Working with Groups & Community 2012 Adjustment anxietyDifferences and suppressed tension begin to surface Members further

r define the energy levelthey dedicate to the task or project at hand.Tasks for a group worker: Identifying power and control issues Gaining skills in communication Identifying resources Stage 3 Norming "We're all in this together!"Some group behaviors: Cohesion around shared goals Resolution of conflict More acceptance of diversity in the group Reconciliation; show of affection Re-evaluationMembers have seen the coming together (forming), the semiseparation (storming), and nowthey have reconciled themselves to working together (norming) despite their differences witha new definition of purpose.Tasks for a group worker: Members agree about roles and processes for problem solving. Stage 4 Performing "Getting Things Done"Some group behaviors: Cohesiveness Teamwork Leadership 15Mrs. Jinu Abraham, Asst. Professor, Social Work Dept., LISSAH

Working with Groups & Community 2012 PerformanceThe group is starting to utilize its newly found "norms of trust," and can begin focusing onthe service to be done; there should

be enough drive, creativity, and cohesiveness to take onmost tasks.Tasks for a group worker: Achieve effective and satisfying results Members find solutions to problems using appropriate controls Stage 5 Adjourning "Now What?"Possible group feelings or reactions: Negativity Dissatisfaction Hostility Purging CrisisThe group is realizing the end of service is near; it has been a year of sharing and growingwith each other and now members are going to separate. For many, the group has been asafety net and truly has become their community. 16Mrs. Jinu Abraham, Asst. Profes sor, Social Work Dept., LISSAH

Working with Groups & Community 2012 Group Dynamics 17Mrs. Jinu Abraham, Asst. Social Work Dept., LISSAH

Professor,

Working with Groups & Community 2012 The forces that result from the interactions of group members are often referred to as groupdynamics. Because group dynamics influence the behaviour of both individual group membersand the group as a whole, they have been of considerable interest to group workers for manyyears (Coyle, 1930, 1937; Elliott, 1928).It was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that the Research Centre for the groupdynamics was founded in 1945 and later in 1948 was moved to the University of Michigan. Itwas founded by Kurt Lewin to study group decision, group productivity, group interaction,group cohesiveness and group communication. The underlying assumption was that the laws of the group behavior can be established independently of the goals or specific activities of groupirrespective of the structure of the group. A variety of experiments later on by Herbert Spenser,Allport , Georg Simmel , put forward the concept of group dynamics as a technique of fosteringthe conciliation between individuals and groups with an idea to formulate principles whichunderlie group behavior , and devise principles of group decisions and actions Features of Group Dynamics: Group dynamics is concerned with group .Wherever a group exists the individualsinteract and members are continuously changing and adjusting relationship with respectto each other. The members of the group may interact , may be in state of tension , may be attracted or repelled to each other , may seek the resolution of these tensions andreturn to equilibrium after the resolution. Changes go on occurring like introduction of the new members, changes in leadership, presence of old and new members and the rate of change fast or slow. The groupsmay dissolve if the members are not enthusiastic about the goals; they have no faith inthe ideology and do not identify themselves with the group. This means that thecohesiveness in the group has decreased. There may be rigidity or flexibility (cohesiveness or conflict) that influence a groupdynamics. If the members get along well there is smooth sailing for the group and if t h e r e i s c o n f l i c t i t l e a d s t o p r o b l e m s . A r i g i d g r o u p m a y n o t c h a n g e a nd lacksadaptability to change. But the members if are able to solves th e p r o b l e m s , t h e equilibrium can be maintained. The conflict and tension if increases within the group,

Working with Groups& Community 2012 minded people or organisation has to elicit so that a pressure is built a g a i n s t t h e oppressive force. This helps to create pressure and increase the bargaining power for which networking with other people and organisations is done by the communityorganiser. Training

 Capacity building of the people and the personnel of an organisation is important while working with the community. In the process of capacity building thecommunity organiser has to be a good trainer. The community organiser has to use histraining ability and skills in this regard. Community Development According to United Nations, community development deals with total developm ent of adeveloping country that is their economic, physical, and social aspects. For achieving totaldevelopment community organisation is used. Some Important Aspects: 1. Democratic Procedures - Democratic procedures deal with allowing all the communitymembers to participate in decision-making. It is possible to achieve this by communityorganisation. The selected or elected members or representatives are helped to takedecisions. Democratic procedures help people to take part in achieving communitydevelopment goals. Community organisation method permits democratic procedures for peoples participation. 2. Voluntary Cooperation Voluntary cooperation means that the people volunteer for their participation. For this they are convinced. They should feel that they shouldinvolve themselves in the process of development without hesitation. This attitude issupported by community organisation method. Peoples emotional involvement isnecessary to make success of the community organisation method. If discontentmenta b o u t t h e i r c o n d i t i o n s i s c r e a t e d , t h e n p e o p l e w i l l v o l u n t e e r f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n . Community organisation emphasizes the discontentment aspect only to make theminitiate peoples participation. 3. Self-Help - Self-help is the basis for community development. Self-help deals with thecapacity of mobilizing internal resources. Self-help is the basis for self-sufficiency ands u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t . I n c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n s e l f help is emphasized.Community organisation is relevant to community d e v e l o p m e n t b e c a u s e b o t h emphasizes the self-help concepts. 4. Development of Leadership - Development of leadership is an important aspect incommunity development. Leadership deals with influencing and enabling people toachieve the goals. Community organisation also emphasizes leadership. With the helpof leaders the people are motivated to participate in action. Community organisation isa relevant method to develop and use leadership. This is app licable for communitydevelopment also. 54Mrs. Jinu Abraham, Asst. Professor, Social Work Dept., LISSAH

Working with Groups& Community 2012 5. Educational Aspects - Educational aspects in community development means helping people to know, learn, and accept concepts of democracy, cooperation, unity, skillde velopment, effective functioning etc. In community organisation also the abovem entioned aspects are considered very important. The process of commun i t y organisation emphasizes education of the community. Thus both are emphasizing

theeducational aspects for the progress of the community.Thus community organisation and community development are interrela ted and mutuallysupportive. Community organisation and community development both emphasize democraticmethod and self-help principles. Thus they are relevant. So in all community development programmes community organisation method is used as implementing method. Difference between Community Organisation and Community Development There are many similarities between community organisation and community development.B u t f o r t h e o r e t i c a l p u r p o s e i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d community development.1.Community organisation is a method of social work but community development is a programme for a planned change.2 . C o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n e m p h a s i z e s t h e p r o c e s s e s , b u t c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t emphasizes the end or goals.3 . C o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s e r s a r e m o s t l y s o c i a l w o r k e r s a n d s o c i a l c h a n g e a g e n t s , B u t comm unity development personnel can be from other professions including agriculturalexperts, veterinary experts, and other technical experts.4.Community organisation is not time bound. It is achieved step by step according to the pace of the people. But community development is time bound and time is specified for achieving the development objectives.5 . I n c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n p e o p l e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t . B u t i n c o m m u n i t y development peoples development is important.6 . I n c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n g o v e r n m e n t s a n d e x t e r n a l a g e n c i e s a s s i s t a n c e s a r e n o t important or needed. But in community development extern al assistance from thegovernment or other agencies is considered important.7.Community organisation is a method of social work and this method is used i n manyfields. But unlike community organisation community development is considered as process, method, programme, and movement for planned change.8.Community organisation is used in all the fields but community development is usedmostly in economic development and for the development of living standards of the people. 55Mrs. Jinu Abraham, Asst. Professor, Social Work Dept., LISSAH

Working with Groups& Community 2012 9.In community organisation planning is initiated by the p e o p l e t h r o u g h t h e i r participation. But in community development planning is c arried out by an externalagency mostly by the government. 10. In communit y organisation people are organised to solve their problem. B u t i n community development goals have to be achieved and for that people are organised. 11. Community organisation is universal to all communities. But community development programmes differ from people to people depending upon whether the area is rura l,urban or tribal, and other characteristics of the area.Even though there are differences, both are interrelated. The relationship is so close, so thatcommunity organisation process and principles are accepted fully. Both are like two sides of the same coin. The ideal community development takes places where community organisationmethod and its various steps and principles are effectively put into practice

Working with Groups& Community 2012 minded people or organisation has to elicit so that a pressure is built a g a i n s t t h e oppressive force. This helps to create pressure and increase the bargaining power for which networking with other people and organisations is done by the communityorganiser. Training Capacity building of the people and the personnel of an organisation is important while working with the community. In the process of capacity building thecommunity organiser has to be a good trainer. The community organiser has to use histraining ability and skills in this regard. Community Development According to United Nations, community development deals with total developm ent of adeveloping country that is their economic, physical, and social aspects. For achieving totaldevelopment community organisation is used. Some Important Aspects: 1. Democratic Procedures - Democratic procedures deal with allowing all the communitymembers to participate in decision-making. It is possible to achieve this by communityorganisation. The selected or elected members or representatives are helped to takedecisions. Democratic procedures help people to take part in achieving communitydevelopment goals. Community organisation method permits democratic procedures for peoples participation. 2. Voluntary Cooperation Voluntary cooperation means that the people volunteer for their participation. For this they are convinced. They should feel that they shouldinvolve themselves in the process of development without hesitation. This attitude issupported by community organisation method. Peoples emotional involvement isnecessary to make success of the community organisation method. If discontentmenta b o u t t h e i r c o n d i t i o n s i s c r e a t e d , t h e n p e o p l e w i l l v o l u n t e e r f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n . Community organisation emphasizes the discontentment aspect only to make theminitiate peoples participation. 3. Self-Help - Self-help is the basis for community development. Self-help deals with thecapacity of mobilizing internal resources. Self-help is the basis for self-sufficiency ands u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t . I n c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n s e l f help is emphasized.Community organisation is relevant to community d e v e l o p m e n t b e c a u s e b o t h emphasizes the self-help concepts. 4. Development of Leadership - Development of leadership is an important aspect incommunity development. Leadership deals with influencing and enabling people toachieve the goals. Community organisation also emphasizes leadership. With the helpof leaders the people are motivated to participate in action. Community organisation isa relevant method to develop and use leadership. This is applicable for communitydevelopment also. 54Mrs. Jinu Abraham, Asst. Professor, Social Work Dept., LISSAH

Working with Groups& Community 2012 5. Educational Aspects - Educational aspects in community development means helping people to know, learn, and accept concepts of democracy, cooperation, unity, skillde velopment, effective functioning etc. In community organisation also the abovem entioned aspects are considered very important. The process of commun i t y organisation emphasizes education of the community. Thus both are emphasizing theeducational aspects for the progress of the community.Thus community organisation and community development are interrela ted and mutuallysupportive. Community organisation and community development both emphasize democraticmethod and self-help principles. Thus they are relevant. So in all community development programmes community organisation method is used as implementing method. Difference between Community Organisation and Community Development There are many similarities between community organisation and community development.B u t f o r t h e o r e t i c a l p u r p o s e i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d community development.1.Community organisation is a method of social work but community development is a programme for a planned change.2 . C o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n e m p h a s i z e s t h e p r o c e s s e s , b u t c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t emphasizes the end or goals.3 . C o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s e r s a r e m o s t l y s o c i a l w o r k e r s a n d s o c i a l c h a n g e a g e n t s , B u t comm unity development personnel can be from other professions including agriculturalexperts, veterinary experts, and other technical experts.4.Community organisation is not time bound. It is achieved step by step according to the pace of the people. But community development is time bound and time is specified for achieving the development objectives.5 . I n c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n p e o p l e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t . B u t i n c o m m u n i t y development peoples development is important.6 . I n c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i s a t i o n g o v e r n m e n t s a n d e x t e r n a l a g e n c i e s a s s i s t a n c e s a r e n o t important or needed. But in community development extern al assistance from thegovernment or other agencies is considered important.7.Community organisation is a method of social work and this method is used in manyfields. But unlike community organisation community development is considered as process, method, programme, and movement for planned change.8.Community organisation is used in

all the fields but community development is usedmostly in economic development and for the development of living standards of the people. 55Mrs. Jinu Abraham, Asst. Professor, Social Work Dept., LISSAH

Working with Groups& Community 2012 9.In community organisation planning is initiated by the p e o p l e t h r o u g h t h e i r participation. But in community development planning is c arried out by an externalagency mostly by the government. 10. In communit y organisation people are organised to solve their problem. B u t i n community development goals have to be achieved and for that people are organised. 11. Community organisation is universal to all communities. But community development programmes differ from people to people depending upon whether the area is rura l,urban or tribal, and other characteristics of the area.Even though there are differences, both are interrelated. The relationship is so close, so thatcommunity organisation process and principles are accepted fully. Both are like two sides of the same coin. The ideal community development takes places where community organisationmethod and its various steps and principles are effectively put into practice