Subdivisions of Mechanics

Basic Concepts in Kinetics

Kinematics
the description of motion, including: considerations of space and time patterns and speeds of movement sequencing the forces causing the motion are not considered

Objectives: Define basic concepts in kinetics, including: inertia, mass, force, weight, torque, impulse, and stress Define the different types of loading Learn how materials behave under loading

Kinetics
study of the relationship between the forces acting on a system and the motion of the system

Inertia & Mass

Inertia
concept relating to the difficulty with which an objects motion is altered

Center of Mass
(Center of Gravity) Geometric point about which every particle of a body's mass is equally distributed Position of the Center of Mass changes with changes in body configuration. Motion of the Center of Mass represents the average motion of the body as a whole

Mass
the quantity of matter composing an object the measure of inertia for linear motion the property giving rise to gravitational attraction Units: English: slug SI: kilogram (kg)

Force
A mechanical interaction between an object and its surroundings The push or pull of one object on another Force is a vector. It has: a magnitude a direction a point of application F
point of application

Actions of Forces
Forces cause acceleration or deformation (a change in shape)
We will assume that the forces acting on a body cause minimal deformation

Relationship between force (F), mass (m) and acceleration (a):

F=ma
Units: English: pound (lb.) = (1 slug)(1 ft/s2) SI: Newton (N) = (1 kg)(1 m/s2) 1 lb. = 4.45 N

Net Force
Resultant force derived from the composition of two or more forces Reflects the net effect of all of the forces acting together
F1 F4 F5 Fnet F1 F3 F2 F2 F3 F5 F4

Concentrated vs. Distributed Force

Concentrated Force A force that is applied at a single point Distributed Force A force that is applied over a distributed area Can be approximated by a concentrated force that has the same net effect

Fground Fground

Weight
The force due to gravity (i.e. the pull of the Earth) Weight has magnitude:

Density & Specific Weight

Volume : The amount of space occupied by a body. Measured in (unit of length)3 (e.g. m3, ft3) Density (): mass per unit volume:

W=mg
where: m = mass g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2; 32.2 ft/s2) Weight always acts at the center of mass and points towards the center of the Earth

= (mass)/(volume)
SI Units: kg/m 3 Specific Weight : weight per unit volume

(specific weight) = (weight)/(volume)

English Units: lb./ft3 SI Units: N/m3

Torque
A measure of the extent to which a force will cause an object to rotate about a specific axis A net force applied through the center of mass produces translation A net force applied away from the center of mass (i.e. an eccentric force) produces both translation and rotation

Impulse
The motion of a body depends not only on the force, but also on the duration that the force is applied Impulse : a measure related to the net effect of applying of force (F) for a time (t):

Impulse = F t
Impulse increases with: Increased force magnitude Increased duration of application

Equal impulses result in equal changes in velocity

Compression, Tension, & Shear

Compression : pressing or squeezing force
directed normal (perpendicular) to a surface

Stress & Pressure

Stress: The force distributed over a given area:

Tension : pulling or stretching force directed

normal to a surface

F A A

Shear : sliding or tearing force directed parallel

to a surface

Fn

Fn

where: = stress F = total force applied A = area force is applied over

Fs

Units: English: pounds per square inch (psi) = 1 lb./in 2 SI: Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 Pressure: stress due to a compressive force

Compression

Tension

Shear

Bending
Asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body, compression on the other Compressive and tensile stresses are greatest at the surface

Torsion
Load producing a twisting of a body Creates shear stresses
Shear stresses are greatest at the surface

F2
Compression Tension

F1

F3

Cross-section

Cross-section

Deformation
Materials behave elastically at small loads Loads above the yield point create permanent plastic deformation Rupture or fracture occurs at the ultimate failure point
Yield Point Elastic Region Plastic Region Deformation Ultimate Failure Point Stress Causing Failure

Repetitive vs. Acute Loading

The size of the loading required to cause a material to fail (i.e. fracture or rupture) decreases as the number of loading cycles increases

Stress

Injury Likely To Occur

# of Loading Cycles