nghip, mt v y s nc Nga c xa khng nh rng, k no eo hng ngc ( nc Nga ngy xa, ngi ta gi nhiu th qu, trong c ziricon, bng mt tn chung l hng ngc. Hin nay, t hng ngc dng gi cc th qu cha crom nh ruby, corundum(N. D.).) thm bn mnh th s khng m thy nhng iu gm ghic v hi hng, s vng tm v cao thng trc mi ngi.

Nm 1824, nh ha hc Thy in l Becxliut tch c ziriconi dng t do. Tuy nhin, thi by gi ngi ta cha th iu ch c ziriconi nguyn cht, v vy, sut mt thi gian di khng ai nghin cu c nhng tnh cht vt l ca kim loi ny. Cng nh nhiu kim loi mi khc, sut hng chc nm, ziriconi khng th tm cho mnh mt cng vic va , trong khi , cc kim loi c bit n t lu nh st, ng, ch th bit cho hng, do vy m chng khng b lm vo cnh m. Mi n u th k ca chng ta, cc nh bc hc mi cu c ziriconi thot khi mi tp cht v bt u nghin cu k lng nhng tnh cht ca kim loi ny. Ha ra, n c mt bn ng thng xuyn l hafini. Trong sut hn 130 nm, cc nh ha hc khng nhn thy rng, hafini lun c mt trong ziriconi, m i khi vi lng kh ln. S d nh vy l v tnh cht ha hc ca hai nguyn t ny ging nhau n mc ng ngc nhin. Tuy vy, trong mt s vn th gia chng li c nhng mi bt ng nghim trng - iu s c ni n sau. Ziriconi nguyn cht c b ngoi ging nh thp, nhng l mt kim loi bn hn thp v c tnh do cao. Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca ziriconi l n c tnh bn vng rt cao i vi nhiu mi trng xm thc. V tnh cht chng n mn th ziriconi vt xa cc kim loi bn vng To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nh niobi v titan. Trong axit clohiric 5 % v nhit 60 C, thp khng g b n mn khong 2,6 milimet trong mt nm, titan - gn mt milimet, cn ziriconi th t hn mt ngn ln so vi titan. Khi chu tc ng ca cc cht kim, ziriconi c sc chng rt cao. V mt ny th tantali vn c mnh danh l chin s xut sc chng n mn ha hc cng phi chu thua ziriconi. Ch c ziriconi mi dm tm lu trong cc cht kim cha amoniac l nhng cht kim rt mnh m tt c cc kim loi khc, khng c ngoi l no, u phi king k. Nh c bn n mn cao nn ziriconi c s dng trong mt lnh vc y hc rt quan trng l phu thut thn kinh. Cc hp kim ca ziriconi c dng sn xut kp cm mu, dng c phu thut v thm ch trong nhiu trng hp, cn lm ch khu cc ch ni trong cc ca m no. Sau khi cc nh ha hc nhn thy rng, nu pha thm ziriconi vo thp th nhiu tnh cht ca thp s c ci thin, ziriconi lin c xp vo hng cc nguyn t iu cht c gi tr. Trong lnh vc ny, hot ng ca ziriconi th hin rt nhiu mt: n gp phn lm tng cng v bn, nng cao kh nng gia cng, thm ti v tnh d hn ca thp, lm cho thp lng d rt, lm tan cc ht sunfua trong thp khin cho cu trc ca thp tr nn min ht. Nu pha thm ziriconi vo thp kt cu th tnh khng sinh vy ca thp tng ln r rt: khi lng mt mt ca loi thp cha 0,2 - 0,3 % ziriconi sau khi nung nhit 820 C trong ba gi lin nh hn 6 - 7 ln so vi cng th thp y, nhng khng pha thm ziriconi. Ziriconi cn lm tng bn n mn ca thp ln rt nhiu. Chng hn, sau ba thng ngm mnh trong nc, khi lng mt mt ca thp kt cu tnh quy i cho 1 mt khi l 16,3 gam, trong khi cng vn loi thp y, song c pha thm 0,2 % ziriconi, th ch b gy i 7,6 gam. C th nung thp ziriconi n nhit cao m khng s qu la. iu cho php tng tc cc qu trnh rn, dp, nhit luyn v thm cacbon i vi thp. Cu trc min ht v bn cao ca thp ziriconi cng thm vi tnh chy lng tt cho php dng n c cc vt c thnh mng hn hn so vi khi c bng thp thng. Chng hn, t thp ziriconi ngi ta c c cc ch tit c thnh mng 2 milimet, trong khi , nu c bng thp ging nh vy nhng khng pha thm ziriconi th b dy ca thnh t nht cng phi bng 5 - 6 milimet. Ziriconi cn l ngi bn tt ca nhiu kim loi mu. Pha thm nguyn t ny v ng th bn v sc chu nng ca ng tng ln rt nhiu m dn in hu nh khng gim. Hp kim ng caimi vi hm lng nh ziriconi c bn v dn in cao. Pha ziriconi vo cc hp kim nhm th bn, do, kh nng chng n mn v sc chu nhit ca chng tng ln r rt. Khi c pha

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

thm mt lng ziriconi khng ng k, bn ca cc hp kim magie - km tng ln gn gp i. Trong dung dch axit clohiric 5 % 100 C, bn n mn ca hp kim titan - ziriconi cao gp hng chc ln so vi titan nguyn cht thng dng trong k thut. Thm ziriconi vo molipen cng lm cho kim loi cng ca kim loi ny tng ln r rt. Ziriconi cn c pha thm vo ng thau cha mangan, vo cc loi ng cha nhm, niken, ch. Mc du vai tr nguyn t iu cht i vi thp v hp kim l rt quan trng v y vinh d, song ziriconi khng th tha mn vi vai tr . N tip tc tm kim v tm c s mnh thc s ca mnh. Nhng trc khi k n chuyn ny, chng ta hy tr li ci ni ca n - phng th nghim ca Martin Claprt.

u ui l vo nm 1789, Claprt khm ph ra khng nhng ziriconi, m cn mt nguyn t tuyt diu na c vinh hnh ng vai tr to ln trong khoa hc v k thut ca th k XX - l urani. C bn thn Claprt ln bt k ngi no khc thi by gi u khng th thy trc c s phn ca hai anh em ziriconi v urani sau ny ra sao. Mt thi gian di, ng i ca chng xa ri nhau: trong sut 150 nm, khng mt ci g lin kt c cc nguyn t ny. Mi n ngy nay, sau mt cuc chia ly di ng ng, hai anh em ny mi xum hp li vi nhau. Ban u, bit c iu ny ch c mt s rt t cc nh bc hc v k s lm vic trong lnh vc nng lng ht nhn - lnh vc m chng ta u bit, ngi l khng c php n. Cuc gp g din ra trong l phn ng nguyn t, ni m urani c dng lm nguyn liu ht nhn, cn ziriconi th c dng lm v bc cho cc thanh urani. Tuy nhin, cho chnh xc th phi ghi nhn rng, trc my nm, cc nh bc hc M th dng ziriconi lm vt liu cho l phn ng ht nhn t trn tu Nautilus l tu ngm nguyn t u tin ca M. Nhng ngay sau ngi ta nhn thy rng, dng ziriconi lm v bc cho cc thanh nhin liu th c li hn l lm cc chi tit dng ca vng hot ng trong l phn ng. Th l t lc by gi, urani lt vo vng m p ca ziriconi. Khng phi ngu nhin m ngi ta chn ziriconi: cc nh vt l hc bit rng, khc vi nhiu kim loi, ziriconi cho cc ntron i qua mt cch d dng, m chnh tnh cht ny - gi l tnh trong sut i vi ntron - phi c loi vt liu dng lm v bc cc thanh urani. Thc ra, mt s kim loi nh nhm, magie, thic cng tng t ziriconi v im ny, nhng chng li d nng chy v khng chu c nhit. Cn ziriconi th nng chy mi 1850 C nn hon ton c th chu ng c nhit cao ca ngnh nng lng hc ht nhn.

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
Tuy nhin, ziriconi cng c nhng nhc im no c th cn tr cng vic ca n trong lnh vc quan trng ny. Vn l ch ch vi tinh khit cao th ziriconi mi trong sut i vi ntron. Th l mt ln na li phi nh n hafini mt kim loi m xt v cc tnh cht ha hc th c th gi l anh em sinh i vi ziriconi. Nhng thi ca chng i vi ntron th hon ton tri ngc nhau: hafini hp th ntron mt cch tham lam (mnh gp hng trm ln so vi ziriconi). Ngoi ra, tp cht hafini d vi liu lng rt nh cng c th lm hng mu ca ziriconi v lm cho n mt tnh trong sut i vi ntron. i vi ziriconi, nhng iu kin k thut ca ci gi l tinh khit ca l phn ng ch cho php hafini c mt trong ziriconi di mc vi phn vn. Song ngay c mc t i nh vy, hafini vn lm gim trong sut ca ziriconi i vi ntron xung vi ln. Bi v trong thin nhin, hai kim loi ny thng chung sng vi nhau, nn iu ch ziriconi m hon ton loi b c hafini l mt vic v cng kh khn. Tuy nhin, cc nh ha hc v luyn kim vn phi nghin cu gii quyt k c vn ny, v cng nghip nguyn t rt cn vt liu kt cu l ziriconi. Sau khi gii quyt xong nhim v ny th mt nhim v cp bch khc li ny sinh: phi lm th no khi ch to cc kt cu bng ziriconi tinh khit, trong qu trnh hn, cc nguyn t xa l khng ri vo ziriconi v chng c th l tr ngi khng vt qua c trn ng i ca ntron v chnh v th mi u im ca kim loi ny u mt ht tc dng. Ngoi ra, cn phi hn bng cch th no khng ph hng tnh ng nht ca kim loi: mi hn cng phi c nhng tnh cht nh chnh vt liu c hn. hon thnh c nhim v ny, tia in t gip sc. S tinh khit v tinh chnh xc ca phng php hn bng tia in t cho php gii quyt c vn ny. Th l ziriconi tr thnh trang phc ca cc thanh urani. T lc , vic sn xut ziriconi tng vt ln mt cch t ngt: ch trong vng mt chc nm - t nm 1949 n nm 1959 - sn lng ziriconi trn th gii tng ln mt ngn ln! Nhng khi tch t ct ziricon rt ln m trc y l ph thi khi khai thc cc khong sn khc u c moi ra s dng. Chng hn, California, khi khai thc vng bng nhng chic tu no vt cc lng sng c, ngi ta xc ln rt nhiu ct ziricon cng vi ct cha vng sng i, nhng v khng dng n ct ziricon nn ngi ta n ra cc bi thi. Ti bang Oregon (nc M), trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th hai, ngi ta khai thc c nhiu qung cromit v tin th thu c mt lng ziricon no , nhng lc by gi, cng nghip cha quan tm n khong vt ny nn n vn phi nm li ni khai thc. Chng bao lu sau chin tranh, d lun m v s qu gi ca ziriconi bt u ni ln, nn cc bi thi ny tr thnh nhng ming mi bo b. Hin nay, cc m ln kim loi qu bu ny ang c khai thc M, Australia, Braxin, n , cc To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nc ty Phi. Lin X cng c ng k tr lng nguyn liu ziriconi. Ct ven b bin thng l qung ziriconi rt tt. Chng hn Australia, sa khong ziricon tri di sut gn 150 kilmet dc theo b i dng. Gn y, phn pha ty ca lc a ny, cch thnh ph Micatarra khng xa, nhm sinh vin a cht i kho st lng sng kh cn ca mt con sng m xa kia tng chy qua y tng pht hin c nhng tinh th ziricon trong cc thuc loi sa thch b phong ha. l nhng tinh th ziricon c nht trn tri t. Cc nh a vt l trng i hc quc gia Canbr i n kt lun ny sau khi xc inh c rng, tui ca cc m ziricon tm thy y l vo khong 4,1 - 4,2 t nm, ngha l chng gi hn vi triu nm so vi khong th m khoa hc bit trc . Ni cch khc, ziricon tm thy Australia xut hin vo khong 300 - 400 triu nm sau khi hnh tinh ca chng ta ra i. Nhu cu v ziriconi mi nm li tng ln v kim loi ny cng ngy cng c thm nhiu ngh mi. trng thi nung nng, n rt ho cc cht kh - tnh cht ny c s dng, chng hn, trong k thut in - chn khng, k thut v tuyn. Trong qu trnh hyro ha, tc l qu trnh bo ha kh hiro, mt s kim loi, trong c ziriconi, thay i cu trc mng tinh th ca mnh v tng th tch ln r rt - tng hn nhiu so vi khi nung nng thng thng. Da trn tnh cht n phnh ny, cc chuyn gia Lin X ra mt phng php c o ni cc b mt kim loi hoc b mt cc vt liu khc trong nhng trng hp khng th hn hoc gn c, chng hn, khi sn xut loi ng thp gm hai lp bng hai th vt liu khc nhau - loi d nng chy (nhm, ng, cht do) v loi kh nng chy (thp chu nhit, vonfram, gm). Thc cht ca phng php ny nh sau. Nu ta lng cht hai ng khng ng cht vo vi nhau ri lun vo mt ng lm bng th kim loi d n phnh, sau to iu kin cho kim loi ny b hiro ha, n s n phnh ra v p cht hai ng ny vo nhau. Chng hn, cc ng lt trc bng thp khng g v bng hp kim nhm c lng vo nhau v c lun vo mt khoanh vng bng ziriconi, th sau mt gi ngm trong mi trng kh hiro nhit 400 C, chng s dnh cht vo nhau n ni khng th tho g ra c na. Hn hp bt ziriconi kim loi vi cc hp cht chy c dng lm pho hiu pht ra nh sng rt mnh. L ziriconi khi b t chy s pht ra nh sng mnh gp ri so vi khi t l nhm. Cc qu n pho hiu t bng ziriconi rt tin li v chng chim ch rt t, c khi ch bng chic nhn ca th may. Cc cng trnh s v k thut tn la ngy cng ch hn n cc hp kim ca ziriconi: rt c th, cc hp kim chu nng ca nguyn t ny s l nguyn liu lm cc di g cho cc con tu v tr trong nhng chuyn bay thng k vo khng gian v tr sau ny. Cc mui ca ziriconi c mt trong mt loi nh tng c bit tm ln vi, lm cho vi khng thm nc may o ma. Chng cn c s dng lm ra cc loi mc in mu, cc loi sn chuyn dng, cc loi cht do. Cc hp cht ca ziriconi c dng lm cht xc tc trong vic sn To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

xut nguyn liu c ch s octan cao cho ng c. Cc hp cht sunfat ca nguyn t ny dng thuc da rt tt. Ziriconi tetraclorua c cng dng rt c bit. dn in ca cc tm mng lm bng cht ny thay i tng ng vi p sut tc ng ln n. Tnh cht ny c p dng vo vic ch to p k vn nng (kh c o p sut). D p sut thay i rt t, cng dng in trong mch ca p k vn thay i v iu ny c th hin trn thanh o c nh s tng ng i vi cc n v o p sut. Kiu p k ny rt nhy: chng c th xc nh c p sut t mt phn trm ngn atmtfe n hng ngn atmtfe Cc tinh th p in rt cn cho cc kh c dng trong k thut v tuyn nh my pht siu m, b n nh tn s v. v ... Trong mt s trng hp, chng phi lm vic nhit cao. Cc tinh th ch ziriconat hon ton thch hp vi iu kin lm vic nh vy, v trn thc t, tnh cht p in ca chng khng thay i cho n 300 C. K v ziriconi, khng th khng ni n oxit ca n - mt trong nhng cht kh nng chy nht trong thin nhin: nhit nng chy ca n l gn 2.900 C. Ziriconi oxit c s dng rng ri sn xut cc chi tit chu nhit cao, cc loi men v thy tinh chu nng. Borua ca kim loi ny li cng kh nng chy hn na. Cc cp nhit c bc bng cht ny c th nhng trong gang nng chy sut 10 - 15 gi lin tc, cn trong thp lng th c 2 - 3 gi (cc v bc bng thch anh ch chu ng c mt vi ln nhng, mi ln khng qu 20 - 25 giy). Ziriconi oxit c mt tnh cht rt c o: khi b t nng n nhit rt cao, n pht ra nh sng mnh n mc c th s dng trong k thut chiu sng. Ngay t cui th k XIX, nh vt l hc ni ting ngi c l Vante Hecman Nerxt nhn thy tnh cht ny. Trong loi n do ng sng ch (n ny i vo lch s k thut vi tn l n Nerxt), cc thanh pht sng c lm bng ziriconi oxit. Hin nay, trong cc phng th nghim, loi n nay i khi vn cn c dng lm ngun chiu sng. Cc nh khoa hc ca vin vt l mang tn P. N. Lebep thuc vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X ghi cng ziriconi oxit bng mt vic lm y ngha: trn c s cc oxit ca ziriconi v hafini, h to c nhng tinh th k l m trong thin nhin khng h c v t tn l fianit. Th ngc nhn to ny khng nhng nhanh chng chim c s ngng m ca cc nh kim hon, m cn ni ting rng khp trong gii khoa hc v k thut. Ch cn nu mt iu ny cng thy r: chng thc hin vai tr ca cc vt liu laze rt c kt qu. Php, cc nh bc hc s dng ziriconi oxit lm nguyn liu iu ch kim loi ny bng nng lng mt tri. Ngay t nhng nm 50, ti Mong Lui - mt pho i c xy dng hi th k XVII sn pha ng dy ni Pirne c cao 1500 mt so vi mt bin, ngi ta xy dng mt l dng nng lng mt tri do mt nhm cc nh nghin cu thit k di s lnh o ca gio s To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Felix Trom. Ti hi ngh chuyn v s dng nng lng mt tri t chc ti Mong Lui, nhng ngi tham d c xem l ny lc n ang hot ng. Tm mt l chuyn dng nng mt nhm bt trng nhch ln t t hu nh khng nhn thy c, cho n khi ln n tiu im ca mt chic gng parabn rt ln. Lc , mt ngn la mu trng rc sng chi ngi bng ln trc mt cc nh bc hc v k s. Th bt trng chnh l ziriconi oxit ... Sau khi c t vo tiu im ca gng parabn, ni m nhit ca cc tia mt tri hi t t n 3.000 C, bt trng ny bt u nng chy. Ch c th quan st c nh sng le ra lc qua mt tm knh mu thm. Mt nhm nh cht b nung nng sng nm trn mt l khin ngi ta ngh n ngn ni la ang phun tro ca thi i a cht xa xa no . Mt ngi tng tham d hi ngh ny m t nh vy v qu trnh iu ch ziriconi bng nng lng mt tri. B phn phn x c bit gm rt nhiu tm gng c ng knh 12 mt, t quay theo hng mt tri nh mt t bo quang in. Cc tia sng do b phn ny phn chiu li c bn vo mt gng parabn c ng knh 10 mt. Cng sut nhit ca chic gng hi t tia nng mt tri ny ti tiu im ca l tng ng vi 75 kW. Cch Mong Lui mi kilmet, ti lng min ni nh b Oeio, ngi ta xy dng thm mt l dng nng lng mt tri na. y l l ln nht trn th gii. Nhng ai n th mt tri (ngi dn a phng t ho gi Oeio mt cch t ho nh vy) u nhn thy mt quang cnh khc thng, ta nh cc cnh quay trong mt b phim khoa hc vin tng. Bn cnh mt nh th mi nhn c knh, sng sng nh ln mt ta nh nhiu tng cc k hin i - l phng th nghim v nng lng mt tri. Ton b b mt pha bc ca ta nh ny l mt chic gng parabn khng l cao 40m v rng 50 mt. Trn trin ni i din l hng chc chic gng xp thnh dy c kch thc kh s dng nh hng tia mt tri. u tin, tia mt tri do cc gng ny thu nhn c chiu sang chic gng parabn, ri t hi t li thnh chm ri vo l nung, to nn nhit 3500 C . Nhit do con qu vng mt tri pht ra trong l tng ng vi 1000 kW in nng. Trong mt ngy, l ny c th tinh ch c 2, 5 tn ziriconi. u im ch yu ca cc l mt tri th hin ch trong qu trnh nu luyn, cc tp cht c hi khng ri vo kim loi v chng ly u ra chng. Bi vy, cc kim loi v cc hp kim c iu ch y u c tinh khit cao v lun lun c a chung. Cn c mt l do xc ng na ng h phng php nu luyn ny: khng phi chi ph vo khon nng lng, bi v mt tri l mt thin th ho phng, lun lun sn sng cung cp nng lng cho con ngi m khng i hi mt s n p no c. kt lun, chng ti xin ni v mt s ng nhn. V tri t cha nhiu ziriconi hn ng, niken, ch hoc km chng hn. Tuy vy, khc vi cc kim loi ny, ziriconi vn c gi l mt kim loi To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

him. C mt thi, iu c gii thch l do s phn tn tn mn ca qung ziriconi, do nhng kh khn khi tch ziriconi ra khi qung, v con do kim loi ny thc s l mt v khch him trong k thut. Cn hin nay, khi m vic sn xut ziriconi mi nm tng ln khng ngng v n ngy cng tm thm c nhiu lnh vc hot ng mi m, th t him cng mt ngha i vi n. Song qu kh vn l qu kh, v ziriconi c quyn t ho tr li cu hi v ngun gc ca mnh: Ti xut thn t kim loi him.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Nb Th bn mi mt

n gia th k trc, ngi ta pht hin c vi chc nguyn t ha hc. Song tic thay, lc by gi, mi nguyn t va khng c ni mt cn phng ring cho mnh, va khng c ng k h khu thng tr. Mi n nm 1869, khi m mitri Ivanvich Meneleep xy dng xong ta nh nhiu tng cho h thng tun hon ca mnh th tt c cc nguyn t c tm ra cho n lc by gi mi c ni tr ng. Khi phn phi din tch nh , cng lao ca cc c dn tng lai i vi khoa hc k thut cng nh thm nin cng tc ca chng u khng c ch n. Ngi ta ch tnh n nhng tnh cht ca cc nguyn t (m trc ht l khi lng nguyn t), nhng thin hng v s tng ng vi cc lng ging gn gi nht. y, cc mi lin kt (d nhin l cc mi lin kt ha hc) cng ng vai tr quan trng. trnh nhng s va chm c th xy ra, cc c dn c tnh nt v cch nhn nhn cuc sng khc nhau th c sp xp sao cho cng xa nhau cng tt.

cng th nm (tc l nhm th nm), ti cn h s 41 trn tng nm (chnh xc hn l chu k th nm), c mt chng mang ci tn rt p: Niobi, n c tr. Chng l ai vy? Chng sinh ra u? ... Hi gia th k XVII, ti lu vc sng Clumbia (Bc M), ngi ta tm thy mt khong vt nng, mu en, c nhng ng gn mica lng lnh nh

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vng. Cng vi cc mu c thu nhn t nhiu ni khc nhau Tn i lc, khong vt ny (v sau c gi l columbit) c gi n vin bo tng Anh Quc. c coi l mt mu qung st trong danh mc cc hin vt, khong vt ny nm trong t knh trng by ca vin bo tng ngt 150 nm. Nhng ri n nm 1801, nh ha hc ni ting thi by gi l Charles Hatchett n khong vt p ny. Php phn tch cho bit rng, trong n qu thc l c st, mangan, oxi, song cng vi nhng nguyn t ny cn c mt nguyn t no cha bit, to nn mt cht c cc tnh cht ca mt oxit axit. Hatchett gi nguyn t mi ny l columbi. Mt nm sau, nh ha hc Thy in l Anre Guxtap Ekebec (Andres Gustav Ekeberg) li tm thy mt nguyn t mi na trong mt s khong vt x Xcaninavia, ri ng gi n l tantali ghi nh mt nhn vt thn thoi. C l tn gi ny tng trng cho nhng kh khn (nhng cc hnh ca Tantan) m cc nh ha hc tri qua khi h th ha tan oxit ca nguyn t mi ny trong cc axit. Nhng tnh cht ca tantali v ca columbi tng nh hon ton ng nht, v nhiu nh ha hc, k c Becxliut danh ting, qu quyt rng, y khng c hai nguyn t khc nhau, m ch c cng mt nguyn t l tantali thi.

V sau Becxliut t ra nghi ng cch nhn nhn trn y. Trong mt bc th gi cho ngi hc tr ca mnh l nh ha hc Friric Vule (ngi c), ng vit: Ti gi tr li anh ci X ca anh. Ti c gng hi nhng n ch p mt cch lng trnh. Ti hi: Cu l titan chng ? N tr li: Vule ni rng, ti khng phi l titan. Ti cng xc nh nh vy. Cu l ziriconi ? N tr li : Khng. Ti ha tan trong xt, cn t cha ziriconi th li khng lm iu . Cu l thic phi khng ? - Ti c cha thic, nhng rt t - Th cu l tantali ? - N p li: Ti l b con vi tantali. Nhng ti li ha tan t t trong kali hiroxit ri kt ta thnh mt cht mu nu vng. Ti li hi: Th cu l th qu qui g vy?. Khi , ti cm thy rng n tr li: Ngi ta khng t tn cho ti. Tuy nhin, ti khng hon ton tin l ti thc s nghe thy iu hay khng, bi v n ng bn phi ti, m tai phi ca ti th nghe rt km. Do thnh gic ca anh tt hn ca ti, nn ti gi tr anh a tr ranh mnh ny anh lm mt cuc ly khu cung mi vi n... Nhng ngay c Vule cng khng lm sng t c nhng mi quan h qua li gia cc nguyn t do Hatchett v Ekebec pht hin ra. Mi n nm 1844, sau nhng cuc kho cu y kh khn tin hnh trong gn mi lm nm tri, nh ha hc ngi c l Henrich Rze (Heinrich Rose) mi chng minh c rng, khong vt columbit c cha hai nguyn t khc nhau l tantali v columbi m ng t cho ci tn mi l niobi (theo thn thoi Hy Lp, n thn bun ru v au kh Nioba l

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

con gi ca Tantan). Song mt s nc nh M, Anh tn gi ban u ca nguyn t ny l columbi vn c gi li trong thi gian di. Cho n nm 1950, hip hi quc t v ha hc thun ty v ha hc ng dng quyt nh chm dt tnh trng mi ni mt cch gi nh vy v ngh cc nh ha hc trn ton th gii thng nht gi nguyn t ny l niobi. Thi gian u, cc nh ha hc M v Anh ra sc tm cch hy b quyt nh ny - mt quyt nh m h cm thy khng cng bng, nhng li phn quyt dt khot ri, khng th khiu ni c na. Th l nhng ngi thch columbi nh phi vui lng vi trn n ny ca s phn, v trong cc ti liu v ha hc ca Anh v M xut hin mt k hiu mi: Nb. S chung sng ca niobi v tantali trong thin nhin do nhng tnh cht ha hc rt ging nhau ca chng km hm s pht trin ca cng nghip v kim loi ny trong mt thi gian di. Mi n nm 1866, nh ha hc Thy S l Gian Sacl Galixac Mariniac (Jean Charle Galissar De Marignac) mi a ra phng php cng nghip u tin tch ri hai nguyn t ha hc sinh i ny ra khi nhau. ng li dng ha tan khc nhau ca mt s hp cht ca hai nguyn t ny: tantali florua phc khng tan trong nc, cn hp cht tng ng ca niobi th li ha tan trong nc tng i d. Cho n gn y, ngi ta vn s dng phng php ca Mariniac di dng c hon thin. Song hin nay, cc phng php mi hu hin hn thay th n - l phng php tch c chn lc, phng php trao i ion v phng php tinh ct cc halogenua. Cui th k XIX, nh ha hc Php l Hngri Muatxan (Henri Moissan) iu ch c niobi nguyn cht bng phng php nhit in: dng cacbon kh niobi oxit trong l in. Hin nay, vic sn xut niobi kim loi l mt qu trnh phc tp gm nhiu giai on. u tin phi tuyn qung niobi, ri nu chy tinh qung cng vi cc cht tr dung (natri hiroxit, natri hirosunfit hoc natri caconat), sau y th ngm chit kim. Kt qu l niobi hiroxit v tantali hiroxit khng tan s lng xung. Tch hai hp cht sinh i ny ra khi nhau, lc niobi s di dng oxit hoc clorua. Bng cch kh cc hp cht ny nhit cao s thu c niobi dng bt, ri bin bt ny thnh kim loi c tin gia cng. niobi bt tr thnh niobi c, phi lm nh sau. p th bt y di p sut ln to thnh nhng thi phi c tit din hnh ch nht hoc hnh vung. Sau , thiu kt cc thi phi ny trong chn khng qua vi giai on, v giai on cui cng th nhit phi t ti 2.350 C. Tip theo, niobi c a vo l h quang chn khng: ton b qu trnh bin qung niobi thnh kim loi kt thc y. Cch y my nm, nn cng nghip lm quen vi phng php nu chy niobi bng tia in t. Phng php ny loi b c nhiu cng on trung gian tiu tn nhiu cng sc nh nn p v thiu kt. Theo phng php ny, ngi ta cho mt dng in t mnh bn vo niobi bt. Bt ny s nng chy v nhng git kim loi lng ri xung to thnh thi niobi; thi ny ln dn ln ty theo To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
lng bt nng chy, ri t t c a ra khi xng. Nh cc bn thy, niobi phi tri qua mt chng ng di trc khi c bin t qung thnh kim loi. Vy m mt tin g ba tin thc cng xng ng: ngy nay, niobi rt cn cho cng nghip. y th m n bt u cuc i lao ng ca mnh trong cc bi thi. Mc du iu ny qu l mt nghch l, nhng trc y ngi ta ch coi niobi l mt tp cht c hi i vi thic, nn khi khai thc thic, nhng khi lng niobi rt ln b xp ng y. Tnh trng ny vn din ra ngay c khi gii cng nghip ch n tantali nhng vn cn th vi niobi: khi ch bin qung tantali, th khng qung cha niobi b vo bi thi. Tuy vy, trong ci ri c ci may: v sau, khi m gi tr ca niobi c con ngi nh gi ng th nhng ng ph thi y tr thnh nhng m qung niobi giu c. Sau khi nh ha hc ngi c l Vecn Fon Bonton (Werner Von Bolton) iu ch c kim loi ny dng chc c vo nm 1907, th cng ging nh nhiu b bn kh chy ca mnh, niobi th sc mnh trong vic sn xut bng n in vi t cch l vt liu lm dy tc. Nhng, nh chng ta u bit, ch c mnh vonfram sng c y thi, cn tt c cc kim loi khc nh phi tm kim s thnh t trong mi trng hot ng khc. Nhng nh u tin s dng niobi lm nguyn t iu cht ny sinh vo nm 1925: M tin hnh cc cuc th nghim dng niobi thay th vonfram trong thp gi. Mc d nhng th nghim ny khng thnh cng, nhng ni ln mt vn quan trng: niobi lt vo tm mt ca cc nh luyn kim. Trong nm 1930, tng khi lng cc sn phm l t niobi (l, dy v. v ... ) trn ton th gii ch vn vn ... c 10 kilgam. Nhng chng c tha nhn ngay, v vic sn xut kim loi ny cng vi cc dng sn phm ca n tng vt ln. Niobi chng minh c rng, n hon ton c quyn c gi l vitamin ca thp. Pha thm n vo thp crom, thp s do hn, bn n mn cng tng ln. Ngi ta xc nh c rng, pha thm mt t niobi (di 1 %) vo thp khng g th ngn chn c s kh crom cacbua dc theo ranh gii cc ht, v vy m loi tr c s n mn su vo cc tinh th. Thm niobi vo thp kt cu th s nng cao r rt sc bn va nhit thp; thp s d dng chu ng cc ti trng bin i, m iu ny c ngha to ln, chng hn, trong ngnh ch tao my bay.

X.I. Venetxki

Niobi ng vai tr quan trng trong k thut hn. Trc y, khi m ngi ta mi ch hn nhng loi thp thng thng th qu trnh ny khng gp kh khn g. Cn khi nhng ngi th hn bt u phi hn cc loi thp iu cht chuyn dng c thnh phn ha hc phc tp, nh thp khng g chng hn, th c mt

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vn xy ra: l mi hn mt i nhiu tnh cht qu bu m kim loi c hn vn c. Vy lm th no nng cao cht lng mi hn? Ngi ta th thay i kt cu ca kh c hn, song chng ch g. Ri li thay i thnh phn ca cc que hn, nhng vn v hiu. Li th hn trong mi trng kh tr m vn khng t kt qu g. Th ri niobi n gip sc. C th hn c cc loi thp cha nguyn t ny m khng phi lo lng v cht lng ca mi hn: mi hn khng h thua km cc lp kim loi xung quanh khng b hn. Thi gian gn y ngi ta gp nhng kh khn ln khi cn phi to nn mi ni vng chc gia cc kim loi kh chy, chng hn, gia niobi v molipen. Trong trng hp ny, ngi cu gip l ... chn khng. Th ra trong chn khng, nhit nng chy ca nhiu cht thp hn hn so vi trong nhng iu kin bnh thng. Cc nh bc hc li dng ngay c im ny vt qua hng ro khng dung hp: hn cc kim loi kh nng chy trong chn khng thu c kt qu m mn. Niobi ni ting rng khp trong ngnh luyn kim vi t cch l mt nguyn t iu cht. Chng hn, nhm vn d ha tan trong cc cht kim, nhng nu ch pha thm 0,05 % niobi vo th nhm s khng phn ng vi cc cht kim na. Nu pha thm niobi vo th cng ca ng v cc hp kim ca ng s tng ln. Cn nu pha thm niobi vo titan, molipen v ziriconi th chng s tr nn bn hn v chu nng tt hn. nhit thp, nhiu loi thp v hp kim s gin nh thy tinh. Th m niobi li c th cu chng khi chng bnh ny. Pha thm mt lng nh niobi vo s lm cho kim loi gi c bn ca mnh ngay c 80 C. Phm cht ny ht sc quan trng i vi cc b phn ca my bay phn lc hot ng cao ln. Bn thn niobi rt sn sng tham gia lin minh vi cc nguyn t khc. Khi mt hng M sn xut c mt m niobi tng nh l cc tinh khit, th nhng ngi mua hng ht sc ngc nhin v thy n khng nng chy 2.500 C mc du nhit nng chy ca niobi tinh khit cn thp hn mt t. Php phn tch trong phng th nghim xc nh c rng, trong niobi cc tinh khit ny c cha mt lng nh ziriconi. Hp kim niobi - ziriconi c sc chu nng rt cao c tm ra mt cch bt ng nh th y. Pha thm cc kim loi khc cng lm cho niobi c thm nhiu tnh cht qu gi. Vonfram v molipen lm tng tnh chu nhit ca niobi, nhm lm cho n tr nn bn vng hn, cn ng th nng cao dn in ca n. Niobi nguyn cht c dn in km hn ng khong 10 ln. Nhng hp kim ca niobi vi 20 % ng th li c dn in cao, ng thi li bn v cng gp i so vi ng nguyn cht. Lin kt vi tantali, niobi c kh nng chu c axit sunfuric v axut clohiric ngay c 100 C. Niobi l mt thnh phn khng th thay th c trong cc hp kim dng lm cnh quay tuabin ca cc ng c phn lc, ni m kim loi phi gi c bn ca mnh nhit cao. Mt s b phn ca my bay siu m, tn la v tr, v tinh nhn to ca tri t c ch to bng cc hp To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
kim cha niobi v bng niobi nguyn cht. Mi cch y t lu, ch c cc nh vt l hc mi quan tm n hin tng siu dn. Cn by gi th tnh siu dn bc ra khi ngng ca ca cc phng th nghim v bt u xm nhp vo k thut, ni m nhng trin vng to ln ang m ra cho vic ng dng n trong thc tin. Vy thc cht ca hin tng ny l g? Hn 70 nm trc y, ngi ta pht hin thy nhit rt thp, mt s kim loi, hp kim v hp cht ha hc cho dng in i qua m khng h cn tr t no, ngha l in tr bin mt. Song mun vy th phi lm cho kim loi ngui lnh n khng tuyt i, tc l n - 273 C. Cn niobi stannua (hp cht ca niobi vi thic) th chuyn sang trng thi siu dn nhit rt cao (t ny ch thch hp y m thi), ngha l tng i d chuyn sang trng thi ny ( 18 K, tc l - 255 C). Nhng cun dy t tnh siu dn lm bng hp cht ny to nn t trng cc mnh: mt nam chm c kch thc ln hn mt ci v hp thng thng mt cht, trong , mt di bng hp kim ny c dng l cun dy, c kh nng to nn t trng c cng 100 ngn xtet (trong khi , cng t trng ca tri t ch bng vi xtet). Trong thi gian di, niobi stannua c coi l cht t k lc v ngng nhit siu dn, nhng n nm 1974, n phi nhng danh hiu ny cho mt i biu khc ca gia tc niobi - l niobi gecmanua (hp cht ca niobi vi gecmani). Hin nay, nhit ti hn k lc m di s xy ra hin tng siu dn l khong 23 K (tc l - 250 C). Trong cc cuc thc nghim do cc nh bc hc M tin hnh, mt centimet vung ca tm mng lm bng niobi gecmanua c th truyn c dng in c cng mt triu ampe. iu c ngha l cung cp in nng cho mt thnh ph c trung bnh, ch cn hai ci ng siu dn nh bng hai cy bt ch l . Niobi dng tinh khit cng c s dng rng ri trong k thut. Nh c kh nng chng n mn rt cao nn kim loi ny c s dng trong ngnh ch to my mc v kh c ha hc. Mt iu th v l trong vic ch to kh c v ng dn cho xng sn xut axit clohiric, niobi khng nhng c dng lm vt liu kt cu, m y n cn ng vai tr cht xc tc, to iu kin thun li thu c axit m c hn. Kh nng xc tc ca niobi cng c s dng trong cc qu trnh khc, chng hn, trong vic tng hp ru t butaien. Cng vic ca niobi trong cc l phn ng nguyn t cng rt vinh d. y, niobi lm vic bn cnh ziriconi v i khi t ra hon ton hn hn ziriconi. Tng t nh ziriconi, niobi c tnh trong sut i vi ntron (tc l c kh nng cho ntron i qua d dng), ngoi ra, li c nhit nng chy rt cao, c tnh chu nng tt, c sc chu tc dng ha hc ln, c nhng tnh cht c hc tuyt vi. Hn na, niobi hu nh khng tng tc vi cc kim loi kim nng chy. Natri v kali lng vn thng c dng lm cht ti nhit trong mt s kiu l phn ng ht nhn c th lu thng trong cc ng dn lm bng niobi m khng lm hng ng. Niobi c tnh phng x nhn to (b To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nhim) khng cao, v th m c th dng n lm thng cha cc ph liu phng x hoc lm cc thit b s dng chng. Cn phi ni n mt tnh cht th v na ca kim loi ny: n l mt cht hp th kh rt mnh. Chng hn, mt gam niobi c th hp th c 100 centimet khi hiro; ngay c nhit 500 C, ha tan ca hiro trong niobi cng t ti khong 75 centimet khi trn mt gam. Tnh cht ny ca niobi c ng dng vo vic sn xut n in t c chn khng cao. Sau khi ht kh, trong n vn cn li mt lng kh no , lm nh hng n s hot ng ca n. Niobi c trng ln cc chi tit ca n s hp th cht kh ging nh mt ming bt xp ht nc, chnh v th m n lm cho n c chn khng cao. Cc chi tit ca n in t nu c ch to bng niobi th r tin hn v bn hn so vi lm bng tantali hoc bng vonfram. Chng hn, tui th ca cc n cng sut c catt lm bng niobi t n 10 ngn gi.

Cng nh tantali, niobi hon ton khng gy kch thch cc m ca c th ngi, m n gn b vi c th ngi v vn nguyn vn ngay c sau mt thi gian di chu tc ng ca mi trng lng trong c th. Nh c nhng tnh cht ny m niobi khin cc nh phu thut phi ch n mnh, v hin nay, n hon ton c th t coi mnh l mt nhn vin quan trng trong ngnh y t. Gn y nghe ni niobi quyt nh hnh ngh ... giao dch tin t. S d nh vy l do bc ngy cng khan him nn cc nh ti chnh M ngh dng niobi thay cho bc c tin kim loi, bi v gi thnh ca niobi xp x bng gi thnh ca bc. Nu theo di cc s liu v hm lng niobi trong v tri t qua ngun sch bo th thy rng, trong vng my chc nm gn y, hm lng ... tng ln khng ngng. Tt nhin tr lng thc t ca kim loi ny trn hnh tinh chng ta vn gi nguyn, nhng s m niobi thm d c th cng ngy cng tng. Trong thi gian gn y, nhng m qung niobi kh ln c pht hin chu Phi. Nigiria - ni c nhng ch tch t nhiu columbit, l nc cung cp nhiu tinh qung niobi nht trn th trng th gii. Lin X, bn o Kola xng ng c coi l mt kho khong sn thc s. Sut bao th k, t ai vng ny vn mang ting l cn ci v v dng, mc du ngay t nm 1763, M. V. Lmanxop tin on: Cn c theo nhiu bng chng, ti kt lun rng, c trong lng t phng bc, thin nhin cng giu c v ho phng; b bin Trng cng khng ngho khong sn. Sau nhng nm di chnh quyn X - vit, vng ny pht hin c nhiu m quan trng, tm thy hng chc khong vt qu, trong s c loparit cha ti 8 % niobi. Mt iu k l l khong vt ny do vin s A. E. Ferxman - nh nghin cu ni ting v bn o Kola pht hin ra Khibin li khng

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K chuyn v kim loi
h thy bng dng bt k ni no khc trn tri t. ... Th l bn lm quen vi ch nhn ca cn h s 41 m trn ca c treo mt tm bin nh ch Niobi.

X.I. Venetxki

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Mo Bn ng minh ca st

c c mn n ngon, ngi u bp phi thm vo nhiu gia v. luyn nn thp c nhng tnh cht qu bu, ngi luyn thp phi pha vo nhiu nguyn t iu cht. Mi th gia v u c mc ch ring ca n. Mt s th lm cho phm v mn n tt hn, mt s th khc th lm cho mn n thm ngon, loi th ba lm cho mn n thm v chua hoc cay cay, loi th t th ... Kh m k ht mi cng dng ca cc th gia v. Nhng k cho ht mi tnh cht tuyt vi m thp c c khi ta pha thm crom, titan, niken, vonfram, molipen, vanai, ziriconi v cc nguyn t khc th cn kh hn na. Cu chuyn ny k v molipen - mt trong nhng ngi bn ng minh trung thnh ca st. ... Molipen c nh ha hc Thy in l Cac Vinhem Sele (Karl Wihelm Scheele) pht hin ra vo nm 1778. Tn ca nguyn t ny c gc mt t Hy Lp molybdos. Chng c g ng ngc nhin ch, a tr s sinh c mang mt ci tn Hy Lp, bi v, nhiu nh bc hc, trc khi t tn cho nguyn t m h pht minh, h nhn vo lch cc ngy l thnh Hy Lp. Mt iu ng ngc nhin l nu dch sang ting Nga, th molybdos c ngha l ... ch. Vy th ci g buc nguyn t ny phi n nu di ci tn ca k khc? Ti sao molipen phi i n ch v vic mn tn? Vic ny cng n gin thi. Nguyn do l ngi Hy Lp c xa bit mt khong vt ca ch l galenit m h gi l molipena. Trong thin nhin cn c mt khong vt khc l molipenit ging ht galenit nh hai git nc. Chnh s ging nhau khin ngi Hy Lp nhm ln: h tng rng ch cng mt khong vt l molipena m thi. Thi by gi, cc nh bc hc cc nc khc cng ngh nh vy. Chnh v th m sau khi pht hin c mt th t l trong khong vt ny,

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
chng cn phi ngh ngi lu Sele gi n l t molipena.

X.I. Venetxki

By gi, cn phi tch kim loi mi ra khi th t l y. Mc du lc ny Sele ni ting trn th gii v l vin s ca vin hm lm khoa hc hong gia Thy in, nhng ng vn tip tc lm vic trong mt phng bo ch thuc nh b, ti y, ng cng tin hnh cc cuc nghin cu v ha hc ca mnh. Nhng trong phng bo ch ny khng c l nung t molipena bng than nhm kh n thnh kim loi. Sele nh li rng, ti xng c tin Xtockholm, ni m mt ngi bn ca ng l Peter Iacop Henm (Peter Jakob Hjelm) lm vic, c mt ci l thch hp cho cng vic ny, nn ng nh bn mnh gip . Nhng hy vng ca ng tr thnh s tht: ngay sau , Henm tch c nguyn t dng bt kim loi, nhng thc ra th cn ln nhiu hp cht cacbua. Mi gn bn chc nm v sau, khi m c Sele ln Henm u khng cn sng na, ngi ng hng rt c tn tui ca h l Becxliut mi iu ch c molipen tng i tinh khit v xc nh c nhiu tnh cht ca n. Cng ging nh nhiu anh em ca mnh trong h thng tun hon, molipen hon ton khng chu ni cc tp cht l, v dng nh t phn i, n thay i nhng tnh cht ca mnh n tn gc. Vi chc phn triu, thm ch ch vi phn triu oxi hoc nit cng lm cho molipen c gin cao. Chnh v vy m trong nhiu sch hng dn v ha hc xut bn hi u th k XX, ngi ta khng nh rng, molipen hu nh khng chp nhn s gia cng c hc. Thc ra th molipen nguyn cht tuy c cng cao nhng vn l mt th vt liu kh do, tng i d cn v d rn. Dng u tin trong s lao ng ca molipen c ghi cch y vi trm nm, khi m ngi ta bt u s dng khong vt molipenit l bt ch vit trn bng (mt iu th v l trong ting Hy Lp, hin nay cy bt ch vn c gi l molybdos). Cng nh grafit, molipenit gm v s nhng vy mng m kch thc ca chng nh n ni nu xp lp n chng ln lp kia th chiu cao ca ngi nh chc tri gm 1600 tng vy y ch bng ... mt micron. Chnh nh cc vy ny nn molipenit bit vit v v: n li vt mu xm hi xanh trn giy. Ngy nay, chng ta khng gp loi bt ch bng molipenit na, v grafit c quyn lm ch ngnh cng nghip bt ch. Nhng molipen isunfua (tn ha hc ca molipenit) c s dng vo vic khc. Tuy nhin, trc khi tm hiu vn ny, chng ta hy nghe k mt cu chuyn nh sau y.

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K chuyn v kim loi
Chuyn ny xy ra trn xa l Ximferpon trong thi gian chy th nghim lot t Zaporojetz. Mi vic u din ra tri chy, nhng bng nhin, mt chic xe ang chy ht tc lc cht quay lt nga mt ch hon ton bng phng. May thay, nhng ngi ngi trong xe ch ht hn thi. Nguyn nhn s c vn l mt iu b n cho n khi ngi ta tho tung chic xe cho n tn tng mu xng nh. Ha ra l mt trong nhng bnh rng ca hp chuyn ng ng l phi quay t do trn ng lt bng thp th li b b cht vo ng lt . Tt nhin l kiu hm nh vy xy ra rt t ngt. cho sau ny khng ti din nhng s c nh vy na, ngi ta phi chn cht bi trn thch hp. Th l ngi ta nh n molipenit, hay ni chnh xc hn l nh n kh nng bong ra thnh tng vy cc k mng ca n. Chnh nhng vy l cht bi trn rt tt cho cc chi tit c xt nhau trong hp truyn ng. Nu nhng chp nhong mt chi tit bng thp vo mt cht lng ch cha c 2 % molipen isunfua thi th b mt chi tit s c bao ph bi mt lp mng cht bi trn rn rt tuyt diu. Tuy vy, cht bi trn ny li c mt k th nguy him - l nhit cao. Khi b nung nng, molipen isunfua lin bin thnh molipen anhirit l cht tuy khng lm h hng b mt ca chi tit my, nhng ng tic l n khng c nhng tnh cht bi trn. Vy lm th no trnh c hin tng ny ? Th ra trc khi trng lp molipen isunfua, cn phi x l chi tit my trong b pht pht nng. Khi cc ht isunfua chui vo nhng l rt nh ca lp fotfat v trn b mt chi tit hnh thnh mt mng bi trn cc k mng, c kh nng chu ng c ti trng rt ln - chng vi tn trn mt centimet vung. Nhng ng lt c ph mng ny c th nghim trong cc ch lm vic rt nng n, song khng c trng hp no b b cht vo trc. T , loi xe Zaporojetz chuyn bnh dc ngang trn khp t nc X - vit m khng mt cm truyn ng no b kt na. Tc dng tt ca molipen isunfua i vi b mt ca thp khng nhng ch ch to ra c lp mng bi trn m thi: nu x l dng c ct gt bng molipenit th dng c tr nn bn hn v c tui th cao hn. Khi mt s ng th co bit c tnh cht k diu ny ca molipenit th vi u c thc t hn ngi, h ng dng ngay vo vic lm ca mnh. Nhng chng ta hy tr li vi molipen. Nh c tnh cht kh chy v h s n nhit thp nn kim loi ny c s dng rng ri trong k thut in, trong in t hc v tuyn, trong k thut nhit cao. Nhng ci mc m trn treo si tc bng vonfram trong cc bng n in thng thng u c lm bng molipen. Gi s si tc bng vonfram pht ra nh sng y c hn trc tip vo li thy tinh ca bng n th thy tinh s dn nt ngay do s n nhit ca vonfram, cn molipen th hu nh khng gin n khi b t nng nn khng gy ra tai ha cho thy tinh. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Ant, cc li v nhiu chi tit khc ca n in t, ca cc ng phng tia rngen cng c ch to bng molipen. Nh mt th vt liu kt cu, molipen cn c s dng trong cc l phn ng nng lng ht nhn. Cc dy in tr bng molipen t ra kh tt khi c dng lm b phn nung nng trong l in chn khng kiu in tr c cng sut ln, ni sn sinh ra nhit rt cao. Trong s cc hin vt trng by ti bo tng k thut tng hp Maxcva, ngi xem s thy mt chic thuyn nh bng molipen, trong nui mt tinh th granat nhm - ytri nhn to. M ch to mt loi thy tinh rt c o, bit thay i mu sc ca mnh ty theo ... thi gian trong ngy. Di tc ng ca nh sng mt tri, thy tinh c mu xanh nc bin, cn khi bng ti bao trm th n li tr nn trong sut. Hiu ng ny xy ra l nh molipen hoc c pha vo thy tinh nng chy hoc c lm thnh mt mng mng t gia hai lp knh. Cc hp kim molipen bn nhit l vt liu tuyt vi ch to cc chi tit quan trng ca tn la v tr, ca ng c tn la v g cnh ca my bay siu m. Cn hp kim comocrom gm coban, molipen v crom th c s dng trong y hc: t hp kim ny ngi ta ch to ph tng cho ... con ngi. ng th, hy ng ngc nhin! Comocrom chung sng d dng vi cc m ca c th ngi, n c cc nh phu thut s dng rt c hiu qu vo vic thay th cc khp xng b h hng. Babilon xa kia, khi lm nh , nhng ngi th xy dng lau sy lm ct cho t, cn Hy Lp c i, khi xy dng cc cung in v n i, ngi ta dng thanh st gia c cho nhng ct hoa cng. Nguyn tc ny l c s to nn mt loi vt liu kt cu mi, hin i - l vt liu phi tr, v y l s phi hp ca hai hoc mt s thnh phn khng ng cht. Mi thnh phn m nhn mt phn s ring: chng hn, mt s th chng s nung nng, chng mi mn hoc chng cc mi trng xm thc; mt s thnh phn khc th chng s ko cng. S phn cng lao ng nh vy gip cho nhiu kt cu tr nn gon nh c rt nhiu, m iu th rt quan trng i vi k thut hng khng v k thut v tr. Bng cch thay i t l gia cc thnh phn, c th to nn nhng vt liu c bn, sc chu nng, moun n hi v nhng tnh cht cn thit khc nh trc. i vi nhiu kim loi do (niken, coban, titan v. v...) th dy molipen ng vai tr nng ct rt tt nhn ly ti trng ko m cc kim loi kia khng sc chu ng: nh ci li ny m nhng c trng v bn ca vt liu c th c nng cao ln rt nhiu. Cc hp cht ca molipen c cng dng rt a dng. Nh c molipen nn cc loi men gm s c kh nng bao ph rt cao. Cc cht mu cha molipen c s dng sn xut gm v cc cht do trong cng nghip thuc da, lng th v cng nghip dt. Molipen oxit c dng lm cht xc tc trong vic chng ct du m v trong cc qu trnh ha hc khc. Trong ha hc phn tch, amoni molipat c s dng ngt mt th k ri nay - l mt cht thuc th quan trng, gip cc nh ha hc xc nh c hm lng fotfo trong qung, trong thp, trong cc hp kim v nhiu vt To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
liu khc. Nh chng ta thy y, molipen c vic. Th m ti gi chng ta mi ch nghe ni v cc cng vic ph, m cha c nghe mt li no v cng vic quan trng nht ca n. Chng ta hy nh li l t ngay u cu chuyn, molipen c mnh danh l ngi bn ng minh trung thnh ca st. V tnh bn gia st v molipen ny, chng ta s c nghe k t m di y - chnh ngnh luyn kim dng ti ba phn t s molipen khai thc c trn tri t luyn cc loi thp chuyn dng. nc Nga, loi thp cha nguyn t ny ln u tin ra l vo nm 1886 ti nh my Putilop Petecbua. Tuy nhin, vic s dng molipen ci thin cc tnh cht ca thp th cn c lch s lu hn nhiu . Mt thi gian di, khng ai khm ph ra c iu b mt: ti sao gm ca cc v s o Nht Bn li rt sc. Nhiu th h cc nh luyn kim ung cng nu luyn mt th thp tng t nh loi m t nc mt tri mc hi th k XI - XIII ngi ta dng rn gm gio. Cui cng, b quyt ny c khm ph: trong th thp b n y, ngoi cc nguyn t khc, cn c molipen. Nguyn t ny tinh khn lm, n ng thi va tng cng va tng dai ca thp, m ng l ra, s tng cng thng i i vi s tng gin. S kt hp c cng v dai cao l iu v cng cn thit i vi loi thp lm v bc chin xa. V bc ca loi xe tng do Anh v Php hp tc ch to xut hin nm 1916 trn cc chin trng hi chin tranh th gii th nht c lm bng thp mangan, tuy cng nhng li gin. Tic thay, ci o gip cm cm dy ti 75 milimet ny b n ca pho bnh c chc thng y nh chc vo thng b vy. Nhng ch cn pha thm vo thp chng 1,5 - 2 % molipen th cc xe tng y tr nn bt kh xm phm, mc du chiu dy ca tm v bc c gim xung gn ba ln. Vy th gii thch nh th no v s ti sinh k diu nh vy ca lp v bc bng thp? Vn l ch molipen km hm s ln ln ca cc ht trong qu trnh kt tinh ca thp, chnh v vy, n lm cho thp c cu trc ng nht, mn ht, to nn nhng tnh cht qu bu cho hp kim. Tnh gin sau khi ram l thuc tnh ca a s cc loi thp iu cht. Cn cc loi thp cha molipen th khng mc chng bnh ny, nh vy, chng c th qua nhit luyn m vn khng pht sinh ng sut bn trong. Molipen nng cao r rt tnh thm ti ca thp. c iu cht bng nguyn t ny, thp gi c bn ng k nhit cao v c sc khng chy ln. Vonfram cng c nh hng tng t nh vy i vi cc tnh cht ca thp, nhng tc ng ca molipen chng hn, i vi bn ca thp vn cao hn hn: 0,3 % molipen c th thay th 1 % vonfram, m vonfram th khan him hn. Thp molipen khng phi ch lm v bc xe thit gip m cn lm nng sng trng v nng i bc, lm cc chi tit my bay v t, lm cc ni hi v tuabin, lm cc dng c ct gt v li dao co. Molipen cn c tc dng tt i vi cc tnh cht ca gang: n lm cho bn v kh nng chng mi mn ca gang tng ln. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

S d molipen c kh nng iu cht rt tt l v n cng c mng tinh th ging nh st. Bn knh nguyn t ca molipen v st gn bng nhau. M l h hng thn thch th thng d thng cm cho nhau. Tuy nhin, molipen khng phi ch thn thit vi st m thi. Cc hp kim ca molipen vi crom, coban, niken u c kh nng chng axit rt tt v c s dng ch to kh c ha hc. Kh nng chng mi mn cao l nt c trng cho mt s hp kim ca cc nguyn t ny. Cc hp kim ca molipen vi vonfram c th thay th platin. ch to cc u mi tip xc trong k thut in, ngi ta s dng cc hp kim ca molipen vi ng v bc.

Trong k thut lm lnh, cc cht kh nn, nht l kh nit, c s dng rng ri. gi c kh ny trng thi lng, phi c nhit rt thp - n m 200 C. nhit nh vy, cc loi thp thng thng s tr nn gin nh thy tinh. Cc bnh cha nit lng u c ch to bng thp chu lnh c bit, nhng trong mt thi gian di, loi thp c mt nhc im nghim trng: cc mi hn trn c bn thp. Ch molipen mi khc phc c nhc im ny. Trc y, ngi ta pha crom vo cc vt liu lm que hn, nhng crom li gy nn s rn nt cc ra mi hn. Cc cuc nghin cu cho thy rng, molipen th khc hn, n ngn chn c s to nn cc vt nt. Sau nhiu ln th nghim, ngi ta tm c thnh phn ti u ca cht pha; trong phi c 20 % molipen. By gi, cc mi hn cng sc chu ng lnh 200 C nh chnh bn thn thp lm v bnh vy. Molipen cn gip thp mt vic c bit na : nu trn bt molipen mn vi axit ascobic (vitamin C) th s to thnh mt hn hp bo v c thp v cc kim loi khc khi b n mn. Th l, vitamin khng nhng b ch cho con ngi m cn b ch cho cc c kim loi na.

Trn ng rung nng nghip, molipen lm vic cng rt hiu qu. Mt s nguyn t bn cho t ai hoc pha vo thc n gia sc vi lng rt nh thi cng lm nn nhng iu k diu. Molipen cng l mt nguyn t c php l nh vy. Nhng liu lng cc nh ca nguyn t vi lng ny s gp phn nng cao r rt nng sut v ci thin cht lng ca nhiu loi cy trng. Cc loi cy h u rt a thch molipen. Ht u ging c x l bng amoni molipat th d c gieo trn t thng cng s cho nng sut thu hoch cao hn mt phn ba so vi mc bnh thng. Molipen tp trung cc nt sn trong b r ca cc cy h u, gip chng hp th nit ca kh quyn - mt thnh phn v cng cn thit cho s pht trin ca

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

thc vt. Nh c molipen nn hm lng cc anbumin, cht dip lc v vitamin trong cc m thc vt tng ln. Nhng nguyn t ny hon ton khng ban pht n hu cho tt c mi loi thc vt: i vi mt s loi c di, n li c tc dng hy dit.

Cc nh bc hc Nht Bn trng i hc tng hp Osaka tin hnh cc cuc kho nghim khc thng. Khi phn tch tn cn li ca tc chy bng cc phng tin cc k hin i, h i n kt lun rng, mu ca tc ph thuc vo hm lng t vi ca cc kim loi trong tc. Chng hn, tc sng mu th cha nhiu niken, tc vng th giu titan. Nu nhng ngi c b tc mu hung khng hi lng v b tc , th h cn t nguyn vng vi molipen: theo kin ca cc nh sc t hc Nht Bn, chnh molipen lm cho tc c mu nh vy. C l, nu qu tht c tn ti mt Hi tc hung m b Serloc Honmes (Sherlock Holmes(nhn vt trong nhiu truyn trinh thm ca nh vn Anh Actua Conan oil (Arthur Conan Doyle) (N. D.))) vch mt, th hon ton c th dng k hiu ca molipen v ln biu tng ca hi ny. Nguyn t molipen cung cp cho nh bc hc ni ting (ngi Anh) trong lnh vc sinh hc phn t, ngi c trao tng gii thng Noben Franxit Cric (Francis Crick) v bn ng nghip ca ng l gio s Oren (Orell) mt l do xut gi thuyt cho rng, s sng trn tri t c ngun gc t hnh tinh khc. Nh chng ta u bit, c ch di truyn ca tt c cc sinh vt u c c s cng mt mt m di truyn. Theo kin ca cc nh sinh hc, s ng nht nh vy chng t rng, ton b s sng trn tri t c pht trin ln t cng mt tp on vi sinh vt. M bi v molipen - mt nguyn t tng i t gp trn hnh tinh ca chng ta, li l bn ng hnh khng th thiu c ca cc qu trnh sinh hc, nn c th gi nh rng, tp on nguyn s ny ri t mt thin th khc giu molipen ti tri t. Gi thuyt ny rt ng ch , mc d trong c kh nhiu ch cha c n lm. Tic thay, i khi molipen li dnh lu vo nhng vic m hon ton khng th gi l tt p. Nhng cuc nghin cu do cc nh khoa hc X - vit tin hnh trong mt cuc thm him bin khi cho thy mt tiu cc trong hot ng ca molipen. Cui nm 1966, chic tu Mikhain Lmanxop ri bn cng Vlaivxtoc. Con tu nghin cu khoa hc c bit ny c nhim v kho st cc khu vc khc nhau ca i dng v xc nh mc nhim phng x ca chng. Con tu r sng chy trn i dng trong nhiu thng, v trong thi gian , mi ngi trn tu u ging nh nhng ngi lnh bin phng, phi thng xuyn tc trc bn cc kh c nhy cm l nhng my m Geiger, bt c lc no cng sn sng pht gic s

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K chuyn v kim loi
xut hin ca cc v khch phng x. Mt hm, con tu chun b vt qua xch o ti mt vng bin hoang vng nht ca Thi Bnh Dng. Bao ngy m rng r, nhng cnh qut quay tt vi tc ln ht hng ngn mt khi kh bin ri a vo cc b phn lc nhm gi li nhng ht bi c kch thc thm ch ch vi phn trm micron. C sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, em t cc mng lc cng vi bi bm ng li trn , ri nh cc kh c c nhy cao xc nh phng x ca tro va to thnh. Bng nhin, cc my m Geiger bo hiu: trong tro c cc ng v phng x molipen - 99 v neoim 147. Chng sng khng lu lm: chng hn, chu k bn hy ca molipen - 99 l 67 gi. Bng cc php o v php tnh, cc nh khoa hc xc nh c chnh xc ngy gi xut hin ca cc v khch khng mi ny l ngy 28 thng 12 nm 1966. M qu tht, theo thng bo ca Tn Hoa X, ngy hm y, Trung Quc th nghim v kh ht nhn ca h. Ch sau vi ngy m, gi mang cc mnh v phng x i xa hng ngn dm. Ni cho cng bng th cn phi nhn thy rng, trong ci tr chi vi la y nguy him ny, molipen ch ng vai tr rt khim tn. Cn trong tng lai gn y, chng ta c quyn hy vng rng, cc lc lng ha bnh s phn u i n vic cm hon ton cc cuc th nghim v kh ht nhn. Khi molipen s hon ton khng tham gia vo cc s kin khng lng thin ny v ch hot ng v li ch ca con ngi m thi. Cc bn thy r rng, molipen rt cn thit cho con ngi trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau v cn vi khi lng kh ln. Vy th tr lng cc nguyn t ny trn hnh tinh ca chng ta l bao nhiu ? Phn ca molipen ch vn vn 0,0001 % tng s tt c cc nguyn t trong v tri t. V mc ph bin trong thin nhin th n chim v tr kh khim tn trong dy cc nguyn t ca bng h thng tun hon . I. Menelep - vo khong th su mi. Tuy nhin, cc m kim loi ny cng thy nhiu ni trn tri t. Nu nh hi u th k ca chng ta, lng molipen khai thc c mi nm ch vn vn c vi tn, th trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th nht, sn lng kim loi ny tng gn 50 ln (v rt cn cho v xe thit gip). Trong thi k sau chin tranh, vic khai thc qung molipen gim t ngt, nhng sau , khong t nm 1925 tr i, vic sn xut kim loi ny li tng ln v t n mc cao nht (30 ngn tn) vo nm 1943, tc l trong thi k chin tranh th gii th hai. V vy, khng phi ngu nhin m ngi ta gi molipen l kim loi qun s. Trn lnh th Lin X, mt m qung molipen rt ln c pht hin nm 1934 bc Capcaz do n sinh vin a cht Vera Fliorova tm thy khong vt molipen hm sng Bacxan. Vera i lang thang sut my gi lin dc mng si v mt nhoi. Bng nhin ni mt mi tan bin mt. Tim c p lin hi khng kp th. C gi s i s li b mt sn si ca mt mnh v thch anh, nhng ngn tay mnh d ca c mn m khp mnh v y v mt du vt xanh nht hnh mt trng hin ln To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

trn ngn tay. C i thm hai chc bc na ri li ci xung nht ln mt hn nh vy. C cm knh lp soi vo hn c im nhng m kim loi. ng ri, khng cn nghi ng g na: cc m kim loi trong thch anh chng phi l ci g khc m chnh l molipenit. Qung molipen y ri! Trong cun sch vit v Vera Fliorova, tc gi k nh vy v mt s kin tng tr thnh ci mc quan trng trong lch s ca nn cng nghip v cc kim loi him Lin X. Hai nm sau, mt x nghip khai thc qung molipen c xy dng ti ni tm thy qung. Tic thay, Vera khng c may mn nhn thy thnh ph Trnauz mc ln trn ni cao m s ra i ca n li gn b vi c - mt c gi ng qu, t tha th u m c tm c loi k diu: nm 1936, Vera cht mt cch bi thm trn ni. Chic cu treo m c theo n qua sng Bacxan b nho xung dng chy cun cun ca con sng min ni. Mt trong nhng qung trng ca Trnauz v nh ni nh cao trn thnh ph hin mang tn Vera Fliorova. Trn mt sn ni cnh mt ng ph no nhit, ni ln mt tng i khim tn. Nhng m my lng l v trang nghim tri trn tng i, v xa xa, nhng toa xe gong ch nhng loi diu k trt theo nhng si cp thp. Qung molipen ch yu c ch bin thnh feromolipen dng trong vic luyn thp c cht lng cao v ch to cc loi hp kim c bit. Nhng th nghim cng nghip u tin v iu ch feromolipen c thc hin hi cui th k XIX. Nm 1890 ra i phng php iu ch hp kim ny bng cch dng molipen oxit kh qung. Nhng trn thc t, vic sn xut feromolipen nc Nga thi Sa hong ch b hp trong nhng th nghim ny m thi. Nm 1929, bng phng php nhit - silic, ngi ta luyn c loi hp kim cha 50 - 65 % molipen. Nhng th nghim thnh cng ca V. P. Eliutin hi nhng nm 1930 - 1931 cho php ng dng phng php ny vo cng nghip luyn kim sau ny. Nhng khng phi chi ring cc loi thp cha molipen, m c nhng sn phm lm bng molipen nguyn cht u rt cn cho k thut. Th m sut mt thi gian di, ngi ta khng th to c nhng sn phm nh vy. Ti sao? T thi xa xa, ngi ta bit cch lm ra loi bt kim loi ny tng i nguyn cht c m? Ti li chnh l tnh kh chy ca molipen - n khng cho php bin bt ny thnh kim loi nguyn khi bng cch nu chy. Cn phi tm nhng con ng khc. Nm 1907, ln u tin, mt si dy bng molipen ra i trong nhng iu kin ca phng th nghim. lm vic , ngi ta trn bt molipen vi mt cht keo hu c ri p cht bt nho ny qua mt l khun. Sau , a si keo va p c ny t vo mi trng kh hiro v cho dng in chy qua si dy . ng nh iu mong i, si dy b nung nng, cht hu c b chy, cn kim loi th chy mm ra v ng li trn si dy (kh hiro dng gi cho molipen khng b oxi ha khi b t nng). Ba nm sau , ngi ta cp bng pht minh v vic iu ch cc kim loi kh chy, c bit l molipen, bng phng php luyn kim bt - phng php m hin nay vn cn ang c s dng. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Bt kim loi c p li ri thiu kt, sau cn hoc ko thnh si. Di hoc si c th s dng ngay trong k thut. Lin X, t nm 1928 bt u sn xut si molipen v ba nm sau th t sn lng 20 triu mt. Trong nhng nm gn y, sn xut molipen ngi ta bt u s dng cc phng php nu luyn bng l h quang trong chn khng, bng chm tia in t v bng cch nung cc b. Nh cc phng php ny, cng vic nu luyn t c kt qu m mn hn. ... Chng ta ni rng, tr lng qung molipen trong v tri t rt hn ch. Vy qua mt thi gian na, th qung ny liu c cn kit khng v khi con ngi s ly u ra th kim loi rt cn thit ny ? Khng sao u, chng ta c th yn tm v s phn ca con chu mnh. ng th, ngoi v tri t, nc bin v i dng cha nhng lng khng l cc nguyn t khc nhau. Nu ly ti nguyn bin v chia u cho mi c dn trn hnh tinh ny th mi ngi chng ta s tr thnh ngi ch ca nhng kho bu giu c v k. Ch cn ni mt iu ny cng r: ring vng thi, hi vng c th ly t cc kho tng ca mnh phn pht cho mi ngi khong ba tn. y, qu tht l y bin bng vng! Cn v molipen th mi ngi chng ta s nhn c khong 100 tn. Ch c iu l phi c gng tm cho ra ci cha kha m nhng ci hm xanh ca Hi vng. Nhng ri s tm c. Nht nh s tm c.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Ag Kim loi ca Mt Trng

Thng ht trn ny n trn khc, qun ca Alecxanre x Makeonia o t tin v pha ng. Ba T ri Phenicia, Ai Cp ri Babilon, Bactria ri Sogdiana ln lt b chinh phc. Nm 327 trc cng nguyn, qun Hy Lp trn n bin gii n . Tng nh khng c sc mnh no chn c o qun thin chin ca v tng lng danh . Nhng bng nhin, qun Hy Lp bt u mc bnh nng hng lot v ng tiu ha. Nhng ngi lnh gy cm v kit sc ni lon, i tr v qu hng. Mc du s kht khao nhng chin cng mi ang li cun nh vua, ng vn buc lng phi

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K chuyn v kim loi
lui qun. Nhng c mt iu ng ch : so vi binh lnh th cc tng lnh Hy Lp b bnh t hn nhiu mc du h chia x vi tng s nhng ni gian lao vt v ca cuc i chinh chin. Cc nh bc hc phi mt hn hai ngn nm mi tm c nguyn nhn ca hin tng b n : thc cht l cc binh lnh ca qun i Hy Lp thi y gi ung nc ng trong cc bng thic, cn cc tng lnh th dng cc bng bc. M bc th c mt tnh cht k diu: khi ha tan trong nc, n git cht cc vi khun gy bnh c mt trong , thm vo , kh trng cho mt lt nc ch cn vi phn t gam bc l . Chnh v vy, nhm ngi c vai v trong qun i vn dng cc chn bng bc nn mc nhim bnh h t hn hn so vi nhng ngi lnh bnh thng. Nh vit s thi c Heroot k rng, ngay t th k VI trc cng nguyn, trong thi gian tin hnh rt nhiu cc cuc chnh chin, vua Ba T l Kyros cha nc ung trong nhng bnh linh thing bng bc. Trong cc sch tn gio n cng gp nhng on ni rng, ngi ta dng thi bc nung nhng vo nc kh trng cho nc. Ti nhiu nc c tc l nm xung ging vi ng tin bc cng ging. C l ta c th coi tc dng lm sch nc ca bc l ngh nghip c xa nht ca kim loi ny, m ngay c hin nay n cng khng t gi ngh y: cc ion bc gip cho vic bo qun nc ung d tr cho cc nh du hnh v tr trn trm qu o Cho mng.

X.I. Venetxki

i khi, do tnh ngang tng ca mt s nhn vt quyn qu m bc nh phi lm nhng vic hon ton v ngha. Chng hn, hong La M Nrong vn ni ting v thi hoang ph khng tm c vic g hay ho hn l vic ng mng bc cho hng ngn con la ca mnh. Nhng cng ch l mt tnh tit nh mn trong tiu s ca kim loi ny. Ngh nghip c xa th hai ca bc - ngh m bc hin dng trn i mnh, l ngh lm thc o gi tr, ngha l tin. Nhng ng tin bng bc u tin xut hin vi th k trc cng nguyn. Plini B cho bit, La M c i, vo nm 269 trc cng nguyn, ngi ta c nhng ng tin bng bc - l cc ng denarius. T gia th k I trc cng nguyn, trn cc ng tin ny thng c hnh ca cc hong . Julius Cesar l v hong u tin c hng vinh d . Ngay c hong Quintillus tuy ch gi c chc v cao c ny mi by ngy vo nm 270 cng kp li cho i sau nhng ng tin bng bc c mt uy nghim ca mnh. Dn dn, ch trn cc ng tin c pht hnh cc nc cng tr nn a dng hn v i khi rt k quc. Chng hn, nm 1528, x Bhemi lu hnh nhng ng tin bng bc, trn in

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K chuyn v kim loi

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hnh mt ngi rng, mt tay cm cy chy, mt tay cm ngn nn. V nhng cng trng g m con ngi hoang d ny nhy c vo ng tin bng bc? Theo truyn thuyt k li th mt ngi hoang d min rng ni Bohemi bit nhiu ngi i tm bc nn n gp nhng ngi , thp mt ngn nn v gi h i theo mnh. Mi ngi i theo ngi rng ny mt hi lu, ri bng nhin, ngn nn tt pht v chnh ngi rng bin mt. Ti ni xy ra s vic ny, ngi ta tm thy mt m rt nhiu bc. nc Nga, nhng ng tin bng bc do chnh ngi Nga lm ra xut hin vo khong th k IX - X. Hin nay cn gi li c nhng ng tin bng bc ca cng tc nc Nga l Vlaimia. Trn mt mt, c hnh cng tc ngi trn ngai (l mt ci bn), cn trn mt kia th c hnh gia huy ca cng tc. Trn ng tin c hng ch: Vlaimia ng trn ngai, cn y l bc ca ngi. Hi th k XII - XIII, tin bng bc khng lu hnh nc Nga na. Thi by gi, cc vng t ai tng hp nht li thnh nc Nga Kiep b phn chia thnh cc cng quc ring bit, nn khng c ng tin thng nht cho c nc na. Cc nh s hc gi thi gian ny l thi k khng c tin t. Nhng thi bc gi l gripna, nng chng 200 gam li bt u c dng lm tin t. Sc mua ca n v tin t ny rt cao: mt gripna c th mua c 200 b lng sc. Mt nh vit s thi xa chp rng, phi mt hai ngn gripna bng bc mi chuc c mng ca cng tc Igor - ngi b dn Polovet bt gi vo nm 1185. ng gripna nng trnh trch khng phi lc no cng thun tin cho vic chi tiu, bi v khng phi ch cn chuc mng cc v cng tc, m cn cn thc hin cc giao dch bun bn v ti chnh t quan trng hn. Vy l cn phi c nhng ng tin nh hn: ngi ta cht ng gripna ra lm i. T m c nhng ng rp (Trong ting Nga, rubit ngha l cht, v vy m xut hin ch rubi ch n v tin t (N. D.).). ch thng tr ca ngi Mng C - Tacta km hm s khi phc vic c tin nc Nga. ng tin dirgema hoc denga (theo ting Tacta, denga ngha l ku leng keng) do L R Vng (Trong ngn ng chu u, qun vin chinh ca ngi Mng C - Tacta hi th k XII c gi l L R Vng: golden Horde) tung ra mt thi lu hnh Nga. Dn dn t denga chuyn thnh dengi (ngha l tin trong ting Nga). Mi n gia th k XIV, khi nhn dn Nga lm suy yu ch thng tr Mng C - Tacta, Nga li bt u c tin ring. Nm 1534, trong thi gian tr v ca Elena Glinxkaia (m ca Ivan Hung bo), h thng tin t thng nht cho ton quc gia Nga hnh thnh. Trn ng tin nh bng bc c hnh mt k s cm gm; ng tin ny c gi l tin c gm. Cn trn nhng ng tin cng bng bc nhng hi ln hn th c hnh mt k s cm ngn gio. Nhng ng tin nh vy c gi l tin c gio - t y pht sinh ra t cpech (v trong ting Nga, kopio ngha l ngn gio). To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Hin nay, tht kh m truy tm n ngn ngun, nhng hn l nhng k lm tin gi u tin xut hin ngay t khi nhng ng tin u tin mi ra i. Khi khai qut mt thn xm ca ngi Viking (mt b tc bc u chuyn ngh bun bn v cp bc cc vng ven bin chu u t cui th k VIII n gia th k XI - N. D.), cc nh kho c hc ngi Anh tm thy mt ng tin rp k l, tng c pht hnh trc mt ngn nm. Trong danh mc cc hin vt tm c, ng tin ny c ghi nhn l bng bc, nhng chng bao lu sau phi nh chnh li, v php phn tch bng tia rngen cho bit rng, ng tin bng bc ny c lm bng ng v ch c bc mt lp bc m thi. Cn phi nh gi ng ti ngh ca k lm tin gi thi xa: cht lng sn phm do y lm ra rt cao. Khng phi nghi ng g na, nhng ngi cng thi vi y khng c phng tin phn tch chnh xc nn coi nhng ng tin gi c lm rt kho ny l tin tht. Mt vt tng t khc do cc nh kho c hc tm thy trong cc cuc khai qut gn Tasken cng rt ng ch : ti mt h rc ca mt di ch thnh ph trung c c mt kho tin gm mi su ng dirgema bng bc tng c pht hnh hi u th k XI ti quc gia Carakhanit. Sau khi lau sch nhng ng tin th mi v l ra: chng u c lm bng ng v ch c xoa phn bc m thi. Nhng theo cc nh s hc th triu i cm quyn thi by gi ch c tin bng bc nguyn cht. Cc nh chuyn mn i n kt lun rng, l nhng ng tin gi. Cn iu ny vn cha r: vy chng ri vo h rc bng cch no? C l do nh cm quyn bit v vic lm n phi php ny, nn phi tang, k lm tin gi tm ct giu nhng ng tin trong h rc nh mnh. Th ri chng nm lun y ngt c ngn nm. n th k XVII, vic lm tin gi c thc hin trn quy m nh nc. Nm 1654 qua. Cuc chin tranh qu sc m nc Nga dy ln vi Ba Lan lm cho ngn kh trng rng, trong khi nhu cu v tin ngy cng tng thm. Sa hong Alecxy Mikhailovich tng cc th thu m rt nng n, nhng nhn dn lm vo cnh bn cng nn khng th np . Lc by gi, quan cn thn Feor Rtisep ngh ra mt cch m y tng l c th lm giu cho ngn kh, nhng tht ra th dn n nhng hu qu t hi nht. Thi by gi, tin bng bc vn lu hnh nc Nga. Nhng v nc Nga khng c bc nn nh phi sn xut tin bng ... tin nc ngoi. Thng thng lm vic , triu nh dng nhng ng tin ty u staler c Iakhimop (thuc vng Czech ngay, nc Tip Khc ngy nay) hoc cn gi l ng efimok, ri xa ch La tinh trn v in ch Nga vo.

Theo li khuyn ca Rtisep v ca cc nh qu tc khc, nh vua kim li bng cch sa li gi tr ca ng tin. i vi ngn kh, ng efimok tr gi 50 cpech (na rp), vy m nh vua ra lnh dp vo con du mt rp. Ngoi

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ra, nh vua cn ra lnh cho lu hnh nhng ng tin nh hn, c bng th ng r tin v bt dn phi coi chng c gi tr nh bc. Theo d tnh ca cc nh ti chnh trong triu nh th cuc ci cch ny s em li cho ngn kh 4 triu rp - cao gp vi ln tin thu mi th thu trong mt nm! u c nh vua quay cung v nhng mn tin ln nh th, nn ng ta ra lnh lm thm tht nhiu tin mi, gp rt ngy m, dc ht sc lc nhanh chng lm ra nhiu tin. Nhng ng tin r mt trn ngp nc Nga. Nhng s lu thng tin t vn c nhng quy lut ca n m khng ph thuc vo quyn lc ca ai, d l ca vua cha cng vy. Nu pht hnh nhiu tin hn mc n nh th sc mua ca ng tin s gim st, t gi c mi hng ha u tng ln. iu cng xy ra nc Nga. Ngi dn bnh thng rt nhy cm vi nhng hu qu ca cuc ci cch do nh vua ra. Gi bnh m v cc thc phm khc tng vt, thm vo , cc nh bun ch i i hng ha ly bc ch khng mun ly tin. Nhng ly u ra bc by gi khi m bc b v vt ht v kho ca nh vua? Nn i ni ln trong nc. Sc chu ng ca ngi dn n mc tt cng. Th l, vo nm 1662, Matxcva n ra mt cuc khi ngha - l cuc ni lon v ng. Cuc khi ngha ny b nh vua n p khc lit, nhng d sao dn chng vn t c nguyn vng ca mnh: tin ng b thu hi v c thay th bng tin bc nh c. Trong thi gian tr v ca Pit nht, vic c tin c tp trung ti xng c tin Matxcva nm qun c tn gi l thnh ph Trung Quc. Nm 1711, ngh vin tuyn co: ch c tin bng bc mt xng c tin thnh ph Trung Quc. V sau, theo ch d ca Sa hong, mt xng c tin khc c thnh lp Petecbua vo nm 1724. X nghip ny - xng c tin Lningrat - hin vn hot ng v gn y k nim 250 nm ngy thnh lp. Pit nht s dng nhng bin php tch cc m rng vic khai thc vng v bc. Mc du nh vua t c mt s kt qu, song cc kim loi qu ny vn phi mua nc ngoi mt thi gian di na. Hin cn gi c nhng ti liu rt ng ch ni ln iu . Chng hn, nm 1734, triu nh giao cho ph tng c tnh Ircutxc mua mt lng bc ln ca Trung Quc. Cng khong trong thi gian , nhng ngi snh si v qung trong gia nh Akinfi emiop - i biu cho triu i hng cng ca cc ch m Uran, pht hin c mt s m bc. Theo lut l nh nc hin hnh lc by gi th qung bc d do ai tm c bt c u cng u phi dung vo ti sn ca triu nh. Nhng emiop li khng mun t b nhng ca ci mi lt c vo tay mnh. ng ta bt u c tin ring ca mnh, chng h khc tin ca nh vua mt t no. Tuy nhin, vn c mt s khc bit: tin ca emiop cha nhiu bc hn tin ca nh vua. C l y l trng hp duy nht trong lch s m tin gi li qu hn tin tht. Nu c th tin vo truyn thuyt th Nevianxc - lnh a ca gia nh emiop, c mt xng c tin b mt. Trong tng hm ca mt ngn thp cao y, nhng ngi n l b xing vo tng phi To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

lm tin gi sut ngy m. l mt nh t khng khip m khng ai c th thot ra khi, nn triu nh khng th bit c b mt ca ngn thp Nevianxc. Mc du vy, nhng tin n v ngn thp vn lt n kinh . Ban u, l nhng li n on, v chnh n hong Anna Ivanopna cng khng di g lm tn hi nhng mi quan h vi ng vua cha th phong ca x Uran ny. Tht vy, ngi ta k rng, mt hm, khi nh bi vi emiop, n hong thng cuc v khi nhn mt ng bc mi tinh t tay ng ta, n hong bt ng hi: y l tin do ta lm ra hay l do ngi h Nikitich ? emiop lin ng dy, bung thng hai tay, ci u v mm ci, tha: Tt c chng ti u l ca b h, c ti na cng l ca ngi, mi th ca ti na cng u l ca ngi ! Nhng chng bao lu sau xy ra mt s kin dn n s kt liu ci xng c tin b mt ny. V s cn thnh n ca ch, mt ngi th trong xng ca emiop chy trn t Nevianxc v Petecbua. Va bit c vic ny, emiop lin phi ngay mt ton qun truy ui sau khi ra lnh phi bt k c v git cht tn o tu, cn nu khng lm c nh th th phi cp tc phi v th bo cho n hong bit tin mng v vic tm ra m bc. Ngi o tu khng b bt, th l nh phi bo tin mng. Mt y ban c c n Nevianxc tip nhn m bc. Hai ngy trc khi y ban ny n, Akinfi ra lnh m cc ca cng ngn tng hm ca thp vi h nc, th l tt c nhng ngi th y - nhng nhn chng v v phm ti ca emiop - vnh vin li di nc. T thi xa xa, bc c s dng lm trang sc: nhng b n ung, cc chn, hp phn sp, hp thuc l v nhng dng xa x khc c lm bng bc. Gii qu tc Nga v Php rt u chung nhng vt phm lm bng kim loi ny. i vi h, bng bc gia truyn c ngha nh tm danh thip chng t ngun gc quyn qu v s giu sang ca ngi ch. B tc Orlop l ch ca mt b bng bc m ngoi ng ta th chng ai c: b ny gm 3275 th; lm ra chng, phi tn gn hai tn bc nguyn cht! Nhng ngi th lm bng bc Nopgorot ni ting t thi xa; nhng ngi ny tng lp nn mt trng phi v ngh chm v khc trn bc m khng u bt chc c. Cc, tch, chn do h lm ra khin ngi ng thi phi khm phc trc v p ca cc ng vn hoa. tm thy nhng c liu chng t rng, cui th k XVI, c khong mt trm th bc lnh ngh c ln lm vic Nopgorot, cn th lm lt vt nh hoa tai, thnh gi, nhn th nhan nhn. Nhng sn phm bng bc ca cc ngh nhn Nopgorot cn li n ngy nay u c trng by ti gian v kh, ti bo tng lch s quc gia v bo tng Nga Lningrat. B n chm s ca nh th ln Uxpenxki - mt trong nhng di tch kin trc tuyt vi nm trn a phn in Creli Maxcva, c lm bng bc nguyn cht. Ngun gc ca n kh ly k. Trong

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

thi gian chin tranh nm 1812, th kim loi qu bu ny b binh lnh Php cp bc, nhng do nhng trc trc k thut nn khng th ch ra khi nc Nga c. Ngi Nga ly li bc t tay k th, v ghi nh vic nh bi qun i Napolon, cc ngh nhn Nga ti hoa lm ra b n chm c mt khng hai ny gm vi trm chi tit m thut. Trong thi i chng ta, bc khng lm mt i vai tr ca th kim loi t im cho cuc sng ca con ngi, nhng hin nay, c l bc cn c nhiu vic quan trng v l th hn. T nm 1839, khi m ha s kim nh pht minh ngi Php l agar (Louis Jacques Mandez Daguerre) hon thin c phng php ghi li hnh nh trn cc vt liu cm quang, th bc gn b mt thit s phn ca mnh vi k thut chp nh. Mt lp bc bromua cc mng trng ln mng phim hoc giy nh l nhn vt hnh ng ch yu trong qu trnh ny. Di tc ng ca nh sng chiu vo mng phim, bc bromua b phn gii. Khi , brom s lin kt ha hc vi gelatin c sn trong lp ny, cn bc th c tch ra di dng nhng tinh th v cng nh m ngay c knh hin vi thng thng cng khng nhn thy c. Mc phn gii ca bc bromua ph thuc vo cng chiu sng: c chiu sng cng mnh th bc tch ra cng nhiu. Vic x l tip theo (hin hnh v nh hnh) cho php thu nhn c bn m trn mng phim, sau , khi in ln giy nh th bn m tr thnh hnh nh tht. Mc du k thut chp nh c hon thin nhiu qua lch s tn ti hn mt th k, nhng nu khng c bc v hp cht ca bc th n chng c ngha thc t no c. Cc nh bc hc tm cho bc ioua mt cng vic l th v b ch: h s dng n chng li cc trn bo nhit i mt cch kh hiu qu. Nhng lm cch no vy? gim bt sc ph hoi ca bo, cn phi ko gin n ra, ngha l phi ni rng ng knh ca n. Bc ioua s gip chng ta lm c iu : n c kh nng lm cho kh m ngng t li thnh ma. Ngi ta tin hnh nhng th nghim nh vy. Trong nhng nm 60, cn bo Beila l nn nhn u tin. Ngi ta cho my bay th l lng xung mt bc mn bc ioua c chiu cao 10 kilmet v chiu di 30 kilmet trn ng i ca bo. Mc du bc mn c kch thc s nh vy nhng ch cn vi t bc ioua l lm ra n. Sau khi ng phi bc mn, cn bo khng nghi ng iu gi nn cun n li thnh mt ci ng v nut vo tm bo. Chnh lc , bc tng my xung quanh phn trung tm ca bo tan ra, ma xung v tc cn bo lin gim xung t ngt. S thc th bo khng mt i, m s to li thnh mt bc tng my nhng c kch thc ln hn trc rt nhiu, ngha l bc tng my ny s dch chuyn chm hn hn so vi trc kia. Sc ph hoi ca cn bo nhum bc s gim hn trc rt nhiu ln.

Mc du hot ng ca cc hp cht bc rt hp dn, song nhng tnh cht vt l v ng dng k thut ca chnh kim loi ny c l cn c

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

sc hp dn hn. Nguyn do l trong s cc kim loi, bc cng mt lc gi lun ba k lc v ba ch tiu: kh nng phn x nh sng, dn in v dn nhit. Nh tnh cht th nht trong s ba tnh cht ny m t gia th k trc cho n ngy nay, bc c s dng vo vic sn xut gng. Tm knh c trng mt lp bc cc k mng chng nhng c dng lm chic gng thng ngy khng th thiu c trong cc gia nh chng ta, m cn l cng c ca cc thy thuc, l chi tit quan trng trong knh hin vi, knh vin vng v trong cc kh c quang hc khc. K nng dn in v dn nhit tuyt vi ca bc lm cho n tr thnh th vt liu khng th thay th c trong nhiu thit b k thut in v v tuyn in. C th gp si dy dn in bng bc trong cc kh c vt l chnh xc nht. Bc c dng lm vt liu cho cc u cc in ca cc rle rt nhy; cc linh kin quan trng trong cc kh c khc nhau cng c ni vi nhau bi que hn bng bc. Nhng ngi th gii thi c bit s dng bc vo mc ch ny: trong ngi m ca Tutankhamon (Faraoh Ai Cp thuc triu i th 18, tr v t nm 1400 n nm 1392 trc cng nguyn. Ngi m ny c khai qut nm 1922 (N. D.).), ngi ta tm thy nhng ci ng bng ng gm cc on c hn ni vi nhau bng bc. nhn mnh vai tr ca bc vi t cch l mt th vt liu dng hn ni cc chi tit quan trng, chng ti xin k mt s vic lin quan vi nhng bc i ban u ca ngnh ch to tn la Lin X. Trong nhng nm , nhm nghin cu chuyn ng phn lc c giao nhim v gii quyt nhng vn trong lnh vc ny. ng u nhm l k s tr tui X. P. Corolep m lc by gi cha my ai bit n. V lc u, nhng ngi lm vic y l do nhit tnh, ging nh trong cc on th x hi, nn khi ni a, h gii m tn gi ca hng mnh thnh ra nhm k s lm vic v ch. B M. N. Balanina Corolep - m ca v vin s tng lai, nh li rng, mt hm, khi v n nh, con trai b hi: M i, nh ta c ci g bng bc khng h m?. B Maria Nikolaepna rt ngc nhin v cu hi , bi v b bit rng, Xecgy hon ton th vi tin bc cng nh i vi cc vt qu. lm g vy h con ? - M hiu cho c mt cng vic nh th ny. .. Cn phi hn ng c phn lc. Nhng ch hn c bng bc m thi. B Maria Nikolaepna i ra khi phng, ri mt lt sau b quay li vi hai chic tha bng bc. y, bc trong nh ta ch c th - ni ri, b a hai chic tha cho con. Chic hn nng thm t y lng ca cu con trai l phn thng cho ngi m. Trong rt nhiu cc thit b t ng, tn la v tr v tu ngm, trong cc my tnh v thit b ht nhn, trong cc phng tin lin lc v pht tn hiu, bao gi cng c nhng tip im. Sut trong thi gian phc v lu di, mi tip im phi lm vic n hng triu ln. gnh vc c nhim v nng n nh vy, cc tip im phi chng c s mi mn, phi tin cy trong s dng, phi p ng c hng lot yu cu v k thut in. Bc thng c dng lm vt liu cho cc tip im. Cc nh chuyn mn khng phi than phin g v n, v bc m ng vai tr ny mt To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

cch xut sc. Nu c pha thm cc nguyn t t him th bc s th hin nhng phm cht v cng cao qu, tui th ca cc tip im nh vy s tng ln vi ln. Bc cn c mt c im na l n c tnh do tht ng kinh ngc: c th cn bc ra thnh l trong sut c chiu dy ch bng mt phn t micron (tc l bng 0,00025 milimet), cn mt ht bc nng mt gam th c th ko thnh mt si t nhn rt mnh c chiu di n hai kilmet! Bc nguyn cht l mt kim loi mu trng rt p. Bi vy, trong mt tc phm ca mnh, M. V. Lmanxop vit : Bc c coi l kim loi cao qu th hai. N ch khc vng mu sc v sc nng. Mu ca n trng n ni, nu l bc hon ton nguyn cht v c rt ra ngay sau khi va nu chy m cha cn nh bng, th t xa nhn thy n trng nh phn. Nh c nh kim sng ngi nn ngi Assyria c xa gi bc l kim loi ca mt trng v coi l th kim loi linh thing, cng nh ngi Ai Cp tn th vng l kim loi mu vng ca mt tri. Trong cc sch v gi kim thut, bc c tng trng bng mt vng trng non. Tn La tinh ca kim loi ny l argentum bt ngun mt t vay mn ca ting Phn, c ngha l trng sng. Bi v y ang ni n tn gi nn chng ti xin k thm mt s vic khng km phn th v. Bn a l nhiu ln gi cho cc nh bc hc khi chn tn cc nguyn t mi c pht hin. Hy nhn vo bng h thng tun hon, tn cc nguyn t gecmani v franxi, europi v amerixi, scani v calofoni sn sng xc nhn vi bn iu . C rt nhiu th d nh vy, cn trng hp mt con sng ln, thm ch, c mt quc gia mang mt ci tn ghi nh kim loi th c l trng hp duy nht. Th ra bc l kim loi c vinh d i vo mn lch s cng vi mn a l. iu xy ra t bn th k ri trc y trong bi cnh nh sau. u th k XVI, nh hng hi ngi Ty Ban Nha Hoan iat Xolit (Juan Diaz de Soliz) khi i thuyn dc theo b bin nam M pht hin ra mt ca sng ln, v khng cn t v khim tn gi to, ng gi con sng bng tn ca chnh mnh. Mi hai nm sau, thuyn trng Xebaxtian Cabot (Sebastian Cabot) ngc thuyn trn dng sng ny. ng ta kinh ngc v s lng bc m cc thy th ca ng cp ca dn a phng sinh sng trn hai b sng ny. Cabot quyt inh gi con sng ny l La Plata, ngha l sng bc (theo ting Ty Ban Nha, plata ngha l bc). Do m v sau, tn y cng c dng gi t nc ny. Hi u th k XIX, quyn b ch ca Ty Ban Nha chm dt v ghi nh thi k au bun y, dn nc ny La tinh ha tn gi ca t nc. Th l trn bn xut hin tn nc Achentina. Cn mt truyn thuyt khc, trong , bc cng hin hnh vi t cch l cha u cho mt a danh. Nm 1577, mt on hi thuyn do tn c mi ra l tn l Franxit ry (Francis Drake) ch huy ri b bin nc Anh. Y c n hong Elizabet ban thng hm hi qun rt cao nh To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

hot ng ... cp bin trong nhiu nm. Cp bc cc thnh ph thuc quyn Ty Ban Nha ven b bin Thi Bnh Dng nam M vn l mc ch ca chuyn i mi ny vi s ng tnh b mt ca n hong. Vn tr thnh nhng c ng hi cp ot ca qu ry v cng ty, Elizabet v bn cn thn quyn th ca b tnh chuyn kim chc nh s gip sc ca tn cp bin st ny, m tt c nhng ngi i bin ca cc nc bit qu r tn tui ca hn. Sut nhiu thng rng r, hi i ca ry cy ba khp cc bin v i dng, t nguyn lao ng v li ch ca n hong. Qua rt nhiu cuc tin cng v nh chc, ry thit hi bn trong s nm chic tu, nhng chic tu ch huy Con ama vng ca y reo rc s khng khip cho c dn cc thnh ph ven bin bng nhng cuc tp kch to tn v bt ng. Mt hm, vo cui bui chiu, khi tri va sm ti, tn cp bin xut hin gn Calao, ni c gn ba chc chic tu Ty Ban Nha trong bn cng. ry vn rt can m: Con ama vng i vo bn tu v st nch cc tu i phng trong sut mt m. Cc thy th Ty Ban Nha do ung ru rum kh nhiu, nn qu na m t lu m h vn vui a trn boong tu v bn tn m v nhng chic tu m trc khng lu ri bn cng vi nhng chuyn hng qu gi. Theo li ca cc thy th th mt trong nhng chic tu cht y ca ci rt qu. Bit c iu ny, ry lp tc nh neo v ra sc rt theo. Khng phi ngu nhin m chic tu ca g c cp bin c mnh danh l Con ama vng: him c con tu no tranh ti c vi n v tc . Cng tht d hiu, ngay sau th con tu Ty Ban Nha b tn cng b bin Ecuao. Mt trong nhng tr th ca ry m t nhng s kin tip theo nh sau: Sng hm sau, bt u mt cuc lc sot v kim k ko di su ngy ... Chng ti tm thy y nhng th qu, mi ba chic hm ng ton tin bng bc, tm chc cn vng ( y l cn Anh - libra, bng 453,59 gam - N. D.), hai mi su thng bc cha c... Cui ngy th su, chng ti chia tay vi ngi ch chic tu: ng ta cm thy hi nh nhm v vi i Panama, cn chng ti th li ra bin khi

ry vn l ngi nhn xa trng rng nn hiu rng, Con ama vng cn phi bng bnh trn bin mt thi gian di, nn rt c th, ngi Ty Ban Nha s tm cch ly li nhng ca ci tng b bn cp bin tc ot (nhng ca ci m chnh h v vt ca dn bn x nam M), cn chic tu cht y kim loi qu th khng th lt nhanh c. Lm theo l phi hay lm theo lng tham? ry chp nhn mt gii php ng: hng chc tn bc c xung bin. ghi nh nhng ca ci qu m ng ta nh phi t b, vin c k cp t tn cho hn o gn y l La Plata.

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

D nhin, y khng phi l trng hp duy nht m vng, bc v cc ca qu khc phi chm nghm di y bin. Trong lch s nhiu th k ca ngnh hng hi, hng ngn chic tu b m v nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau khi chng mang theo v vn ti sn qu. T lu chnh nhng con tu khin cho nhiu ngi mun i tm bu vt khng th ngi yn. Uyliam Fip (William Fipps) - ngi c lch s ghi li tn tui, l ngi u tin m c ca ci di bin. Cui th k XVII, theo lnh ca vua Anh James II, ng ny trang b cho mt on thm him xung bin thu nht nhng vt qu cng vi mt lng bc khng l trn chic tu Ty Ban Nha b m su khng ln lm gn qun o Bahama. Vn lm ngh th mc, Fip ng mt chic thng g np ai st lm ci chung ln. Trong b ln th s ny, ng nhiu ln tt xung y bin. Nhng cc thy th v th dn lm thu ngp ln t sng sm n chiu ti gn di ngm gn ni con tu yn ngh vn l lc lng ch yu m ca qu. Cng vic hao hi tn sc ny ko di nhiu tun l, cui cng, v gt hi di bin bi thu nh trong truyn c tch vy. Sau khi trnh khi s sn ui ca bn cp bin mt cch khn kho, Fip (ng ta ng thi l mt thy th c ti) a c hai chic tu dng y p bc v n b bin nc Anh mt cch an ton. Sut ba th k qua, rt nhiu nh chim hu cc kho tng di bin c thc thi, nhng i dng li khng sn lng ban pht nhng ca ci cn chm m di y. Th k XX to ra nhng kh nng mi cho nhng ngi tm kim kho tng di bin: ngi th ln ngy nay c rt nhiu iu kin thun li t kt qu, hn hn nhng ngi ngp ln ngy xa v bn h ch c th trng cy vo bung phi ca mnh. Chng hn, mt ngi th ln ngi M rt may mn mc du anh ta khng ngh n vic tm kim ca qu b chm di bin. Ma h nm 1949, anh lm ngh chp nh di nc vng bin Floria. Mt hm, su hai chc mt, anh ta bt gp nhng mnh v ca chic tu no . Sau khi xem xt chic tu tht k lng, anh pht hin ra my khu i bc, mt chic neo v ba phin g rt nng hnh thun di. Anh khng ngn ngi a chng ln mt nc v c ban thng rt hu: ba phin y l ba khi bc nguyn cht cn mang nhn rt d thy. Cc nh chuyn mn xc nh c rng, l nhn ca mt m bc xa kia Panama, cn chic tu y l mt trong mi bn chic tu Ty Ban Nha b m trong trn bo lc khng khip tng tn ph vng ny vo ma xun nm 1715. Tin b k thut cng khng b qua s ch i vi nhng ngi i tm hnh phc di nc. Ngoi b ln ra cn c cc t k, cc que d rt nhy, cc b n kn nc, nhng ph kin c bit lp vo chn vt tu thy xi ra ct v bn di y ... gip sc thm cho h. C tin ni rng, mt hng nc ngoi m kha hun luyn c bit cho c heo; loi c bin ny s dng my o su bng ting di ca mnh a ngi th ln n mc tiu mong mun. Ni tm li, hi i dng, hy cn thn! Nhng i dng vn cha vi t gi nhng ca ci ca mnh m t To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
bao th k nay vn nm yn di y. Cc kho bc cng rt hay gp c trn t lin. Chng hn, cch y cha lu lm, trn o Gotlan ca Thy in, ngi ta tm thy mt kho tin bng bc gm hng ngn ng tin Ai Cp trong mt trng hp kh th v. K tm thy n l mt ... con th - mt con th xm bnh thng ang mun o cho mnh mt ci hang gn th trn Burs. Trong tin trnh thi cng xy dng, bng nhin, mt trn ma nm xung ton nhng mnh kim loi hnh trn di ln u con th v con vt khn kh ny phi nhiu sc lc nm chng ta khi hang. Sau chng bao lu, cc nh kho c hc ang khai qut trn o nhn thy chng. Nhng ng tin c chuyn giao cho vin bo tng lch s Stockholm v cc nh chuyn mn khm ph c b mt ca kho tin ny. Xa kia, c mt thi o Gotland l trung tm bun bn sm ut vo bc nht chu u, l ni m nh bun t nhiu nc thng lui ti. Hng trm hng ngn ng tin bng bc chuyn t tay ngi ny sang tay ngi khc, nhng cng c khi tch t li trong tay nhng nh bun may mn nht. Thnh thong, nhng ca ci ny li ri vo tay bn viking; bn ny thng hnh qun ln o vi nhng mc ch hon ton khng c thc. Theo truyn thuyt, kho tin m con th tm thy l do mt trong nhng k cm u bn viking tn l Staver ct giu trong lng t t thi xa. V y l iu th v: trong sut nhiu thp k, trong dn chng c li n i khng nh rng, hnh nh vo khong mt th k ri trc , mt ngi nng dn Gotlan say ru m thy mt con qu cho anh ra mt nm tin bng bc chc l ly t kho tin ca Staver v b mt bo cho anh ta bit rng, sau nm th h na, mi ngi s tm thy c kho tin m tn viking giu c ny ct giu phng ngy mt vn Trong truyn thuyt ny c c s thc t no hay khng, iu tht kh ni. Nhng d th no chng na, qu l sau nm th h, ti chnh ci ni c ni n trong truyn thuyt, ngi ta tm thy kho tin. Ch c mt iu cha r: ti sao con qu quyt nh khng cho ngi nng dn bit l con th c vinh d ng vai tr chnh trong vic tm ra kho tin ny.

X.I. Venetxki

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Sn Cng m li... mm

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nm 1910, nh kho st a cc ngi Anh, thuyn trng Rbec Xcot trang b cho mt on thm him c nhim v i n Nam cc, ni m thi by gi con ngi cha t chn n. Nhng v du khch qu cm ny tri qua nhiu thng ngy gian nan trn hoang mc bng tuyt ca lc a Nam cc, h cn li trn ng i ca mnh nhng kho nho nh cha thc phm v du ho d tr cho ng tr v. Cui cng, u nm 1912, on thm him n Nam cc, nhng tht l mt ht hng khi, v Xcot pht hin ra mt dng ch ghi li: th ra trc mt thng, nh thm him Ruan Amunxen (Roald Amundsen) ngi Na Uy n y ri. Song, tai ha ch yu ch i Xcot trn ng tr v. Ngay ti kho trm u tin khng cn du ho na: cc hp st ty ng du rng khng. Nhng con ngi mt mi, lnh cng v i kht y khng c g si m, nu thc n. Vt v lm, h mi l bc c n trm tip theo, v y cng nhng ci hp rng ch n h: tt c du ho u chy ht. Khng sc chng vi gi rt a cc v nhng cn bo tuyt d di ang honh hnh Nam cc lc , nn chng bao lu, Rbec Xcot v cc chin hu ca ng ln lt b mng. Vy do u m du ho bin mt mt cch b him nh vy ? Ti sao cuc thm him c tr tnh k cng li phi kt thc mt cch b thm nh vy ? Nguyn nhn tht n gin. Cc hp ng du ho bng st ty c hn bng thic. C l cc nh thm him khng bit rng, trong bng gi, thic b cm lnh: lc u th kim loi mu trng lp lnh ny bin thnh kim loi mu xm xt, sau th mn ra thnh bt. Hin tng ny c gi l bnh dch ca thic v n ng vai tr nh mnh trong s phn ca on thm him. T lu trc khi xy ra s kin va k, ngi ta bit rng, thic rt d mc bnh khi b lnh. Ngay t thi trung c, nhng ngi dng bt a bng thic nhn thy rng, khi gp lnh, chng s b bao ph bi nhng vt l lot lan rng dn v cui cng bt a bin thnh bt. Thm vo , a thic b cm lnh ch cn chm vo chic khc cn kho mnh th chng my chc, chic kho mnh cng b cc vt xm xt bao ph ri mn ra. Cui th k trc, mt on tu ho ch nhng thi thic khi hnh t H Lan sang Nga. Khi n Maxcva, ngi ta m cc toa tu ra th thy trong ton l th bt xm chng dng c vo vic g c. Ma ng nc Nga chi khm mt v c c vi nhng ngi nhn thic. Cng vo khong nhng nm , mt on thm him c trang b tt n Xibia. Hnh nh mi th c d liu cho bng gi vng Xibia khng cn ch n cng vic tt p ca on. Nhng cc nh thm him vn phm mt sai st: h mang theo bt a bng thic, nn ch sau mt thi gian ngn, tt c chng u b hng. Th l nh phi o tha v bt bng g thay th. Sau To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
, on thm him mi c th tip tc cuc hnh trnh ca mnh.

X.I. Venetxki

u th k XX, ti kho qun khu Petecbua xy ra mt chuyn rt tai ting: trong cuc kim tra vin s quan hu cn pht hin thy l nhng chic cc bng thic dng cho qun phc ca cc binh lnh bin mt ht, cc hm ng cc loi cc ny th y p mt th bt xm. Mc du trong kho rt but gh ngi nhng vin s quan hu cn khn kh vn ton ht m hi. Tt nhin, anh ta s b nghi l n cp, m iu th chng ha hn g khc ngoi hnh pht kh sai. Song kt lun ca phng th nghim ho hc ni m th bt trong cc hm c gi n xt nghim, cu con ngi ti nghip ny: Khng phi nghi ng g na, th bt m cc ngi gi n phn tch chnh l thic. R rng l trong trng hp ny xy ra mt hin tng m ho hc gi l bnh dch ca thic . Vy th s bin i nh vy ca thic din ra nh th no ? Thi trung c, bn thy tu dt nt cho rng, bnh dch ca thic l do nhng li nguyn ra ca cc m ph thu gy ra, chnh v vy nn nhiu ngi n b khng c ti tnh g b thiu sng trn ng la tr t. Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc, tnh v cn c ca iu khng nh nh vy l qu r rng, nhng sut mt thi gian di, cc nh bc hc vn khng th tm c nguyn nhn tht s ca bnh dch thic. Ch sau khi php phn tch bng tia rngen gip cc nh kim loi hc nhn nhn thu tn tm can v xc nh c cu trc tinh th ca cc kim loi, h mi hon ton minh oan cho cc m ph thu v nu ln cch l gii khoa hc thc s v hin tng b n ny. Th ra thic (cng nh cc kim loi khc) c th c cc dng tinh th khc nhau. nhit bnh thng hoc cao hn th thic trng mt kim loi do v dai, l bin th bn vng nht. Khi nhit xung di 13 C, mng tinh th ca thic c thay i li cho cc nguyn t b tr trong khng gian t c st hn. Bin th mi hnh thnh trong trng hp ny c gi l thic xm; thic xm khng cn cc tnh cht kim loi na v tr thnh mt cht bn dn. ng sut bn trong xut hin nhng ch tip gip ca cc mng tinh th khc nhau lm cho thic b rn nt v bin thnh bt. Nhit xung quanh cng thp th s chuyn ho t bin th ny sang bin th kia din ra cng nhanh. nhit 33 C, tc chuyn ho ny t ti tr s ln nht. Bi vy, nhng cn gi rt khng khip trng pht cc vt bng thic mt cch tn nhn v nhanh chng n th.

Tuy vy, chnh thic li c s dng rng ri hn cc kh c v tuyn in, nht l cc kh c bn dn, m cc dy dn v cc chi tit khc; thic vn cn

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

i vi chng n c Bc cc ln Nam cc v nhng ni lnh lo khc trn hnh tinh ca chng ta . Th c ngha l tt c cc kh c m trong c s dng thic u rt chng hng hay sao? Tt nhin l khng. Cc nh bc hc bit cch tim chng cho thic, to cho kim loi ny tnh min dch i vi bnh dch thic. Chng hn, bimut l th vacxin thch hp nht cho mc ch ny. Bng cch cung cp cc in t b xung cho mng tinh th ca thic, cc nguyn t bimut lm cho trng thi ca thic c n nh, hon ton loi tr c kh nng nhim bnh. Thic nguyn cht c mt tnh cht ng ch : khi un cong mt thi hoc mt tm thic, ta nghe thy ting t tch khe kh - l ting ku ca thp. Du hiu c trng ny xut hin do s c xt ln nhau gia cc tinh th thic khi chng b x dch v bin dng. Cn cc hp kim ca thic vi cc kim loi khc th trong tnh hung nh vy, nh ngi ta thng ni, chng li bit gi mm gi ming.

Hin nay, gn mt na lng thic khai thc c trn th gii c s dng vo vic sn xut st ty th st ch yu dng lm v hp. y, nhng phm cht qu gi ca kim loi ny c bc l y : n bn vng i vi oxi, nc, cc axit hu c; ng thi, cc mui ca n li hon ton khng c hi i vi c th con ng. Thic m ng nhim v ny mt cch tuyt vi v trn thc t th khng c kim loi no cnh tranh ni vi n. Khng phi ngu nhin m ngi ta gi thic l kim loi ca hp. Nh mt l thic cc k mng ph ln l st, chng ta c th bo qun kh lu hng triu tn tht, c, rau, qu, b , sa. Trc y, trng mt lp thic ngi ta dng phng php nhit, trong , l st ty ra sch v kh ht du m c nhng vo thic nng chy. Cn nu cn m thic cho b mt ca mt l st th ngi ta ty ra mt tht sch, t nng ln ri st thic vo. Ngy nay, phng php li thi, phng php m bng in trong b m thay th n. Lch s k thut tng bit n mt trng hp v tnh bo cng nghip c lin quan vi vic sn xut st ty. na cui th k XVII, nc Anh vn c c st ln thic nhng vn phi mua st ty, v nhng ngi ch to st khng bit b quyt ca vic sn xut th st trng ny. Trc hn mt trm nm, cc nh luyn kim cng quc Xaxonia bit cch m thic ln cc l st mng v sn phm ca h i n nhiu nc. Nm 1665, mt v no mang tn Enri Oaranton (Amrew Warrington) c giao nhim v khm ph b mt v ngh ny ca ngi c. My nm sau, ngi ny m t chuyn cng cn sng to ca mnh trong bi lun vn Cc phng php c th ca nc Anh trn cn v trn bin nh sau: Ngi ta dnh cho ti mt khon tin kh d dt trang tri cc chi ph trn ng du hnh n ni lm ra nhng l st trng. T ni , ti phi

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

mang v c ngh thut ca vic sn xut th st ny. Cuc ving thm x Xaxonia thu c kt qu, v chng bao lu sau, cc nh cng nghip ca nc Anh c th ph trng th st trng tuyt vi do chnh h sn xut ra. Nhng chng ta hy th hnh dung ba th k na v th tng tng mt qu ni gm hng trm t ci v hp c sn xut hng nm tt c cc nc trn th gii trong thi i chng ta. Bn cch qu ni hp c dng ln bng tr tng tng ny, ni khng l Everet trng chng khc g mt qu i tm thng. Sm hay mun th cc hp st ty rng cng s ri vo ng rc, song thic (m trong mi v hp c chng na gam) th khng nh lng chu chn vi y mi mi: con ngi ang tm cch ly li th kim loi qu bu ny s dng li n cho cc nhu cu ca mnh. Nhng chic hp st ty c thu nht li ri c a n mt thit b c bit; , di tc ng ca cc cht kim v ca dng in, st buc phi ci b o bng thic ra. St l c ty sch v nhng thi thic sng ngi i ra t b tm c bit ny sn sng tr li thnh v hp. Mt c im ni bt ca thic l n rt d nng chy. Hn bn cn nh trong truyn c tch ca Hanx Khrittia Anecxen (Hans Christian Andersen), ch lnh thic kin cng pht chc tan bin trong la khi ch b ri vo l do mt ngha c c. Nh c nhit tng i thp, nn thic rt c ting tm nh mt thnh phn ch yu ca cc cht hn v cc hp kim d nng chy. Mt iu k th l hp kim ca thic (16 %) vi bimut (52 %) v ch (32 %) c th nng chy ngay c trong nc si: nhit nng chy ca hp kim ny ch l 95 C, trong khi , cc kim loi hp thnh n u nng chy nhit cao hn nhiu : thic 232 C, bimut 271 C, cn ch 327 C. Cc hp kim trong thic l cht ph thm cho gali v ini li cn d chuyn sang trng thi lng hn na. Thm ch cn c loi hp kim nng chy ngay 3 C. Nhng hp kim kiu nh vy c s dng trong k thut in lm cu ch. Nhng tnh cht rt tt nh d c, d rn, c mu trng p nh bc m ca a thic vo ngh thut trang tr thc dng. Ngay Ai Cp v Hy Lp c i, ngi ta dung thic lm cc hnh trang tr gn ln cc kim loi khc. Trong thin anh hng ca Iliat, Homer k rng, sau khi rn xong tm l chn cho ngi anh hng Asin, v thn ca la v ca ngh th rn l Hefet gn ln mt hnh trang tr bng thic. Sau rt lu, vo khong th k XIII, nhng th a, cc, chn, th v nhng dng khc bng thic c hnh chm ni xut hin chu u. Thic l mt trong nhng th vt liu c dng lm cc ng pht ra m thanh trong i phong cm: ngi ta cho rng, kim loi ny pht ra m thanh hng trng v trong tro. C mt dng khc trong tiu s ca thic c lin quan vi m thanh: nm 1877, nh pht minh ni ting ngi M Tomat Anva Eixn (Alva Edison) nh chic my ghi m do ng ch to ln u tin ghi c li ni trn mt l thic mng c ph mt lp sp, sau ng pht li nhng li ny nhng li i vo lch s ca k thut ghi m: C Mary b nh c mt ch cu non. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

T thi c xa, thic l mt thnh phn quan trng trong cc loi ng khc nhau, trong cc hp kim lm ch in v hp kim babit (hp kim lm bi c kh nng chng mi mn, do nh pht minh ngi M tn l Babit sng ch nm 1839). Rt nhiu hp cht ho hc ca thic c s dng rng ri trong k thut. Chng c s dng lm cht cm mu khi nhum vi bng v t la, lm cho s v thu tinh c mu , lm cht nhum mu vng v khi cn th to ra mt mn khi dy c. Cc hp cht hu c ca thic lm cho vi d ro nc, ngn chn c s mc nt ca g, tiu dit c mt s loi su b. Nhng trong tt c cc hp cht ca thic, c l loi hp cht stanua l c bit n nhiu nht trong k thut ; hp cht ny chuyn sang trng thi siu dn nhit khng thp lm : nu a s cc kim loi, cc hp kim v cc cht ch mt in tr nhit gn khng tuyt i, th niobi stanua chuyn sang trng thi siu dn (khng c in tr) ngay 18 K (hoc 255 C). T nhiu th k xa xa, con ngi bit n thic. Ban u, thic ch c s dng trong hp kim vi ng : hp kim ca hai kim loi ny c gi l ng c bit n t rt lu trc cng nguyn. Cc cng c bng ng cng hn v bn hn hn bng ng. C l v th m tn La tinh ca thic l stannum bt ngun t ting Phn sta, ngha l cng, bn chc. Cn bn thn thic dng nguyn cht th li l mt kim loi mm, hon ton khng xng ng vi tn gi ca mnh. thi gian hp php ho iu nghch l lch s ny, v cc nh luyn kim ngy nay d dng gia cng thic mm do m khng ng rng h ang ng chm n mt th kim loi cng. Khi khai qut cc ngi m c chn cch y khong sau ngn nm, ngi ta tm thy mt s sn phm bng ng . Ni v gng, Plini B khng nh rng nhng tm gng c lm Brunizi bng hn hp ca ng v thic l loi gng tt nht trong cc loi m t tin chng ta bit n. Tht kh m xc nh chnh xc ci thi m x hi loi ngi bt u s dng thic dng nguyn cht. Trong mt ngi m c Ai Cp thuc triu vua th XVIII (gia thin nin k th nht trc cng nguyn), ngi ta tm thy mt chic nhn v mt ci chai bng thic; nhng vt ny c coi l nhng vt bng thic c nht. Trong cc tc phm ca nh s hc c Hy Lp Heroot (th k V trc cng nguyn) cng c nhng ch ni n vic m thic gi cho st khi g. Ti mt thnh lu c ca ngi Inka (mt b tc da chu M) Pru, cc nh bc hc tm thy thic nguyn cht; c l n c dng nu ng : dn c trong thnh lu ny vn ni ting l nhng nh luyn kim xut sc v l nhng ngi th kho lo trong vic ch tc cc tc phm bng ng . C l ngi Inka khng s dng thic dng nguyn cht, v trong thnh lu ny khng tm thy mt vt no bng thic c. Ernan Cortec (Hernando Corts) mt tn thc dn ngi Ty Ban Nha tng xm chim Mhic hi u th k XVI, vit: tm thy vi mng thic nh di dng nhng ng tin mng th dn To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

tnh Tacxco; khi tip tc tm kim, ti pht hin ra l tnh ny cng nh nhiu tnh khc, thic c s dng lm tin... Gia nhng nm 20, nc Anh, khi khai qut cnh mt to lu i c tng c xy dng hi th k III trc cng nguyn, cc nh bc hc tm thy nhng h nung trong c x thic. iu ny c ngha l y, ngh luyn thic pht trin t hn hai ngn nm v trc. Ngoi ra, trong cun sch Bnh lun v cuc chin tranh x Gallia, Julius Cesar c ni n vic sn xut thic mt s vng thuc nc Anh. Nm 1971, ngi ta minh oan cho 94 ngi th c tin nc Anh sau khi h cht t lu. H b kt n trc ... 847 nm. Ngay t nm 1124, vua Henry I trng tr nhng cng nhn xng c tin ca mnh v ti gian ln: mt k no t co vi nh vua rng, khi c tin bng bc, nhng ngi th c pha thm vo qu nhiu thic. To n hong gia vi vng a ra mt bn n h khc: cht tay phi c nhng ngi phm ti; bn n c bn ao ph ca triu nh lp tc thi hnh ngay. Mi cho n tm th k ri sau, mt nh bc hc Oxford dng tia rngen phn tch nhng ng tin oan nghit ny v i n kt lun dt khot : Nhng ng tin ny cha rt t thic. Nh vua x pht khng ng. T thi xa xa, khong vt caxiterit (cn gi l thic) l ngun thic ch yu. Trc cng nguyn rt lu, ngi Phenycia phi tu thuyn ca mnh i ly thic x Caxiterit xa xi (nhng hn o nh rt giu qung thic, nm pha bc i Ty Dng, gn qun o Anh), sau ny, trung tm khai thc thic ca th gii chuyn v o Malaisia. Ton b lch s ca nc Malaisia ni m t lu ni ting giu c v thic, gn lin vi kim loi ny. Th hin nay ca quc gia ny Kuala Lampua (ngha l ca sng c ngu), l mt thnh ph p, tng i tr, ra i vo na cui th k XIX ti ni m nhng ngi Trung Hoa i tm vng pht hin ra m qung thit rt ln. Nhng ai tng n Kuala Lampua u mang t y v nhng vt lu nim bng thic : l cm hoa, gt tn thuc l, chn nn ... do bn tay kho lo ca nhng ngi th Malaisia lm ra. Nhng thnh thong ngi ta cng ch ra khi nc ny nhng vt lu nim hon ton khc. iu c th thy trong trng hp sau y xy ra bin gii gia Malaisia v Xingapo. Hai nc ny tip gip vi nhau bng mt con i qua eo bin Johore. Con ng chy dc thep con ny lun lun cht nch nhng t qua li. Mt hm, mt on t ko rmooc ch nhng chic ct bng b tng rt cao i n trm kim sot qu cnh pha Malaisia. Nhng chic ct ny ging ht nh nhng chic ct thng thng, nhng c mt ci g khin nhn vin hi quan cm thy kh nghi nn h quyt nh s nn. H ra lnh cho ti x li xe sang mt bn ng, v nh mt chic xe cn cu, h nhc mt ci ct ra khi t ri dng ba t p v thnh tng on. Ci g vy ? S nhy cm ngh nghip khng nh la cc nhn vin hi quan: trong mi ct b tng u c mt ci hm bng kim loi ng tinh qung thic th nguyn liu rt cn cho cc ng ch nh my To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

luyn thic Xingapo. Trong bao b bng b tng c c thy 127 tn tinh qung rt giu thic. Mt ln khc, trong mt chic t xitec khng l m y ngi ta gi l tu ch du trn cn, thay cho du la nh li ngi li xe khng nh l tm tn ri tinh qung thic bun lu. Lin X - ti vng vin ng, Zabaican v Cazcxtan cng c tr lng qung thic kh ln. Ti phng bo tng ca lin hp x nghip Thic vin ng Uxurixc cn gi c mt th lin tinh caxiterit him c, nng gn na t. Cch y khng lu, Lin X ch to c mt kh c gn nh, xch tay c, dng vo vic tm qung thic bng cng hng tia gama. xc nh hm lng thic trong qung vi chnh xc n vi phn vn, nh a cht c trang b kh c ny ch mt vi pht l xong. Gi tr ca kh c ny cn th hin ch l n ch nhy cm vi caxiterit, ch khng n mt khong vt khc cng cha thic l stanin m cng nghip rt t quan tm n vi t cch l nguyn liu luyn thic. Cc nh khoa hc X - vit c mt pht minh ln: h xc nh c rng, c th dng flo lm cht ch th c o v s c mt ca thic trong mt vng a cht no . Rt nhiu php phn tch v thc nghim dng nh cho php ti to li bc tranh v s to thnh qung tng din ra hng triu nm v trc. By gi mi v l ra rng, nhng thi k xa xa, thic tng tn ti di dng mt hp cht phc trong lun lun c mt flo. Dn dn, thic v cc hp cht ca n lng ng li ri to nn cc m thic, cn ngi bn c flo ca n th li gn thn qung thic c tr vnh vin. Pht minh ny cho php xc nh c nhng vng c kh nng c qung thic v thm ch cn gip cho vic d bo tr lng thic.

Cc nh a cht khng nhng tm kim caxiterit trn cn m cn tm c di nc na. Nhiu cuc tm kim thu c kt qu tt : pht hin c sa khong cha thic y bin Nht Bn trong mt vng bin. Nc vn b ca cc vng bin thuc Bc Bng Dng nh vng Vanka, mi Thnh v mt s ni khc cng giu sa khong cha thic. Nhng ngi th ln gip sc rt nhiu cho nhng ngi i tm qung di y bin. V bn thn cc nh a cht cng phi b sung thm b ln vo hnh trang thng thng ca mnh, bi v khng c n th khng th lc li phn thm mi Thnh c. V thiu thic nn cc nh bc hc v cc k s lun lun phi tm cht khc thay th. Trong khi , kim loi ny cng ngy cng c thm nhiu lnh vc s dng mi. Cng ty M Ford Motor xy dng mt nh my, ti s dng mt phng php c o sn xut knh ca s thnh di rng lin tc. Thu tinh lng t l i vo mt b cha rt

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ln, di hng chc mt, y, n chy loang ra theo lp thic nng chy. V kim loi nng chy c b mt nhn n mc l tng, nn khi ngui v ng cng trn b mt kim loi, knh cng ht sc nhn v phng. Loi knh nh vy khng cn phi mi nhn v nh bng, do gim c nhiu chi ph sn xut. Cc nh khoa hc Lin X ch to c mt loi knh c bit dng lm mt th by c o bt gi nng lng mt tri. Nhn b ngoi th n khng khc g cc loi knh thng thng, ch c iu l n c ph mt lp thic oxit cc k mng. Lp mng m mt thng khng th nhn thy c ny cho nh sng mt tri xuyn qua ch khng h cn tr g c, nhng li khng cho php cc tia nhit phn x ngc li. Loi knh ny rt qu i vi cc nh trng rau: nh knh c mt tri si m c ngy, nhng ban m th hu nh nhit vn gi nguyn, trong khi , cc loi knh thng thng th d dng lm cho nhit nng phn tn ra ngoi. Trong cc nh knh loi mi ny, cc loi cy rau cm thy d chu ngay c khi nhit ngoi tri gim n 10 C. Loi knh c ph thic cn c dng cho cc dng c nung nng bng nng lng mt tri thu nhit ca thin th ny. Tiu s ca thic s khng y nu khng k n mt cu chuyn gn nh l chuyn trinh thm c kt thc may mn, trong kim loi ny ng vai tr khng nh. ... Chin tranh th gii th hai sp n ngy kt thc. Hiu c rng, tng lai sp ti s khng ha hn iu g d chu, bn cm quyn quc gia c lp Xlovac do Hitle nn ra hi nm 1939 trn lnh th Tip Khc ngh n chuyn ct giu mt ci g phng ngy mt vn. Chng cm thy rng, n gin hn ht l c th tay mc vng trong kt do cng sc ca nhn dn Xlovac lm nn. Nhng mt nhm ngi yu nc gi cc chc v trng trch trong ngn hng quyt khng cho chng lm iu . Mt s vng c b mt chuyn sang ngn hng Thu S v c ct giu cho n khi chin tranh v li ch ca nc Cng ho Tip Khc. Nhng ngi du kch lm c mt phn vic no . Nhng mt phn s vng vn ang nm trong kt st ca ngn hng Bratixlava. Mt trong nhng tn cm u trong chnh ph b nhn mt bo vi tn i s c Bratixlava v nhng ca qu cn nm trong cc tng hm st v yu cu a binh lnh m mt chin dch ngn hng nhm cp ot vng. Thc ra th cn phi c thm tn tng ca qun i SS lm ban canh ty th ba, v nh vy khng cn phi nghi ng g v kt qu ca v cp bc na. Bn lnh SS bao vy c to nh ngn hng, cn tn s quan th va do bn cc nhn vin va ra lnh giao np ca qu. Vi pht sau, chng khun cc hm vng t cc kt st ln xe ti ca bn SS. Bn lm n xoa tay mt cch phn khi m khng ng rng, chng v phi nhng thi vng do gim c xng c tin lm sn bng ... thic. Cn cc nhn vin ngn hng th kim tra

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

li mt ln na nhng kho ca nhng ni ct giu vng tht v bt u nng lng ch i ngy gii phng t nc mnh khi qun i Hitle.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Ta Sinh trng trong au kh

Theo thn thoi Hy Lp, vua Tantan ca x Frygia l con ca thn Zt vn c cc v thn yu mn nn c hng mt vinh d ln: chng c php tham d cc bui hi hp v cc ba tic tng ca cc v thn vn thng din ra trn ni limp linh thing. Nhng Tantan lm dng lng yu rt mc y. u tin, chng tit l mt s quyt nh b mt ca cc v thn trn ni limp. Sau , gia lc cc v thn ang mi m vi ba tic bui ti, chng ly cp ru v thc n trn bn. Cc thn nh nn lng lm ng, ra v khng h bit nhng ti li . Nhng ri mt hm, Tantan t ra hung tn cha tng thy, li cn hn xc ra mt vi cc thn: sau khi mi cc thn n nh mnh ch chn, chng a ra mt mn tht ly t chnh thn th ca con trai mnh l Pelop m chng va git hm trc. Cc v cha t nh tri khng th tha th ti li nn quyt nh trng tr Tantan, bt chng phi mi mi chu ng cc cc hnh: i, kht v s s hi.

T bui y, chng b nht vo a ngc, gia dng nc trong vt ngp n c hng. Nhng cnh cy nng tru qu chn s xung gn ming chng. Khi b cn kht dy v, Tantan m ming ra ung th nc lp tc tut khi mi. Chng li vi tay n cc qu chn mng th gi lin y cnh ln, v k phm ti vn kit sc v i kht nn khng th vn ti cnh cy. Li cn mt khi nng treo lng lng trn u chng e do xung lc no khng bit. Huyn thoi Hy Lp k v nhng au kh ca Tantan nh vy y. C l nh bc hc Thu in Anre Guxtap Ekebec (Andres Gustav Ekeberg) nhiu ln nh n nhng au kh ca nhn vt huyn thoi ny khi ng tm cch dng axit ho tan th t mi l m ng pht hin c vo nm 1802 t mt trong nhng khong vt ca x Xcaninavia. Bit

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

bao ln tng nh nh bc hc ny i n ch, nhng ri ng vn khng th tch c kim loi mi ra khi t. Cui cng, ng nh phi t b nh gn d ny, nhng c l ghi nh nhng au kh ca mnh, ng quyt nh gi tn nguyn t mi ny l tantali.

Sau t lu mi v l ra rng, tantali c mt ngi anh em sinh i m thc ra th ra i sm hn n mt nm, nhng cc tnh cht ca cu ny th hu nh khng khc g n c. chnh l columbi do nh bc hc Anh tn l Sacl Hatchet (Charles Hatchett) pht hin ra nm 1801. S ging nhau ca chng tht ng kinh ngc nn nhiu nh bc hc nhm ln chng. Sau nhiu cuc tranh ci ko di, h i n mt kt lun sai lm rng, chnh l cng mt nguyn t tantali. Cc nh bc hc cn nhm ln hn bn mi nm na. Mi n nm 1844, nh ho hc c Henrich Roze (Heinrich Rose) mi lm sng t c vn rc ri ny v chng minh c rng, columbi cng hon ton c quyn i hi cho mnh mt ch ng di nh mt tri nh tantali. Bi v hai nguyn t ny c quan h thn thuc vi nhau nn Roze t cho columbi mt ci tn mi l niobi nhn mnh tnh cht gia h ca chng (theo thn thoi Hy Lp, n thn Niobi l con gi ca Tantan). T , tantali v niobi tay nm tay nhau dn bc trn ng i. M con ng ny th y chng gai ... Sut my chc nm rng, gii cng nghip khng h t ra quan tm n tantali. M ni cho ng th cng chng lm g c tantali bi v mi n khi n mng th mt trm tui, ngi ta mi iu ch c n dng c st tinh khit. iu xy ra hi u th k ca chng ta vo nm 1903. Khi , ngha l lc c 101 tui i, n mi nhn c giy mi ra lm vic: sau khi bit l kim loi ny c tnh cht kh nng chy, cc nh bc hc quyt nh s dng n lm dy tc bng n in. V khng cn ngh g khc nn tantali buc lng phi ng , mc du n cm thy rng, vic ny u phi l s mnh ca mnh. Tht vy, chng my chc, nhng quy lut khc nghit ca s cnh tranh tng ng tr trong th gii kim loi tc mt vic lm ca tantali. Mt kim loi khc t ra kh nng chy hn l vonfram chim mt ci ch m p ny. Li ng ng nhng nm thng v cng ri ngh bt c d. Ti S lao ng, ngi ta ch chung nhng kim loi no bit n t lu, hoc c dp xut trnh nhng bn nhn xt tuyt vi v phm hnh ca mnh v c cc nh vt l hc hoc cc nh ho hc khc chng thc. Lc by gi, tantali vn t c quen bit trong gii khoa hc v k thut nn nh phi ngi b tay. Nhng ri

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vn may cng n: nm 1922, n c s dng thnh cng trong cc kh c nn dng in v mt nm sau trong n in t. Lc by gi, ngi ta mi bt u hon chnh cc phng php cng nghip iu ch kim loi ny. Mt iu ng ch l thi tantali cng nghip u tin (bn thnh phm, cn phi x l tip tc) thu c vo nm 1922 c kch thc khng ln hn u que dim. Trong thi gian gn y, cc nh my luyn tantali i khi sn xut c nhng thi tantali ln gp hng ngn ln a con u lng. Tantali l mt kim loi him: trong v tri t, hm lng ca n ch bng 0, 0002 %. Tuy vy, trong thin nhin, c n hn 130 khong vt cha nguyn t ny (theo l thng, trong cc khong vt y, tantali khng tch ri khi niobi). Trc chin tranh th gii th hai, sn lng khai thc qung tantali niobi kh thp, nhng n cui cuc chin tranh th tng ln vi ln. S quan tm ngy cng tng i vi tantali cng l iu d hiu: n lc ny, khoa hc bt u bit n nhiu tnh cht qu bu ca n - nhng tnh cht khng th cho i biu cc lnh vc k thut v cc i ht hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi c php th na. Vy th tantali l ci g ? l mt kim loi nng, mu xm nht, hi phn pht xanh lam lng lnh. V tnh kh chy (nhit nng chy ca n l gn 3000 C) th n ch thua vonfram v reni m thi. Ngoi bn v cng cao, n cn c tnh do tuyt vi. Tantali nguyn cht d gia cng c hc, d dp, d cn thnh l mng (c chiu dy vo khong vi phn trm milimet) v d ko thnh si. Song khng phi nghi ng g na, tnh bn vng ho hc rt tuyt vi ca tantali chnh l tnh cht quan trng nht ca kim loi ny. V mt ny n ch thua km cc kim loi qu, nhng cng khng phi l thua km trong mi trng hp. Ngay c trong nhng ho cht xm thc ng s nh nc cng toan v axit nitric m c, tantali cng khng b ho tan. Trong axir nitric 70 % 200 C, tantali hon ton khng b n mn; trong axit sunfuric 150 C, n cng khng b n mn, cn 200 C th n ch b n mn vi tc 0,006 milimet trong mt nm. iu lm cho tantali tr thnh mt vt liu kt cu rt qu bu trong cng nghip ho hc. Kh c lm bng tantali c s dng trong vic sn xut nhiu loi axit (clohiric, sunfuric, nitric, fotforic, axetic), cc peroxit hiro, brom, crom. Ti mt x nghip s dng kh hiro clorua, ch sau hai thng l cc chi tit lm bng thp khng g u b hng ht. Nhng ch cn thay th thp bng tantali th ngay c nhng chi tit mng nht (c chiu dy t 0,3 n 0,5 milimet) cng tr nn gn nh vnh cu: tui th ca chng tng ln n hai chc nm. Ch c axit flohiric mi c quyn khng nh rng, chnh tantali phi thua n. Cc catt bng tantali c s dng tch vng v bc trong phng php in phn. u im ca cc catt ny th hin ch l n khng b nc cng ton lm hi, trong khi c vng v bc u b ho tan trong nc ny. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Tantali c mt tnh cht c mt khng hai: n c tnh ho hp sinh hc rt tt vi cc m sng, ngha l c kh nng sng ho thun vi cc m ca c th ngi m khng gy phn ng g c. Nh c tnh cht ny m n c s dng rng ri trong y hc, ch yu l trong khoa phu thut phc hi sa cha c th ngi. Cc bn mng kim loi ny c s dng trong nhng trng hp chn thng s no. Sch bo c ln m t mt trng hp, trong , mt vnh tai gi lm bng bn mng tantali v mt mnh da ct t i chuyn ln chung sng ho thun vi nhau n ni tht kh phn bit tai gi vi tai tht. Si tantali c dng b cho cc si c b thiu. Sau khi m, cc nh phu thut thng khu mc thnh bng bng nhng ci mc tantali ; tng t nh ci mc ng v, mc tantali ni cc mch mu mt cch chc chn. Khi lm mt gi, ngi ta dng li bng tantali thay vng mc. Nhng si kim loi ny cc k mnh c dng thay th cc si gn v thm ch ngay c cc si thn kinh. Nu nh thnh ng thn kinh st thp thng c dng theo ngha bng, th ngay ngoi ng ph, c th bn nhiu ln gp nhng ngi c thn kinh tantali.

Y hc tuy khng phi l ngh quan trng nht, nhng c l l ngh cao qu nht ca tantali. Qu tht l c mt ci g mang tnh cht tng trng: mt s mng nhn o l gim bt nhng ni au n kh s ca ngi i li c t ng vo th kim loi mang ci tn ghi nh k tun nn trong truyn thn thoi. Khong 5 % lng tantali sn xut ra trn th gii c dng cho cc nhu cu y t. Cng nghip ho hc tiu th gn 20 %. Khch hng ch yu ca kim loi ny v cc hp cht ca n l cc nh luyn kim. Trong nhng nm gn y, tantali ngy cng c s dng nhiu lm nguyn t iu cht trong cc loi thp c bit cc loi thp c bn cao, c kh nng chng n mn v chu ng c nhit cao. Tc dng ca tantali i vi thp cng tng t nh ca niobi. Pha thm cc kim loi ny vo thp crom chng n mn thng thng s lm tng bn v lm gim gin ca thp sau khi nung v ti. Mt lnh vc sn xut tantali rt quan trng l sn xut cc loi hp kim bn nhit m k thut tn la v k thut v tr cng ngy cng cn rt nhiu. Hp kim kt cu gm 90 % tantali v 10 % vonfram c nhng tnh cht tuyt vi. Cc l hp kim ny c th chu ng c ti 2500 C, cn cc chi tit dy dn hn th chu ng c nhit khng khip - n 3300 C ! nhiu nc, ngi ta coi hp kim ny l hon ton ng tin cy sn xut vi phun, ng x, cc kh c kim tra v iu chnh lu lng kh t, mp g v nhiu cm chi tit quan trng khc ca cc con tu v tr. Trong trng hp m ming phun ca tn la c lm mt bng kim loi lng c kh nng gy

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Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ra s n mn (liti hoc natri), nu khng c hp kim ca tantali v vonfram th khng th ly g thay th c. bn nhit ca cc chi tit lm bng hp kim tantali vonfram cn ng kinh ngc hn na nu ta ph ln chng mt lp tantali cacbua (nhit nng chy ca n l 4000 C). Khi phng cc tn la th nghim, ming phun lm bng hp kim ny chu ng nhit rt cao m nu khng c lp ph th hp kim s b n mn v ph hu kh nhanh. Tantali cacbua cng c cng rt cao (gn bng cng ca kim cng), nh vy m n c s dng rng ri trong vic sn xut cc hp kim cng. Khi ct gt vi tc cao, kim loi nng ln n ni phoi b dnh vo dng c ct gt mp ct b qun v st m. Nhng li ct c ch to bng hp kim cng trn nn tantali cacbua th khng s b st m v dng c rt lu. Nhiu on ghi trong s lao ng ca tantali chng t mt mi lin quan mt thit ca n vi dng in : mt phn ng k sn lng th gii ca kim loi ny c s dng trong cng nghip k thut in v cng nghip in t chn khng. Cc kh c chnh lu bng tantali c s dng cc trm tn hiu ng st, cc tng i in thoi, cc h thng tn hiu cu ho. Cc t in tantali t hon c s dng cc trm pht sng v tuyn, trong cc thit b radar v cc s in t khc. Tantali c dng lm vt liu cho cc chi tit khc nhau ca cc kh c in t chn khng. Cng nh niobi, tantali l mt cht hp th kh tuyt vi. Chng hn, nhit 800 C, mt th tch tantali c th hp th 740 th tch kh. Nut ht phn kh cn st li trong cc n in t, sau khi ht bng bm ht chn khng, cc cht hp th kh bo m cho chng c chn khng rt cao. B ct chu nhit ca cc loi n in t - ant, cc li, catt nung nng gin tip v cc chi tit b t nng khc u c lm bng tantali. Cc loi n phi m bo gi c cc thng s k thut chnh xc khi lm vic nhit v p sut cao u rt cn tantali. Trong mt s kiu n chn khng, tantali c s dng duy tr p sut cht kh mt mc nht nh. C th gp dy tantali trong cc linh kin siu dn dng trong k thut tnh ton. Cn phi k n mt ngh k thut in na ca tantali : n l vt liu tuyt vi ch to cc b phn phng in trong cht kh. Kim loi ny thch thc thn Zt thin li bng cch gii ht in tch ca cc lung st m v thn ny ging xung t trong cn thnh n, dng nh t tnh thn i vi nhn vt thn thoi cng tn l Tantan. Trong ngnh sn xut t si nhn to, khun ko t si c cc l mt cc k nh, ng knh ca chng ch bng vi phn trm milimet. Cc khun ny thng hay b dnh bn nn phi c sch thng xuyn. Nhng khi , ng knh l mt phi hon ton khng thay i. Tt nhin l cn c mt th vt liu rt bn, chu c mi mn v khng b n mn lm cc khun nh vy. V l m ngi ta ch to cc chi tit ny bng tantali th kim loi p ng c tt c cc nhu cu

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
ny.

X.I. Venetxki

Trong thi gian gn y, tantali bt u th sc mnh trong c ngh kim hon: nhiu khi n thay th rt tt cho platin. iu s tit kim c rt nhiu , bi v platin t hn tantali rt nhiu ln. Tantali c bao ph bi mt lp mng cc mng c cc mu sc cu vng rt p mt : tnh cht ny gip ch cho hot ng ca n trong ngh kim hon. Tantali cn c dng lm v ng h, vng xuyn v cc th trang sc khc. Vin o lng quc t Php v vin tiu chun M s dng tantali thay cho platin ch to cc b qu cn phn tch tiu chun c chnh xc cao. Trong vic sn xut mi ngi bt my, tantali c dng thay th irii mt kim loi rt t. Tt nhin, tantali kh ganh ua vi platin v irii v gi thnh, nhng gi tantali cng vn kh cao. Ch yu nh vy l do s t ca cc vt liu dng cho vic sn xut tantali v s phc tp ca cng ngh ch to ra n. Ch cn ni mt iu ny cng r: thu c 1 tn tinh qung tantali, cn phi ch bin 3000 tn qung. Song tt c mi chi ph u c b li mt cch d tha. ... Nhng nm tr tui ca tantali, khi m n trn y sc lc v kht vng lm vic nhng vn m hn chu mang ting l k n bm, nay li vo lnh vc truyn thuyt. Trong thi i chng ta , nh cc bn thy r ri y, kim loi ny c rt nhiu vic lm. N cn phi hon thnh bit bao cng vic quan trng, cn thit v th v !

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin W K cho ta nh sng

Tn gi ca nhiu nguyn t t ni v lai lch ca mnh: hyro c ngha l sinh ra nc; cacbon c ngha l sinh ra than; menelevi, enstani, fecmi, curi, kursatovi l tng nim cc nh bc hc xut sc; europi, amerixi, franxi, gecmani, califoni l xut pht t nhng a danh. Nhng cng c nhng nguyn t m tn gi ca chng, nh ngi ta thng ni, cn phi bn lun. Vonfram vn

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
thuc nguyn t nh vy. Ngay c vic nh ngha ca t vonfram - nc bt ch si - cng cha chc gii thch c ngun gc ca tn gi ny. Thc ra, liu ci nguyn t thuc nhm IV ca h thng tun hon . I. Menelep c th c ci g chung vi con th rng d tn y khng?

X.I. Venetxki

... T thi c xa, cc nh luyn kim lm phen vp phi mt hin tng qui l: thnh thong, do nhng nguyn nhn ht sc kh hiu, lng thic nu t qung ra b gim st gh gm. V cc ch tiu kinh t -k thut ca vic nu luyn khng th khng lm cho t tin chng ta lo lng nn h bt u chm ch theo di qung thic a vo l nu luyn. Chng my chc, h nhn thy mt quy lut: iu kin phin toi ny sinh khi m trong qung c nhng hn nng mu nu hoc mu xm hi vng. Kt lun t ni ln mt iu: hn "ngn thic nh ch si ngn tht cu vy. V c nh th th c gi th c c ny l nc bt ch si - vonframit. mt s nc khc, chng hn, Thy in, cng gp th tng t n c gi l tungsten, ngha l nng. Vic pht minh ra vonfram gn lin vi tn tui ca nh ha hc ni ting ngi Thy in Carl Vinhen Sele (Karl Wilhelm Scheele). Vn l mt dc s, ng lm nhiu vic ti nhiu phng bo ch thuc ca nhiu thnh ph, ti , ng cng tin hnh nhiu cuc nghin cu khoa hc. Nm 1871, Sele xc nh c rng, tungsten (sau ny c gi l seelit) l mui ca mt axit m thi by gi cha ai bit, v ng tch c t n ra mt th bt trng - l oxit ca nguyn t mi ny. Nhng ri cng vic ca ng cng khng i xa hn th na. Cc nh ha hc Ty Ban Nha - hai anh em Fauxto (Fausto d Eluar) v Hoan Hoze e Eluar (Juan Jose d Eluar) rt quan tm n vn tungsten: h bt u tin hnh cc th nghim vi vonframit v tungsten. Ch hai nm sau, h t c kt qu: sau khi trn ln th bt trng thu c t vonframit vi than g tn nh, h t tht nng hn hp ny trong l nung. Sau th nghim, khi l nung ngui, h m ra v pht hin thy trong c mt cht mu nu thm d tan vn trong tay. Dng knh lp soi, cc nh bc hc nhn thy rong bt ny c mt, hai ri ba vin kim loi nh, hnh cu. chnh l vonfram. Nhn nhng ht kim loi mi ny, liu hai anh em e Eluar c ngh l n c vinh d to nn mt bc ngot thc s trong cng nghip hay khng? Nm 1864, mt nh bc hc Anh tn l Robec Miuset (Robert Mushet) ln u tin dng vonfram (chng 5 %) lm nguyn t iu cht cho thp. Th thp tng i vo lch s ngnh luyn kim vi ci tn thp t ti ca Miuset c th chu ng c s nung , m cng ca n khng nhng vn gi c, li cn tng thm, ngha l n c tnh cht t ti. Dao ct gt lm bng thp ny cho php

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

tng tc ct gt kim loi ln mt ln ri (tng t 5 mt ln 7,5 mt trong mt pht). Bn chc nm sau xut hin thp gi cha ti 8% vonfram. Lc y, tc ct kim loi ln n 18 mt trong mt pht. Qua my nm na, tc ct kim loi li c nng ln n 35 mt trong mt pht. Th l ch trong vng na th k, vonfram nng nng sut ca cc my ct gt kim loi ln by ln! Lm th no nng cao tc ct gt hn na? Thp th hn l khng sc ri, v ngay c vonfram cng khng gip c g hn. Chng l n gii hn ri ? L no khng th ct kim loi nhanh hn? Vn l vonfram tr li. Khng u, n cha cn ht sc lc v khng nh n trnh nhit cao trong cuc chin u cho tc gia cng kim loi. Nm 1907 ch to c hp kim stelit gm vonfram, crom, coban; hp kim ny tr thnh thy t ca cc hp kim cng m hin nay ang c s dng rt rng ri - nhng hp kim cho php nng tc ct gt hn na. Ngy nay, tc ct gt ln n 2000 mt trong mt pht. T 5 n 2000! Chng ng m k thut gia cng kim loi i qua tht l v i bit chng no! Cc vt liu cha vonfram ngy cng mi l nhng ci mc trn chng ng . Cc hp kim cng hin ny l hn hp ca cc loi cacbua ca vonfram v ca mt s kim loi khc (titan, niobi, tantali) c ch to bng cch thiu kt. y, cc ht cacbua dng nh c gn kt bi coban. Ngay c 1000 C, cc vt liu nh vy vn khng mt tnh cng, chnh v vy nn chng chp nhn c tc ct gt rt cao. cng ca hp kim relit (mt trong nhng hp kim c ch to trn nn vonfram cacbua) ln n ni, nu ta c ci gia ln mt mu hp kim y th trn ci gia s cn li mt ng rnh do mu hp kim li. Gia cng kim loi l hng chnh nhng khng phi l hng duy nht vonfram xm nhp vo k thut. Ngay t gia th k trc ngi ta nhn thy rng, vi tm mui natri vonframat c tnh chu la. Lc by gi, cc loi thuc nhum mu cha vonfram (mu vng, xanh nc bin, trng, tm, xanh lc, xanh da tri) c s dng rng ri. Cc cht mu ny cn c s dng trong hi ha, trong vic sn xut gm, s. Cho n nay vn cn gi c mt s s p tuyt trn sn xut t th k XVII Trung Quc m theo yu cu ca hong , chng c nhum mu hoa o, p khc thng. Theo truyn thuyt, to c mu ny, cc ngh nhn ngy xa phi thc hin gn tm ngn th nghim vi cc khong vt v cc hp cht khc nhau. Php phn tch ha hc mi c tin hnh gn y cho bit rng, vonfram oxit lm cho s c mu sc du dng nh vy. Nm 1860, ngi ta to c hp kim ca vonfram vi st bng cch nung nng gang vi axit

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vonframic. cng ca hp kim ny khin nhiu nh ha hc v nhiu nh luyn kim phi ngc nhin. Chng bao lu sau hon thnh c phng thc cng nghip sn xut ferovonfram - l ng lc thc y mnh m vic s dng vonfram trong ngnh luyn kim. Phi i mt s nm na mi thc thi c nhng nh u tin nhm a vonfram vo thp lm sng v i bc. Cui th k trc, gio s V. N. Lipin - mt trong nhng ngi t chc vic sn xut cc loi thp iu cht nc Nga (v sau tr thnh vin s thng tn vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X), luyn c loi thp nh vy ti nh my Putilop Petecbua. Ch cn pha thm mt lng nh vonfram vo thp cng nng cao r rt kh nng ca nng sng v nng i bc chng li s n mn do khi thuc sng gy nn. Cc k s c nh gi ng ngha ca vic lm sm hn nhng ngi khc. Trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th nht, i bc hng nh ca c c th bn c mi lm ngn pht, trong khi , i bc ca Nga v Php ch bn c t su n tm ngn pht th hng. L t nhin, lng qung vonfram khai thc c trong nhng nm tng ln t ngt. Nu nh trong nhng nm 90 ca th k trc, mi nm th gii ch khai thc c chng 200 - 300 tn qung vonfram, th ngay trong nm 1910 khai thc 8 ngn tn v trong nm 1918 ln n 35 ngn tn. Song d sao vn thiu vonfram. Nc c hu nh khng c ngun ring v kim loi ny nn li cng cn n. Thc ra, khi chun b chin tranh, nhng ngi c bit lo xa d tr sn qung vonfram, nhng chng my chc, lng d tr ny cn kit m cng nghip chin tranh th vn tip tc i hi thp vonfram mt cch gay gt. S thiu thn khin cc nh luyn kim c phi suy ngh nt c. Nhng khng phi v c m ngi ta ni: Ci kh lm l ci khn. H tm c cch gii thot khi tnh hung gay go: h nh li rng, khi n thic, nc bt ch si mang thic theo mnh vo x, m trn lnh th nc c - ni tng nu luyn thic hng my trm nm, th tch t li hng ni x thic. Ngay sau , cc nh luyn kim ngi c bt u ly vonfram t x ny. Tt nhin, x khng th lm du hn cn i vonfram, nhng nh n cng c th lm ngui cn i i cht. nc Nga di thi Sa hong, ngay c trong thi k thnh vng chung ca cng nghip vonfram, sn lng kim loi rt qu bu ny vn rt t i. Trong nm 1915, vn vn ch c 1,4 tn qung vonfram c a ln t m Zabaikan n nh my Ijora gn Petrograt, cn trong nm 1916 th ch c 8,7 tn qung c ch n nh my Motovilikha thnh ph Pem. Sn lng ferovonfram nc Nga trong nhng nm ch t c vi chc put (mt put bng 16,38 kilgam). Nhiu hng nc ngoi, ch yu l cc hng ca Thy in v Nht Bn, dm ng vng m Zabaikan nh mt ming mi ngon. Ma h nm 1916, cc nh a cht ca mt cng ty Nht Bn tin hnh thm d - tm kim vng m ny. C l kt qu tm kim ha hn nhiu iu, bi v To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nhng ngi lnh o cng ty ny tm nhiu cch vi ti nhng kho tng di t y, nhng h b t chi trong vic thu mn t. Trong nhng nm , nh cng nghip Tonmachep v k s m Zicx thu m vonfram ln nht y. Cc nh kinh doanh ny cho mt hng ca Thy in thu li kim li, v sau khi kim tra li m ny, cc i din ca hng y rt thch th. Tonmachep nh v ngay 30 ngn rp v khon tin tm ng theo hp ng vi hng ny, nhng mn tin cha kp lt vo ti y: v nghi ng l Tonmachep c tnh h thp tr lng c tnh ca m nn mn c nhng kh khn trong thi chin, y ban a cht ngh trng dng nhng hm m ca Tonmachep v chuyn giao quyn iu hnh cho ni cc Sa hong. Ngay sau , triu nh nht tr thi hnh bin php ny. Trong hi k ca mnh v thi k ny, vin s A. E. Ferxman vit: Trc Cch mng thng Mi, cng vic ca tiu ban Cc lc lng sn xut t nhin thuc vin hn lm khoa hc khng th trin khai c. Trong nhng iu kin gay go m nn khoa hc nc Nga lc by gi ang phi chu ng, sng kin ca cc nh bc hc vp phi v vn tr ngi. Ngay c i vi vn cc k quan trng nh nghin cu khai thc cc m vonfram, th m sut hai nm rng, vin hn lm khoa hc khng th nhn c nhng khon tin d l rt t i. Tic rng, trc mt cc nh khoa hc khng phi ch c cc vn ti chnh m cn c nhng vn khc c l cn quan trng hn. V mt ny, trong mt cun sch ca mnh, nh bc hc ln nht ca ngnh ng tu, vin s A. N. Crlop nhc n mt tnh tit. Vo thng ging nm 1917, ngha l trong nhng tun l cui cng ca triu i Nicolai nh, tiu ban Cc lc lng sn xut t nhin thuc vin hn lm khoa hc tho lun vn v cc m vonfram - th kim loi m lc by gi nc Nga rt thiu. Thuyt trnh vin - mt quan chc rt c th lc trong triu nh, thng bo rng, trn a phn Turkextan c cc m qung kim loi ny v trang b cho mt on kho st n th phi c 500 rp. Sau bn bo co ca y, mi ngi u im lng. Hu ht mi ngi trong phin hp u bit l ngay c lng t vng Antai cng giu vonfram, nhng khng mt ai quyt nh ni ln iu , bi v ton b vng Antai - mt trong nhng vng t Nga giu c nht, ng thuc quyn ca i cng tc Vlaimirovich - mt ngi h hng gn gi ca nh vua, nn thm ch ch mi ngh n vic thm d a cht trong lnh a ca lo ta cng l c li ri. A. N. Crlop ph tan nhng giy lt nng n: V cc m qung Turkextan th cng vic rt n gin thi - y, nm trm rp y!. Rt ra t giy bc c chn dung Pit nht, ng a cho ngi ch to phin hp l A. E. Ferxman v ni: Vi Antai, cng vic cn phc tp hn. Thuyt trnh vin khng ni rng, cc x nghip khai m u nm trn t ai ca i cng tc Vlaimirovich. Vonfram - l thp gi, ngha l lm tng gp i tc ch to tri ph. Nu hi rng nn trng thu hoc trng dng u th phi ni l chnh y: khng c n tri ph, ngha l s thua trn, v lc th khng phi ch c gia nh Vlaimirovich m c triu i u i i nh To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
ma.

X.I. Venetxki

Nh khoa hc dng cm nhn thu sut: mt thng sau, c triu nh Romanop bay n a ch m ng ni. S gip ca cc chuyn gia nc ngoi l mt tr ngi na km hm s pht trin ca cng nghip vonfram nc Nga. Nm 1931, ti nh bo tng ca trng i hc tng hp Maxcva, khi sp xp li cc b su tp khong vt c, cc nh bc hc ng chm n cc mu seelit ly t mt m Tajikixtan m hi by gi cha c bit n. Th ra cc mu ny c tm thy t nm 1912 v c gi v Maxcva nghin cu. Song cc nh a cht ngi c mi n lm c vn b qua m , cho l khng sinh li, cn chnh ph Nga hong th t ln mt ci cy thp c. My thng sau khi tm thy mu qung ti nh bo tng, mt tiu ban c phi n Tajikixtan pht hin ra nhng thn qung vonfram rt ln. Cng vo khong nhng nm , nh a cht X - vit ni ting, vin s X. X. Xmirnop cng cc hc tr ca mnh trin khai rng ri cc cuc tm kim m qung vonfram. Cc nh a cht vt qua hng ngn kilomet trong gi lnh v nng nc, khi th i b, khi th dng xe do ch hoc hu ko, h i dc ngang khp mi no ng ca t nc. V ti nhiu ni m nhng con ngi thm d lng t qu cm i qua - Zabaikan, Iakutia, trn b bin Okhot, xut hin nhng x nghip m qung mi; cc nh my mi c xy dng - cng nghip vonfram ca Lin X hnh thnh. Hin nay, ngnh luyn thp cht lng cao tiu th khong 80 % tng s vonfram khai thc c trn th gii, khong 15 % c dng vo vic sn xut cc hp kim cng, 5 % cn li th c cng nghip s dng dng vonfram nguyn cht - th kim loi c nhng tnh cht k diu.

nu chy vonfram, cn phi nung nng n n nhit m a s cc kim loi u bc hi - 3410 C. Cn bn thn vonfram th ngay c khi gn mt tri vn cn trng thi lng: nhit si ca n l gn 6000 C. Tnh kh chy ca nguyn t ny cn bo m cho n c s dng vo mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip quan trng nht - ngnh k thut in. K t u th k XX, sau khi si t bng vonfram thay th si than, si osimi v si tantali m trc c dng ch to bng n in, c mi bui ti, nhng tia chp vonfram nh li ti li bng sng trong nh chng ta. Hng nm, th gii sn xut ra vi t bng n in. Hng

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

t ngn n! Nh th c nhiu khng? Bn hy t xt ly: k t u cng nguyn n nay, loi ngi mi ch sng c hn mt t pht (ngy 19 thng t nm 1902, lc 10 gi 40 pht l va ng mt t pht sau cng nguyn). Cc nh bc hc v k s thng xuyn ngh cch ci tin bng n in, mong sao cho tui th ca n cng ko di cng tt. Tng t nh ngn nn chy ang tan dn, khi ta bt in, vonfram bt u bc hi khi b mt si t. gim bt s bc hi v chnh nh vy m ko di thi gian s dng ca bng n, ngi ta thng bm vo n cc th kh tr di mt p sut nht nh. Gn y, hi iot c s dng vo mc ch ny v ngi ta pht hin ra vai tr rt ng ch ca iot: n bt gi cc phn t vonfram b bc hi ri lin kt ha hc vi chng, sau ngng ng li trn si t, bng cch m n tr li cho si t nhng k o ng. Loi bng n nh vy dng c lu hn rt nhiu . Mt hng bng n in do cng nghip sn xut ra tht l a dng: t nhng bng n ht cm t hon dng trong y hc n nhng n chiu mt tri cc mnh. Nm 1967, ti trin lm quc t ti Montrean (Canaa), trong gian hng ca Lin X trng by thit b nung kiu bc x Uran 1, m mt trong nhng b phn ch yu ca n l mt loi n c cu to c o, c lm ngui bng nc v khng kh. Trong mt bnh cu tng i nh lm bng thch anh chu nng cha y kh xenon, c hai in cc bng vonfram. Khi bt n, plasma kh c t nng n 8000 C s bng sng ln gia hai in cc. Mt b gng phn x c bit (m so vi n th nhng tm gng bnh thng chng khc g nhng ming st ty m) hng cc tia hng ngoi ca mt tri nhn to (n ny to ra quang ph mt tri) vo h thng quang hc ca thit b nung nng ny, , chng hi t li thnh mt dng duy nht c ng knh hi ln hn mt xentimet. Nhit tiu im ca chm tia t ti 3000 C. Vi ch t nng nh vy, Uran -1 c th lm vic hng trm gi lin tc. Ci gi l cc tia m cc c s dng rng ri trong k thut. l mt lung in t phng ra t b mt ca catt kim loi vo chn khng (s pht x in t). Thc t chng t rng, vonfram l mt trong nhng vt liu tt nht lm catt. Mt trong nhng c im ca vonfram l mt ca n rt cao: n cng nng nh vng. V mt ny, vonfram ch thua osimi, irii v platin mt t nhng n li r hn cc kim loi ny rt nhiu. i vi my bay v tn la v tr, theo l thng, trng lng cao ca vt liu l mt nhc im nghim trng; tuy nhin, trong mt s lnh vc k thut khc, tnh cht ny c th ni l qu nh vng. Nhng trn thc t, trong nhng trng hp nh vy cc nh ch to s khng dng vng hoc platin v chng qu t. y, vonfram hon ton thch hp: trn c s kim loi ny, ngi ta ch to ra cc hp kim nng c cng dng a dng. T cc hp kim nh vy, ngi ta lm ra cc mn chn bc x (tt hn cc mn chn bng ch), bnh cha cc ng v phng x, con lc v i trng To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

trong ng h v trong cc kh c khc, roto ca con lc hi chuyn, u n bn thng xe thit gip, cng cc chi tit v sn phm khc c uy tn trong x hi. Vonfram nguyn cht c bn rt cao: sc chng t ca n ln n 40 tn trn mt xentimet vung, vt xa bn ca loi thp tt nht. Ngay c 800 C, kim loi ny vn kho lo gi c nhng tnh nng rt tt v bn. bn cao ca vonfram kim loi c kt hp vi do rt tt nn c th ko kim loi ny thnh si cc mnh: ch cn 250 gam l c th ko di thnh 100 kilmet. Gn y, si vonfram vn c s dng rng ri trong vic sn xut bng n in li c thm mt ngh mi na: ngi ta ngh dng n lm dng c ct gia cng cc vt liu gin. Nh mt b phn bin i, my siu m truyn dao ng cho si vonfram; si ny s ca vo vt liu cn gia cng, tuy chm nhng rt chnh xc: Dao ct mi ny d dng ng x vi cc vt liu ngang bng nh thch anh, hng ngc, xitan, thy tinh, gm v. v ..., ct chng thnh tng phn hoc to nn nhng ng rnh v nhng k h c hnh dng phc tp v kch thc bt k, vi chun xc ca hng kim hon. Mc du bn ca si vonfram rt cao, song vn khng th snh vi bn ca nhng si ria lm bng kim loi ny - l nhng tinh th cc k mnh, mnh hn si tc hng trm ln. Cc nh vt l X - vit to c nhng si ria vonfram c ng knh ch bng hai phn triu xentimet. bn ca chng t n 230 tn trn mt xentimet vung, tc l gn bng gii hn tuyt i v bn (gii hn bn l thuyt ca cc cht trn tri t c xc nh theo tnh ton). Nhng th si kim loi thn k nh vy ch mi tn ti trong bn bc tng ca phng th nghim. Ngi ta cng iu ch vonfram nguyn cht dng trong k thut theo phng php kh vonfram oxit bng kh hidro. Nhng ht bi vonfram cc k nh c to thnh y c p li v thiu kt bng cch t nng n 3000 C nh dng in. T kim loi ny, ngi ta ko thnh si t ca bng n in, dp cc chi tit ca n in t v ca cc ng rngen, sn xut tip im cho cc cu dao, in cc v b phn ngt in. Cc nh bc hc xut phng php h quang - plasma nui cc tinh th vonfram, molipen v cc kim loi kh nng chy khc c kch thc ln. Ti vin luyn kim ti vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X, bng phng php ny c th to c mt n tinh th vonfram rt ln, cn nng 10 kilgam. Nh c tinh khit rt cao m th kim loi ny c nhng tnh cht c hc khc thng; ngay c nhit rt thp, n vn gi c tnh do, cn nhit kh cao, n hu nh khng lm mt bn ca mnh. Cc n tinh th c s dng trong nhiu kh c in - chn khng. Cc nh bc hc khm ph ra mt tnh cht rt c o ca vonfram: n tch cc bt gi v tch ly nng lng ca nh sng mt tri. Thc ra, y khng phi ni v chnh kim loi ny, m ni v lp mng cc k mng ca n, lp mng thu c bng cch cho vonfram th kh kt ta. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Khi t nng n 500 C, kim loi c b mt nh vy c th gi c nhit ny kh lu nu cho chiu cc tia mt tri vo n. Gii thch nh th no v hiu ng nhit c o ny? Nu soi mng vonfram bng knh hin vi th thy n l mt m lng t: b mt ca n l nhng bi rm gm nhng tinh th lng t hnh cnh cy khin cho cc tia mt tri b lc ng trong . xc nh qu o chuyn ng ca cc proton, ngi ta dng bn rng c v s si lng t vonfram m hu nh mt thng khng th nhn thy, cn trn th ph mt lp vng. Nh chng ta u bit, tia rngen c kh nng xm nhp rt mnh. Nhng, ci g d tt p n my cng c nhng mt tri ca n: cc tia ny khng mun phn x, cng khng mun khc x. ng tic tht! Gi nh c th hi t c chng li th cc nh bc hc c th ngh n vic ch to knh hin vi v laze rngen v nhng trin vng mi tt p m ra cho khoa hc ri. D sao cch y khng lu cng ch to c ci gi l gng rngen; loi gng ny c th phn x c mt phn no ca cc tia, trong s c c nhng tia chiu vung gc vi gng mt, m y l iu ht sc quan trng. Gng ny gm vi chc lp vonfram v cacbon xen k nhau, c trng trn nn l mt mng silic mng. B dy ca mi lp vonfram cha y mt nanomet (tc l mt phn t mt), cn mi lp cacbon th dy gp hai ln nh vy. B dy ca cc lp phi c bo m tht chnh xc trnh s giao thoa ca cc tia, lm cho s phn x b yu i. B dy tng cng ca ci gng khc thng ny ch bng 0,38 milimet, cn ng knh ca n bng 76,2 milimet. Trong chuyn bay phi hp theo chng trnh Lin hp - Apollo, cc nh du hnh v tr Lin X v M tin hnh mt cuc thc nghim l th c vonfram tham gia. Trong nhng iu kin ca tri t, tht kh, m thng l khng th ch to cc hp kim gm cc kim loi c t trng khc xa nhau, v trong qu trnh nu chy v kt tinh, cc phn t ca thnh phn nng hn s c xu hng chim cc tng thp ca thi, cn cc phn t ca kim loi nh hn th s c tr cc tng trn cng. Tt nhin, trong thc t khng th s dng cc hp kim c thnh phn nham nh nh vy. Nhng nu nu luyn trong v tr th kt qu s khc hn. y, trong iu kin khng trng lng, tt c cc kim loi d nh hay nng - u bnh ng, v vy, cc hp kim s c thnh phn v cu trc ng u. Th l cc nh bc hc quyt nh nu luyn trong v tr mt hp kim ca nhm th kim loi va nh li va d nng chy, vi vonfram l kim loi va nng li va c nhit nng chy cao nht. Cuc thc nghim ny ch l khi u ca vic nghin cu cng ngh v tr. Mt trong nhng ngi tham gia chuyn bay lch s ny - Valeri Cubaxop ni: Khng lu na, bng sc mnh phi hp, chng ta c th xy dng c nhng nh my trong v tr. Chng s chuyn v ngh luyn kim hon ton mi - ch to cc hp kim v vt liu m trong nhng iu kin ca tri t th khng th ch to c. ... Tri qua nhiu th k, kim loi vn phc v con ngi mt cch trung thnh, gip con ngi sng To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

to nn th gii k thut k diu. Vonfram - mt kim loi ng trn cc tuyn la hon ton xng ng c chim mt trong nhng v tr danh d.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Pt Sau ba ln kho

Trong cc th k XVI v XVII, bn thc dn Ty Ban Nha trng trn cp bc ca ci cc quc gia c ca ngi Aztec v ngi Inka. Hng tn vng, bc, ngc bch cht y cc khoang tu thng xuyn chuyn ch t chu M v nc Ty Ban Nha. C ln, khi i dc sng Platino - del Pinto (thuc Columbia), bn xm lc nhn thy trn b sng c vng v nhng ht kim loi nng, trng nh bc m chng cha h bit. V rt kh nng chy nn kim loi ny chng c ch li g m ch gy rc ri cho vic lm sch vng. Ngi Ty Ban Nha quyt nh gi th kim loi mi ny l platina, ngha l bc xu biu l thi khng thin cm ca h i vi n. Tuy vy, vn kh nhiu platin c ch v Ty Ban Nha; , n c bn vi gi r hn nhiu so vi bc. Chng bao lu, bn th kim hon ngi Ty Ban Nha pht hin thy l platin rt d to thnh hp kim vi vng, nn nhng k bt lng trong bn h pha trn n vo vng lm trang sc v lm tin gi. Nh vua bit n vic lm gi mo ca bn th kim hon, nhng chng c cch no tt hn l c ra lnh bt nh ch vic chuyn ch th kim loi v tch s y vo trong nc, ng thi th tiu tt c cc ngun d tr ca n bn th kim hon bp bm khng cn c th la di nhng ngi lng thin na.

Cc quan chc xng c tin ca nh vua thu nht ton b s platin (m lc by gi b mang nhng cai tn nho bng nh vng thi, vng tin ... ) hin c Ty Ban Nha v cc thuc a ca nc ny, ri cng khai x t hnh kim loi ny v bn cht di tr ca n. Tt c s platin thu nht c u b em xung bin, xung sng, xung nhng ch nc su. Sau ny, chin dch nh vy cn ti din mt ln na. Giai on u trong tiu s ca platin

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K chuyn v kim loi
kt thc mt cch b thm nh vy. Gia th k XVIII, Ty Ban Nha xut bn b sch Cuc vin du Nam M gm hai tp ca nh hng hi kim nh thin vn v ton hc Antonio e Uloa (Antonio de Uloa). Tng n Nam M trong mt on thm him, nh bc hc ny rt quan tm n platin t sinh nn a n v chu u v m t t m trong b sch ca mnh. Sau , th kim loi b rung ry ny thu ht s ch ca nhiu nh bc hc chu u. Nh ha hc Thy in Henrich Sefe (Heinrich Scheffer) nghin cu platin mt cch k lng. ng chng minh rng, platin khng phi l hn hp ca cc kim loi bit (chng hn, ca vng v st) nh mt s nh bc hc tng khng nh, m l mt nguyn t ha hc mi. Vic nghin cu platin dn n s pht hin mt s kim loi i km theo n trong thin nhin v cng mang mt ci tn chung ca dng h platin: nm 1803 pht hin roi v palai, nm 1804 osimi v irii; bn chc nm sau, cc nh ha hc bit n ruteni - nguyn t cui cng ca nhm ny. Nm 1819, cc nh a cht tm c nhng m sa khong platin Uran gn Ecaterinbua (nay l Xveclpxc). S kin ny to thun li ng k cho cc cng vic trong lnh vc ny. Nm nm sau, x nghip m platin u tin Nga bt u hot ng ti y. Lc by gi, nhng ngi th sn vng ny dng platin lm n ghm sn th. Vic lm bun ci ny ni ln s giu c ca sa khong Uran. Cng vo khong thi gian , platin bt u c dng pha vo thp. Nm 1825, Tp ch m vit: 6 fun thp c nu chy vi 8 zolotnik (1 fun bng 409,5124 gam; 1 zolotnik bng 1/96 fun, hoc bng 4,266 gam. Nh vy, t l platin trong thp y l 1,72 hoc 1,39 %) platin tinh khit trong mt ci ni nung bng t st chu la v phi gi cho kim loi khng tip xc vi khng kh. Khi nng chy c rt vo khun bng gang v c lm ngui bng nc lnh. Nhn vo mt gy ca thi thp th thy thp c c ht ng nht v nh mn n ni khng th nhn thy cu trc ca ht bng mt thng. Khi c mi sc v c ti, n ct c thy tinh y nh kim cng, n cht c gang v st m khng b cn. Ni chung, thp platin cng hn rt nhiu so vi cc loi thp bit t trc ti ny v chu c va p rt mnh m khng b gy. V c cng cao khc thng nn thp ny c gi l thp kim cng. Platin nm gi vai tr ny kh lu nhng sau ny buc phi nhng li v tr ca mnh cho vonfram l th kim loi r hn, ng thi li c kh nng hn. Nh bc hc ni ting ngi Nga, k s P. G. Xobolexpki vit thm mt trang quan trng trong tiu s ca platin. ng u Phng th nghim hp nht Petecbua thuc Cc m v mui, ng u Trng trung hc m v Phng iu ch khong liu trung ng, ng cng vi ngi cng s ca mnh l nh luyn kim V. V. Liubarxki bt tay vo vic nghin cu platin cha tinh luyn v To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

xut cng ngh bin n thnh kim loi d rn. iu mc m ch yu l trong s cc l tng c lc by gi, khng mt l no c th dng nung nng platin n im nng chy ca n (n 1769 C) hoc d ch gn n nhit ny cng khng c. y li l iu kin cn thit m nu khng thc hin c th platin khng chu chp nhn hnh dng con ngi mong mun. Qu l phi nt c v vn ny. Nu khng th chim lnh pho i bng mt cuc tp kch th nh phi tm cch khc. Cc nh nghin cu cng hnh ng nh vy. H nht y platin xp (khi x l qung bng ha cht thu c th kim loi c nhiu l hng nh vy) vo cc khun bng st c ch to mt cch c bit, ri p trn my p kiu vt v nung n khi nng trng ln, sau li p vi p lc ln. Cui cng, kim loi u hng: b qua s nng chy, platin bt bin thnh mt sn phm nguyn khi m khng th phn bit vi cc sn phm c. Th l vo nm 1826, ln u tin trong lnh s k thut, mt quy trnh cng ngh c o c sng lp nn v c ng dng trong thc tin m cho n nay vn cn gi c gi tr ca mnh: n t nn mng cho cc phng php luyn kim bt hin i. Cng lao ca Xobolepxki c b trng ti chnh E. F. Cancrin ghi nhn. ng ny ngh hng nm cp thm cho nh bc hc 2500 rp tin thng nu gng ngoi tin lng chng no m ng cn phc v. Cng lc by gi, Xobolepxki c giao vic c tin bng platin gm cc loi 3, 6 v 12 rp. Chng bao lu xng c tin Petecbua pht hnh th ca nhng ng tin nh vy. Sau mt thi gian tng i ngn pht hnh gn mt triu ri ng tin platin, ht gn 15 tm kim loi ny. Tuy nhin, gi platin tng ln, c th ni, khng phi tng tng ngy m l tng tng gi, cn chnh ph th hiu rng mnh phm sai lm: tin platin cng ngy cng t, bi l, gi thnh thc s ca n vt xa gi danh ngha nn chng bao lu, chng khng cn lu hnh na. C hai iu thc y qu trnh ny. Mt l, b ti chnh a ra mt bin php nhm thu hi platin v ngn kh; hai l, cc t nhn ch mun mua bn bng tin khc v gi li tin platin lm k nim tt lnh. Hin nay, nhng ng tin nh vy rt him, ch c th nhn thy chng mt vi b su tp ln v tin c. Vic pht hnh tin platin khng ng li c ch cho khoa hc. Phng th nghim ca xng c tin gom gp c kh nhiu ui qung platin - nhng th ph liu trong vic sn xut tin. Nm 1841, gio s ha hc Carl Carlovich Claut (Karl Karlovich Klaus) ca trng i hc tng hp Kazan yu cu xng c tin gi cho ng vi fun ph liu ny nghin cu. Yu cu ny c p ng v nh ha hc bt tay vo vic phn tch nhng vt ph thi m tng nh chng ch li g. Tht ng ngc nhin, ng tm thy trong c 10 % platin v mt t osimi, irii, palai v roi. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Nhng th ca tha m trc cha lm ai bn tm bng chc bin thnh kho ca ci qu bu tht s. Claut lin thng bo ngay vi s khai khong v nhng kt qu thu nhn c. Sau t lu, ng n Petecbua v c b tc Cancrin n tip. Vn rt ch n thng bo ca nh ha hc ny, Cancrin h tr ng, gip ng c thm nhiu ui qung platin tip tc nghin cu.

S lao ng kin tr ca Claut t kt qu tt p: ng chng minh c rng, ngoi nhng nguyn t khc bit, trong phn tha ca qung platin cn c mt kim loi mi m ng gi l ruteni tn vinh nc Nga (tn La tinh ca nc Nga l Ruthenia). V c pht minh ny, Claut c nhn nguyn c gii thng emiop do vin hn lm khoa hc Nga trao tng. Vic khai thc platin Uran pht trin rt nhanh. Mt iu cho thy r l ngay t u th k XX, ring nc Nga chim 95 % tng sn lng platin khai thc c trn th gii (Columbia sn xut 5 % cn li). V sau, platin t Nam Phi v Canaa mi bt u xut hin trn th trng th gii. Mt iu c bit l sn lng vng hng nm trn th gii vt qu mt ngn tn t lu, cn sn lng platin hin nay ch c tnh bng vi chc tn. Chng c g ng ngc nhin c: cu ni: c mt gam, phi lm mt nm ca mt nh th no hon ton ng trong trng hp ca platin. Tht vy, thu c mt gam kim loi ny, i khi phi ch bin hng trm mt khi qung, tc l nguyn mt toa tu ha. S d nh vy l v qung platin c hm lng cc k ngho nn v khng c nhng m platin ln. Rt t khi gp platin dng t sinh. Khi platin t sinh ln nht trong s cc khi tm c khng qu 10 kilgam. Kim loi ny bt u tm c cng dng thc t ngay t u th k trc, khi m mt ngi no ny ra ngh rt hay l dng n lm bnh bo qun axit sunfuric m c. T , tnh bn vng rt cao ca platin i vi cc axit khin cho n c n tip nng nhit trong cc phng th nghim ha hc, ni m n c ch to lm vt liu ch to ni nung, chn nung, li, ng v cc dng c th nghim khc. Mt lng ln platin cng c s dng vo vic ch to cc kh c chu axit v chu nng cc nh my ha cht. Mc du b chn vt khuy thy tinh nng chy trong cc nh my thy tinh ni ting ca Tip Khc tn km ti 75 vn Krona (n v tin Tip Khc, 100 krona tng ng vi 12 rp - N. D.), cn chic ni nu thy tinh th t gp i, nhng cuc vui cng ng tin n nn: thit b nh vy c coi l tn tin nht, n cho php lm ra thy tinh c cht lng cao dng lm knh hin vi, ng nhm v cc kh c quang hc khc. Cc nh ha hc cn tm ra mt cng dng quan trng na ca platin: n l cht xc tc c lc nht

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

i vi nhiu qu trnh ha hc. Kh nng ny ca platin cho php cc nh sng ch ngi Hungary lm ra th bt la kiu mi trong thi gian gn y. Bt la ny khng c chic bnh kha c truyn, cng khng cn n la: do c xt vi khng kh nn ga t trong bt la i ra lin bng chy ngay. Nhng phn ng ny ch xy ra khi c cht xc tc. Chic vng nh xu bng platin t trn ng m ga i qua chnh l cht xc tc. Bt la nh vy khng s gi. Hn th na, gi cng to th phn ng cng mnh v ngn la cng di. Khi y np vng li, la s tt. Vi t cch l cht xc tc, platin rt cn cho vic oxi ha amoniac trong qu trnh sn xut axit nitric. Hn hp ca amoniac v khng kh c thi qua mt tm li rt mnh bng platin (c n nm ngn l trn mt xentimet vung) vi tc ln, s to thnh nit oxit v hi nc. Ha tan nit oxit trong nc s c axit nitric. Platin i vo thc tin sn xut axit nitric quy m cng nghip nh cng trnh nghin cu ca I. I. Anreep - ngi i tin phong trong cng nghip axit nitric ca nc Nga, ngi tng nghin cu nh hng ca cc cht xc tc khc nhau i vi vic oxi ha amoniac trong sut mt thi gian di. Vic xy ra trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th nht, khi m nhu cu v axit nitric tng ln t ngt v n rt cn cho vic sn xut cc cht n: c mi kilgam thuc n tiu tn hn hai kilgam axit nitric. n cui nm 1916, nhu cu cht n trong mi thng ca qun i Nga l vo khong 6400 tn. Ch Chil mi c nguyn liu thin nhin iu ch axit nitric, v vy, tt c cc nc tham chin u chu nn i axit nitric v cng gay gt nn phi ro rit tm cch lm du cn i ny. Lc by gi, Anreep ngh s dng amoniac c trong bi thi ca cc xng sn xut than cc lm nguyn liu dng th. Cng trnh nghin cu do ng tin hnh lm cho ng ta tin kh nng xc tc rt tt ca platin v tin rng, nu c mt platin th amoniac s b oxi ha rt mnh. Theo ngh v theo d n ca ng, ngi ta xy dng nh my sn xut axit nitric nbat, ni tp trung cc x nghip luyn than cc nn c amoniac. Ma h nm 1917, nh my ny cho ra m sn phm u tin - th l vn axit nitric c gii quyt tt p. Qua s vic sau y c th thy r ngha ca platin: nm 1918, mt vin chuyn nghin cu v kim loi ny c thnh lp Nga, sau ny c ghp vo vin ha hc i cng v ha hc v c thuc vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X. Hin nay y vn ang tin hnh cng tc nghin cu khoa hc lin quan vi ha hc v cng ngh v cc kim loi thuc nhm platin. Ngy nay, khng phi ch cc nh ha hc mi cn platin. Kh nng gn rt tt vi thy tinh lm cho n tr thnh vt liu quan trng sn xut nhiu kh c bng thy tinh. Trng mt lp mng kim loi ny ln knh s c loi gng platin c mt tnh cht c bit - l tnh trong sut t mt pha: t pha ngun sng, gng ny khng trong sut v phn chiu cc vt ng trc n y nh tm gng bnh thng. Nhng t pha bn kia, n li trong sut nh mt tm To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

knh, do , bn c th nhn c tt c nhng g pha khc. C mt thi, gng platin rt thng dng M. Ngi ta lp chng thay cho knh ca s cc tng di cng ca cc cng s, cn trong cc nh th chng thay th mn che ca rt tt.

Nhn y xin ni thm rng, gng platin u tin khng h c thy tinh, m ton bng kim loi l do ngi Aztec (mt b tc th dn chu M) lm ra. l nhng l platin c gia cng rt tt v c mi nhn n mc bng nhong. H lm vic nh th no th cho n nay vn cha ai bit, bi v platin ch d rn khi c nung nng n mc sng trng ln, ngha l nhit rt cao m cc nh luyn kim thi by gi cha thc hin c. Nhng du h lm bng cch no, v th lnh ca ngi Aztec l Montezuma gi vi tm gng nh vy lm qu tng vua Ty Ban Nha. V nh vua rnh n: nm 1520, Montezuma b bn thc dn bt giam v sau b git. Platin dng xp ht c rt nhiu kh. Tnh cht ny l nguyn nhn ca mt hin tng k l: khi b t nng, hiro hoc oxi cha trong bnh kn bng platin s thot ra ngoi qua thnh bnh y nh chui qua cc l ry. Platin cng t ra rt c lc trong vic o nhit cao. Trong k thut, cc nhit k platin kiu in tr c s dng kh rng ri. Nguyn tc lm vic ca chng da trn c s sau y. Khi t nng, in tr ca platin tng ln ty thuc nhit theo mt quy lut nghim ngt. Si dy platin c ni vi mt kh c ghi li s thay i ca in tr s tc th bo cho kh c bit mi s thay i nhit , d l rt nh. Cc cp nhit cn thng dng hn na: y l nhng kh c o nhit khng phc tp nhng rt nhy. Nu hn hai si dy bng hai kim loi khc nhau, sau t nng ch hn th s xut hin dng in chy trong mch. Nhit t nng cng cao th sc in ng pht sinh trong mch cp nhit cng ln. ch to cc cp nhit, ngi ta thng dng platin v mt hp kim ca n vi roi hoc irii. Cng vi irii, platin c ph thc nhim v quan trng nht ca x hi trong mt thi gian di. Trn i l Maxcva Lningrat c mt ta nh m nu nhn b ngoi th khng c g ng ch lm, cng ra vo c mt tm bin mu en ch Cc mu chun quc gia ca Lin X bng ting Nga v ting Php. l mt trong nhng ta nh ca vin nghin cu khoa hc v o lng ton lin bang mang tn . I. Menelep. Mu chun kilgam ch to t nm 1883 bng hp kim ca platin (90 %) vi irii (10 %) c ct gi y, sau nhng tm ca dy ca mt cn phng

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K chuyn v kim loi
bng st.

X.I. Venetxki

Trong phng ny, nhit v m c gi khng thay i, v ch c th vo phng khi c mt ba ngi: gim c ca vin, nh khoa hc bo qun cc mu chun quc gia v nh khoa hc trng coi mu ny. Mi ngi trong ba ngi gi mt cha kha ch m mt trong ba ca ca phng. Mu chun l mt khi tr trn, c chiu cao, v ng knh bng 39 milimet, c t trn chn bng thch anh, trn p hai ci chung bng thy tinh. C sau mt k hn nht nh, mu chun quc gia li c st hch cc mu chun th cp chic cn rt nhy, cm nhn c ngay c hi th ca con ngi. trnh nhng rung ng, d l rt nh do s i li ngoi ng ph hoc do s lm vic ca cc my mc trong chnh ta nh gy ra, chic cn c t trn b mng cao 7 mt. gi cho nhit v m trong phng khng thay i, ci cn c iu khin t phng bn cnh. Mc du c bo qun rt cn thn, sau hn mt trm nm tn ti, khi lng ca cc mu chun quc gia vn b gim i 0,017 miligam. Nhng s thiu ht ny rt khng ng k, cho nn, n thng t nm 1968, khi tr trn platin - irii vn c duyt lm mu chun kilgam quc gia ca Lin X. Cng chnh trong cn phng ny, mt thanh platin - irii m cch y khng lu c dng lm mu chun mt quc gia c bo qun trong mt ci hp c bit. n v di ny c quy nh Php nm 1791; n bng mt phn bn mi triu chiu di kinh tuyn Pari. Tm nm sau, mu chun mt u tin c ch to xong, m hin gi cn ang t ti vin cn - o quc t Pari. Trn mu chun ny c khc dng ch: Dng cho mi thi i, dng cho mi dn tc. Mt thc s tr thnh thc o di ph cp nht trn hnh tinh chng ta. T nm 1889 n thi gian gn y, bn sao chnh xc ca mu chun Pari (cng c lm bng chnh th hp kim theo cng mt cch nu luyn nh vy) c dng lm mu chun chnh ca Lin X. Cc nh bc hc lun lun tm cc cch thc mi nng cao chnh xc ca cc mu chun, v n nm 1960, thanh platin - irii nh phi t chc. Tia sng ca n kripton thay th n. di bng 1650763,73 ln bc sng bc x da cam ca kripton - 86 c dng lm mu chun mt hn hai mi nm nay. Nhng s dng mu chun y nh th no? Nhng mi quan tm ny c giao cho mt kh c so giao thoa c bit gii quyt, n xc nh xem bc sng c c t mt s ln cn thit trong o ca mt cn i chiu hay khng. Nhng cuc sng khng dm chn ti ch, v nm 1983, i hi quc t ca cc nh o lng thng qua mt nh ngha mi v mt, t tr i, mt l khong cch m tia laze i c trong chn khng sau 1/292791458 giy.

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Cn c mt mu chun khc na l mu chun nh sng cng lin quan trc tip vi platin. lm mu chun, ngi ta dng s pht quang i t khoang n ng (dng thori oxit ang ng c lm vt liu) nhng trong platin nng chy. Php o c thc hin trong thi gian ng c ca platin. Bi v nhit ca platin trong thi gian y khng thay i nn n v cng nh sng (nn, hoc canela) c to li vi chnh xc rt cao. Platin ginh c ch ng vng chc trong y hc. Cc in cc platin a vo mch mu gip cc nh phu thut nhiu nc trong vic chun on nhiu loi bnh, ch yu l cc bnh v tim. Phng php ny l phng php platin - hiro v n da trn phn ng in ha hc gia hai nguyn t ny. Cch y khng lu lm, cc thy thuc bang Ohaio (nc M) tm ra mt cng dng quan trng v l th ca platin. H pht minh mt phng php gy m hon ton mi v nguyn tc, nh sau: mt bn platin di vi xentimet c dng ni tu sng vi mt ngun in kch thch; vi mt c ng rt nh ca ngi bnh, kh c ny s truyn tn hiu ln no, bng cch s khng ch c cm gic au. Cc chuyn gia v k thut trng rng rt a chung platin v n khng b oxi ha, m l tnh cht quan trng nht ca vt liu lm rng gi. Tuy nhin, platin dng tinh khit li qu mm, khng cng m ng vai tr ny, nhng cc hp kim ca n c bn cao th c dng lm vnh rng v rng gi rt tt. Lc u, ngi ta pha thm bc v niken vo platin tng cng; v sau s dng vng v cc kim loi thuc nhm platin vo mc ch ny. Khi kt hp vi cc nguyn t ny, platin vn chng c s n mn li c thm kh nng chng mi mn rt cao na, nn bt c vt no cng nht n cng khng s. Hin nay, mt phn khng nh platin khai thc c trn th gii lt vo tay nhng ngi th kim hon, v sau khi gi kim loi ny vt qu gi vng vi ln, h bt u t r mi quan tm c bit vi n. Ngay t trc chin tranh th gii th nht, cc n trang nh nhn, trm ci u, hoa tai v. v bng platin i vo thi trang. i khi do tnh ngng nghnh ca nhng k giu c, kim loi ny nh ng vai tr khng ly g lm vinh hnh lm: n c dng lm chui dy xch cho nhng con ch x hoc lm lng nht con vt bit ni. Cch y my nm, Lun n ngi ta trng by mt mt hng mi trong ma tm bin - mt b tm kiu mini - bikini. Gi tin b tm gin d ny ch vn vn 50 ngn la, bi v n c lm bng si platin, ngoi ra, cn nh cc trang sc khc bng platin, tuy bnh d nhng hp th hiu. Tht l d hiu trong thi gian trng by b qun o tm, mt v s c v trang lun lun i km ngi lm mu. Nhng nu trong phng trng by ch c mt lnh gc l , th trn bi bin phi cn n mt i i v s. Tuy nhin, ch l nhng chuyn vt vnh. Bn cnh platin nguyn cht, nhng ngi th kim hon cn s dng nhng hp kim ca n vi cc To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

kim loi khc c pha vo tng cng, hoc lm cho trang sc r bt, hp vi nhng khch hng tuy khng c tin d dt, nhng li khng chu lc hu vi thi trang. Lin X platin c hng mt vinh d ln: hnh ni ca V. I. Lnin trn tm hun chng cao nht ca Lin X c lm bng platin. Trc dp th vn hi Olympic ln th XXII din ra Maxcva nm 1980 pht hnh ng tin Olympic ca Lin X . Nhng ng tin qu nht c gi tr 150 rp c lm bng platin.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin An Vua ca cc kim loi, - kim loi ca cc vua

Vng! Trong lch s hng ngn nm ca loi ngi, cha tng c mt kim loi no khc li ng vai tr tn c n th. ginh git quyn chim hu vng m nhiu cuc chin tranh m mu din ra, nhiu quc gia, nhiu dn tc b tiu dit, bit bao hnh vi ti c c thc hin. Kim loi c mu vng p ny gieo rc cho con ngi bit bao ni au kh, ng cay ... C l vua Miat ca x Phrygia l ngi u tin phi chu ng nhng ni phin mun v lo u do vng em li. Mt huyn thoi c Hy Lp k v iu . Mt hm, con trai ca thn Zt l ionit - v thn ca ru vng v hoan lc, cng ng o thuc h ca mnh do chi trn t Phrygia tuyt p. on ngi huyn no c i, dn dn ri li c Silen say mm - l v gia s ng yu ca thn ionit. Nhng ngi nng dn Phrygia thy vy lin ly dy eo y hoa buc c li ri dn n cho vua Miat. Nh vua nhn ra ngay ng c silen hin hu ang say, n tip c trong cung in v m tic khon i t lng tn knh v khch qu. n ngy th mi, Miat thn hnh dn c Silen v vi ionit. V thn ny rt mng r v ha s thc hin mi mong c ca vua Miat.

Vua x Phrygia sung sng ku ln : Hi thn ionit v i, ngi hy phn truyn nhng g ti chm n u ho thnh vng lp lnh. c mong bnh d ny c thc hin, v Miat hn h tr v

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

cung. Dc ng, ng ta b mt cnh si xanh, lp tc n bin thnh vng; nh vua chm tay vo nhng bng la trn ng rung, tc th, nhng ht la lin bin thnh nhng ht vng; ng ta hi mt qu to, lp tc, n to nh vng sng chi; ng ta nh ra tay th nc trong lng bn tay chy ra thnh nhng tia vng. Miat vui mng khn xit. Nhng khi nh vua ngi vo bn n th cht hiu rng, mnh cu xin ionit mt mn qu tht khng khip. C mi ln ng n l tt c mi th c bnh m, ru nho, thc n - u bin thnh vng. ang b ci cht v i v kht e do, nh vua hong s v nh phi chp tay ln tri v ku ni: Hy ng lng thng, hi thn ionit! Hy tha th cho ti, cu xin ngi thng tnh. Xin ngi hay thu hi mn qu ny!. Theo lnh ionit, Miat n sng Pacton. Nc sch ra ht mn qu m lo ta khng xi ni. Nu vua x Phrygia m nhn vai tr khng ly g lm vinh hnh l m u danh sch nhng nn nhn ca s sng bi vng, th thi i ca chng ta cng c mt b no tui tc cao, ng l dng rng vch tn mnh vo cun sch ny. S th nh sau.

Ti mt khch sn sang trng nht ca Nht Bn, mt cng ty kinh doanh du lch t mt bn tm bng vng nguyn cht. Mc du gi t gh ngi, song vn rt nhiu k mun tm trong ci bn . Thu nhp ca cng ty ny tng ln vt vt. Nhng nhng lo lng mi ngy mt tng. Thm ch phi thu c mt i thm t, v mt s khch khi i vo phng tm em theo nhng ci c du kn trong khn mt v c gng c o d ch ly mt t vng thi k nim. Nhng v binh cnh gic khng cho cc nh su tp vt lu nim mang theo bt c vt dng g. By gi, khch hng nh phi trng cy vo bn thn mnh m thi. Th l chnh ci b m chng ta va ni n y quyt nh dng rng gm mp bn tm bng vng khi thi gian tm ca b ta sp ht. Nhng qu h o khng d m nh c, ch my ngy sau, b ta nh phi i tu mt hm rng gi. Ngi ta n rng, hnh nh cng ty ny ang phn chn v s pht t nn khng mun dng li mc t c, v cn nh t nhng ci chu h x bng vng trong h x cc khch sn sang trng nht ca mnh. nh t n khng c g l mi. Ngay t nm 1921, din t mt cch cng iu s khinh b ca mnh i vi thn tng mu vng, V. I. Lnin vit : Sau khi chng ta chin thng trn quy m th gii, ti ngh rng, chng ta s lm cc h x cng cng bng vng trn cc ng ph ca mt s thnh ph ln nht trn th gii. V Ngi cn ni thm: Cn by gi, nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha X - vit lin bang Nga, cn phi gi vng, bn n tht t v dng n mua hng ho tht r.

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Lch s ca vng l lch s ca nn vn minh. Nhng ht vng u tin lt vo tay ngi t vi ngn nm nay, v ngay t lc by gi, n c t vo hng kim loi qu. Ai Cp c coi l nc giu vng nht trong th gii c i. Khng phi ngu nhin m trong cc cuc khai qut cc lng m ca gii quyn qu Ai Cp, cc nh kho c hc tm thy nhiu trang sc v nhng dng khc bng vng. Mt trong nhng ngi tham gia cuc xm nhp u tin vo ngi m ca mt faraon m cha ai bit tn, c tm thy hi nm 1907 Thung lng ca vua cha gn Thebes t ngn sng Nin vit : Tia sng u tin va mi ri vo, nh vng sng ngi ln khp mi ch Vng trn sn nh, vng trn cc bc tng, vng ng kia, gc xa nht, ni c chic quan ti t cnh bc tng. Vng sng ngi rc r nh va mi ra khi bn tay ca nhng ngi th vng lnh ngh . Mi lm nm sau cng ti y, nh kho c hc ngi Anh Hovar Cat (Howard Carter) pht hin c ngi m ca faraon Tutankhamen tng tr v hi th k XIV trc cng nguyn. Nhng tc phm v gi ca ngh thut c i c bo tn hng ngn nm y, trong s c nhiu th bng vng nguyn cht. Xc p ca v faraon tr tui yn ngh trong chic quan ti bng vng nng 110 kilgam. Chic mt n ca Tutankhamen p cc k, n c lm bng vng v cc th ngc mi mu sc, chm tr rt kho. Nhng ch mt phn rt nh trong v vn ca ci tng bao quanh v vua thi c ny khi cn sng c em theo xung m v nh m. Chng hn, theo truyn thuyt, mun c thn linh ph h, n hong Semiramit x Assyria c nhng bc tng thn khng l bng vng nguyn cht. Mt bc tng nh vy cao 12 mt, cn nng mt ngn talant Babilon (khong 30 tn). Bc tng n thn Rea cn s hn nhiu: lm bc tng ny, phi tn tm ngn talant vng nguyn cht (ngt 250 tn). Tng n thn ng to trn ngai vng, hai con s t ln bng vng lm v s ng hai bn. Nhng ng tin vng u tin xut hin khong hai ngn nm trm nm trc y. Qu hng ca chng l Lyia mt quc gia chim hu n l hng mnh nm phn pha ty Tiu . Lyia bun bn rng ri vi Hy Lp v cc nc lng ging phng ng ca mnh. tin vic giao dch bun bn, ngi Lyia cho lu hnh tin c bng vng, gi l stater, trn in hnh con co ang chy biu tng ca thn Basarea, v thn chnh ca x Lyia. Sau khi Lyia b vua Kyros ca nc Ba T chinh phc, cc nc khc thuc vng Cn ng v Trung ng cng bt u c tin vng. Chng hn, ng aric tin ca vua arius nc Ba T, trn in hnh nh vua ang bn cung, c lu hnh rng ri. Trong s cc vua cha cng c nhng v b sung tin vng cho ngn kh ca mnh mt cch rt c o. Nm 1285, Philip IV vi bit danh l Ho hoa tr thnh vua nc Php. ng ta c thc s l ngi tt hay khng, iu tht kh ni, nhng c rt nhiu s vic chng t rng, ng ta l To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

mt nh cm quyn xo quyt v tham lam. V mun m rng quyn lc ca mnh, ng ta dy ln nhng cuc chin tranh lin min, tn rt nhiu tiu ca. Thng xuyn cm thy nhng kh khn v ti chnh, m c l khng chu c s chi tiu qu d xn nn nh vua dng n s la gt v mi th on xo tr. Theo mt lnh ca ng ta, nhng ng tin vng cp bc c u phi qua mt cuc phu thut ti xng c tin: chng b gt da, ri nhng mt vng y li phi c thnh nhng ng tin mi. Phng php sn sinh tin nh vy cho php c 100 ng tin th lm ra c110 115 ng tin khc, cn nu c gng th c th lm c nhiu hn. Philip IV ch thn gim st vic sn xut tin mi, v tht khn kh cho ngi no khng ng h vic lm ca nh vua.

Thi trung c, ngh gi kim thut rt thnh hnh, n tr thnh nim say m ca tt c mi ngi, t gi n tr. T xa xa, nhng bin cc kim loi khc thnh vng c thc thi, nhng trc cha c lc no chng mang tnh cht qun chng n th. Ngy cng nh m, trong cc cn hm ca cc lu i ti tm bng , ngn la trong l ca cc nh gi kim thut to sng, cc cht lng huyn b trong cc bnh c cong si ln sng sc trn ngn la v to ra mi mu sc cu vng, khi ngt ngt bc ln t cc ni hi v ni nung. Tin tng vo kh nng tm ra hn mu nhim nh n m thu c vng, cc nh gi kim thut v nhng ngi bo tr h tm mi cch vt ln trn cc i th ca mnh. T ny sinh mi nghi k ln nhau, xut hin nhng nguyn c cho nhng li buc ti c c khp nhau vo nhng ti trng tng nh l c tht. Chng hn, nm 1440, thng ch Php Jin Lavan (Jill de Laval) (nam tc Retz) con ngi tng i vo lch s vi ci tn gm ghic l Ru xanh, b gn ti git cht hng trm thiu n, m theo li l ca nh th, ng ta cng vi bn mnh l nh gi kim thut Franxoa Prelati (Francois Prelatti) ly mu ca cc thiu n lm ra vng. Theo yu cu ca gim mc x Nant, nam tc Retz v Prelati b trao vo tay to n ca gio hi v ngay sau , b thiu trn gin la. Gn nm th k sau, nm 1925, di ng vn nt ca to lu i m xa kia nam tc Retz sng ngi ta pht hin ra nhng mnh thch anh cha vng m t Prelati khai thc vng cho Ru xanh. u th k XVI, khi m nhng kht vng gi kim thut cn si sc chu u, bn thc dn Ty Ban Nha v B o Nha tm ra mt phng thc tm vng chng thu li hn: chng t chc nhng cuc cp bc d man ti cc quc gia chu M m Crixtop Colong (Christoph Colomb) pht hin ra nm 1492. Vng do cc b tc ngi Aztec, ngi Inka, ngi Maya v cc b tc khc Tn i lc tch lu qua nhiu th k n n v chu u.

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Bn thc dn khng cn phi m tng nhng kho ca qu huyn b na, nhng kho ca qu hin ra trc mt chng trn t chu M. Nm 1915, Ernan Coctec b ln cng Veracuz, th dn da vn khng ng k da trng mi n ny chun b sn cho h mt s phn bi thm nn mang qu n tng y; ngoi v s trang sc, c hai ci a to tng bng bnh xe nga, lm bng vng v bc. Hai ci a ny tng trng cho mt tri v mt trng. cc dn tc xa kia tng c tr trn t M La tinh, vng c coi l th kim loi thing ling, l kim loi ca thn mt tri. Cc nh quyn qu v cc v php s ca h ngh n kh nhiu nghi l chng t mi lin quan khng th ph v c gia quyn lc ca nhng k mnh th gii ny v s giu c m cc v thn ban cho h di dng vng. Trong s cc nghi l nh vy, c nghi l sau y. Vo gi trc lc rng ng, cc t trng ca ngi Aztec xoa du thm ln thn th, sau , h rc bt vng ln ngi theo tn hiu ca v php s ti cao. V t trng thp vng ngi chm ch trn mt chic b ci gia m tu tng ri khi hnh trn mt h, hng v pha mt tri mc. Khi vng thi dng rc nh ln khi ni th bt u tin hnh trng th l tm gi ca t trng. Trong l ny, cc v php s rc nhn, vng xuyn, qu lc v nhng trang sc khc t nhng cc chn bng vng ln mnh v t trng. Sau nghi l ny, khng ai cn nghi ng v vic v cha t ca h l con ca mt tri. Trong cc n i cng tch t nhng lng vng rt ln. Trn ca mt ngi n c gn nhng ngi sao bng vng, nhng con chun chun, bm bm, chim chc bng vng, tng nh chng ang bay ln trn u mi ngi, p n ni gy nn cm gic m ly tuyt diu tt c nhng ai c dp vo thm ngi n ny. Franxixco Pixaro (Francisco Pisarro) l mt trong nhng k cm u cuc chinh pht ca ngi Ty Ban Nha. Hi u nhng nm 30 ca th k XVI, y t chn ln t ai ca ngi Inka, ni m lc by gi ang din ra nhng cuc cu x nhau trong b tc ca h. Lc u, bn thn s xut hin ca nhng ngi xa l khng bo trc mt tai ho g i vi ngi Inka. Tri li, th lnh ca h l Atauanpa v Inka v i, qu quyt rng, l cc v thn hin ra gip ng ta kt thc cuc chin tranh mt cch thng li. Pixaro mi v Inka v i n d tic. Atauanpa n mt cch c ch, trn chic kiu vng trang im bng lng chim. ng ta cng nh bn tu tng u khng mang v kh. Tn thc dn nham him ch cn c th. Theo m hiu ca y, bn Ty Ban Nha xng vo cc v khch, nh tan tc l tu tng v bt v th lnh cm t.

Sau khi giam gi Atauanpa c vi ngy di s canh phng cn mt, Pixaro ha s tr li t do cho ng ta nu trong vng hai thng kp cht y vng trong

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

cn phng ln ni ng ta b giam gi, n chiu cao ngang tay ngi vi ti. V Inka v i chp nhn iu kin chuc mng k qui . Cc s gi ca Atauanpa c phi i khp c nc, v chng bao lu, nhng on ngi khun vc, cng lng di sc nng ca chai l vng, tng vng, trang sc v nhng vt phm khc bng vng l lt ko v ni ng b giam cm. ng vng cao dn, tuy vy, khi hai thng tri qua, cn phng vn cha cha vng cao nh tho thun. Mc d v th lnh ca ngi Inka thuyt phc Pixaro rng, hy ch t lu na thi, nhng tn ny quyt nh git ng ta, v bn thc dn Ty Ban Nha ngh rng, v Inka v i c th l k th nguy him i vi chng. Khi bit tin v ci cht ca Atauanpa th cc on lc tr vng ang trn ng i. Ngi Inka vi vng i chuc v th lnh ca mnh, nhng sau khi bit rng ng b bn thc dn Ty Ban Nha git cht, h lin ct giu ton b s qu gi trong ni Azangar (ngha l ni xa xi nht). Trong s nhng ca ci tut khi tay bn xm lc, c mt chui xch x bng vng, m theo truyn thuyt th phi hn hai trm ngi mi nhc ni. Nhng ngi Inka khng th ct giu ht mi ca ci ca mnh. Ngi Ty Ban Nha chim c v cp bc Cuxco mt trong nhng thnh ph giu c nht Pru. n mt tri lp vng l cng trnh trang tr ca thnh ph ny. Cc bc tng v trn ca phng gia ngi n c trang im bng nhng tm vng, cn pha ng c mt a vng to vng ho quang, l b mt ca v thn, c cp mt bng ngc qu nh ln. Khi nhng tia nng u tin ca mt tri ban mai chiu vo a ny th cp mt huyn b ca v thn rc ln nhng ngn la mun mu. Mt khu vn bng vng nm st ngi n. Cy ci, bi rm, chim chc mi th u c lm bng vng rt kho. Trong vn c nhng chic ngai bng vng, cc pho tng ca cc v Inka v i con ca mt tri ng to trn . Ch qua vi tun l sau khi Pixaro n y, thnh Cuxco thing ling b cp bc n tn nn. Bn thc dn Ty Ban Nha tn nhn hu dit nn vn ho lu i do ngi Inka sng to nn sau nhiu th k. Chng nu chy nhng cng trnh ngh thut qu gi nht ca cc ngh nhn c xa c thnh nhng thi vng tin li cho vic vn chuyn qua i dng. Trong sut hai trm nm, cc on tu ch vng hng nm ri b bin Tn i lc hng v bn o Pyrene. Nhng dng nh tr th bn n cp, i dng nhiu ln git khi tay chng nhng th ca m chng n cp c ri giu k di y nhng vc thm. Nm 1622, cch b bin Floria khng xa, hai tu bin Santa Margarita v Nuestra Senora de Atocha b m v khng chu c bo ln khng khip, chng mang mt lng vng rt ln cng nhiu th qu gi khc xung y bin. Hai chc nm sau , mt cn bo d di nh m mi su chic tu ca Hm i vng khi chng trn ng v cng Sevila ca Ty Ban Nha. Cc t liu lch s trong cc kho lu tr cho bit rng, tng gi tr hng ho ca nhng chic tu ny To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

(m ch yu, chng tr vng) vo khong vi chc triu la. i dng nut chng mi bn chic tu ca Hm i vng b bin chu M vo ma xun nm 1715 khi y ni ln mt cn bo c sc ph hoi cha tng thy. Theo c tnh ca cc nh s hc, ch ring trn bin Carib c khong mt trm xc tu ang yn ngh. Cng khong ngn y chic tu chm m vng bin ng nam Floria. Cc qun o Bahama v Becmua l ngha a ca hn sau mi chic tu Ty Ban Nha. Cui cng, khong by mi chic tu cn nm di y vnh Mxico. Tt c nhng chic tu y u c th gi l nhng chic tu bng vng m khng phi l ni ngoa, v mi chic tu ch hng ng ca ci qu bu. Ch cn nu mt dn chng cng r. Ch ring mt trong nhng chic tu tu Santa Roza, ko theo n xung y bin hng ng vng v cc kho ca qu khc t cung in ca Montezuma ni ting. Theo c tnh ca cc chuyn gia nc ngoi, i dng gi h con ngi nhiu vng, bc v nhng ca qu khc tr gi hng trm t la. Bao th k nay, nhng mn tin khng l khng th tng tng ni y kch ng tm tr ca nhng ngi i tm ca ci. Trong thi gian gn y, cc cuc truy tm kho tng di y bin c quy m to ln. nhiu nc xut bn nhng cun sch, nhng tp bn , alat, trong ch dn to chnh xc v to gi nh ca tng con tu cha y ca qu b m. Mi nm, hng trm on thm him xut hnh ra bin tm kim vng bc. Thnh thong, vn may cng n vi nhng ngi m ca di y bin, nhng ni tht vng vn ch n h nhiu hn. Tuy vy, i dng vn tip tc vy gi hng ngn ngi i tm ca bu. Bi v cc cuc tm kim vng di y i dng gn lin vi v vn kh khn, cho nn, nhng khm ph th kim loi qu ny trn cn bao gi cng mang tnh cht qun chng hn nhiu. Khi mt ni no trn tri t va mi tm thy mt nm t cha vng, th lp tc, hng ngn hng vn ngi n n ko n tm kim hnh phc, h b ln cn st vng mt chng bnh khng h c ni n trong cc sch tra cu y hc, nhng li c m t mt cch thn tnh trong cc truyn ngn ca Jac Lonon (Jack London) v ca Bret Harta (Bret Harte). Ch vi gam ct cha vng m ngi ta qun ht tnh ngi, con git cha, anh em git nhau. Cnh nh th din ra hi u th k XVIII, khi va mi pht hin ra nhng m vng Braxin. N cng din gia th k trc, khi tng on ngi tm vng x y nhau n vng California nng bng, ri vi nm sau li n n ko nhau n sa mc chu Uc. Cnh nh th xy ra trong nhng nm 80 ca th k XIX, khi m cp mt ca bn hm li rc sng bc ln nh in di mi ln nghe ni n Tranxvaan. Cnh nh th cng din ra my chc nm sau , khi m x Clonaic bng gi v min Alaxca tuyt ph (m trc kia chnh ph Nga hong bn cho Hp chng quc Hoa K vi gi my ng xu) tr thnh trung tm ca cn st ny. Hin cn gi c cc bc nh nhng con rn en r li qua nhng nh ni y bng tuyt ca To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vng a cc. l nhng chui ngi v tn, lnh thch eo ti hnh l trn vai hoc ko trn xe trt tuyt nim c m tr v nh vi nhng chic b y vng li cun h. Nhng tic thay i vi a s nhng ngi i tm vng bng, c m khng my khi thc hin c. Trong th k va qua, cc m vng c pht hin Xibia, trn b sng Lna. Nhng lch s ca vng nc Nga cn i ngc v nhng thi i sm hn. Ngay t u th k XVII xut hin nhng ng tin vng u tin ca nc Nga - ng mi cpech v ng nm cpech do Vasili Suixki pht hnh.

Di thi n hong Elizaveta Petropna xut hin ng tin vng ln, tr gi 10 rp. ph hp vi ngi nm quyn bnh cao nht nc Nga, ngi ta gi nhng ng tin ny l hong kim. C l Elizaveta Petropna l ngi khng th vi vng: sau khi b ta qua i, trong hong cung cn li mt di sn kch s gm v s hm ln hm nh y p tin vng. Cc vin i thn o mo cng c gng khng lc hu so vi bc vng. Chng hn, nm 1711, cng tc Gagarin quyt nh lm cho thin h lc mt v s giu c ca mnh nn lm mt c xe lng ly, m nhi bng t nc ngoi. ng ta ra lnh bc bnh xe bng bc, ng mng cho tm con nga bng vng nguyn cht, ng ni : thy cha ! ta cng bit n chi y ch. Vic khai thc vng nc Nga bt u t gia th k XVIII sau khi ngi nng dn Erofei Markop pht hin c m vng u tin trn b sng Berezopka Uran vo nm 1745 trong lc i tm thch anh cho tu vin Ba ngi. X Uran tr thnh ci ni ca cng nghip vng nc Nga. Cng Uran tm c khi vng t sinh ln nht trong nc, nng 36 kilgam. Mt ngi th ca nh my Mias tn l Nikifor Xiutkin tm thy n lu vc sng Mias vo nm 1842. Ngay sau , vt qu ny c a v Petecbua ; y, n gy nn cnh huyn no khc thng. Khi vng t sinh ln nht nc Nga, u phi l chuyn thng! Vin gim th m c thng hun chng Xtanixlap, vin qun c xng c hng ph cp mt nm. Cn nhn vt chnh ca l mng th sao? Mt tp ch c vit rng, Xiutkin ung ru say mm, sm hn ngi, bt u i lm mun, v c nh th cho n khi, theo lnh ca ch m, ngi ta ui anh i, mt my sng hp, o qun rch bm, tay chn b tri cht v b mt trn n nh t trc mt cc nhn vin ca m t tp li khi nghe ting trng. Di thi Sa hong, iu kin lm vic ti cc m vng v cng nng nhc. T sng sm n khuya, nhng ngi phu m vng b rui mui n tht, cng lng i hng tn ct trn nhng ci mng rt th s. Khng phi ngu nhin m lc th ni ny, khi th ni khc, n ra nhng cuc nh cng.

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Trong s , vang di nht l cuc nh cng n ra nm 1912 ti cc m sa khong dc sng Lna, tng i vo lch s ca phong tro cch mng Nga. Sau cch mng, k thut mi, trt t mi c a n cc m vng. T mt ngh na th cng, khai thc vng tr thnh mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip hin i nht. Hin nay ch c th nhn thy chic khay i vng trong cc vin bo tng. By gi, vng c khai thc bng nhng tu cuc - l nhng c my cao bng c to nh bn tng, c trang b cc c cu t ng, cc kh c iu khin t xa, cc b phn truyn hnh cng nghip. Theo c tnh ca cc chuyn gia kinh t, mt tu cuc c ln ch cn vi ngi iu khin, c th thay th chn tay nng nhc ca mi hai ngn ngi i vng. Sau khi c tch khi t , nhng ht vng nh li ti li c x l tip bin thnh nhng thi vng nh. Song cng hay gp kim loi ny dng cc khi t nhin, tc l nhng khi vng t sinh. Chng ta ni n mt khi nh vy khi vng t sinh ln nht nc Nga. Cc khi vng t sinh ln nht th gii c tm thy chu c hi th k trc. Nm 1869, din ra cuc gp g vi ngi khch l ng mong nng 71 kilgam. Ba nm sau tm thy phin Honterman; cng vi t xen ln th khi ny nng 285 kilgam, trong , ring vng nng chng 100 kilgam. Nhng mn qu him c ny ca thin nhin nay u khng cn na: C hai khi vng t sinh ny b nu li c thnh thi. i khi vng c nhng ch rt bt ng. Gn Bng Cc th Thi Lan, c mt pho tng pht rt ln m khng ai bit l n c ch n y t bao gi. Na th k trc y, ngi ta quyt nh xy dng mt nh my ca ln ch ny, do , cn phi chuyn pho tng i ni khc. Khi nhc pho tng ln khi b, mc du dng nhng bin php rt thn trng, pho tng Pht bn thn bng vn b nt, v tn trong k nt l ra ci g ng nh. Nhng ngi ch o cng vic quyt nh bc lp v ngoi bc tng. Tc th trc mt nhng ngi c mt lc hin ln mt ng pht bng vng nguyn cht, nng 5,5 tn. Cc chuyn gia xc nh rng, pho tng c y khng km by trm tui. C l, trong nhng nm chin tranh phong kin gia cc phe phi, phng bt trc, nhng ngi ch ca pho tng Pht bng vng mc cho ngi b c sa bng , ri mt iu g cn tr h ci b y phc y ra. Hin nay, pho tng ny ang c bo tn ti Cha Vng ni ting Bng Cc. Trong ton b lch s ca mnh, loi ngi khai thc khng qu 100 nghn tn vng. Nh vy c nhiu khng? C l khng nhiu. xc nhn iu ny, xin a ra mt th d trc quan: nu lng vng ny c biu th bi mt khi lp phng th mi chiu ca n ch mi c 17 mt, m theo c tnh ca cc nh a cht th ch ring trong v tri t thi, c n 100 t tn vng (!) Tr lng kim loi ny, m trn thc t l khng th cn kit, ho tan trong nc ca cc i dng v bin trn hnh tinh ca chng ta. Cc kho vng trong i dng c b xung thng xuyn : To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

cc con sng chy qua nhng vng cha vng, xi ra kim loi ny ra khi t v mang ra bin. Nhng ly vng t nc bin c thc thi nhiu ln. Ngay sau chin tranh th gii th nht, nh ho hc c Fritx Habe (Fritz Haber) l mt trong nhng ngi u tin lm cng vic ny vi nh gnh cho c khon tin bi thng chin tranh. Nm 1920, vi khon tin tr cp ca ngn hng v ca phng bo chng Franfut, mt u ban hon ton b mt c thnh lp alem nhm tm cch ly vng t nc bin. Sau tm nm tm ti lin tc, Habe hon chnh nhng phng php phn tch chnh xc nht cho php pht hin vng khi hm lng ca n ch bng 0, 000 000 000 1 gam trong mt lt, v c nhng phng php lm cho hm lng nguyn t ny trong nc tng ln 10 ngn ln. Tng nh thnh cng n ni ri. Nhng (chnh ti thi im cui cng li hay xut hin ci nhng bt ng ny), cc php phn tch c tin hnh rt cn thn nh chnh li rng, hm lng vng trong nc bin t hn khong mt ngn ln so vi d tnh ca Habe. R l mt tin g, ba tin thc. Vi trnh k thut hin i th vn nh vy khng phi l khng gii quyt c. Hin nay, nhiu hng nc ngoi ang tin hnh cc cuc nghin cu trong lnh vc ny, v ai bit c rng, c th trong nhng nm sp ti, i dng s tr thnh nhng m vng v tn. Cn mt hng na cng rt ng ch m cc nh bc hc Php v Lin X ang theo ui. y mun ni n cc qu trnh luyn kim vi sinh hc. Cch y cha lu lm, khoa hc bit nhng vi khun n vng. Mt s bin chng ca cc loi nm mc dng nh c kh nng ht vng khi dung dch ri c bao ph bi mt lp mng nhum vng. em sy kh mng nm v nung ln th thu c vng, nhng thc ra, ch vi mt lng rt nh b. Phng php ny vn cha ra khi bn bc tng ca phng th nghim, nhng cc nh bc hc tin chc rng, hon ton c th s dng c hot ng sinh ho mnh lit ca nhiu vi khun vo thc tin ly vng ra khi t . Ngay nay, cng c th thu c vng t cc loi khc. Cc bn s hi : Xin li, phi chng c m ngn nm ca cc nh gi kim thut c thc hin, v cui cng, tm ra c hn mu nhim ri ? Cng vic y khng phi l nh hn mu nhim m mn vt l ht nhn thay th n mt cch c kt qu. Khi dng ntron bn ph cc nguyn t irii, platin, thu ngn, tali trong cc l phn ng nguyn t, cc nh bc hc khai thc c cc ng v phng x ca vng. C th s dng cc my gia tc (loi my gia tc vng ca my gia tc tuyn tnh) vo mc ch ny. y, in trng v t trng c s dng lm cho cc ht tch in t tc rt ln. Ni cho vui th chng ta nhn thy rng, cc nh vt l hc ngi Anh hin nay c l nhiu ln vi phm sc lnh m vua Henry IV k t u th k XIV: Bt c ai, d l ngi no, u khng c php bin i cc loi bnh thng thnh vng. Sau my trm nm, cha mt ai c th tr thnh ngi vi phm lut mc d rt nhiu ngi mun lm c nh th, v mi n th k XX, To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
sc lut ca nh vua mi b cc nh bc hc ch p. Th l cc bn quen vi lch s ca vng v vi vic khai thc vng. Nhng, kim loi ny l ci g vy ? Hin nay n c s dng ra sao?

X.I. Venetxki

Vng l mt trong nhng kim loi nng nht. Chnh tnh cht ny gip cho Acsimet vch trn tr bp bm ca bn th kim hon trong hong cung ca vua Hiero x Siracusa khi chng lm chic vng min bng vng theo yu cu ca ng vua ny. Nh vua yu cu nh bc hc cho bit r, ci vng min ny c c lm bng vng nguyn cht hay khng, hay l mt phn vng b thay th bi kim loi khc. Trong thi i chng ta, bi ton ny ch va tm hiu bit ca mt em hc sinh nh. Nhng th k trc cng nguyn, ngay c Acsimet v i cng phi vt c tm cu tr li cho nh vua. Nh bc hc lm nh sau: ng cn chic vng min, sau , dm vo nc v xc nh th tch ca n b chon ch. Ly khi lng ca vng min chia cho th tch, ng khng thu c con s 19,3 (ng vi mt ca vng) m c mt s nh hn. iu c ngha l bn th kim hon cum mt phn vng v thay vo mt th kim loi nh hn. Vng nguyn cht l mt kim loi rt mm v rt do. C th ko mt mu nh vng bng u que dim thnh mt si dy di vi kilomet hoc dt thnh mt l mng trong sut hi xanh c din tch chng 50 mt vung. Nu ly mng tay vch ln vng nguyn cht th s cn li du vt trn . V vy, trong ngh kim hon, ngi ta thng pha thm ng, bc, niken, caimi, palai v cc kim loi khc vo vng lm cho n bn hn. Cn trong cc trng hp gia cng vng nguyn cht, mt lng vng kh ln s bin thnh bi. Cui th k trc, M xy ra mt s vic k khi. Cch xng c tin Philaenphia khng xa c mt ngi nh th nh c k. Mt hm, khi ngi ta chun b sa cha li n th mt ngi trong thnh ph n yu cu bn cho anh ta ci mi nh rch nt v dng y vi gi kh t nhng ba ngn la ! C xm o kho nhau rng, anh ny mt tr ri, nhng khi m tin n tay m khng hng ly th cng c li. Ho ra cc chc sc nh th mi l nhng ngi ngc. Anh chng tinh khn ny co sch lp bi bn mi nh, ri t n trong tro c khong tm kilgam vng m gi tr ca n vt xa s tin m anh ta b ra tr cho xm o. Th ra qua nhiu nm, bi vng bay qua ng khi l nung ca xng c tin v lng xung mi vt xung quanh, nhng nhiu nht l trn mi nh th.

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Mt anh th qu ca mt ngn hng ln chu u cng t ra khng km tinh khn. S vic c k y xy ra trc chin tranh th gii th nht, khi m tin vng cn lu hnh a s cc nc. Mi ngy, hng ngn ng tin vng chy vo cc quy thu tin ca cc ngn hng; , chng c m li, phn loi v nim phong. Thng thng, cc cng vic ny c thc hin trn nhng chic bn g chuyn dng. Nhng mt hm, trc khi bt u lm vic, mt ngi th qu tri ln bn mt tm n mang t nh ri by tin ln m. Ngi ph trch rt vui lng v tnh cn thn nh vy v trong thi gian di ly ngi th qu ny nu gng cho nhng ngi khc. Mi bui sng, anh ta nh nhng rt tm n ca mnh t ngn ko ra v tri ln bn v khi ht ngy lm vic th gp li cn thn ct vo ngn bn. C n chiu th by, ngi th qu mang ming n v nh v sng th hai li mang mt ming n mi. S vic c tip din nh vy cho n khi ngi gip vic ca nh anh ta bp xp k rng, c mi ti th by, ng ch ca anh ta t ming n ln cho ri t. Bi vng bm vo cc si n b nng chy v bin thnh ht vng nh. Tnh bn vng ho hc rt cao l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca vng. Cc axit v cc cht kim u khng tc ng n vng. Ch ring nc cng toan (hn hp ca axit nitric v axit clohiric) ng s l c th ho tan vng. C mt ln Nin Bo nh vt l hc ni ting ngi an Mch, ngi tng ot gii thng Noben, s dng tnh cht ny. Nm 1934, khi thot khi tay bn c quc x, ng ri khi Copenhagen. Nhng trong tay ng cn hai huy chng Noben vng ca cc bn ng nghip l cc nh vt l hc chng pht xt ngi c Jeim Franc (James Franck) v Macx fon Laue (Max Laue) (huy chng ca bn thn Bo th c a ra khi an Mch t trc). Khng mun liu mang cc huy chng ny theo mnh, nh bc hc ho tan chng trong nc cng toan v t ci chai khng c g ng ch ny vo mt x trn sn nh, ni c nhiu chai l ng cc cht lng khc nhau m bi bm bm y. Sau chin tranh, khi tr v phng th nghim ca mnh, trc tin, Bo tm li ci chai qu bu y. Theo yu cu ca Bo, nhng ngi cng s ca ng tch vng ra khi dung dch, ri lm li hai tm huy chng. Vng thng c gi l vua ca cc kim loi; n c bao bc bng vng ho quang ca nim vinh hnh; ngi ta qu trng n, tn sng n. Tuy nhin, s phn ca n chng c g ng thm kht, bi v chng khc g mt ngi t chung thn. Tht vy, va c moi ln khi lng t, vng ri vo tay con ngi, ri con ngi li a n vo ni giam cm nhng chic t st kin c, nhng hm ngm bc st hoc bng b tng ct st. Chng hn pho i Nox ni c cc kho vng d tr ca M, ng sau nhiu lp dy thp gai mang

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

dng in vi in p nm ngn vn l nhng th nh th. Cc li n pho i ny t xa c bo v bng mi thp canh c trang b kh c quan trc v tuyn in t hin i nht. Sng lin thanh v i bc cc nhanh tc trc trong cc thp canh sn sng t ng nh n vo mc tiu. Pho i c ngn thnh tng phn, c nhng khoang cha y nc. Ch trong vi pht, tt c cc phng trong pho i c th trn ngp trong kh c tha sc tiu dit mi sinh vt mt cch nhanh chng. Chnh gia pho i, trong mt khi b tng ct st c bit c ng kn mt bng mt cnh ca nng hai chc tn vi nhng kho tinh xo cc k, l ni ct du vng ca nc M. Nhng con mt in t khng mt giy pht no l nh. My bay ln thng thng xuyn tun tiu trn pho i. Khng mt t nhn no trn th gii li b canh gi cn mt n th. Hin nay, trong s lng vng khai thc, ch mt phn tng i t c dng lm kim hon v lm rng gi. Mt iu th v l, vng c dng lm rng gi t thi thng c. Hi u nhng nm 50, ti ni mai tng trong kim t thp ca faraon Chephren ca nc Ai Cp c xa, cc nh bc hc tm c mt xc p trong ming c ba chic rng c gia c bng si dy vng . Tui ca chng tnh ra l hn bn ngn ri nm. Cc nh phu thut c xa s dng n vng. Chng hn, trong cc cuc khai qut c tin hnh Nam M, cc nh kho c hc tm thy hp xng s ca mt th lnh ngi Inka. Hp s ny khin cc nh y hc phi ch , v lc sinh thi, v ch nhny quyn th ca chic xng s ny tri qua mt cuc m x : trn xng s hin vn cn du vt ca vic khoan xng do nhng bn tay thin ngh tin hnh, ngoi ra, l khoan cn li trn m xng c nh phu thut c xa bt li rt k lng bng mt mnh vng mng. Cch y cha lu lm, lng vng dng cho cc nhu cu k thut ch nhiu hn cht t so vi lng vng dng lm rng gi. Trong nhng nm gn y, cng nghip bt u quan tm n vng nhiu hn. K thut in t ngy cng ngn nhiu vng lm vt liu cho cc tranzito v it. T cc hp kim ca vng vi platin, ngi ta lm ra cc chi tit ca thit b sn xut si tng hp, bi v nhng iu kin sn xut y i hi chng phi c tnh bn vng rt cao i vi tc ng ca cc ho cht. Trong k thut chn khng, ngi ta cng s dng vng nguyn cht v mt k thut. mc chn khng rt cao, vng bm cht vi ng khi hai kim loi ny tip xc vi nhau. Cc nguyn t ca kim loi ny xm nhp vo kim loi kia, thm vo , s khuych tn qua li nh vy xy ra nhit thp hn nhiu so vi nhit nng chy ca mi kim loi hoc bt c hp kim no ca chng. Trong k thut, nhng mi ghp ni kh bn to ra nh s trao i nh vy c gi l nhng con du vng. T vng, ngi ta lm ra cc vng chn kn v vng m cho cc khu quan trng trong my gia tc cc ht tch in; cc ch gip ni khc nhau trong cc ng v trong bung my gia tc cng c To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

hn bng vng. Vng bt kn cc l thot khng kh, v vy m gi c chn khng cc k cao trong cc thit b (vi chn khng nh hn p sut kh quyn hng t ln). chn khng trong bung gia tc cng cao th cc ht c bn sng trong cng lu. Cc k s tng t dy cp in thoi qua i Ty Dng hi nhng nm 50 phi nh n s gip ca vng. Nu nh cc bc in bo vn c truyn gia chu M v chu u t hn mt trm nm nay, th cc cuc ni chuyn bng in thoi qua i Ty Dng vn l mt nim m c tng nh khng th thc hin c. Kh khn ch yu l dng in truyn theo dy cp in thoi b suy yu rt nhanh. Lm th no khc phc iu ? Mun duy tr cng dng in, c th t nhng thit b khuych i cch nhau mt khong no trn sut chiu di dy cp. bo v cc thit b ny khi tc ng ph hu ca nc bin, nhiu chi tit ca chng c m bng vng. Th l gii quyt c mt vn k thut phc tp, v nm 1956 din ra cuc ni chuyn u tin bng in thoi qua i Ty Dng u tin trong lch s. Khng cn phi nghi ng g na, vng cn gp phn to ln vo vic chinh phc khng gian v tr. c bit, cc v tinh nhn to Prospero v Ariel dng nghin cu tng ion u khng phi l nhng v tinh bnh thng m l nhng v tinh bng vng; chng c m mt lp vng rt mng. S d nh vy l v vua ca cc kim loi bo m s iu chnh nhit rt tt cho lp bc bn ngoi cc v tinh, v n khng b oxi ho, cho php cc ion v cc ht tch in khc i qua d dng, nh vy m ngn chn c s tch t ca chng mt iu c th dn n nhng s trc trc qu ng ngoi d tnh. Gn 41 kilgam vng c dng vo vic ch to cc chi tit trn con tu v tr Columbia ca M. Nhu cu v vng i vi cng nghip mi nm mt tng. C l, sm hay mun th kim loi qu bu nht ny s t gi cc t st i vo cc nh my v cc phng th nghim, nhng ni m lc no n cng c th tm c nhng cng vic thch th hn.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Hg Nc bc

Hn hai trm nm trc y, M. V. Lmanxop nu mt nh ngha r rng v n gin v khi

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nim kim loi, ng vit: Kim loi l nhng vt th rn, d rn v sng ngi. Tht vy, st, nhm, ng, vng, bc, ch, thic v cc kim loi khc m ta c dp tip xc u hon ton ph hp vi cch din t nh vy. Nhng khng phi v c m ngi ta ni rng, chng c quy tc no m khng c ngoi l. Trong thin nhin c gn tm mi kim loi, nhng trong s ch c mt th th lng trong nhng iu kin bnh thng. C l cc bn on ra, y mun ni n thy ngn. Qua th d v thy ngn v i th ca n l vonfram, chng ta c th thy r rng, tnh cht ca cc kim loi thay i trong mt khong rt rng. Nu vonfram nng chy 3410 C ( d hnh dung, cc bn hay so snh nhit ca ngn la trong khoang lm vic ca l Mactanh ngay c tiu im chy cng khng qu 2000 C), th thy ngn ngay c khi gi rt kinh khng c vn th lng v ch ng c - 38,9 C. Nh cc bn thy y, tuy thy ngn v vonfram u thuc i gia nh cc kim loi, nhng chng l nhng k h hng xa vi nhau. Ln u tin, thy ngn c lm ng c vo nm 1759. trng thi rn, n l mt kim loi hi xanh, c nh nh bc, nhn b ngoi th hi ging ch. Nu rt thy ngn vo ci khun c hnh dng nh ci ba, sau lm ngui tht nhanh, bng khng kh lng chng hn, cho n khi ng c, th c th dng ci ba thy ngn ng inh vo vn, nhng phi ng tht nhanh, v dng c ny chng lu bn g u, n c th tan ngay trc mt bn.

Thy ngn l cht lng nng nht trong tt c mi cht lng m ngi ta bit: mt ca n bng 13,6 gam trn mt xentimet khi. iu c ngha l mt lt thy ngn nng hn mt x nc. Nu mt lc s c t no khng t qu t trn sn m th vo mt b thy ngn th qu t rt nng y s khng chm m c ni bng bnh trn b mt kim loi ny, ging nh ci nt bc trong nc vy, bi v st nh hn thy ngn rt nhiu. Con ngi quen bit thy ngn t thi tin s. N c ni n trong tc phm ca Arixtoten, Theophrat, Plini B, Vitruviut v ca nhiu nh bc hc khc thi c. Tn La tinh ca kim loi ny l hydrargyrum, ngha l nc bc, do ioxcorit - mt thy thuc Hy Lp tng sng hi th k I trc cng nguyn t ra. T thi by gi, v thy thuc ny cp n thy ngn - iu chng c g ng ngc nhin, v t thi c s, con ngi bit kh r nhng tnh cht cha bnh ca n. Thc ra, i khi vic s dng thy ngn vo mc ch cha bnh ch l theo cm tnh. Chng hn, trong sch v c c m t nhng trng hp khi b xon rut, ngi ta rt mt lng thy ngn no (chng 200 - 250 gam) vo d dy ngi bnh. Theo kin ca cc v thy thuc thi xa tng s dng phng php iu tr ny th nh c t trng ln v tnh c ng

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

cao, thy ngn c th lun lch vo nhng on rut quanh co sa nn li cc on rut b xon. Ta c th hnh dung c, nhng cuc thc nghim nh vy hn phi dn n nhng hu qu ra sao. thi i chng ta, chng xon rut c cha bng nhng phng php khc bo m hn, nhng hin nay, cc hp cht ca thy ngn vn c s dng rng ri trong y hc, chng hn, thy ngn (II) clorua (HgCl2) c cc tnh cht st trng; calomen (Hg2Cl2) c dng lm thuc x; mercuzan c dng lm thuc thng tiu tin; mt s thuc m cha thy ngn c dng lm thuc cha bnh ngoi da v mt s bnh khc. Tuy nhin, thy ngn khng phi ch c tc dng cha bnh m c th gy tai bin i vi c th na: nhiu hp cht ca thy ngn v ngay c hi thy ngn nhiu khi gy ng c cp tnh hoc hy hoi dn sc khe v tinh thn ca con ngi. Cc nh y hc xc nh c rng, ng c thy ngn thng dn n nhng cn ni khng v c. iu l c s khin cc nh s hc nu ra gi thuyt sau y. Sa Hong Ivan Hung bo (Tc l Ivan IV Vaxilievich (1530 - 1564), ng vua u tin ca ton ci Nga t nm 1547 (N. D.).) vn b hnh h bi nhng cn au xng nhc nhi nn s dng cc th thuc m cha thy ngn trong mt thi gian di; chnh cc thuc y khin cho ng ta mc chng ni khng khng th kim ch c, v trong mt cn cung n nh vy, ng ta git con trai ca mnh. Cc triu chng nhim c thy ngn cn biu hin nhng c im khc ca ng vua hung bo ny: ng ta thng xuyn b m nh bi nhng o gic v vn, nhng cn ng vc, lun lun c cm gic v nhng tai ha sp xy ra. Vic kho cu gii phu bnh l trn hi ct ca ng vua ny xc nhn tnh ng n ca gi thuyt : hm lng thy ngn trong xng ca nh vua qu l kh cao. Thy ngn ng vai tr nh mnh trong s phn ca cc vua cha khc chu u. Hi th k XVI, vua Erich XIV tr v nc Thy in. Nm 1568, ng ta b em mnh l Johan III trut khi ngai vng v ngi em mun ginh git quyn lc bng bt c gi no. Mt s t liu lch s cn gi c n ngy nay m ch rng, Erich XIV b u c. Cc nh bc hc Thy in quyt nh kim tra li xem c ng nh vy hay khng. Nhng lm th no ti hin bc tranh ca cc s kin tng xy ra hn bn trm nm trc y? Nh cc phng php phn tch hin i da trn nhng thnh tu ca vt l ht nhn, iu m trc y khng th lm c th nay c th thc hin c. Bi v hi ct ca nh vua n nay vn cn nn ru tc ca ng ta c nghin cu rt k. V khm ph ra iu g? Hm lng thy ngn trong tc ca nh vua cao hn hn mc bnh thng nh vy, c thuyt v vic u c vua Erich XIV c khoa hc xc nhn mt cch chn chc. Nh cc nh s hc tng nghin cu cc kho lu tr ca th k XVII khng nh, s nhim c thy ngn cng l nguyn nhn gy nn ci cht ca vua Carl (Charles) II thuc triu i Stuart nc Anh. Thc ra th trong trng hp ny, chnh nn nhn li l th phm. V say m nhng To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

tng gi kim thut, nh vua trang b mt phng th nghim trong cung nh; ti , ng ta s dng tt c mi thi gi rnh ri ngoi cng vic quc gia v sn bn nung thy ngn - mt cht rt quen thuc vi cc nh gi kim thut. Cc nh bc hc tm c nhng ti liu, trong m t cc triu chng bnh tt ca Carl II nh tnh cu gt, chng co git, bnh niu c (uremua - bnh i ra cc cht c) kinh nin. Cc bnh ny do tc ng lu di ca hi thy ngn gy ra. Khng th cu c nh vua, mc du cc v ng y th dng mi phng thuc hiu nghim nht ca y hc thi by gi: ht mu, ung k ninh, v c chm nng u. Ngi ta cn bit mt s vic na: nm 1810, trn chic tu Khi hon ca nc Anh, hn hai trm ngi b ng c do thy ngn trong thng tro ra. Khng c g ng ngc nhin khi Lin X v nhiu nc khc, php lut tuyt i nghim cm mt s ngnh sn xut cc cht mu cha thy ngn. Trong trng hp bt buc phi dng n thy ngn. Th phi p dng nhng bin php phng nga bo v sc khe cho cng nhn khi nh hng tai hi ca n.

Trong thin nhin khng c nhiu thy ngn. i khi bt gp n dng t sinh di dng nhng git nh li ti. Khong vt ch yu ca thy ngn l thn sa (HgS). l mt th p, ta nh c bao ph bi nhng vt mu ti. C mt tnh tit l th lin quan ti thn sa. Chng ta u bit rng, trong thi gian gn y, cc nh a cht vn tin hnh nhng cuc thc nghim v vic s dng ch tm kim cc khong sn. Khi mt nhm ch becgi qua mt thi k hun luyn, ngi ta t chc cho chng mt cuc st hch: trong s nhiu mu khong vt, chng phi tm ra thn sa. Cc con ch nhanh chng pht hin c khong vt ny, nhng chng vn cha yn tm vi iu lm c: dng nh c hn vi nhau, tt c bn chng u nhn thm canxi mu hng v coi cng l thn sa. Lc u, cc nh a cht u ci mt cch rng lng, nhng sau h quyt nh lm sng t nguyn nhn s nhm ln chung ny ca cc con vt d thi. Ha ra l bn trong nhng mu canxi mu hng c nhng vt m thn sa. Th l thanh danh ca cc nh a cht bn chn c khi phc. M thy ngn ln nht th gii l Anmaen (thuc Ty Ban Nha). Cho n gn y, m ny cung cp gn 80 % lng thy ngn khai thc c trn ton th gii. Trong cc tc phm ca mnh, Plini B c k rng, mi nm, La M mua ca Ty Ban Nha vi tn thy ngn. M Nikitop ( nbat) l mt trong nhng m thy ngn c xa nht Lin X. y, di nhng su khc nhau (n 20 mt) pht hin c nhng hm l c, trong c th tm thy nhng

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K chuyn v kim loi
cng c lao ng nh nhng chic ba bng . Cn mt m thy ngn c hn na - l m Khaiarcan (M v i) nm trong thung lng Fergana thuc nc cng ha Kirghizia. y vn cn li rt nhiu vt tch ca nhng cng trnh khai thc c xa: nhng hm l ln, nhng ci nm bng kim loi, chn nn, bnh bng t st nung thn sa, hng ng mu nn chy gn ht. Cc cuc khai qut kho c hc cho bit rng, ti thung lng Fergana, thy ngn c khai thc sut nhiu th k; mi cho n th k XIII XVI, sau khi Gingis Khan (Thnh ct t hn) v nhng k k v ca y hy dit cc trung tm th cng nghip v bun bn y, dn chng mi chuyn sang li sng du mc, v vic khai thc thy ngn mi dng li. trung , xa kia cng khai thc cc m thy ngn khc na. Chng hn, nhng dng ch khc chm trong cung in ca cc triu vua Akhemenit (th k VI - IV trc cng nguyn) ca nc Ba T c i Susa ni ln rng, thn sa (m thi by gi c dng lm thuc nhum) c a ln t dy ni Zerapsan nm trn a phn cc nc cng ho Tajikixtan v Uzbekixtan ngy nay. C l y thu ngn c khai thc t gia th k th nht trc cng nguyn. Lao ng ca phu m trc y rt nng nhc v c hi. Nh vn R. Kipling vit nhng dng nh sau: Ti th chn ci cht ti t nht cn hn l phi lm vic trong cc m thy ngn, ni m rng b mc dn trong ming. Cho n nay, trong cc hm l quanh co ngot ngoo, ni m xa kia khai thc thy ngn, c th tm thy v s xng ngi. Phi tr mt gi rt t - hng ngn sinh mng - i ly th m dng nh nhum mu tt c nhng ai tng xm nhp vo cc kho tng thy ngn. Thi trung c, vic khai thc thy ngn t n mc ng k, v n l thi k m ngh gi kim thut thu ht nhiu ngi khp mi ni. S d cc nh gi kim thut rt ch n thy ngn l v theo l lun ca h, th thy ngn, lu hunh v mui c xp vo hng cc nguyn t khi thy. Thy ngn c h coi l bn nguyn ca mun vt: nh c nhit nn bng tan ra thnh nc, ngha l bng t nc m ra; cc kim loi tan trong thy ngn, th ngha l, thy ngn l cht nguyn s ca cc kim loi ny. Nh vy, cc nh gi kim thut c trang b mt th l lun khoa hc vng chc, ch cn phi tm ra hn mu nhim (nh n m c th bin thy ngn thnh vng) ri ch cn vic xn tay o ln v bt tay vo vic. Nhng khn ni, vic tm kim hn mu nhim vn ko di, mc du cc nhn vt c quyn th nh vua Henri VI ca nc Anh, hong Ruon II ca ch La M thn thnh v cc vua cha khc chu u rt quan tm n kt qu may mn ca vic tm kim ny: h xy dng cc phng th nghim gi kim thut ln bn cnh cung in ca mnh. Thc ra, cc cuc nghin cu ny cng mang li mt s kt qu no . Mt nh gi kim thut trong cung nh ca vua Henri VI pht hin ra rng, khi c xoa mt lp thy ngn, ng s c nh To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

bc, v nh vua vn dng thit thc pht minh ny vo i sng: ng ta cho pht hnh mt lot ln tin ng, lm ra v nh tin bng bc, nh th m b ti c mt mn tin ln. Dn dn nhiu nc khc nhau xut hin nhng ngi tng nh nm c b mt ca hn mu nhim. i khi, l nhng nh bc hc b nhm ln, nhng thng th l nhng tay bp bm bit kh nhiu cch thu c vng nhn to. Mt trong nhng tr bp bm nh sau. Trc mt cng chng, nh gi kim thut dng chic a g khuy ch nng chy hoc thy ngn trong ni nung; trong ni c sn vi ht vng. Mt phn vng ny s ha tan trong kim loi nng chy. Tt nhin, sau th nghim, trong ni nung th no cng c th tm thy du vt ca vng chng t c s bin ha thn diu. Song nhng tin n v nhng nh o thut ny sm hay mun g th cng n tai v vua cha tr v trong nc, lc by gi th hoc l h nh phi th nhn ti la bp, hoc l phi t chc sn xut vng hng lot trong cung nh; nhng , chic a g chng lm nn tr trng g. Thng thng, k gi kim thut b vch mt gi di cng ging nh nhng tn lm tin gi - chng u b x gio trn chic gi treo c m vng, trong b qun o rc kim nh. Tuy vy, cng c nhng kiu hnh hnh khc. Chng hn, nm 1575, Qun cng x Lucxembua thiu sng mt ngi n b gi kim thut tn l Maria Ziglerin trong ci st v b ny khng cho ng ta bit thnh phn ca hn mu nhim m chnh b ta cng khng h bit, mc du khi ng trc tai ha, b ny khng nh rng mnh khng h bit t g. Sau mt thi gian, ngh gi kim thut b nh th cng gio ln n kch lit v chnh thc b nghim cm Anh, Php v cc nc khc. Nhng nhng cuc th nghim ln lt ca cc nh gi kim thut vn khng chm dt, v cc v n t hnh vn tip din. Nh ha hc Php Jan Barilo (Jean Barillot) ri vo bn tay c c v b t hnh ch v ng nghin cu tnh cht cht ha hc ca cc nguyn t trong phng th nghim ca mnh. Nhng th nghim ca ng b coi l ng ng v s phn ca nh bc hc c quyt nh ngay lp tc. Trong cc n thuc gi kim thut cn lu li n ngy nay, thy ngn thng c gi l mercury. T thi c La M, kim loi ny mang tn gi , v cc ht thy ngn c kh nng chy nhanh trn cc b mt nhn, m theo ca ngi La M th iu gi nh n thn Mercury tinh ranh khn kho v tho vt, l v thn ph h ngh bun bn. Nhn y cng ni thm rng, trong sch v v ngh gi kim thut, cc nguyn t khc cng c m ha: vng c k hiu bng biu tng mt tri, st - sao Ha, ng - sao Kim v. v Bng cch , cc nh gi kim thut giu kn nhng hiu bit ca mnh i vi nhng ngi ngoi cuc khng quen thuc nhng k hiu ca h. Thy ngn c kh nng ha tan nhiu kim loi, to thnh cc hn hng (amalgam). T trc cng nguyn, ngi ta nhn thy iu . Cc hn hng gip nh bc hc Anh Hmfri vi tch To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

c bari, stronti, magie trng thi t do ln u tin trong lch s: trc tin, ng iu ch hn hng ca cc kim loi ny, sau mi tch chng ra khi thy ngn. Hn hng c dng m mt lp vng rt mng trn cc vm nh th bng ng. Chng hn, vm nh th Isaac c xy dng Petecbua trong nhng nm 1818 - 1858 theo thit k ca Monferran cng c m vng theo phng php ny. Hn 100 kilgam vng nguyn cht c bin thnh hn hng ri em trng ln nhng tm ng ng knh gn 26 mt p mi vm khng l ca nh th ny. B mt cc tm ng c c ra cn thn cho sch ht du m, ri c mi nhn v nh bng, sau , chng c ph mt lp hn hng - dung dch vng trong thy ngn. Tip , cc tm ng ny c nung nng trn nhng ci l c bit cho n khi thy ngn bc hi ht v li mt lp vng rt mng (vi micron) trn tm ng. Nhng m hi thy ngn mu xanh nht tng nh tan bin mt khng cn du vt g kp u c nhng ngi th m vng. Mc d, theo quy tc an ton thi by gi, nhng ngi th m vng s dng nhng ci chp bng thy tinh ngn hi thy ngn, nhng nhng b qun o bo h lao ng ny khng th cu h khi b ng c. Nhiu ngi cht trong nhng cn au n thm thng. Theo chng c ca nhng ngi ng thi, vic m mi vm ny ngn mt hng chc sinh mng ngi th. Khng phi ch c nhng s vic thng tm m cn c nhng cu chuyn bun ci lin quan n cc hn hng. Ngi ta k rng, hi u th k ca chng ta, mt nh nghin cu th iu ch vng t thy ngn bng cch cho phng in mnh vo hi thy ngn. ng tn nhiu thi gian v cng sc, song cui cng t c kt qu: nhng du vt u tin ca vng xut hin trong thy ngn. Nh thc nghim vui mng khn xit. Nhng ng phi tht vng bit bao khi v l ra rng, ch l du vt ca vng t ci gng knh ca ng ta ri vo thy ngn m thi. V thnh thong phi dng tay chnh li knh trn mt, m trn tay li c nhng git thy ngn nh li tim, nn nh bc hc a vng dng hn hng vo chn thy ngn m ng ta ang nghin cu.

Hin nay, nhiu khi hn hng cng c s dng m vng cho cc sn phm bng kim loi (tt nhin, cng vic y s tri chy v khng cn nguy him na), s dng trong vic sn xut gng, trong ngh cha rng, trong cc cng vic phng th nghim. Mui th ngn ca axit fuminic, tc l thy ngn fuminat (Hg(ONC)2), c dng lm thuc n. Trong k thut, thy ngn dng tinh khit cng c s dng rng ri. Chng hn, trong cng nghip ha hc, n tham gia qu trnh sn xut kh clo, xt n da, axit axetic tng hp. Van thy ngn dng chnh lu dng in xoay chiu, va bn va rt bo

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

m. Cc kh c o lng v t ng iu khin c lp cng tc thy ngn: chng bo m vic ng v ngt mch in mt cch tc thi. n thy ngn - thch anh to ra bc x t ngoi rt mnh: trong y hc, loi n ny c s dng kh trng khng kh trong phng m, chiu ri c th ngi vi mc ch cha bnh. Hi thy ngn long trn thm kh agon c dng np vo cc ng thy tinh ca n hunh quang. Ngay t trc chin tranh th gii th hai, n hi thy ngn c dng th chiu sng ng ph Goocki Maxcva. Nhng c t lu th phi b loi n ny v nh sng nht nht nh thy ma do chng pht ra lm cho sc mt mi ngi ging nh mu t th, trng tht kh chu, cn sp mi mu ti th bin thnh mu xanh. V sau, ngi ta nghin cu cc cht hunh quang c bit, nu c dng ph ln b mt trong ca ng n th s c nh sng c mu khc nhau, nht l loi nh sng rt ging nh sng ban ngy. Thy ngn c duyn n vi mt trong nhng pht minh khoa hc quan trng nht ca th k chng ta - l pht minh v hin tng siu dn. Nm 1911, khi nghin cu tnh cht ca cc cht nhit thp, nh vt l hc kim ha hc ngi Ha Lan Heike Kemerling - Onet (Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes) khm ph ra rng, gn khng tuyt i, ni chnh xc hn 4,1 K, thy ngn hon ton khng c in tr na. Hai nm sau , nh bc hc ny c tng gii thng Noben. Nm 1922, nhng cng hin khoa hc ca nh ha hc Tip Khc Iaroxlap Geiropxki (Jaroslav Heyrosky) cng c nh gi cao nh vy. ng pht minh ra phng php cc ph phn tch ha hc, trong , thy ngn ng vai tr kh quan trng. Thy ngn l tc nhn ch yu trong nhiu kh c vt l : p k k thut, kh p k, bm chn khng. Nhng c l nhit k l kh c thu ngn ph bin nht. th k XVII, khi nhng kh c o nhit u tin mi c sng ch, nc c dng lm cht lng ch th nhit . Nhng khi gp lnh, nc ng bng lm cho thu tinh b v v nhit k b hng. Qun cng Ferinan II ca x Toxcan c l l ngi snh ru vang, ng ta ngh dng ru vang thay cho nc; nh vy, nhit k bn chc hn, nhng bi v cht lng ca ru khng phi lc no cng ging nhau nn ngi ta nhn thy nhng sai lch r rt ch ca cc nhit k khc nhau. Nh vt l hc Php Amonton l ngi u tin dng thu ngn o nhit . Sau t lu, vo nm 1724, nh vt l hc c Farengei (Fahrenheit) ch to kiu nhit k thu ngn ca mnh vi thang chia m hin nay vn c dng Anh v M. Hin nay, cc nhit k thu ngn c nhiu cng dng rt khc nhau. Cu to ca nhit k, nht l c ng mao dn m thu ngn dch chuyn trong , ph thuc vo tng cng dng. ng mao dn ca cc nhit k y hc c ng knh nh nht - ch bng 0,04 milimet. c th nhn thy ct thy ngn ht sc mnh d y bng mt thng, ng mao dn c lm theo hnh lng knh phng i To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
ba mt, mt sau c trng mt lp men trng ln nn. cho thy ngn khng tt xung khi ngi ta cha vy n ln, cn phi thu hp ng dn mt ch no , nhng khng th thu hp phn ng lng tr ba mt. V vy, di phn lng tr y, ngi ta gn thm mt on ng tr trn nh v lm ch tht . Thy ngn c dng trong nhit k phi ht sc tinh khit, v nhng tp cht d rt t cng c th lm cho ch b sai lch ng k. Chnh v vy nn thy ngn phi c lc ra, chng ct, sau mi c np vo ng mao dn bng thy tinh. Nhn y xin ni thm, thy tinh tuy gin nhng cho n nay n vn l vt liu m khng th g thay th c trong trng hp ny. Gi s ta dng cht do trong sut lm vt liu cha thy ngn cng khng c, v cht do ging nh mt sng, oxi s lt vo v lm hng thy ngn. Np thy ngn vo ng mao dn l mt thao tc rt quan trng, v khng th cho khng kh lt vo trong ng. Trc y, khi qu trnh ny cn c thc hin bng tay, ngi th phi nung cc ng np y thy ngn, ln lt u n n u kia trong vi tun l xua ui ht bt kh ra ngoi. Hin nay, cng vic c lm bng my va nhanh li va hiu qu hn.

X.I. Venetxki

Trc khi a vo s dng, cc nhit k cn phi tri qua nhiu cuc th nghim v kim tra. Than i, li buc ti ph phm vn ch i mt vi ci trong s . ng i ca nhng ci nhit k bt hnh ny nh phi kt thc y - trong st ng ph phm. Nhng th l khng cn phi nghi ng g tnh chnh xc ca cc nhit k vt qua mi cuc st hch, v c nhn mt loi bng tt nghip - l nhn hiu xut xng. Git thy ngn v t nm trong ng mao dn bng thy tinh s phc v khoa hc, cng nghip, nng nghip, y hc mt cch trung thnh. Vi thin lch s nhiu th k ca mnh, vic sn xut thy ngn vt qua mt chng ng di. Xa kia, ngi ta nung qung thy ngn trong chu t, cn hi thy ngn bc ln th c ngng t trn nhng l cy ti mi cht, t cnh chu, trong bung xy bng gch. Ngy nay, ti cc nh my cc thit b t ng lm vic lin tc tinh luyn thy ngn. Ngi th ch cn n nt iu khin t xa, th l hng tn tinh qung thy ngn cht y cc phu tip liu ca mt l in ln. Trong l, vi nhit hng trm , thy ngn bc hi khi tinh qung. Sau , hi thy ngn c ngng t, to thnh thy ngn lng ri chy vo b cha. Tip theo, thy ngn c lm sch hn, ri c rt vo nhng bnh bng thp, mi bnh ng c 35 kilgam. Nu l loi thy ngn c bit tinh khit ( qua khu tinh luyn) c cht lng cao th c rt vo cc bnh ng bng s, mi bnh cha c 5 kilgam. N c a vo kho thnh

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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K chuyn v kim loi
phm dng nh vy. T y nc bc nhn giy thng hnh vo i.

X.I. Venetxki

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin Pb K dit tr ch La M

Ngng cu thnh La M - iu th mi ngi bit ri. Nhng con ngng cnh gic kp thi pht hin qun ch n gn v lp tc bo tin nguy cp bng nhng ting ku khn c. Ln ny, ngi La M c xa c bnh an v s. Tuy nhin, ch La M v sau vn b sp . Vy th ci g l nguyn nhn sp ch tng hng mnh mt thi y? V l do g m ch La M b dit vong?

ch La M c xa b u c bng ch - mt s nh c cht hc ngi M v Canaa i n kt lun nh vy. Theo kin ca h, vic s dng ng (bnh, cc, chn) bng ch v cc m phm cha cc hp cht ca ch dn n s ng c kinh nin v cht yu ca gii quyn qu La M. Ngi ta bit rng, nhiu hong tng cai tr ch La M trong vi th k u cng nguyn, tc l thi k tn ti cui cng ca ch ny, mc chng bnh tm thn no . Tui th trung bnh ca cc ng trng th tc La M thi y thng khng qu 25. Nhng ngi thuc cc ng cp thp nht th b nhim c ch mc t hn v h khng c cc chn bng ch t tin v h khng dng m phm. Nhng h cng s dng ng dn nc do nhng ngi n l La M lm ra, m chng ta bit, cc ng u c lm bng ch. Con ngi th cht dn cht mn, ch th qut quo. L tt nhin, c li trong khng phi ch ring ch. Cn c nhng nguyn nhn su xa hn - v mt chnh tr, x hi, kinh t. Song d sao vn c mt phn s tht trong lp lun ca cc nh bc hc M: khi tin hnh khai qut pht hin thy l hi ct ca ngi La M c i cha mt lng ch ln. Tt c cc hp cht d ha tan ca ch u c. Ngi ta xc nh c rng, nc m ngi La

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

M xa kia dng n ung c cha nhiu kh cacbonic. Khi phn ng vi ch, n tao thnh ch cacbonat d ha tan trong nc. Ch i vo c th ngi d vi nhng lng rt nh, u b gi li trong c th v thay th dn dn cht canxi trong xng. iu dn n chng bnh kinh nin. Nhng khng phi ch ring vic lm cho ch La M b dit vong, m cn c nhng s vic en ti khc nng ln lng tm ca ch. Trong thi k m ta n gio hi ang hong hnh, cc gio s dng tn (Jsuites) s dng ch nng chy lm dng c tra tn v hnh hnh. Cn n , ngay t u th k XIX, nu mt ngi thuc ng cp thp hn m c hoc v tnh nghe lm kinh k ca nhng ngi B la mn th s b rt ch nng chy vo tai ( bo v quyn lc ca mnh i vi dn chng, bn o s Babilon, Ai Cp, n gi tuyt mt nhng kin thc ca mnh). Venezia cn gi c mt nh t trung c, ni m xa kia tng giam gi nhng k phm ti quc s. Nh t ny c ni vi mt di tch kin trc ni ting - Cung in ca cc v i thng lnh - bng chic cu Than th. Trn tng p mi nh t c nhng bung c bit di mi ch dnh cho nhng phm nhn trng phm. Ma h, cc phm nhn b ngt ngt v nng bc, ma ng th b but cng v gi lnh. Cn trn cu Than th th vng nghe nhng ting ku thm thit T khi sng ch ra sng ng, ch bt u c c n git ngi cho sng lc, sng trng; ch tr thnh l l vng chc nht trong cc cuc tranh ginh gia cc phe i ch. Ch nhiu ln quyt nh cc din ca nhng trn nh ln cng nh ca nhng trn u cn lt vt. Ngi ta c th mang mt n tng l ngoi tai hi ra th chng cn ai mong i c g ch na; v vy, nhim v trc mt v ch yu ca loi ngi l hon ton loi tr th kim loi c c tng mang li bit bao tai ha v au kh ny. Nhng v l g m ngi ta khng mun i n s gii thot nh vy, ngc li, vic sn xut ch vn c m rng khng ngng. Trong s tt c cc kim loi mu, ch c nhm, ng v km l c sn xut nhiu hn ch. Th kim loi ny c nhng tc dng hu ch g vy? Lch s tng bit n nhiu trng hp, trong , cc dn tc pht ng nhng cuc chin tranh chnh ngha ginh li c lp v t do - v trong cuc u tranh ny, ch gip h. bo v vng chc b ci nc mnh, khng nhng phi c thuc sng trong kho n dc m cn phi c ch. Bi vy, ngha qun s ca kim loi ny rt to ln. Khi s pht trin ca k thut dn n vic ch to t, tu ngm, my bay, dn n s xut hin ca cng nghip ha hc v cng nghip k thut in, th xy ra mt s nhy vt ht sc t ngt trong vic sn xut ch. Ngay t nm 1859, nh vt l hc Gaxton Plante (Gaston Plante) ngi Php pht minh ra mt ngun in ha hc - l cquy ch. Hn mt trm nm qua, trn th gii sn xut mt s lng rt ln nhng kh c n gin nhng bn chc tch ly nng lng: khong mt phn ba tng sn lng ch trn th gii c dng vo vic sn xut cquy. Cch y khng lu, nhng th ln ngi To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Anh vt c mt chic tu ngm b m t u th k ny v tm thy trong mt b cquy ch. H rt ngc nhin khi nhn thy rng, tuy nm di nc bin tm chc nm khng hn khng km, th m n vn cn pht ra in. Mt d n c o c xut M: ti bang Michigan, ngi ta nh dng mt b cquy ch c kch thc khng l; n c giao ph mt s mnh quan trng: tha mn nhu cu v in ca c bang trong nhng gi cao im. B cquy nng gn ba ngn tn ny s c np in trong nhng gi m nhu cu v in gim xung mc thp. Cng nghip nhin liu l mt ngnh tiu th rt nhiu ch. Trong cc ng c xng, phi nn hn hp nhin liu trc khi t chy, v nn cng mnh th ng c lm vic cng kinh t. Nhng mc nn kh cao, hn hp nhin liu s n ch khng ch n lc c t chy. D nhin, li hnh ng t pht nh vy khng th chp nhn c. Ch tetraetyl gip tr kh cn bnh ny. Ch cn pha thm n vo xng vi mt lng nh (cha n 1 gam 1 lt) l ngn chn hin tng n, buc nhin liu phi chy u, m ch yu l chy ng thi im cn thit. Bi v ch tetraetyl rt c nn xng c pha cht ny thng c nhum mu hng, mu lc hoc mu da cam v. v (ty theo nhn hiu) d phn bit vi xng thng. ng tic l cc ng c t phun ra rt nhiu cht c theo cc cht kh thi. Cc nh bc hc ca vin cng ngh hc California (nc M) c tnh rng, nhng m my ch (nh cc bn thy, li ni vn chng cc m my ch c c ngha en na y) c tung ln trn bu tri cc thnh ph ln: trong mt nm, ch tnh trn cc bin v i dng bn cu bc c khong 50 ngn tn ch ri xung, m ch yu l do lng ch pha vo xng gy nn. y mi ch l pha mt gam cho mt lt thi y! Ngay c trong tuyt bc cc cng tm thy ch do t thi ra. Lu nay, cc nh chuyn mn ang tm cch thay th ch tetraetyl v cng t c nhng kt qu no trong vic ny. Nhng s liu thu c khi phn tch tuyt trn bng gi Grnlan cng rt ng ch . Cc mu tuyt c c ly cc tng khc nhau tng ng vi mt thi k lch s nht nh. Trong cc mu hnh thnh th k VIII trc cng nguyn, c mt kilgam tuyt c c cha n 0, 000 000 4 miligam ch (con s ny c coi l mc nhim ch t nhin, m ngun ch yu l t nhng trn phun tro ca ni la). Nhng mu thuc gia th k XVIII (tc l lc bt u cuc cch mng cng nghip) cha ch nhiu gp hai mi lm ln. Tip theo bt u mt cuc hnh qun tht s ca nguyn t ny trn o Grnlan: hm lng ch trong cc mu tuyt c ly tng trn cng, tc l tng tng ng vi thi i chng ta, vt qu mc t nhin n nm trm ln. Trong tuyt vnh cu cc khi ni cao thuc Chu u, hm lng ch cn cao hn na. Chng hn, trong vng mt trm nm gn y, hm lng ch trong tuyt c ca sng bng vng ni Tatry Thng tng ln khong mi lm ln. Cn nu ly mc t mc hm lng t nhin th thy rng, Tatry Thng - ni gn cc khu cng nghip - mc ny b vt qu gn hai trm ngn ln ! To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Cch y cha lu lm, nhng cy si hng my trm tui mc mt cng vin gn trung tm thu Xtckhm tr thnh i tng nghin cu ca cc nh bc hc Thy in. Th ra trong thi gian gn y, hm lng ch trong nhng cy si bn trm tui tng vt ln cng vi s gia tng cng vn chuyn bng t. Chng hn, nu cui th k trc, trong g ca cc cy si ny ch c 0, 000 001 % ch, th n gia th k XX, tr lng ch tng gp i, v n cui nhng nm 70 cn tng ln gp mi ln na. pha cy hng v ng t, hm lng ch li cng cao hn rt nhiu bi v pha y chu tc ng ca kh thi nhiu hn. Ti trin lm quc t Expo - 75 c t chc trn o Okinaoa (Nht Bn) c mt vt trng by khc thng thu ht s ch ca khch tham quan. l mt ct bng cao ba chc mt, c x t mt ni bng m tui ca n ngt ba ngn nm. Cc cuc kho cu do cc nh bc hc Nht Bn, M v Lin X tin hnh cho bit rng, trong my chc nm gn y, ni bng ny phi cha chp mt lng ch khng nh - kt qu ca s pht trin nh v bo ca ngnh vn ti t. Trong k thut hin i, ch cn c kh nhiu ngh khc. Chng hn, trong cng nghip k thut in, kim loi ny c dng lm v bc dy cp rt bn chc v kh do dai. Mt lng ch kh ln c dng lm que hn. bo v thit b khi s n mn, cc nh my ha cht v cc x nghip luyn kim mu, ngi ta m ch (ph mt lp ch rt mng) ln b mt bn trong cc bung v cc thp sn xut axit sunfuric, cc ng dn, cc b ty ra v cc b in phn. Trong nhiu my mc v c cu, c th gp cc hp kim lm bi gm ch v cc nguyn t khc. Cn phi k t m hn v mt trong cc hp kim ca ch. Cng vi stibi v thic, ch c mt trong hp kim ch in lm ra nhng con ch v nhng yu t khc ca b ch in sch bo. Nh khai sng ngi c th k XVIII Gheorg Crixtop Lictenbec (Georn Christoph Lichtenberg) nh gi vai tr ny ca ch mt cch y hnh nh. ng vit: Th gii c bin i bi ch nhiu hn l bi vng; y khng phi l ch t hng sng m l ch t b ch in. Ni cho ng th ch c quan h kh trc tip vi ch vit t lu, trc khi nh sng ch v i Iohan Gutenbec (Johann Gutenberg) ngi c s dng n c ch in. Cch y cha lu lm, cc nh kho c hc X - vit tm thy trn o Berezan (nm trong Bin en, cch li vo vng niep) mt bc th thi c Hy Lp trn mt tm ch mng c cun li thnh mt ci ng. Khi khai qut cc ph tch ca thnh ph c Onvia trn b sng Bug cng pht hin c mt bc th nng trch nh th. Phng php trao i th t nh vy tng lan trn rng ri Hy Lp c i, nhng ch c nm bc th bng ch n tay cc nh bc hc hin nay. Ti sao nhng cun kim loi ny li l mt th ca him? ng l chng n li ch cho con chu ham hiu bit ca mnh, cho nn sau khi c xong, ngi nhn th lin s dng n lm qu cn v cc sa cha mi nh, cng nh s dng vo cc mc ch thc dng khc. Bc th tm c Berezan c vit t th k VI trc cng nguyn, trong , mt ngi tn l To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

Akhiloor k vi Anacxagor v vic tranh chp n l. Trong mt bc th khc, mt ngi no tn l Batikon tm s vi bn mnh l ifin v nhng mi xc ng nhn mt v kin tng khng t kt qu. Th l 2500 nm v sau, ch cho cc nh s hc bit i nt v i sng v cc mi quan h x hi ca nhng ngi dn c Hy Lp di thc tng khai khn vng ven Bin en. Trong thi i chng ta, cc hp cht ca ch c cng dng nhiu mt. T vi trm nm nay, th gii bit n pha l - mt th thy tinh trong sut nh xng mai hn h trc s n gin ca nh sng v trc m thanh du dng trong tro. Th m s xut hin ca pha l li lin quan vi ch. Hi u th k XVII, nhng ngi nu thy tinh nc Anh chuyn t cch nung bng ci sang cch nung bng than. Hn l mi s phi tt p nu nh khng c mui than, m mui than th li qu nhiu. Khi ri vo cao thy tinh, cc ht mui than lm cho thy tinh tr nn ti mu v m c. trnh iu , ngi ta bt u nu thy tinh trong nhng ci ni kn mt, nhng n thng khng chn, v lc by gi, m ni tht chnh xc l vo nm 1653, nhng bc thy nu thy tinh quyt nh pha thm ch vo cao thy tinh h thp nhit nng chy ca n. Th l xy ra mt iu k diu: ci cc bng thy tinh mi ny sng lp lnh nh kim cng v pht ra m thanh k o. Thy tinh ch rt p, tng t nh nhng tinh th thch anh v c gi l pha l. Vy l nh c ch m ngi ta to ra c mt vt liu tuyt p lm nn nhng sn phm tht ng kinh ngc. Ngc li, ch em n nhng ni bun phin ln cho nhng ngi yu thch pha l. Mt ln, cc c quan hu trch iu tra mt v ha hon. Ngi nh b chy tri, nhng tht may mn cho ngi ch, tt c ti sn c bo him hon ton, m mt khon tin ln c tnh ton n b cho ng ta, v theo li ng ta th ngoi nhng vt khc, trong nh tn gi mt b su tp pha l rt c gi tr, th m la bin n thnh nhng cc thy tinh chng ra hnh th g na. Tuy nhin, cc nhn vin tin hnh cuc iu tra v chy ng ng v ng hi ct pha l trc mt h nn a chng n ni gim nh. Php phn tch hunh quang cho bit rng, hm lng ch trong cht c gim nh y cc k nh, m ng l ra trong pha l ch phi c mt vi t l ng k. Th l i m kt lun: th pha l y ch l thy tinh thng thng, cn v ha hon th ch l mt v t t nh. Sau ny mi v l ra, ch nh ch ht mi th qu gi i khi nh t trc ri thay th pha l bng thy tinh, sau , t t nh mnh v bt u kin nhn ch i mt khon tin b bo him to ln. Nhng, ch ngn li. T thi xa xa ngi ta bit v nhng cht mu cha ch. Chng hn, bt ch trng c bit n t ba ngn nm v trc. Thi by gi, o Root c gi l ngun cung cp bt trng nhiu nht. Phng php sn xut bt y mc du khc xa cc phng php hin nay, song cng rt ng tin cy. Dung dch dm c rt vo thng g, pha trn th sp nhng cnh cy nh v trn na th li t nhng cc ch, sau y thng tht kn. Sau mt thi gian no , ngi ta m np thng ra v thy ch c bao ph bi mt lp To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

mng mu trng. l bt ch trng. Bt y c no khi kim loi, em ng gi ri chuyn ch n cc nc khc.

Mt hm, ti cng Pirea Aten, mt chic tu ch bt ch trng ng y b bc chy. Lc ny, hoa s Nikias ngay cnh . Bit l trn con tu ang chy c cc th cht mu, ng nhy ln tu vi hy vng cu ly d ch mt thng thi cng c, v lc by gi, bt mu rt t, i khi cng khng d kim. Nikias rt ngc nhin, ng nhn thy trong cc thng bt b chy khng phi l mt th bt trng na m l mt cht sn st no mu ti. Sau khi ly c mt thng, nh ha s ri tu v i v hng xng v ca mnh. Cht trong thng l mt th sn mu tuyt p. V sau ngi ta gi l hng n (minium - Pb3O4) v bt u ch n bng cch ly bt ch trng em nung qu la. Chng ta bit rng, tranh v tng c v bng sn ch s b ti mu dn dn theo thi gian: do nh hng ca cc tp cht ihiro - sunfua thng xuyn c mt trong khng kh s sinh ra ch suafua c mu thm. Nhng ch cn lau bng mt dung dch long nc oxi gi (H2O2) hoc gim, th l cht mu li tr nn ti sng. Bit c iu , cc cha c thng la bp tn bng cch lm cho cc tng thnh sng li trc nhng cp mt sng st ca gio dn. Cc thy th i tu ven b bin Thi Bnh Dng M La tinh (nht l b bin Pru, ni c mt lp nc giu ihirosunfua) thng quen thuc vi th thuc v ca ha s Pru. l cch ni a ch mt hin tng vn lm cho nhng hnh khch cha th gio phi kinh ngc v bi ri: chic tu m chiu hm qua cn trng nh tuyt, n sng sm en kt. Nh cc bn bit, th phm y chnh l ch. Trong y hc, cc hp cht ca ch c dng ch cc th thuc lm sn da, gim au v chng vim nhim. Chng hn, ch axetat m chng ta rt quen thuc vi ci tn l cao ch. V c v hi ngt nn i khi n c gi l ng ch. Nhng trong bt c trng hp no cng khng c qun rng, ng ny c th u c c th rt mnh. Khng phi ngu nhin m trong cc xng my v trong cc phng th nghim - nhng ni m con ngi phi tip xc vi ch hoc vi cc hp cht ca ch, ngi ta phi p dng nhng bin php phng nga c bit. Cc bc s v sinh phng bnh v cc k s bo h lao ng thng xuyn theo di sao cho hm lng ch trong khng kh khng vt qu mc cho php - di 0, 000 01 miligam trong mt lt. Nu nh trc y khng lu, cc chng bnh nhim c ch l bnh ngh nghip ca cng nhn nh my luyn ch v xng in, th hin ny, nh nhng bin php thng gi v kh bi

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Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi
nn ngi ta qun cc chng bnh ny. Mt iu th v l khng nhng con ngi c bo v khi tnh c ca ch m cn c bo v bng ch. Ch kim loi l mt trong nhng vt liu t trong sut nht i vi tt c cc loi tia phng x v tia rngen. Nu bn cm chic ym chong hoc chic gng tay ca bc s in quang th bn s kinh ngc bi sc nng ca chng, v trong cao su dng lm ra nhng th y, ngi ta pha thm ch ngn cn tia rngen, nh vy m bo v c th khi nh hng nguy him ca tn ny. Trong cc khu i bc coban dng iu tr cc khi u c tnh, vin coban phng x c gi kn trong v bc bng ch. Trong ngnh nng lng hc nguyn t v k thut ht nhn, ngi ta s dng cc l chn bng ch. Thy tinh m trong c cha ch oxit cng ngn nga c bc x phng x. Qua loi knh nh vy, ta c th theo di vic x l cc vt liu phng x bng nhng tay o liu, tc l nhng th my t ng o liu. Ti trung tm nguyn t Bucaret c mt ca l sng bng tm knh ch, dy mt mt, nng hn mt tn ri.

X.I. Venetxki

Hm lng ch trong v tri t khng nhiu lm - t hn st hoc nhm vi ngn ln. Mc du vy, con ngi bit n n t tha xa xa - khong su - by ngn nm trc cng nguyn. Khng ging nh nhiu kim loi khc, ch c nhit nng chy thp (327 C) v tn ti trong thin nhin di dng nhng hp cht ha hc khng bn vng lm. Do m i khi c th bt gp ch mt cch bt ng. Chng hn, ngi ta bit mt trng hp, do mt m chy rng m pht hin c mt m ch rt giu chu M: nhng tng ch ln c tm thy di lp tro ni rng b chy. m chy luyn ch t qung nm di gc cy. C l cng chnh bng cch m nhng mnh ch u tin lt vo tay nhng c dn tin s ca hnh tinh chng ta. Mt tng c Ai Cp hin ang lu gi ti bo tng Anh quc c coi l sn phm bng ch c nht cn li n ngy nay: tui ca n hn su ngn nm. Ty Ban Nha, vn cn nhng bi thi x ch rt c: ti y, ngay t thin nin k th ba trc cng nguyn, ngi Phenycia khai thc m ch bc Rio - Tinto. Khi khai qut thnh ph Assur thuc nc Assyria c xa, ngi ta tm thy mt tng ch nng gn 400 kilgam. Cc nh kho c hc xc nh rng, n c vo khong 1300 trc cng nguyn. Ch l kim loi mm nht trong s tt c cc kim loi thng thng: thm ch, dng mng tay cng c th co c ch. Trong cun sch ph cp tri thc nhan i sng ca cc ng vt, nh

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

ng vt hc ni ting ngi c Anfret Emun Brem (Alfred Edmund Brhem) nu ra mt s vic l th: v mun c t do nn n ong v v tinh khn gm thng vch ca mt hm bng ch c b dy 43 milimet. Cn mt s loi b hung th bit cch c l trn cc ng bng ch rt dy thuc h thng ng ng dn nc trong thnh ph. Cc nh bc hc ch n kh nng ny ca b hung, h nht chng trong mt ng nghim bng thy tinh ri y li bng mt l ch mng theo di. B hung bit r l khng gm ni thy tinh, nhng i vi chng th ch l mt tr ngi hon ton c th vt qua c. Chng bt u m ng tm chn t do, tuy chm nhng rt cn mn, bng cch gm mn v vt ra nhng ht ch rt nh, song mt thng vn nhn thy c. Phng php lm vic ng i ca l cn trng khin cc nh ng vt hc phi kinh ngc: tt c bn t lun phin nhau khoan mt l; dng nh chng hiu rng, ch cn mt li i qua lp hng ro cng cho php c bn tha ch bay ra. t ti mc ch, bn b hung phi lm vic trong su gi - cha y mt ngy cng - nhng khng c gii lao. mm ca ch khng cho php n cnh tranh vi ng, vi ng hoc st vi t cch l vt liu lm cng c lao ng. Th nhng, dng kim loi ny lm cc on ng v cc chi tit khc ca ng dn nc th rt tin li. Chng ta ni n ng dn nc La M c xa. Nhng khu vn treo ca n hong Semiramit tng c cng nhn l mt trong by k quan ca th gii c ti nc nh mt h thng phc tp gm cc ging nc, cc ng dn nc v cc cng trnh thy li khc; tt c cc h thng ny u c lm bng ch. Hi na u th k XVII, trong thp Svipla khu in Cremli Maxcva, ngi ta t mt b cha nc lm bng nhng tm ch. Nc t sng Maxcva c bm vo y, ri li theo ng ch chy t y n cung in nh vua, n cc vn tc v nhng cng trnh quan trng khc. Do , thp ny c gi l thp Dng nc. Thi xa, ch cn lm mt cng vic khc na cng lin quan vi nc. Ngi c Hy Lp nhn thy rng, cc loi thn mm, tm cua v cc c dn khc ca thy ph vn rt thch bm vo tu thuyn, nhng chng khng th chu ni tnh c ca ch oxit. Bi vy, nhng ngi ng thuyn thi xa rt hay s dng ch bc tu thuyn, th l nhng ng vt hay bm ny phi lnh xa hng ngn mt. Ngoi ra, ch cn bo v rt tt y thuyn v cc inh thuyn bng st khi b han g. Th k XX giao ph cho ch nhiu cng vic quan trng v l th, nhng cng t ra cho n mt lot nhng yu cu rt cao, c bit l v mc tinh khit ca ch. Lin X hon chnh c phng php tinh luyn bng hn hng, m ln u tin trong thc tin trn th gii, n cho php thu nhn c ch siu tinh khit: ch cn li 0, 000 01 % tp cht. iu c ngha l, trong mt tn ch loi ny, kh c th vt c mt phn mi gam gm tt c cc nguyn t khc gp li! Hn l c th kt thc cu chuyn v ca ch y, nhng chng ta cn cha ni g v tn gi ca nguyn t ny. T CBNHEU (trong ting Nga, ngha l ch) c l xut pht t CBNHKA ngha l con ln v trc y, ngi ta gi cc thi ch nh vy (hin nay ngi ta li gi n l To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

4YIIIKA, ngha l ln sa). Nhng trc khi c gi l CBNHEU (ch), kim loi ny sng di nhng ci tn khc. Mt chuyn c tch th v ca X. Ia.Marsac k rng, lc u, ngi ta gi con mo l mt tri, sau gi n l my en, l gi, l chut, v cui cng, li gi l mo. Hn bn cn nh chuyn ny ch. Cng c mt ci g tng t nh th xy ra vi ch. Bn hy nhn vo t in gii ngha ca Vlaimir Ivanovich an v s bit rng, ngn ng C OBO O OBO khng phi ni n thic, m ni n ch - mt loi kim loi nng hn. Cn chnh cu ngn ng th c s dng khi ni v mt li ni chc chn xc thc, ng tin cy (na n nh li ni gi bc hay li ni - i mu trong ting Vit). Nhng ti sao li c s quanh co nh vy, th c ni thng ra cho n gin: C OBO - O OBO c hn khng? Ha ra l nc Nga thi xa, ngi ta gi ch (CBNHEU) l thic (C OBO). Cn thic thc s li xut hin mun hn, v li, lc u ngi ta nhm n l ch (qu tht l tnh cht ca hai kim loi ny ging nhau mt mc no ). Cui cng, khi ngi ta phn bit chng th tn gi c c t cho kim loi mi, cn bc tin bi ca n th c gi l ch (CBNHEU). Ngi La m c xa cng nhm ln hai kim loi ny. H gi ch l plumbum negrum (ch en), cn gi thic l plumbum album (ch trng). Nhng mi quan h "gia nh nh vy cn rng buc ch vi mt kim loi na l molipen. Trong ting Hy Lp, molybdena ngha l ch. Ha ra thi c, nhiu ngi nhm ln khong vt ca hai kim loi ny (galenit v molipenit), ri cng gi chng l molybdena. Sau nhiu th k, ngi ta thu c mt nguyn t mi t molybdena (tc l molipen) - n mn ci tn c Hy Lp ca ch. Th l, mo c gi ng tn l mo. Cn ch tr thnh ch.

X.I. Venetxki K chuyn v kim loi dch gi: L Mnh Chin U Nhin liu ca th k XX

Kh m ni c rng, nh bc hc ngi c Martin Claprt s t tn g cho nguyn t ho hc c pht hin vo nm 1789, nu nh trc my nm khng xy ra mt s kin lm no ng

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

tt c mi gii trong x hi: nm 1781, khi quan st bu tri y sao bng knh thin vn t to ca mnh, nh thin vn hc ngi Anh l Uyliam Hecsn (William Herschel) pht hin ra mt m my pht sng m lc u ng tng l sao chi, nhng sau ng khng nh l mnh ang nhn thy mt hnh tinh mi m t trc ti gi cha ai bit n hnh tinh th by ca h mt tri. suy tn v thn tri trong thn thoi c Hy Lp, Hecsn t tn cho hnh tinh mi ny l Uran. Mang n tng su sc v hin tng ny, Claprt ly tn ca hnh tinh mi t cho nguyn t m ng va tm ra. Khong na th k sau , vo nm 1841, nh ho hc ngi Php l gien Peligo (Eugene Peligo) ln u tin iu ch c urani kim loi. Song gii cng nghip vn t ra th vi nguyn t nng v tng i mm . Cc tnh cht c hc ca n khng li cun cc nh luyn kim v cc nh ch to my. Ch c nhng ngi th thi thu tinh x Bhemi v nhng ngi lm snh s Xaxonia l sn lng s dng oxit ca kim loi ny lm cho cc chn c mu vng lc p mt hoc to ra nhng hoa vn cu k mu nhung en trang tr cho bt a. Ngi La M c i bit n ti nng m thut ca cc hp cht cha urani. Trong cc cuc khai qut tin hnh gn Napli, ngi ta tm thy nhng bc tranh tng ghp bng nhng mnh thu tinh c v p k diu. Cc nh kho c hc rt kinh ngc v tri qua hai ngn nm m thu tinh vn khng b m c. em cc mu thu tinh ny ra phn tch ho hc th thy chng c urani oxit, nh vy m bc tranh tng gi c mu sc lu bn n th. Tuy nhin, trong khi cc oxit v mui ca urani lm vic c ch cho x hi, th bn thn kim loi ny dng nguyn cht li hu nh chng c ai quan tm n. Ngay c cc nh bc hc cng ch quen bit nguyn t ny mt cch hi ht. Nhng hiu bit v n rt ngho nn m i khi li hon ton khng ng. Chng hn ngi ta cho rng, khi lng nguyn t ca n gn bng 120. Khi . I. Menelep xy dng h thng tun hon th tr s ny lm ri mi s sp xp ca ng: theo cc tnh cht ca mnh th urani hon ton khng mun c ghi vo bng tun hon dnh sn cho nguyn t c khi lng nguyn t nh th. Lc by gi, bt chp kin ca nhiu bn ng nghip, nh bc hc quyt nh ly tr s mi cho khi lng nguyn t ca urani l 240 ri chuyn n xung cui bng. Cuc sng xc nhn s ng n ca nh bc hc v i: khi lng nguyn t ca urani bng 238,03. Nhng thin ti ca . I. Menelep khng phi ch th hin ch . Ngay t nm 1872, trong khi a s cc nh bc hc coi urani l mt th ca n trn nn cc nguyn t qu, th ngi sng to ra h thng tun hon thy trc tng lai sng ln ca n. ng vit: Trong s tt c cc nguyn t ho hc c bit n th urani ni bt ln v n c trng lng nguyn t ln nht S tp trung trng khi urani cao hn hn cc cht bit t phi km theo nhng c tnh u vit Vng tin mt l l vic nghin cu urani k t ci ngun thin nhin ca n s cn dn n nhiu To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

pht minh mi, nn ti mnh dn khuyn nhng ai ang tm i tng cho cc cuc nghin cu mi th nn nghin cu tht k cc hp cht ca urani Sau cha n mt phn t th k, li tin on ca nh bc hc v i tr thnh s tht : nm 1896, khi tin hnh th nghim vi cc mui ca urani, nh vt l hc ngi Php l Hngri Beccren (Antoine Henri Becquerel) hon thnh mt k tch xng ng c lit vo hng nhng pht minh khoa hc v i nht m con ngi tng lm c. iu din ra nh th ny. T lu, Beccren quan tm n hin tng ln quang (tc l s pht sng) vn c mt s cht. Mt hm, nh bc hc quyt nh s dng mt trong cc mui ca urani cho nhng th nghim ca mnh. Trn tm knh nh bc giy en, ng t mt hnh hoa vn lm bng kim loi c ph mt lp mui ca urani, ri em tt c ra phi di nh nng chi chang cho s pht ln quang cng mnh cng tt. Sau bn gi, Beccren cho hin hnh tm knh nh v thy r trn hin ln bng dng r nt ca hnh hoa vn lm bng kim loi. Lm i lm li th nghim ny nhiu ln, Beccre vn thu c kt qu nh trc. Ngy 24 thng hai nm 1896, ti phin hp ca vin hn lm khoa hc Php, nh bc hc thng bo rng, nu c phi sng th hp cht urani pht ln quang m ng nghin cu s pht ra cc tia khng nhn thy; cc tia ny thng xuyn i qua giy en v kh mui bc trn knh nh. Hai ngy sau, Beccren li quyt nh tip tc cc th nghim, nhng chng may lc tri u m, m khng c nh sng th lm sao c ln quang c. Bc mnh v thi tit xu, nh bc hc ct cc mu mui urani vo ngn ko bn lm vic cng vi nhng tm phim dng chun b sn nhng cha chiu sng, ri chng nm my ngy. Cui cng, m mng 1 thng ba, gi xua tan nhng m my en trn bu tri Pari v t sng sm, nhng tia nng chiu di xung thnh ph bng. ang st rut ch tri tnh ro, Beccren vi v n phng th nghim ly cc tm phim dng ra khi ngn ko v em phi nng. Vn l mt nh thc nghim rt cn thn, nhng trong giy pht cui cng, ng quyt nh cho hin hnh cc tm phim dng, mc du theo nguyn tc thng thng m xt th sau my ngy va qua, khng th xy ra iu g i vi chng, v chng nm trong bng ti, m khng c phi sng th khng mt cht no pht ln quang. Trong khonh khc y, nh bc hc khng ng rng, ch vi gi sau, nhng tm knh nh thng thng ch ng gi vi frng li c vinh d tr thnh ca qu v gi i vi khoa hc, cn ngy 1 thng ba nm 1896 th mi mi i vo lch s khoa hc th gii . Nhng g m Beccren nhn thy trn nhng tm knh nh va qua hin hnh lm cho ng ht sc ngc nhin : bng en ca cc mu hin ln r rng v sc nt trn lp cm quang. C ngha l s pht ln quang xy ra ngay chnh ti y, chng phi nh ci g c. Nhng lc y, mui urani pht ra nhng tia g vy ? Nh bc hc lm i lm li cc th nghim tng t vi cc hp cht khc ca urani, trong s c c nhng mui khng c kh nng pht ln quang hoc nm hng nm ch To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi
ti, nhng ln no cng vy, hnh mu vn hin ln trn tm knh nh. Beccren ny ra ngh, tuy cha hon ton r rng, rng, urani l th d u tin ca th kim loi bc l mt tnh cht tng t nh s pht ln quang khng nhn thy. Cng trong thi gian ny, nh ho hc ngi Php l Hngri Muatxan (Antoine Moissan) hon thin c phng php iu ch urani kim loi tinh khit. Beccren xin Muatxan mt t bt urani v i n kt lun rng, urani nguyn cht pht x mnh hn nhiu so vi cc hp cht ca n, hn na, tnh cht ny ca urani vn khng thay i trong nhng iu kin lm vic ht sc khc nhau, k c khi nung rt nng hoc khi lm lnh n nhit rt thp. Beccren khng vi v cng b cc kt qu mi: ng i cho Muatxan thng bo v cc cuc kho cu rt th v ca mnh. o c ca nh khoa hc bt buc phi lm nh vy. V n ngy 23 thng mi mt nm 1896, ti phin hp ca vin hn lm khoa hc Php, Muatxan bo co v iu ch urani nguyn cht, cn Beccren th thuyt trnh v mt tnh cht mi ca nguyn t ny - l s bin i t pht ca cc nguyn t urani km theo s gii phng nng lng bc x. Tnh cht ny c gi l tnh cht phng x. Pht minh ca Beccren nh du s m u mt k nguyn mi trong vt l hc k nguyn chuyn ho cc nguyn t. T y, nguyn t khng cn c coi l phn t n nht v khng th phn chia. Con ng i vo chiu su ca vin gch nh xy dng nn th gii vt cht c m ra cho khoa hc. R rng l hin nay urani buc cc nh bc hc phi ch n mnh. ng thi, mt cu hi na khin h phi quan tm: phi chng, ch mt mnh urani l c tnh phng x? Trong thin nhin, liu c th c nhng nguyn t khc na mang tnh cht ny khng ? Cc nh vt l hc xut sc hai v chng Pie Quyri (Pierre Curie) v Mari Xkloopxca Quyri (Marie Skloopxca - Curie), gii p c cu hi ny. Nh mt kh c do chng mnh ch to, b Mari Quyri nghin cu mt s lng ln cc kim loi, khong vt v mui. Cng vic c tin hnh trong nhng iu kin kh khn khng th tng tng ni. Ci ln g b hoang m hai ng b tm thy mt nh thng dn Pari c dng lm phng th nghim. Sau ny, b Mari Quyri hi tng li : l mt tp lu bng vn c nn ri nha ng v mi lp knh khng che ma, thiu mi tin nghi. Trong lu ch c vi chic bn g c k, mt ci l bng gang khng cung cp nhit, mt tm bng en m sao Pie thch s dng n th. y khng c t ht dng cho th nghim vi cc cht kh c, v th m phi lm cc th nghim y ngoi tri khi thi tit cho php hoc nu lm trong nh th phi m toang ht cc ca s. Trong nht k ca Pie Quyri c ch ghi rng, i khi, cng vic c tin hnh trong nh lnh n su . Nhiu vn ny sinh ngay c vi cc vt liu cn thit. Vi s tin t i ca mnh, hai ng b Quyri khng th mua c lng qung urani dng v qung rt t. H quyt nh yu cu chnh ph To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

X.I. Venetxki

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

o bn r cho mnh cc cht ph thi ca qung ny, m o ngi ta ly urani ra dng dng cc mui vo vic nhum mu cho s v thu tinh. Vin hn lm khoa hc Vin nhit trnh ng h hai nh bc hc: vi tn ph liu qung c ch n phng th nghim ca h Pari. Mari Quyri lm vic vi mt ngh lc phi thng. Vic nghin cu cc loi vt liu khc nhau xc nhn s ng n ca Beccren ngi tng cho rng, tnh phng x ca urani nguyn cht mnh hn so vi bt k mt hp cht no ca n. Kt qu ca hng trm ln th nghim khng nh iu . Tuy vy, Mari Quyri vn tip tc nghin cu thm nhiu cht mi. Ri bng nhin Li mt iu bt ng na ! Hai loi khong vt cha urani chancolit v uranimit Bhemi - tc ng n kh c o mnh hn urani rt nhiu ln. Kt lun t n ny ra : trong hai loi qung ny c cha mt nguyn t no cha bit, c kh nng phn r phng x cn cao hn c urani. suy tn t nc Ba Lan qu hng ca b Mari Quyri, hai ng b gi nguyn t mi l poloni (trong ting La tinh, nc Ba Lan c gi l Polonia). Li lao vo cng vic, li lao ng khng bit mt mi, ri mt thng li na li n : tm ra mt nguyn t mi na, c tnh phng x mnh hn urani hng trm ln. Cc nh bc hc gi nguyn t ny l rai m theo ting La tinh, ngha l tia. Trong mt chng mc no , vic pht hin ra rai lm cho gii khoa hc t ch n urani. Ngt bn mi nm, urani khng khuy ng tm tr cc nh bc hc nhiu lm, v trong suy ngh ca h v k thut, t khi n c cp n. Trong mt tp sch ca b bch khoa ton th v k thut xut bn nm 1934, cc tc gi khng nh: Urani dng nguyn t khng c cng dng thc t. B sch s ny khng phm ti chng li s tht, nhng ch vi nm sau , cuc sng nh chnh li mt s im trong khi nim v kh nng ca urani. u nm 1939 xut hin hai bn thng bo khoa hc. Thng bo th nht do Freeric Jlio Quyri (Frderic Joliot Curie) gi n vin hn lm khoa hc Php vi nhan Chng minh bng thc nghim v s n v ca cc ht nhn urani v thori di tc ng ca ntron. Thng bo th hai c ng trong Tp ch Thin nhin xut bn Anh vi u S phn r ca urani di tc ng ca ntron: mt dng mi ca phn ng ht nhn, m cc tc gi ca n l hai nh vt l hc ngi c - tto Frit (Otto Frisch) v Liza Mytne (Lisa Meitner). C hai thng bo u cp n mt hin tng mi, xy ra vi ht nhn ca nguyn t nng nht l urani m t trc ti gi cha ai bit n. Trc my nm, bn tr (nhm cc nh vt l hc tr tui, y ti nng, lm vic di s lnh o ca Enric Fecmi ti trng i hc tng hp Roma, c ngi ta gi mt cch thn tnh nh vy) c bit quan tm n urani. Mn vt l ntron vn tng tr nhiu iu mi l m cha ai

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K chuyn v kim loi
bit vn l nim say m ca cc nh bc hc ny.

X.I. Venetxki

Ngi ta khm ph ra rng, thng thng, khi b chm ntron bn vo, ht nhn ca nguyn t ny lin bin thnh ht nhn ca nguyn t khc chim tip theo trong h thng tun hon. Nhng nu bn ntron vo nguyn t ng cui cng - th 92, tc l urani, th s ra sao? Khi phi xut hin mt nguyn t ng v tr th 93 mt nguyn t m ngay c thin nhin cng khng th to ra c. Bn tr rt thch th vi tng . Vy th ti sao khng lao vo tm hiu xem nguyn t nhn to kia l ci g, trng n nh th no, n x s ra sao ? Th l h lin bn ph. Nhng iu g xy ra ? Trong urani sinh ra khng phi ch c mt nguyn t phng x nh mi ngi ch i, m t nht l mt chc nguyn t. Vy l c mt iu b n g trong cch x s ca urani. Enric Fecmi gi thng bo v vic ny n mt tp ch khoa hc. C th, ng cho rng nguyn t th 93 c to thnh, nhng khng c bng chng chnh xc v iu . Mt khc, li c nhng bng chng ni ln rng, trong urani b bn ph c mt nhng nguyn t khc no . Vy l nhng nguyn t no? Iren Jlio Quyri con gi ca Mari Quyri, c gng tr li cu hi trn. B lp li nhng th nghim ca Fecmi v nghin cu k lng thnh phn khoa hc ca urani sau khi b bn ph bng ntron. Kt qu li bt ng hn : trong urani xut hin nguyn t lantan l nguyn t nm khong gia bng tun hon, ngha l cch rt xa urani. Cng lm cc th nghim nh vy, cc nh bc hc ngi c l tto Han (Otto Hanh) v Friric Stratxman (Fridrich Strassman) tm thy trong urani khng nhng ch c lantan m cn c c bari na. Tht l b n ny thip theo b n khc! Han v Stratxman thng bo vi bn mnh l nh vt l hc ni ting Liza Mytne v th nghim m h lm. n y, cng mt lc nhiu nh bc hc ln mun gii quyt vn urani. u tin l Freeric Jlio Quyri, sau l Liza Mytne u cng i n mt kt lun : khi b ntron bn vo, ht nhn urani dng nh b v lm hai mnh. iu gii thch cho s bt ng ca lantan v bari l cc nguyn t c khi lng nguyn t xp x bng mt na ca urani. Nh vt l hc ngi M l Lui Anvaret (Louis Alvarez) (sau ny c trao tng gii thng Noben) bt gp tin ny vo mt bui sng thng ging nm 1939 khi ang ngi trn gh ct tc. ng ang bnh thn xem lt qua mt t bo, bng nhin, mt u khim tn p vo mt ng : Nguyn t urani b phn chia thnh hai mnh. Sau mt khonh khc, trc s ngc nhin ca ngi th ct tc v nhng ngi ang ch n lt mnh, ngi khch k l ny

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

vt chy ra khi ca hiu ct tc vi ci u mi hi c mt na v chic khn chong ang buc cht vo c, tung bay phn pht trc gi. Khng n nhng khch qua ng y kinh ngc, nh vt l hc lao ngay vo phng th nghim ca trng i hc tng hp California, ni ng lm vic, bo tin cho cc bn ng nghip ca mnh bit ci tin st do ny. Lc u, cc bn ng rt sng s trc hnh nh k d ca Anvaret khi ng vung vy t bo, nhng khi h nghe k v pht minh lm chn ng d lun ny th h qun ngay ci u tc khc thng ca ng. ng, y l mt tin chn ng d lun tht s trong khoa hc. Song Jlio Quyri cn khm ph ra c mt s tht rt quan trng na : s phn r ht nhn urani mang tnh cht mt v n, trong , cc mnh sinh ra tung bay v mi pha vi tc ln. Khi ch mi ph v c cc ht nhn ring r, nng lng ca cc mnh v cng nung c mt mu urani. Nu nh c nhiu ht nhn b ph v th s pht ra mt lng nng lng khng l. Vy tm u ra s lng ntron nhiu n th chng bn ph nhiu ht nhn urani cng mt lc? Cc ngun ntron m cc nh khoa hc bit ch cung cp c mt s lng ntron nh hn nhiu t ln so vi s cn thit. Nhng ri chnh thin nhin n gip sc. Jlio Quyri pht hin ra rng khi ht nhn urani b phn r, c mt s ntron bay ra. Sau khi bn ph vo nguyn t ca ht nhn bn cnh, chng s phi dn n s phn r mi ci gi l phn ng dy chuyn s bt u. Bi v cc qu trnh ny din ra trong vi phn triu giy, cho nn, mt lng nng lng khng l s c gii phng v s n l iu t phi xy ra. Dng nh tt c u r rng. Tuy vy, ngi ta nhiu ln dng ntron bn ph cc mu urani, vy m chng vn khng n, ngha l khng xut hin phn ng dy chuyn. C l l phi thm nhng iu kin no na. Nhng iu kin g vy? Freeric Jlio Quyri cha th gii p c cu hi ny. Nhng ri li gii p c tm ra. Cc nh bc hc X - vit tr tui l Ia. B. Zenovich v Iu. B. Khariton tm c cng trong nm 1939. Qua cc cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh, hai ng xc nh c rng, c hai cch trin khai phn ng ht nhn dy chuyn. Cch th nht l tng kch thc ca khi urani, v khi bn ph mt cc nh, nhiu ntron va mi thot ra c th vng ra ngoi m khng gp mt ht nhn no trn ng i. Nu tng khi lng ca cc urani th xc sut trng ch ca cc ntron tt nhin cng tng ln. Cn mt cch th hai na l lm cho urani giu ng v 235. Nguyn do l urani thin nhin c hai ng v ch yu vi khi lng nguyn t l 238 v 235. Trong ht nhn ca ng v th nht (m s nguyn t ca n nhiu hn ca cc loi kia hng trm ln), c nhiu hn ba ntron so vi ng v th hai. Urani 235 ngho ntron nn hp th ntron mt cch tham lam mnh hn rt nhiu so vi ng anh kh gi ca n. Cn ng anh ny th trong nhng iu kin nht nh, sau khi nut xong ntron li khng chu phn chia thnh tng mnh m bin thnh nguyn t khc. V To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

sau, cc nh bc hc li dng tnh cht ny iu ch cc nguyn t siu urani nhn to. Cn s th ca urani 238 i vi ntron th rt nguy hi cho phn ng dy chuyn, n lm cho qu trnh phn ng suy yu v khng kp ly li sc. Bi vy, trong urani cng c nhiu nguyn t khao kht ntron (tc l ng v urani 325) th phn ng s xy ra cng mnh. Nhng cho phn ng bt u c th cn phi c ntron u tin mt que dim nhem lm m chy nguyn t. Tt nhin, t mc ch ny, c th s dng cc ngun ntron thng thng m trc y cc nh bc hc dng trong cc cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh ; cch ny tuy khng thun tin lm nhng c th dng c. Chng l khng c que dim no thch hp hn ? C y. Cc nh bc hc X - vit K. A. Petgic v G. N. Flerop tm thy n. Trong nhng nm 1939 1940, khi nghin cu bin trng ca urani, h i n kt lun rng, cc ht nhn ca n c kh nng t phn r. Kt qu cc th nghim do h tin hnh Lningrat xc nhn iu . Song cng c th bn thn urani khng t phn r, m l do tc ng ca cc tia v tr chng hn: chnh tri t lun lun nm di tm bn ca chng. Th ngha l cn phi lm li cc th nghim su di lng t, ni m cc v khch v tr ny khng th n c. Sau khi hi kin I. V. Kurchatop nh nguyn t hc X - vit v i nht, cc nh nghin cu tr tui tin hnh th nghim ti mt ga tu in ngm no Maxcva. iu khng gp tr ngi g B dn u ph trch ng giao thng, nn chng bao lu, mt b kh c th nghim nng gn ba tn c cc cn b khoa hc khun n phng lm vic ca trng ga tu in ngm inamo nm su 50 mt.

Vn nh mi khi, cc on tu xanh vn qua li, hng ngn hnh khch vn ln xung theo thang my v khng ai ngh rng, ngay st u y ang tin hnh nhng th nghim m ngha ca chng tht kh nh gi ht c. Cui cng thu c nhng kt qu tng t nh trc y nhn c Lningrat. Chng phi nghi ng g na, hin tng t phn r vn l thuc tnh ca cc ht nhn urani. nhn thy iu , cn phi th hin mt ti ngh thc nghim phi thng : trong mt gi, c 60 000 000 000 000 nguyn t urani th ch c mt phn t b phn r. Tht ng l git nc trong bin c! K. A. Petgic v G. N. Flerop vit trang kt lun vo phn tiu s ca urani trc khi thc hin phn ng dy chuyn u tin trn th gii. Enric Fecmi thc hin phn ng ny vo ngy 2 thng mi hai nm 1942. Cui nhng nm 30, cng nh nhiu nh bc hc ln khc, Fecmi buc phi xut dng sang M

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K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

thot khi nn dch hch Hitle. ng d nh tip tc cc cuc thc nghim quan trng nht ca mnh y. Nhng mun vy th phi c nhiu tin. Cn phi lm cho chnh ph M tin rng, nhng th nghim ca Fecmi s gip ch cho vic ch to th v kh nguyn t mnh nht m c th dng chng li ch ngha pht xt. Nh bc hc c tn tui bc nht th gii l Anbe Anhxtanh (Albert Einstein) m nhn s mnh ny. ng vit cho tng thng M Franclin Ruzven (Franklin Roozvelt) mt bc th m m u bng nhng li : Tha ngi ! Cng trnh sp lm ca E. Fecmi v L. Xinlac (L. Szilard) m ti tm hiu qua bn phc tho cho php hy vng rng, trong tng lai rt gn y, nguyn t urani c th tr thnh mt ngun nng lng mi rt quan trng . Trong th, nh bc hc ku gi chnh ph M ti tr cho cc cng trnh nghin cu v urani. Do uy tn rt ln ca Anhxtanh v tnh cht nghim trng ca tnh hnh th gii, Ruzve ng . Cui nm 1941, dn chng Chicago nhn thy trn phn t ca mt sn vn ng c s nhn nhp khc thng m khng h c cht quan h g vi th thao. Tng tp xe ch hng tp np i n cng sn vn ng. Mt i v binh rt ng khng cho ngi l no n gn hng ro sn vn ng. Ti y, trn cc sn qun vt nm di khn i pha ty, Enric Fecmi ang chun b th nghim nguy him nht ca mnh thc hin phn ng dy chuyn phn r ht nhn urani c kim sot. Cng vic xy dng l phn ng ht nhn u tin trn th gii c tin hnh sut ngy m trong vng mt nm. Bui sng ngy 2 thng mi hai nm 1942 n. Sut m, cc nh bc hc khng chp mt, h c kim tra i kim tra li cc php tnh. Khng th a c: sn vn ng nm ngay trong trung tm thnh ph nhiu triu dn, v mc du cc php tnh cho php tin rng, phn ng trong l nguyn t s xy ra chm, ngha l khng mang tnh cht mt v n, nhng khng ai c quyn th mng hng trm ngn ngi. Tri sng t lu, n gi n sng, nhng mi ngi qun iu tt c u nng lng bt tay vo trn tn cng nguyn t cng nhanh cng tt. Tuy nhin, Fecmi khng vi v : cn phi cho nhng ngi mt mi c ngh ngi, cn phi thoi mi mt cht ri sau li cn nhc v suy ngh cho k lng. Phi thn trng v thn trng hn na. V y, trong lc mi ngi ang ch lnh bt u cuc th nghim th Fecmi ct cu ni ni ting ca mnh cu ni tng i vo lch s chinh phc nguyn t ch vn vn c vi t : i n sng nh !. n xong, mi ngi tr li v tr ca mnh cuc th nghim bt u. Cc nh bc hc dn mt vo cc kh c. Nhng pht ch i tht cng thng. Cui cng, cc my m ntron g lch cch nh sng lin thanh. Dng nh chng b sc v lng ntron qu ln, khng m kp! Phn ng dy chuyn bt u ! iu xy ra vo lc 15 gi 25 pht gi Chicago. Ngn la nguyn t c php chy trong 28 pht, sau , theo lnh ca Fecmi, phn ng dy chuyn c dng li. Mt trong nhng ngi tham gia cuc th nghim i n my in thoi v thng bo vi cp trn bng mt cu mt hiu quy c t trc : Nh hng hi ngi Italia cp bn Tn i lc!. To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

iu c ngha l nh bc hc xut sc ngi Italia Enric Fecmi gii phng c nng lng ht nhn nguyn t v chng minh c rng, con ngi c th kim sot v s dng nng lng ny theo mun ca mnh. Nhng mun c mun tt mun xu. Trong nhng nm xy ra nhng s kin k trn, phn ng dy chuyn trc ht c coi nh mt chng trn con ng i n vic ch to bom nguyn t. Cng vic ca cc nh bc hc nguyn t M i tip tc theo chnh hng ny. Bu khng kh trong gii khoa hc c lin quan vi cng vic ny cc k cng thng. V ngay c y cng khng trnh khi nhng chuyn tc ci. Ma thu nm 1943, ngi ta quyt nh a nh vt l hc c ln nht Nin Bo (Niels Bohr) t nc an Mch ang b qun c chim ng sang M tn dng kin thc uyn bc v ti nng ca ng. c mt tu ngm ca Anh b mt h tng, nh bc hc ci trang lm ngi nh c vo mt m ti en nh mc, ri t ngi ta a ng vt bin sang nc Anh bng my bay v cui cng sang M. Ton b hnh l ca Bo ch vn vn c mt ci chai. y l ci chai mu xanh thng thng, vn l chai ng bia an Mch, trong , nh bc hc b mt che mt bn c ng th nc nng v cng qu gi m ng gi gn nh chnh con ngi ca mt mnh: theo kin ca nhiu nh bc hc nguyn t th chnh nc nng ny c th dng lm gim tc ca ntron trong phn ng ht nhn. Bo phi vt v chu ng s mt nhc trong chuyn bay, v khi va mi hi sc th vic u tin ca ng l kim tra xem ci chai nc nng c cn nguyn vn na hay khng. Tht l bun phin ht ch ni, nh bc hc cht nhn ra l mnh tr thnh nn nhn ca tnh ng tr ca chnh mnh : trong tay ng l ci chai ng bia an Mch chnh cng, cn ci chai nc nng th vn nm trong t lnh nh ng. Khi cc urani - 235 cn con u tin dng cho bom nguyn t va c iu ch xong ti cc nh my khng l thnh ph c - Rija nm trong bang Tennetxi, n c gi theo mt ngi lin lc c trch n mt ni kn o gia cc thung lng ca bang Niu - Mxico l th trn Lt - Alamt ni ch to v kh reo rc s cht chc. Ngi lin lc phi t mnh li t, chng ai ni cho y bit ci g nm trong chic hp nh m ngi ta a cho y, nhng nhiu ln y c nghe nhng cu chuyn khng khip v cc tia git ngi b him sn sinh ra c - Rija. Cng i xa, ni lo lng vy bc ly y cng cht. Cui cng y quyt nh, h c du hiu kh nghi v hnh vi ca chic hp ng sau, y s b t m chy thc mng. Khi xe chy qua mt chic cu di, bng nhin, ngi li xe nghe thy mt ting n ln ng sau. Dng nh b bt tung ln, y nhy ra khi t v chy nhanh n mc m y khng th tng tng ni. Nhng khi chy c mt qung kh xa, y dng li v kit

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

sc v tin chc rng, mnh vn cn nguyn vn v v s, thm ch cn dm ngoi c nhn li. Lc y, sau t ca y, on xe c ko di mi v st rut bp ci inh i. Y nh phi quay li v tip tc cuc hnh trnh. Nhng va ngi vo bung li th li vang ln mt ting n ln, bn nng t v li mt ln na vt k bt hnh ra khi xe v thc y chy tht nhanh khi ci hp tai c y. Mi n khi ngi cnh st gin d ui kp y bng m t v xem xt giy t th ngi li xe ht hong y mi bit rng, nhng pht n kia l t trng bn cnh y vng sang, v lc ny ngi ta ang bn th n pho mi . Cng vic Lt - Alamt c tin hnh trong iu kin b mt tuyt i. Tt c cc nh bc hc ln y u mang nhng bit danh. Nh Nin Bo chng hn, Lt - Alamt ngi ta ch bit l ng gi Nicola Byc, Enrico Fecmi l Henri Facm, Ujin Vigne thnh ra Ujin Vagne. Mt hm, Fecmi xut trnh giy chng minh mang tn Facm, cn Vigne th khng tm thy giy t ca mnh. Ngi lnh gc c danh sch nhng ai c ra vo nh my. Y hi: Tn ng l g ?. Nh bc hc ng tr cht ni lm bm Vigne theo thi quen nhng bng nh ra v ci chnh l Vagne. iu lm cho tn lnh gc nghi ng bng - Vagne th c trong danh sch cn Vigne th khng. Y quay sang pha Fecmi m y quen mt, ri hi: ng ny tn l Vagne iu cng ng, cng nh ti tn l Facm. Nhn ci, Fecmi trnh trng ni lm cho tn lnh phi tin nh th ri y cng cho hai nh bc hc i qua. Vo khong gia nm 1945, cng vic ch to bom nguyn t m chi ph ln n hai t la hon thnh. Ngy 6 thng tm, trn bu tri thnh ph Hirosima Nht Bn hin ln mt cy nm la khng l cun theo my chc ngn sinh mng. Ngy tr thnh ngy en ti trong lch s nn vn minh. Thnh tu v i nht sinh ra tn thm kch khng khip nht ca loi ngi. Trc cc nh bc hc, trc ton th gii, mt cu hi c t ra: lm g na y? Tip tc hon thin v kh ht nhn, ch to cc phng tin git ngi khng khip hn na ? Khng! T nay, nng lng khng l cha trong ht nhn nguyn t phi phc v con ngi. Cc nh bc hc X - vit di s lnh o ca vin s I. V. Kurchatop t bc chn u tin trn con ng . Ngy 27 thng su nm 1954, i pht thanh Maxcva truyn i mt tin c tm quan trng c bit: Hin nay Lin X, nh nhng c gng ca cc nh bc hc v k s X - vit, cng vic thit k v xy dng nh my in cng nghip u tin chy bng nng lng nguyn t vi cng sut c ch l 5000 kW hon thnh tt p. Ln u tin, chy dc theo cc dy dn l dng in mang theo nng lng c sn sinh trong lng nguyn t urani. Vic khi ng nh my in nguyn t u tin m u cho s pht trin ca mt ngnh k thut mi - ngnh nng lng hc ht nhn. Urani tr thnh nhiu liu ha bnh ca th k XX.

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki
Sau nm nm, tu ph bng nguyn t u tin trn th gii mang tn Lnin ri gi lp rp ca cc xng ng tu X - vit. cho cc ng c ca n lm vic ht cng sut (44 ngn m lc!), ch cn t vn vn c vi chc gam urani. Mt cc nh nhiu liu ht

nhn ny cng sc thay th cho hng ngn tn mazut hoc than , m mun tr ht th phi dng nhng chuyn tu thng thng nh on tu chy trn tuyn ng Lun n - Niuooc chng hn. Cn con tu nguyn t vi d tr nhin liu urani chng vi chc kilgam th c th ph bng vng Bc cc lin tc trong vng ba nm m khng cn gh vo cng tip nhin liu. Nm 1974, tu ph bng nguyn t Bc cc cn mnh hn na bt u thc hin nhng trng trch ca mnh: cng sut ca n l 75 ngn m lc! Ngy 17 thng tm nm 1977, sau khi vt qua lp bng tng nh khng th ph v ni ca vng trung tm Bc Bng dng, tu Bc cc ln n ng cc bc. c m hng bao th k ca nhiu th h thy th v cc nh kho st a cc c thc hin, v urani ng gp cng sc ca mnh vo vic gii quyt vn ny. Chic tu ph bng nguyn t mnh nht ny c thm hai a em na - l tu Xibia v tu Nc Nga. T l nhin liu ht nhn trong bn cn i cc ngun nng lng trn th gii mi nm mt tng ln. My nm trc y, nh my in nguyn t cng nghip u tin vi l phn ng dng ntron nhanh bt u hot ng Lin X. c im quan trng ca loi l phn ng ny l n c th khng cn dng urani - 235 khan him lm nguyn liu ht nhn, m dng chnh ngay ng v ph bin nht trn tri t ca nguyn t ny l urani - 238. Khi , trong l phn ng khng nhng gii phng c nng lng khng l, m cn to nn nguyn t nhn to poloni - 239 l nguyn t c kh nng t phn r, tc cng l mt ngun nng lng ht nhn na. I. V. Kurchatop vit: t than trong l, d thu c g i na, vn co kh nhiu than ra cng vi tro.

Nhng u im ca nhin liu ht nhn tht l r rng, chng phi nghi ng g na. Tuy nhin, vic s dng n km theo nhiu kh khn, m kh khn ln nht hn l vic tiu hy cc cht ph thi phng x sinh ra. Cho chng vo nhng chic thng cha c bit ri th xung y bin v i dng ? Hay l chn su xung t? Bng nhng cch , t khng th gii quyt vn mt cch trit , v chung quy li th cc cht gy cht chc y vn cn li trn hnh tinh ca chng ta. Khng th a chng i xa hn, n cc thin th khc hay sao? Chnh mt nh bc hc M nu ra kin ny. ng ngh dng cc con tu v tr ch hng ch cc cht ph thi ca cc nh my in nguyn t ln mt tri. Tt

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

Smith Nguyen Studio.


K chuyn v kim loi

X.I. Venetxki

nhin, hin nay cc ph cho nhng bu kin nh vy cn qu t i vi ngi gi, nhng theo kin ca mt s chuyn gia c tinh thn lc quan th mt chc nm na, nhng dch v vn ti kiu ny s tr nn hon ton hp l. thi i chng ta, khng nht thit phi giu tr tng tng mi c th on trc tng lai rc r ca urani. Urani ca ngy mai - l nhng tn la vt ln chn xa thm ca khng gian bao la, l nhng thnh ph ngm khng l c nng lng d tr dng trong vi chc nm, l vic xy dng nhng hn o nhn to v ti nc trn ngp cho cc sa mc, l s xm nhp vo lng t v ci to kh hu ca hnh tinh chng ta. Urani - mt trong nhng kim loi k diu nht ca thin nhin, ang m ra cho loi ngi nhng vin cnh thn k! Ht

Li cui: Cm n bn theo di ht cun truyn. Ngun: http://vnthuquan.net Pht hnh: Nguyn Kim V. Ngun: Vnxpress c bn: Thnh Vin VNthuquan a ln vo ngy: 27 thng 12 nm 2003

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V

Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

http://www.facebook.com/SmithNguyenStudio

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