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LOOKING BACK AT THE

LOST MORO KINGDOMS

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

LOOKING BACK AT THE LOST MORO KINGDOMS


An ICAS Phils Monograph

By
YUSUF ROQUE SANTOS MORALES
Senior Fellow, Institute for Comparative and Advance
Studies (ICAS Philippines)
and
DR. MEINRADO MARTINEZ y DIMAANDAL
Senior Fellow, Institute for Comparative and Advance
Studies (ICAS Philippines)
Graduate Professor, The Claro M. Recto Academy of Advance Studies
Lyceum of the Philippines University
Layout and Design
Sheryl R. Morales, DEM
Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Institute for Comparative and Advanced Studies


Philippines
2011

An ICAS Phils Monograph

Martinez-Morales

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

Dedication

Publishers Foreword:

This monograph in the sense has been prepared


as an answer to many questions as to what
happened to the relatives and kin of the Muslims
in Lu Siong and the Vishaya areas.

This work is dedicated first to our parents and


families who serve as our inspiration to document
the lost legacies that we feel belong to us and
deserves to be told.
It is dedicated to the last Mawalad descendant
who boarded the spanish fleet and eventually
settled anonymously in these islands like his
Amawi ancestor who fled to the Andalus.

This Monograph is only the initial publication of


the authors who hoped to continue in
their research into the lost Moro kingdoms.

To the Malay datus who settled in Luzon and the


Visayas who in search of better pastures and
extending the reach of their kingdoms and the
crescent flag, whose descendants were forced
under the spanish arquibuse to embrace the cross.

The publication of this monograph has been


made possible through the support of
our major benefactor, Shaykh Mohammad Rosli
Hassan al-Hajj.

To Datu Julano Taupan, Datu Tarik Soliman,Datu


Puti, Patu Datu balensusa, Datu kumintang and
Datu Dimaandal (fatiha for their souls) and their
descendants.

The Publishers

Yusuf Roque Santos Morales


Meinrado Martinez Y Dato Dimaandal

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Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

THE EARLIERS INHABITANTS


Introduction:
This research has been primarily an answer to many
questions of Muslims who have been puzzled as to
where have all the Muslims gone in Luzon and
Visayas both prior and after the conquest of
Legaspi.
This present work, however, does not attempt to
answer the question in full but tries to start the
bowl rolling as in the words of Dean Julkipli Wadi of
the Institute of Islamic Studies, University of the
Philippines, allow marginal voices of history to be
heard and become part of established history.
The references stated therein are partial and some
may be open to critique and discussion. However,
as an open initiative to allow alternative and marginal opinion to surface in the light of discussions
and seek a closure fot those whose tarsilas mention
of lost families, datus and rajahnates from the
sejarahs of the Moro Royalties in Sulu and
Mindanao.

When we discuss
Philippine prehistory, this
would refer to the periods
before the written history.
The earliest known record
of human remains in the
Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skull
and jawbone of three Source: Tabon Man, http://www.google.com.ph
individuals discovered on
28 May 1962 by a team headed by Robert B. Fox, an
American anthropologist for the Philippine National
Museum. These fragments are collectively called
Ta-bon Man after the place where they were found
on the west coast of the island of Palawan.
Tabon Cave was a sort of Stone Age workshop which
was Carbon-14 dated to roughly 7,000, 20,000, and
22,000 before the Common Era (BCE). The fossils
found are considered to have come from a third group
of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000
and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies much
farther below the level containing cooking fire
assemblages that it is said to represent Upper
Pleistocene dates of 45- or 50-thousand years ago.i

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Anthropologists who have examined a Tabon Man


skullcap agreed that it belonged to modern man,
homo sapiens, indicating that Tabon Man belonged to
a racial stock which entered Southeast Asia during
the Holocene Period absorbing earlier and latter
peoples (some believe including the Austronesians)
that would eventually produce the modern Malay,
Indonesian, Filipino, and Pacific peoples.ii
THE START OF RECORDED HISTORY
The ancient artifacts on writing found in the
provinces of Batangas,
Butuan and Laguna
suggested that the
literate people of the
ancient
Philippine
Islands had contact
with each other and
with foreign countries
such as
Indonesia,
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
China, and Vietnam.
Source: http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
The historical period of the Philippine Islands
started on 21 April 900 CE when the Commander in
Chief of Tundun though the Lord Minister of Pailah

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had forgiven the living descendants of any debts of


the Honorable Namwaran. The contract was inscribed
on a copperplate and written in Kawi script. A century later, maritime societies were already existing in
the archipelago without a centralized government.
Many semi-autonomous settlements called
barangays ruled by datus, rajahs or sultans.
The ancient copperplate was found during
dredging of sand in Lumbang River near Laguna de
Bay in the Province of Laguna. It was written in the
Old Malay language, using an Old Javanese script of
the Early Kawi Period (750-925 CE). The Old Malay
used in this inscription contained a voculary of Sankskrit, Old Javanese words, and Old Tagalog cognates.
It size is about 8 x 12 inches and weighing 268.74
grams. Ten lines of small characters appear to have
been inscribed by hammering on one side of its thin
surface. An embossed negative version shows up on
its backside. It is the first artifact of pre-Hispanic
origin with writing on copper materials to be found in
the Philippines.
Old Malay was the trade language of Southeast
Asia in the 10th century, the period in which the
Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) was written.
The script used is considered to be a standard form
of early Kawi which as then commonly used for

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inscription in stone or in copper not only in Java but on


the Southeast Asian mainland as well with few or
variations in style.
The Butuan Ivory Seal
An ivory seal from Butuan
shows writing in stylized
Kawi, each letter being
fitted into an oblong box so
that it appears distorted.
The script is similar to that
on the inscription of Puh
Serang near Kediri, East
Indonesia. The writing says
Butban which presumably
stands for Butwan or
Butuan.
The Butuan Silver Strip
The silver strip was
found in Butuan in the mid
seventies inside a wooden
coffin
by
treasure
hunter. The
The Butuan Silver Strip
script is
http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/mystery/silver.htm

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also similar to the ancient Indonesian script, Kawi. Its


material was dated 14/15th century.
William Henry Scott and Bon Juan Go translated
the strip as: In the year 1003 A.D., King Kiling of Butuan sent his ambassadors, Liyihan and Jiaminan to the
Sung Court of China. In 1011 A.D., another king of Butuan, Sri Bata Shaja (Xi-li-ba-da-sha-zhi) sent Liyu-xie
to china with a memorial engraved on a gold tablet. Liyuxie
obtained a recognition from China that Butuan
had equal status with Vietnam (Champa) as China's
tributary.
The Calatagan Pot
In the early 1960's, an artifact was offered by
treasure hunters to
National Museum staff
as they were working
on a nearby excavation. It was the Calatagan pot, the first
pre-Hispanic artifact
with writing to be
found. Calatagan is
place in
Batangas,
the ancient Kingdom
http://www.pcij.org/blog/2008/03/27/calatagan-potof Kumintang Moros.
inscription-no-longer-a-mystery

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As such, it is the best known and written about among


all artifacts with writing. The writing on the pot goes
around its mouth. The letters look similar to those of
classic Philippine scripts (Tagalog, Tagbanwa, Buhid,
and Hanuno) but some appear to be oriented in
strange ways. Some show a similarity to older scripts
used in Indonesia, suggesting an earlier development
of classic Philippine scripts. Since its discovery,
several experts have tried but failed to decipher the
inscription as of the present time.

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throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia.

THE EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS


States began to emerge such Rajahnate of Tunduk, Rajahnate of Seludong, Kingdom of Namayan,
Kingdom of Kumintang, Kingdom of Macabebe, Kingdom of Tiwalisi, Rajahnate of Sugbu, Conferation of
Madya-as, Rajahnate of Butuan, and Sultanate of Sulu.
RAJANATE OF TUNDOK
The Rajahnate of Tundok was a fortified kingdom
located in the Manila Bay area, specifically north of the
Pasig River on Luzon island. It is one of the communities mentioned by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription.
There was diplomatic ties between the Empire and
China especially during the Ming Dynasty. For this reason, the Empire became a dominant force in trade

Source: Asia Finest Discussion Forum

12

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throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia.

constructed cities.

The notable monarchs of Tondok Empire are the


fo l l o w i n g : 1 )
Lankan
Timamanukum
(1150-?),
Lakan
Alon
(1200-?),
Flag of Rajah Matanda
(Ache Ladyang Matanda)
Lakan Gambang
http://www.watawat.net/early_flags_and_symbols_-_2.html
(1390-14 20),
Lakan Lontok (1430-1450), Dayang Kaylangitan (1450
-?), Rajah Sulayman I (1515-1558), Rajah Sulayman
II (Rajah Matanda/Ache) (1558-1571), Lakan Dula
(1558-1571?), Rajah Sulayman III (1571-1575), and
Magat Salamat ( 1550-1595).

As with other IndoMalay kingdoms in


The Flag of Rajah Lakandula
Southeast
Asia,
(Banaw Lakandula)
http://www.watawat.net/early_flags_and_symbols_-_2.html
they have developed a close affinity with other kingdoms both by internalizing the nomenclature of religious, cultural and
economic practices through both intermarriages and
trade relations, this being a distinct characteristic
that may be ascribed to Indian rulers of the subcontinent themselves. iii

Due to having been a part of the Shri Vishaya


and Madjapahit empires, Tundok was an Indianized
kingdom in the 10th century. It was based essentially
on Hindu and Buddhist cultural and economic influences that permeated most of Southeast Asia at the
time. Despite being culturally akin to Hindu cultures,
kingdoms like Tundok eventually became autonomous
and upon the fall of the earlier empires of India they
nevertheless enthusiastically adopted elements of
raja-dharma (Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, codes and
court practices) to legitimize their own rule and

A present-day example of an Indianized culture


that has survived is that now found on the island of
Bali in Indonesia. Balinese are people of Malay stock
whose majority practice the Hindu religion in a somewhat familiar but localised form one amidst a modern nation which is otherwise dominated by Islamic
religious beliefs.
An obvious attribute of the cultural links between
Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent is the
spread and absorption of ancient Indian Vedic/Hindu
and Buddhist philosophies and culture into presentday nation states-such as Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos and Cambodia. Indian scripts are also found
in Southeast Asian islands ranging from Sumatra,

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Java, Bali, south Sulawesi and mostly of the Philippine


Archipelago.
Regional strategic location.
What is now known about the Kingdom of
Tundok is that it initiated diplomatic ties with China
during the Ming Dynasty which ruled China from 1368
to 1644 AD, following the collapse of the Mongol-led
Yuan Dynasty. The Ming Annals record the arrival of
an envoy from Luzon in 1373 AD. From these records,
it is apparent that the rulers of Tundok were
acknowledged not as mere chieftains, but as kings.
This reference places Tundok into the larger context
of Chinese trade with the peoples of the Philippine
archipelago and explains why it was considered a
dominant force in regional trade.
Eventually Tundok thus became a centre from
which Chinese goods were traded all across Southeast Asia. Chinese trade was so strict that Luzon
traders carrying these goods were considered Chinese by the people they encountered.
Cultural links between what are now China and
the Philippines date back to the peopling of these
lands. But the earliest archaeological evidence of
these lands. However, the earliest archaeological

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evidence of trade between the Philippines and China


takes the form of pottery and porcelain pieces dated
to the Tang (618-907 AD) and Song (960-1279 AD)
Dynasties.
Tundoks existence has already been established
and the archeological evidence indicates that both
Tundok and the older Namayan Kingdom in Luzon were
part of this trade.
The rise of the Ming dynasty also witnessed the
arrival of the first Chinese settlers in the Philippines.
They were welcomed by the inhabitants and settled in
harmony with the existing local population eventually
intermarrying with them such that today, numerous
Philippine people have Chinese blood running in their
veins. iv
Dealing with the Brunei sultanate.
As with the Rajahnate of Sugbu which had Maas
Ilidji who was connected with the Sultanate of Sulu
settled and established his community in Cebu, so did
the kingdom of Tundok had an alliance with the Sultanate of Brunei, which eventually led to Tundoks regional
prominence in trade thru the alliance with
Brunei Sultan (1485 AD-1524 AD), which led to its
peak age as a maritime trading force even as relations

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between them date farther back in history.


The political, economic, religious as well as socio
-cultural relations between these two countries have
existed for more than five centuries and especially
during the period when the Spanish, the Portuguese
and the Dutch were contesting supremacy over territories comprising the Malay Peninsula and large swaths
of Southeast Asia.
In that aspect, a more important relationship had
been cemented through a stronger bond of bloodbased affinities between the Bruneian royal families
with members of the Filipino nobility of the 15th century.
The Rajahnate of Tundok became so prosperous
that around the year 1500 AD, Sultan Bolkiah (an ancestor of the present ruling Sultan Bolkiah Hassanal)
merged with it by a royal marriage of Gat Lontok,
who later became Rajah (Lord) of Namayan, and
Dayang Kalangitan (or Princess of the Heavens) to
establish a city with the Malay name of Seludong
(later on to become the city of Maynila) situated on
the opposite bank of the Pasig River.
The traditional rulers of Tundok the Lakandula
(literally, the Lords of the Palace), retained their

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titles and property but the real political power now


resided in the House of Sulaymna, the Rajahs of
Maynila whose line eventually formed the Tagalog
Maginoo ruling caste of Tundok.
Years after Magellans death in 1521 at the hand
of a Datu known as Maas Ilidji ( Lapu-lapu), the
Spanish belatedly returned in force 50-years later and
defeated the local rulers whose dominions surrounded
the Manila Bay by 1591.
Spanish records mention three rulers who played
significant roles after the arrival of Miguel Lopez de
Legaspi y Gurruchtegui (1502-1572 CE) on the island of Cebu in the Visayas region of the Philippines
towards the latter part of 1570 but more particularly
related to his two much younger Lieutenantcommanders - Martn de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo
both who, pursuant to the orders of King Philip of
Spain to colonize the Philippines, explored the northern
region of Luzon where the Kingdoms of Tundok, Namayan and Maynila were all situated.
The Filipino rulers at that time were Rajah Matanda referred to as El Viejo (the Old Man), and
also known as Ache; Rajah Lakan Dula; and their
nephew Rajah Sulayman III referred to as
Rajah
Mura or the Young Rajah. Rajah Matanda and Rajah

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Sulayman III were joint- rulers of the Malay-speaking


Moslem Kingdom of Maynila, while Rajah Lakan Dula
ruled over.
The dissolution of the Tundok Kingdom
The Spanish conquest of Luzon culminated in the
Battle of Bankusay which occurred on 03 June 1571.
After that episode, the area comprising the Kingdoms
of Tundok and Namayan also came under the
administration of Spanish Manila dissolving their existence as independent states. Under Spain, the City of
Manila became the colonial entrept in the Far East.
Tondo today continues to exist as a district of the
city of Manila, which is part of the larger Metro
Manila.
RAJANATE OF SELUDONG
The front
base of
Brunei: Kota
Seludong

The Flag of Rajah Sulayman


http://www.watawat.net/early_flags_and_symbols_-_2.html

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The basis for the creation of the Kingdom of


Maynila is actually said to be the result of both political need and economic positioning by the sultan of
Brunei named Bolkiah who, in order not to accomplish
his objectives militarily, found another far more effective approach that neutralised the Kingdom of Tunv
doks monopoly on trade with China.
He achieved this simply by arranging a royal
marriage between a Royal Prince of Brunei with a
High Princess of Tundoks ruling dynasty. Instead of
spilling more blood, the Sultan found it more convenvi
ient to mix it through marriage.
As part of the Princess dowry, the King of
Tondo agreed to the establishment of a new city
called Kota Seludong located by the river Pasig across
from his capital. For the Sultan of Brunei, this location
was a perfect site for his Princes so-called retinue
to establish direct trading activities with the China
traders who weighed anchor at the mouth of the river
in the Bay of Manila. Bolkiah regarded Seludong as a
highly-prized Bruneian satellite and, for as long as
the marriage lasted and produced children and heirs;
he considered it a perfect match of interests, mostly
in his favor economically as many students of history
of that period now believe.

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The names Seludong, Saludong or Selurong are all


interchangeably used to denote an area where the
Kingdom of Maynila was later established prior to the
arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. It
was the last of three major city-states in the island
of Luzon which dominated the area surrounding the
upper portion of the generally placid Pasig River.
Immediate expansion and power
The ruling class of this new kingdom in a short
period of time established a number of trade agreements with other Asian neighbors as well as with the
Hindu empires of Java and Sumatra creating an extended network of commercial interests they controlled.
The name of the early settlement in Malay, Hindu
and Chinese documents is recorded as Saludung. It
is also narrated through the Tausug and Malay royal
histories. Over time and because of the prevalent
presence
of
water-borne
plants
called
nilad (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea), the emerging
city-state was known as May-nila or simply Maynila,
which transliterates as There is nila (here).
Maynila is also sometimes called Maynilad

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because the term nila is generally (but mistakenly)


referred to as nilad by non-local people unfamiliar
with the plant. Adding to the confusion, when the
Spaniards returned to colonize the Philippines they
shortened Maynila to Manila. Since then, it has been
more widely known by that name for those who refer
to it as the national capital of present-day Philippines. Even then, locals still use the archaic form
Maynilawhether referring to it in the past or present
tense even up to this day.
JEWEL OF THE FAR EAST
Under the Malay aristocrats who were the rulers
of that time, the city-state established as Seludong
was also the same name given for the general region
of southwestern Luzon. It was also known as Gintu or
The Land of Gold and Suvarnadvipa by its regional
neighbors. That term simply acknowledged its strong
trade ties with China which were quite extensive, even
eclipsing levels enjoyed by the adjacent Kingdoms of
Tundok and Namayan. Contacts with Arab merchants
also developed to be another profitable trading
activity.
When the party of Ferdinand Magellan first
arrived in 1521, they certainly took notice of it which

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adds to the reasons why the Spaniards returned half


a century later as the lure of the Jewel of the Far
East could not be ignored much longer.
Before the return of the Hispanics to the
Philippines, however, the rajahs of the House of Sulayman Sulayman III and Matanda, who ruled the
Muslim communities south of the Pasig River, unified
to become the Kingdom of Maynila.
The Spaniards in Cebu, upon knowing of the
existence of a prosperous kingdom in Luzon, the
leader of the returning Spanish expedition, Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi sent a reconnaissance mission
under Marshal Martin de Goiti and Captain Juan de
Salcedo to discover its location and potentials. De
Goiti anchored in the area of Cavite, a fishing enclave
on the mouth of Manila Bay. It is said that he tried to
impose his authority peacefully by sending a message
of friendship to the rulers of Maynilad.
Rajah Sulayman III was willing to accept an offer
of friendship without conditions and not especially one that involves submission of its sovereignty
to Spain. One misunderstanding led to another and
fighting broke out between them. As a retaliatory
measure, De Goiti and his small army attacked
Maynilad in June 1570, captured and looted the city

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before returning to the island of Panay in the central


part of the Philippine Archipelago where the Spanish
had established their base. This was just the first
salvo.
The demise of the Luzon Rajahnates
In 1571, the unity of the Luzon Empire was
already being threatened by irreconcilable differences
on how to handle the Spanish. Those differences
strained an already uneasy alliance between Rajah
Matanda of Sapa, Lakan Dula of Tondo and Rajah
Sulayman III, the rajah muda or crown prince of
Maynila.
To compound the growing strains between them,
other local rulers from the neighbouring region of
Pampanga in Central Luzon became bold enough to
challenge the traditional leadership of the Kingdoms
of Tundok and Maynila due to the point they were
vii
hesitant to fight the Spaniards.
About the same year, the Spaniards returned.
This time, they were led by Lpez de Legazpi himself
who brought along a force consisting of some 280
fully-armored Spaniards and 600 local warriors conscripted from allies established the year before from
the islands of Cebu and Panay. Sulayman III and his

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his forces confronted the Spaniards in the sea channel called Bankusay but after losing that skirmish and
seeing the Legazpi-led force approach with much
speed, his defenders set ablaze the ancient cities of
Tondo and Maynilad along with all the neighbouring
towns and then repaired to the hinterlands.
It was a terrible battle as the Macabebe leader
Tarik Sulayman, whose armorer was Panday Pirak
(silver smith?) of Apalit, was the only Luzon datu who
stood up against the might of the Spanish conquistadores and their Visayan allies in their 1571 invasion of
Manila.
Lakandula merely watched as the Macabebe
datu rowed down the waterways from Macabebe and
Hagonoy to Tundok with several hundred warriors on
board 20 or 30 paraos. Refusing the deceptive offer
of peace and friendship, the datu fought valiantly
against the Spaniards in the waters of Bangkusay in
Tundok. The great Macabebe datu and hundreds of
his Kapampangan host died in the battle that would
start Spain's 333-year colonization of the Philippines.
Nevertheless, the Spanish-led force occupied the
ruins of Maynilad and eventually established a fortified settlement there which became the title city of
the new Spanish colony in the Philippines. It was

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administered by a Governor-General who ruled from


Manila but was subordinate to the Viceroy of New
Spain in Mexico City.
After neutralizing the Sulaymans of Macabebe
and Kota Seludong, Rajah Lakandula cooperated with
the Spanish invaders to protect his interests and rule
which was undermined by the entry of the Bruneian
princes intermarrying in Manila and Macabebe. viii

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to Mexico and then all the way around the Pacific


Ocean to Southeast Asia. On their return trips, the
galleons sailing back to Mexico and thence to Spain
were laden with a rich bounty of commodities from all
over Asia.
This period of Philippine history marks the end
of the long-established Moro kingdoms on the island
of Luzon and the beginning of 333-years of the Europeanization of the psyche of the Filipinos.

Queen City of the Pacific


Kingdom of Namayan
As the conquest of Manila bay became complete
by the defeat of the Sulayman datus and the conversion of the Lakandula clans, the communities eventually burned and a new fortress was established by
the Spaniards. A new entrepot was established replacing the older one based on trade with China to
one that would involve an even more lucrative ManilaAcapulco Galleon trade route between the Philippines
and Mexico.
That new trade alignment flourished from 1571
until 1815. From the Jewel of the Far East under the
rajahnates, Maynila was transformed into the Queen
City of the Pacific under the Spaniards Manila due to
trade with Acapulco, one which transported goods
westward from Europe and parts of the Middle East

The Namayan kingdom is the confederation of


barangays
which began to peak
in 1175. It
had been
ruled from
Sapa
by
Lakan TagFlag of Rajah Kalamayin of Kingdom of Namayan
kan
http://www.watawat.net/early_flags_and_symbols_-_2.html
(Lacatagcan, Takhan), and Lady Buan.
Dayangdayang Pasay inherited the lands now comprising the
territories of Culi-culi, Pasay and Baclaran. The royal
capital of the kingdom was built in Sapa, known today

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as Santa Ana. The natives brought their products to


the capital of Namayan. Trading flourished during the
twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. Merchants from
the China, Moluccas, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, India,
Siam, and Cambodia came to trade with the natives.
Namayan's territory has been described bordering Manila Bay, the Pasig river, and Laguna Lake. A
more precise description of Namayan's administrative
area covered the following: Meycatmon, Kalatundungan, Dungos, Dibag, Pinacauasan, Yamagtogon,
Maysapa (Santa Ana), Malate, Dilao (Paco), Pandacan, Quiapo, San Miguel, San Juan del Monte, Mandaluyong, San Pedro de Makati and Taytay.
KINGDOM OF KUMINTANG & CONFEDERATION OF
MADYAMADYA-AS
In a book entitled Kumintang, the Creation, Development and Demise of a Civilisation, Sultan
Makatunaw not only did grab
the lands from the other datus,
he even took away their wives.
This led Datu Puti, together
with 9 other datus decide to
leave to seek for a more
peaceful abode.
http://www.travbuddy.com/travel-blogs/38291/BORNEO-IDENTITY-1#0

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The group landed in the present day island of


Panay where they met a tribe of Negritoes led by Marikudo. Being skilled in in diplomacy, Datu Puti convinced the Negritoes to give them a place where they
could settle. Marikudo and his tribe agreed to give
the Malayans a place in exchange of the
golden sukud (also called a salakot, a head dress
worn by noble men during those times). From then on,
the negritoes went back to the mountains where most
of them settle until today.
After the purchase, Datu Puti founded a confederation of three dominions, which came to be called
the Madia-as Confederation. The confederation was
composed of the dominions of Hantik (later Antique)
led by Datu Sumakwel, Aklan led by Datu Bankaya and
Irong-irong (later Iloilo) led by Datu Paiburong. The dominion easily became a thriving centre, which is
proven by Chinese chronicles saying that their ships
pass this Dominion for trade. According also to the
said chronicles, the Madia-as Confederation was
already in existence in 1252.
It was not long when Datu Puti realized that the
Dominion became too crowded and decided to find
another place where he and his dominion could find a
greener pasteur. He then left the Confederation under
the rule of Datu Sumakwel (said to be the wisest

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among the three rulers of the Madia-as Confederation) and sailed further North with Datu Balensusa and
Datu Domangsil. There, they found a place of many
rivers that drained into the present day Taal Lake.
Here, Datu Puti founded the Kingdom of the Tagalogs,
with its centre in the present day Balayan and extended up to the present day provinces of Quezon, Rizal, Cavite, Minodro, Marinduque and even some parts
of Romblon and Palawan. Later, studies suggested
that the Kingdom included the present day Metropolitan Manila, Bulacan, Bataan, parts of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac and Zambales. Today, all of these provinces have
a significant population of Tagalogs.
It was also under the rule of Datu Puti when the
people of the Tagalog Kingdom built the first national
highway (in its sense). All around the lake, the Tagalogs made an even road by putting stones
(called sapaw). The road streched up to 40 kilometres and greatly facilitated the travel to the nearby
towns. However, the Taal Lake grew older and was
filled with water and the sapaw became submerged
under water. There, it was forgotten for more than
half a century and only discovered in the late 1970s
by an underwater archeologist.
Though great was the Kingdom Datu Puti
founded, he still could not forget the Island from

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32

where he came. He still dreamt to liberate Borneo


from the tyranny of Sultan Makatunaw. So in 1234, he
left the Kingdom he founded to sail back South and
fight the Sultan. He divided the Kingdom among the
six other Datus (namely Domangsil, Balensusa,
Bankaya, Paduhinog, Dumalogdog and Lubay). These
datus selected Datu Balensusa to lead them and Datu
Puti went on to liberate Borneo. And that was the last
account that pertained to the Great Datu.
When Datu Balensusa came to age, the Kingdom
over which he ruled was inherited by Datu Kumintang,
that part of the Kingdom was named after its chieftain. During that time, the island of Luzon was identified as May-I in the Chinese annals. The Kingdom of
Kumintang remained to be one of the most progressive towns when the Spaniards arrived.
In 1570, Spanish generals Martin de Goiti and
Juan de Salcedo explored the coast of Batangas on
their way to Manila and came upon a Malay settlement at the mouth of Pansipit River.
THE TAAL LAKE MOROS BATTLED THE SPANIARDS
Captain Juan de Salcedo was the first European
to visit Lake Taal. He was a Spaniard born in Mexico
City. Being too young, he did not join his grandfather,

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33

Miguel de Legaspi in conquering Cebu in the Visayas


Islands in the
central part of
the
Philippines. However,
Salcedo joined
his grandfather
in military campaigns
three
years later.
Salcedo,
now a 21 year
old explorer, took
command next to
Martin de Goiti,
the Chief Field
Commander. The Spanish forces consisted of about
100 Spanish arquebusiers (soldiers with guns) and 20
sailors. They were assisted by about 300 soldiers
from the Visayan Islands who were manning the oared
boats. They embarked into San Miguel Ship and
Tortuga war vessels and sailed on 3 May 1570,
planned to get to and survey the Maynila and its
bay. On 3 May 1570, the 21-year-old adventurer set
sail north as second-in-command, under Chief Field
Commander Martin de Goiti, on the 50-ton San Miguel and the frigate Tortuga, with about 100

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34

Spanish soldiers with guns and 20 sailors, aided by


about 300 Visayan soldiers who would operate oared
boats. Their mission was to reach and explore the
fabled Maynila and its bay.
The fleet reached the waters off Mindoro Island
while an advance group in the oared boats clashed,
overcame, and took into their custody the two Chinese
trading junks and their sailors at Baco River. Goiti and
Salcedo were irritated at the haughty manners of the
advance Spanish group, made apology to the Chinese,
and free the detainees. But when Goiti sent one Chinese ship back to Cebu for repair and confiscated its
load of Chinese merchandise.
The Spanish forces displayed it superior military
might and forced the people of Baco to negotiate for
peace. The people presented gold and persuaded the
forces of Goiti to proceed to a fortified fort now
known as Puerto Galera. The Spaniards demonstrated
again their superior military capability and discouraged possible attack by the natives. The invading
forces received again levy of gold for the crown of
Spain. Afterwards, the Spanish combatants alighted
to Balayan Bay now under the province of Batangas. Then, the foreign forces headed out to interior
of the land to survey the densely inhabited region
with many well tended lands.

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35

The Spanish forces used the Moro guides from


Balayan areas to enter the Lake Taal through Pansipit River in oared boats to the mount of Taal Lake.
They were looking for a secured location which was
located on the both sides of the water. The place
was very high, rugged, and suitable for laying ambuscades. The knowledge of the location shared by the
Balayan Moros was confirmed accurate.
The Taal Lake Moros who were unsure of the intentions of the Spaniards had prepared their bows,
arrows and bolos ready for battle. The Moros were
lying in wait ready to attack by surprise, unleashed
scores of poisoned arrows into the air hitting Salcedo
in the thigh and forcing the invaders to withdraw. After regrouping, Salcedo and his men battled
the Lake Taal Moros on land and shot 40 Moros dead
at the gate of Taal town.
After subduing the Taal Lake Moros, the expedition continued the travel to Maynila where Rajah Soliman and the Maynila Moros confronted the conquering
force who was fresh from the victory at Taal Lake
encounter. The defeat of Taal Lake Moros may attributed to the superior military might of the Spaniards
and the assistance of the Visayan soldiers.

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36

KINGDOM OF MACABEBE
Before the conquest of the Philippines by the
Spaniards, early Macabebes already led a highly civilized way of life. They had an advanced system of
government, practiced sophisticated farming techniques, were highly skilled in various skills, and were
already
engaged in
trade and
diplomatic
re l a t i o n s
w i t h
neighboring
http://groups.yahoo.com
China and
Southeast Asian countries.
The first trickle of Macabebe settlers came
from Indonesia around 300-200 B.C. By the 11th to
12th century, a mass exodus took place at the height
of the Madjapahit era during which the empire embarked on a ruthless adventure that forced the
smaller kingdoms to establish their own independent
empires.
Among these kingdoms were the fiercely independent and free-loving Pampango speaking Sumatrans who, under Prince Balagtas,
Balagtas himself a sovereign

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37

the Madjapahit empire, established his own dynasty


based on liberty, independence and economy.
Prince Balagtas first stopped at Burnay (Brunei)
where he established his dominion and strengthened
his influence by marrying the granddaughter of the
kingdom's ruler. Enticed by tales of a "paradise land",
Prince Balagtas and his group sailed for Central Luzon
and gradually pushed inland passing through the Rio
Grande (Pampanga River), and the Rio Chico, the only
passable routes at the time.
The Macabebes lived in relative peace as other
tribes in the Philippine Islands from 13th to early 15th
century CE until the Spanish Conquistadores came.
The response of the Macabebes was a violent one.
They were led by datu name Tarik Sulayman a.k.a.
Bambalito. He organized a fleet of 40 caracoas
(warships) bearing more than 2,000 warriors from
Macabebe, Hagonoy and other villages and sailed to
Tundok to persuade Lakandula to join his fight against
the invading Spaniards led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. He chided the Tagalog chieftains of Maynila
for allowing the Spaniards to enter Luzon.
When Legazpi sent emissaries to Tundok to talk
peace, Tarik Soliman drew his sword and cried, May

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38

the sun cut my body in two and may I be disgraced in


the eyes of women if I ever became a friend to
these Spaniards! as recorded by Fray Gaspar de San
Agustin's Conquistas de las I slas Filipinas 1565-1615
He then jumped out of the window, went to his caracoa and told the emissaries that he and his fleet
would be expecting the Spaniards at the mouth of
Bangkusay channel in Tundok.
In June 3, 1571, Legazpi sent 80 Spanish soldiers and an unspecified number of Visayan
warriors, like he did to Balayan Moros of Bonbon (Taal),
led by Martin de Goiti to what is now known as the
Battle of Bangkusay .Unfortunately, Tarik Soliman was
killed by a bullet and his
soldiers either fled or
were taken prisoners. In 1572, Legazpi wrote about
"a province called
Macabebe from which came
2000 warriors riding in 40 vessels. They attacked our
boats impetuously and discharged their artillery (of
bronze cannons) with settled regularity. Their commander lost his life and he was the very one who obstinately rejected my peace overtures.
By this account, the Macabebes were indeed
patriotic Moros. However, one may ask: Why the
Macabebe Moros who were one of the fiercest freedom fighters in the Philippine Islands became the
most trusted and pampered people by the colonizers
both the Spaniards and the Americans? Rooby

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39

Tantingco offers us the following answer: With such


audacious ancestors, we don't deserve to be called
traitors. If some Kapampangans subsequently served
in the Spanish army, it was out of necessity-they did
it for money, not politics. They had no concept of nation and, like the other tribes in the islands at the
time, they thought of themselves as Kapampangans,
not Filipinos. In a way, the Kapampangans' loyalty to
Spain was a form of rebellion, too, because they used
it to excel, as soldiers, as priests and nuns, as doctors, as artists, as cooks. And, as Prof. Randy David
argues, by beating
their colonial masters in their own
turf, Kapampangans
were in effect saying, "What the
Spaniards can do,
we can do better!"
KINGDOM OF
TAWALISI
The Tawalisi
Kingdom and the
legendary warrior
princess
The Kampilan sword and the mini-hand grenade
http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t192022.html

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

40

There were varied accounts on this kingdom,


some run very different accounts, but what is famous
about the Tawalisi kingdom is its legendary warriorprincess Urduja who ancient accounts say, was a
14th century woman-ruler of the dynastic Kingdom of
Tawalisi in Pangasinan, a vast area lying by the shores
of the Lingayen Gulf and the China Sea.
Pangasinan was an important kingdom then, and
the sovereign was considered to be an equal to the
Emperor of China. Known far and wide, Princess
Urduja was famous for leading a retinue of women
warriors who were skilled fighters and equestriennes.
They developed a high art of warfare to preserve
their political state. "These womenfolk took to the
battlefields because the male population was depleted by the series of wars which came with the Shri
-Visayan Empire in the sixth to the 13th centuries,"
the accounts said. Strong and masculine in physique,
they were called kinalakian ( Amazons warriors).
Highly exaggerated by current historians and
made into movies and animated films, the most famous third party account comes from the Arab historian and traveller, Ibn Batuta in his book Rihla (a
travelogue). Part of the story narrated that in 1347 he
was a passenger on a Chinese junk, which has just
come from the port of Kakula, north of Java and

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

41

Sumatra and passed by Pangasinan on the way to


Canton, China. Urduja, who had a particular fascination for the renowed "Pepper Country"--pepper being
considered black gold then--was quoted by Batuta as
saying, "I must positively go to war with that country,
and get possession of it, for its great wealth and
great forces attract me."
The description of Princess Urduja's gifts of rice,
buffaloes, ginger, pepper, lemons, mangoes, and salt
fits Pangasinan perfectly because of the abundance
of those products in Pangasinan. The closely related
Ibaloi people have an oral tradition of a woman
named Udayan who ruled an ancient alliance of lowland and highland settlements in Pangasinan and the
neighboring province of Benguet. Ibn Battuta also
mentioned that Urduja had some knowledge of Turkish. During the time of Ibn Battuta period, the influence of the Turkish Ottoman Empire was on the rise.
Ibn Batutta's travel account suggests that he
also saw elephants in the land ruled by Urduja. Elephants can still be found in Borneo, and may have
been gifts or traded in Pangasinan in earlier
times. Ancient Malayo-Polynesian sailing vessels, like
the ones used by the ancient Bugis and those depicted in the Borobudur bas-reliefs, were capable of
transporting heavy cargoes, including elephants. There

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

42

are depictions of such ancient ships in maritime


Southeast Asia transporting several elephants for
ix
trade.
In Pangasinan, Urduja has been depicted as the
only daughter of a Rajah whose sons lost their lives
defending their agricultural settlements in the Agno
River valley and sea trade routes to their Srivijaya and
Champa allies. Urduja was trained in the art of war
since she was a child, and she became an expert with
the kampilan and was a skilled navigator. She commanded a fleet of proas to protect their maritime
trade networks against pirates and threats from Mongol-ruled China. With her beauty, she attracted many
suitors.
Biased historiography from the academe
One of the problems encountered by local historians was the effort of feminists who tried to revive
the Urduja story but were discouraged to learn that
Batuta's account of the voyage to Tawalisi was labeled as either an intrigue or a fantasy. As a result
some scholars, have considered the story absurd, and
declared Urduja a myth. This however comes from a
strong bias against Arab historiographers who they
claim have exaggerated accounts of the places they
visit, forgetting that Marco Polo himself was

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

43

describing exaggerated things to people of his time.


Dr. Jose Rizal, in Dr. Austin Craig's 1916 paper
"Particulars of the Philippines' Pre-Spanish Past" was
quoted as saying in one of his letters: "While I may
have doubts regarding the accuracy of Ibn Batuta's
details, I still beleive in the voyage to Tawalisi". He
went as far as to calculate the distance and time of
travel from the port of Kakula. Rizal's commentary
was triggered by a scholar, Sir Henry Yule, who wrote
in his time that: "Tawalisi may be found only in a Gulliver geography."
Ironically, tarsilas in Sulu, Brunei and Maguindanao all point to a Muslim enclave that is farther
north of Manila bay, and that this is believed by Muslims in the south, and one would be surprised that
among the highlanders Urduja's name still has great
resonance among the Ibaloi, one of the major ethnolinguistic tribes in the Cordillera region. x
The Cordillera tribes, also known collectively as
Igorots, pride themselves as being the only ethnic
group that doesn't talk about the origin of man according to Spanish chronicles. Among the tribes, genealogy and family history are orally passed history.
The Ibaloi, just like other highland tribes, could easily
trace their ancestry. This is ensured by their custom

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

44

of naming newborns after ancestors to help keep


their memory alive and evoke affection and protection.
"No Ibaloi will bear the name of an ancestor
unless she's related," Dr. Pungayan explained. While
the Bontoc tribe bestows the name of an ancestor to
a grandchild, the Ibaloi style is namesaking the greatgrandchild, he added.
A book on the history of Benguet province, written by Anavic Bagamasbad and Zenaida HamadaPawid, shows the Benguet genealogy tracing tribal
family lines from the year 1380 to 1899. The book
says, "The extent of inter-settlement alliances is climaxed in the memory of Tublay informants with the
reign of Deboxah, Princess Urduja, in Pinga. She's acknowledged as the granddaughter of Udayan, an outstanding warrior of Darew. Her death signalled continuous decline of kinship and alliance between highland and lowland settlements."
The Darew mountain range is remembered as the
earliest settlement in the mining town of Tublay. The
close relations between the Cordilleras and Lingayen
are well-accounted for in Batuta's chronicle. It said
that the Kingdom of Tawalisi was very extensive, including the vast areas up to the fringes of the

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

45

Benguet mountains and the Cordillera ranges in the


east of Luzon.
The ruler, Batuta further said, "possesses numerous junks with which he makes war upon the
Chinese until they sue for peace and consent to grant
him certain concessions."
Despite recent research, however, most Luzonbased academicians remain cold to oral history, saying that such accounts still have to pass through
stringent rigors of scholarship. One forgets that the
first peoples used oral histories to preserve their culture and civilization and as such all great civilizations
have one form or another of oral historical accounts.

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

46

especially since the late William Henry Scott, an


American historian in the Cordillera, proved that the so
-called pre-Hispanic laws--the Kalantiaw and Maragtas Codes--were faked or invented by pseudohistorians who only wanted fame or riches for themselves.
Dr. Jaime Veneracion, the head of the University
of the Philippines history department, said that the
old Chinese scripts which may have chronicled
Urduja's kingdom have remained inaccessible for their
archaic language and calligraphy.
KINGDOM OF SUGBU

Today, some historians consider the issue of Urduja's historicity as closed. Compounding the issue is
the lack of archaelogical evidence on the existence of
the Shri-Visayan Empire, but strong evidence on the
presence of Muslim rajahships throughout the archipelago, which compounds their inability to address the
issue that Urduja was in fact a Muslim Dayang Dayang
(female Royalty).

The arrival of Maas Ilijih Hadji Pulaku (known to


Cebuano folklore as Lapu-lapu Dimantag) a Sama
who frequently traveled from Sulu and Borneo came
and asked Rajah Humabon (Sri Bantugs son) for a
place to settle. Being an orang laut (man of the
sea), Humabon offered the island of Opong but Lapu
lapu was convinced instead to settle in Mandawili
(now Mandaue) and make that land productive much
as it was virtually impossible to cultivate food crops
in Opong island due to its rocky terrain.

In fact, due to the coldness of Manila-based


historians to these issues, other aspects of Philippine
history as a result are being doubted, too,

Under Lapu-lapus leadership, the economy of


the island flourished largely because of the goods

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

47

he brought from the land and sea in northern Cebu


that increased trading. With his power and influence
now growing, it did not take long for his relationship
with Humabon to sour.

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48

Bolstered by an alliance that protected his


flanks, Lapu-lapu ordered his men to loot enemy ships
passing through Opong Island which significantly lowered trading transactions for the Rajah of Cebu. This
created tensions between Humabon and Lapu-lapu.
Opong Island thus earned the ill-reputed name
mangatang which later was shortened to the word
Mactan.
The Conflict of Humabon and Kaggi Pulaku and
the first blood shed by the Spanish colonialists.
The phrase Cata Raya Chita

Photo Personally Taken by Dato Dimaandal


Fort San Pedro, Cebu City, 10 April 2011

This happened when Lapu-lapu began to gain


both influence and his communities grew, and being
Sama, his strength comes from his allegiance to the
Sulu Sultan which was protection for his lucrative
activities. Part of the traditional agreements of the
Sama balanguinguih with the Sulu sultans was the
autonomy to conduct merchant marine activities and
defensive attacks against other fleets, which occasionally includes acts of piracy in high seas on ships
belonging to those who pose a threat to the Sultanate
of Sulu.

The Cebuano epic poem Aginid mentions of a


warning in the Old Malay language given by a visiting
merchant to Rajah Humabon, and foretells what could
befall the Rajahnate if care is not taken to avoid conflict with a new force looming over the horizon: Have
good care, O king, what you do, for these men are
those who have conquered Calicut, Malacca, and all
India the Greater. If you give them good reception
and treat them well, it will be well for you, but if you
treat them ill, so much the worse it will be for you,
as they have done at Calicut and at Malacca.
Historians have put forward the notion that if
Rajah Humabon had not allowed Lapu-lapu to settle in

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

49

the island of Cebu advising him instead to look elsewhere for land to settle further up north in the archipelago the course of Philippine history would have
been drastically different.
Soon after, as the merchant had warned, Spanish explorers arrive on Visayan shores after a long
voyage of exploration through the Pacific Ocean.
While the Aginid retells the story of how Humabon
befriends the travelers, converts to Christianity and,
according to Italian historian Antonio Pigafetta, requests Magellan to kill Lapu-lapu, the
Aginid also relates how Kaggi Pulaku outplays, outlasts, outwits and eventually slays Magellan in the
battle of Mactan in the month of April 1521. xi
Out of the five ships and more than 300 men
who left on the Magellan Expedition in 1519, only one
ship (the Victoria) and 18 men returned to Seville in
September 1522. Juan Sebastian de Elcano, the master of one of those ships, the Concepcion (which
sank on the return trip), took over command.
They started off through the westward route
and returning to Spain by going east; Magellan and Elcanos entire voyage took almost three years to complete but earned the distinction of being the first to
circumnavigate the world in one full journey. It proved

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

that the world was indeed round.

50
Xii

After that event, the Spaniards over the next


51-years came back to the Philippines in ships of
expedition.
The most notable one was commanded by Spanish-Basque explorer Miguel Lpez de Legazpi and to
start the elimination of the Moro kingdoms north of
Mindanao and begin the reign as colonial masters of
the archipelago for the next 333-years (1565-1898).
One must understand that Sugbu was an island
with different settlements and that each settlement
was ruled by an autonomous leader. Before the coming of Islam, the people followed the Indian religions,
being part of the Sri Vishaya and Madjapahit empires;
however, as the islamization of Moroland took place,
the other cousins in order to create synchronous relationships with the others engaged in both conversion
and intermarriages as a means of protecting their
fiefdoms as well as ensuring that the bloodlines were
established to maintain relationships and governance.
There are several sources where we see mention
of the Diraja Sugbu, some of them are the Suluk tarsilas as well as the Chronicles of Aginid (which some
skeptics view as an attempt to downplay the

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51

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52

presence of Muslim rulers because of the Ilanun and


Balanguinguih naval incursions during the Spanish era).

Southeastern India that was one of the longest-ruling


dynasties in that part of the world.

Comparing notes on the Chronicles of Aginid, the


ancient poem Diyandi and the Sulu tarsilas.

During the period 10101200, its territories


stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the
south to as far north as the banks of the Godavari
River in Andhra Pradesh. They annexed parts of what
is now Sri Lanka, and sent an expedition to North
India that touched the river Ganges where they
defeated the Pala ruler of Pataliputra in Mahipala.

Comparing and analyzing the tales of Aginid, the


ancient poem Diyandi (in Bahasa Sug and other
Malay languages, the word janjih, or Diyanji refers to a
promise, an agreement or a sacred vow)and the Sulu
tarsilas and elegies to Maas Ilidji side by side would
show up the following mental image. According to
other accounts hundreds of years ago inhabitants
in the central part of Cebu island burned down a town
known as Sugbo as a way to drive away sea
pirates. Xiii
After accomplishing this deed, they would then
flee to nearby mountains but later launch a counteroffensive against the demoralized and exhausted
invaders. It is a stirring chronicle of the story of the
rich culture and colorful history of pre-colonial Cebu in
the Philippines and reveals its links to a powerful Hindu
empire.
The first organized settlers who had a system of
governance were notably descended from the Cholas, a family who founded an ancient Tamil dynasty in

Thereafter, they successfully invaded kingdoms


of the Malay Archipelago, then occupied Sumatra and
part of the island of Borneo in Indonesia installing
members of their own family as rajahs (kings) to rule
over the local inhabitants until the dynasty itself went
into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with
the rise of the Pandyas, who ultimately caused their
downfall. The downfall of the Cholas eventually
resulted in the settling down of the initial forces sent
to these islands who found it a good place to avoid
the conflicts in their homeland.
Eventually as the continuous waves of Borneans
and other sea faring Malays began to settle down in
the adjacent districts and areas around the settlement of the descendants of the
migrant Cholas,
a new system eventually evolved (which was common

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53

with other parts of the archipelago which was settled by the former forces sent by the Shri Vishaya,
Madjapahit and Chola empires) this gave way to a
community where the predominantly migrant seafaring Malays took over the whole settlements and
assimilated them.
As such was born the Rajahnate of Cebu, a
classical state which existed in the centre of the
Visayas region prior to the arrival of the Spanish, and
was supposedly founded by Sri Lumay or Rajamuda
Lumaya as its first ruler.
Sources say he was either a minor or an ambitious native prince from Sumatra who traced his ancestry to the Chola dynasty, or one of those who
came from the lineage of Merong Mahawangsa. It is
said that he was sent to the Philippines by the ruling
maharajah to establish a forward base for expeditionary forces.
The strategic position of Southeast Asia naturally became part of the trade route of the ancient
world. Agricultural products were bartered for Chinese
silk cloths, bells, porcelain wares, iron tools, oil lamps,
and medicinal herbs. From Japan, perfume and glass
utensils were usually traded for native goods. Ivory
products, leather, precious and semi-precious stones

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54

and sarkara (sugar) mostly came from the Burmese


and Indian traders.
The Maharaja of Sumatra obviously wanted to
extend his influence and protect his interests in all
these lucrative trading activities but was thwarted
when Rajamunda Lumaya took a turn of mind and rebelled by establishing his own independent state instead.
This period saw the establishment of this monarchy (estimated between the 13th and 16th century
CE) of Sugbu which was inhabited by Hindu, Animist
and Muslim tribal groups all ruled by Rajahs and Datus
(chieftains).
In what remains of the folklore of the Visayan
people, Rajamuda Lumaya is said to have sired several sons and for a time established a dynasty of his
own. Of these sons Sri Alho (the title Sri was used
as a title of veneration of the leaders) ruled a land
known as Sialo which included the present-day towns
of Carcar and Santander in the southern part of Cebu
island.
Another son, Sri Ukob, ruled a kingdom known as
Nahalin in the north which included the present-day
towns of Consolacin, Liloan, Compostela, Danao,

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55

Carmen and Bantayan. Sri Ukob died in battle fighting


against other seaborne Malays (ilanuns and balanguinguihs) notably from the larger island of Mindanao and
Sulu .
The youngest of his sons was Sri Bantug who
ruled a kingdom known as Singhapala, in a region
which is today known as Cebu City. He died in an epidemic which spread in the island and was succeeded
by his son Sri Hamabar, also known as Rajah Humabon. xv
Rajamuda Lumaya also had another son known
as Sri Parang the Limp, He could not effectively govern his kingdom because of his infirmity so he handed
his throne to his nephew Humabon who became the
Rajah of Cebu. Although a strict disciplinarian, Rajamuda Lumaya was also known to be a fair and just
ruler that not a single slave ran away from him. During
his reign, the Magalos (a term that literally means
destroyers of peace often used as a derogatory
term for the other Moro Corsairs) often invaded the
island to loot and hunt for slaves. Each time these
raiders appeared over the horizon, Rajamuda Lumaya
would command his followers to burn the whole town
in order to drive the invaders away empty-handed.
The Rajahnate of Cebu continued to fight on for

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56

several years against the slave traders, even forming


an alliance with the Rajahnate of Butuan to strengthen
their efforts. Rajamuda Lumaya was eventually killed
in one of the battles against the Magalos and was
succeeded by Sri Bantug. Bantug carried on his fathers rule throughout his reign. He organized
umalahukans (reporters) to urge people to obey his
orders, especially on agricultural production, trade and
defense. xvi
RAJANATE OF BUTUAN
Much has been said about this kingdom, pitting
traditional historians from Mindanao (who rely on their
tarsilas) against academic historians who practice
some archeology.
The name Butuan is believed to have existed before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores in the
Philippines. It suggests the name derives from the
word batuan, a mangosteen-like fruit tree thriving in
Mindanao. Whichever source it derives its name from,
Butuan has existed for a very long time in the northeast part of Mindanao.
One of the main issues is that predominantly
most historians try to create the idea that Butuan was
a Hindu kingdom, and ironically, the rajah of this Hindu

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

Flag of Rajahnate of Butuan

57

Balanghai Peddled by Ancient Butuan Mariners


http://www.backpackingphilippines.com/2008/01/butuanregional-museum-and-balangay.html

kingdom was a brother of


a Muslim Sultan who happened to be a descendant of
Shariffs (descendants of the Prophet Muhammad);
and as such we will discuss the evolution of this kingdom from a Muslim historiographers perspective,
guided by the tarsilas of the brothers of the King of
Butuan and other third party sources, we will attempt
to reconstruct in a few details the Kingdom of Butuan.
A secret society in Bohol, known as The Eskaya
narrates in their records that that their ancestors appeared one day on their island. One of the books of
the Eskaya entitled Unang Katawhan Sa Bohol (or,
First People of Bohol) relates that an ancestor named
Dang-ko, his 12 children (11 boys and a girl), and several followers that included men, women and children
made their landed on the shores of Bohol in 677 A.D.

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

58

The group apparently migrants-refugees originated from Sumatra-Manselis (the western side of
Sumatra, Indonesia) on board a Lutsa a type of
sailing vessel somewhat resembling a cross between
a Chinese junk rig or a Portuguese (or European style)
hull. Eventually, Dang-kos only daughter married a
chieftain of Butuan. This narrative attempts to create
a relationship which tries to explain why the Eskaya
were once part of the Butuan thalassocracy (a state
with primarily maritime realms) and also why members of the Eskaya in Butuan maintain close contact
with the Eskaya of Bohol to this day.
Only few places in the Philippines have a longer
and more colorful history than Butuan. Through most
of the Middle Ages, specifically between the 5th to
the 14th century AD, Butuan was a flourishing and
highly-civilized community.
It rose to become an international trading centre
and possessed a developed political structure, cosmopolitan tastes for fine clothing and jewelry, chinaware, cosmetics, gold ornamentation and silversmithing technology.
El Dorado in the Philippines.
Gold has always played a role in our history.

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

59

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

60

Since ancient times, these islands have been an active producer of this and other precious metals. In
that respect, Butuan owes its existence largely to gold
mined at the headwaters of Agusan River in the Diwata mountain range. Then as now, it was known as a
major source of this metal during the 11th century.
Today, nearly 70% of the Central Bank of the Philippines prehispanic gold collection comes from Butuan
and its neighboring areas. It has grown into one of
the most important gold collections in Asia.

During that period, the Kingdom of Butuan was a


large settlement and a flourishing port with an established civil structure exercising governance over residents that included traders, craftsmen, and others
who would have had religious and cultural activities as
well. This explains why it emerged as an urbanized
port center and an entrept during the first
millennium.

The significance of the economic influence of


this ancient settlement is undeniable. It was a centre
where local merchants bartered gold for foreign
goods. But other goods recovered from archeological
excavations in Butuan ceramics, glass beads, bronze
vessels and utensils; also highlight the extent and sophistication of Butuan culture, trade and contact with
other kingdoms of the time in China, India, Cambodia,
Thailand, Vietnam, and countries.

Archival evidence from written records reveal


that the kingdom was in contact with the Song dynasty of China (960 and 1279 AD) and that from the
10th up to the 13th century AD,
diplomatic and
trade missions from Butuan were being received at
the Imperial Court.

These excavations reveal that the kingdom of


Butuan possessed a much sophisticated stature and
was dealing with the Asian Powers of the time, from
the Shri Vishayan era, to the Chinese empire through
the imperial fleets as documented by Chinese Imperial court historians.

The Diplomacy of Flamboyance

The Chinese annal Song Shih records the first


appearance of a Butuan diplomatic mission at the
Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD.
It describes Butuan (Pu-tuan) as a country by the
sea that had regular economic intercourse with
Champa a Cambodian kingdom, and
Intermittent contact with Imperial China under a rajah named
Kiling (989-1009 AD).

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

61

In the year 1003 A.D., Rajah Kiling sent two of


his emissaries Liyihan and Jiaminan, to the Sung
Court of China. But it was eight years later in 1011
AD that his successor Rajah Sri Bata Shaja
(pronounced Xi-li-ba-da-sha-zhi) sent a flamboyant
ambassador Likan-hsieh, who shocked the Chinese
Emperor by presenting a memorial engraved on a gold
tablet, camphor, Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea
slave on the eve of an important ceremonial state
sacrifice. This display of wealth sparked interests
from China over the kingdom and Liyu-xie obtained
recognition from China equal to the status of Champa
as Chinas tributary. xviii

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

prior to the arrival of the Latin script


set foot on its shores.

62

Introduced by the Spanish who

In most ancient cultures, the skill of literacy was


reserved for the few who belonged to privileged
classes. The priestly class in ancient Egyptian and
Mayan civilizations and its related class of scribes existed mainly to glorify and record the reign of the ruling monarch and his accomplishments. They were employed to record history, the glorious deeds of the
king, and keep track of tributes and taxes that were
expected from the governed.

It is perhaps through ignorance that the world


continues to consider China and India as countries
that have an ancient tradition of writing and assumes
that the Philippines owes its literacy to the West. This
can be seen in the light of the fact that these eastern countries use their own writing systems while today the Filipinos literacy lies in the usage of the Latin
script as a proof of their literacy.

On the other hand, there is a contrast to this in


the context of the Malay kingdoms in these islands as
the accounts of the use of writing in the Philippines
indicate that they were not extensively used to record
history and tradition of kings but simply for personal
communication and writing poetry. The culture that
the Spaniards found in the Philippines was unique because when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi came to Manila,
he found out that almost everybody could read and
write. To their surprise, the Spaniards found the inhabitants in Manila and other places in the archipelago to be literate.

Outsiders may be forgiven for such a belief, but


it is ironic that many Filipinos also do not know that
several writing systems existed in the Philippines

There were two systems in place being used, the


northern areas (Mayi, Pulilo, Tundok, Sugbu) utilized a
script that was identical to the script used by the

An enlightened people

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

63

people in Champa. The inhabitants in Manila and other


places in the archipelago were writing on bamboo and
specially-prepared palm leaves using knives and styli.
They used the ancient Tagalog script which had 17
basic symbols three of which were the vowels a, i,
and u. Each basic consonantal symbol had the inherent a sound: ka, ga, nga, ta, da, na, pa, ba, ma, ya,
la, wa, sa, and ha.

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

64

a century of their arrival, literacy in the Tagalog script


that they came upon was gone, largely through forced
introduction of the Spanish language. It was not, however, until the end of the Spanish Period in the Philippines where it became known that remote mountain
groups had maintained their literacy in scripts similar
to the Tagalog script. They are still in use today. Xx
Relationships with the other kingdoms.

A diacritical mark called kudlit modified the


sound of the symbol. This mark could be a dot, a
short line, or even an arrowhead. When placed above
the symbol, it changed the inherent sound of the
symbol from a to i; placed below, the sound became u. Thus a ba with a kudlit placed above became a bi; if the kudlit was placed below, the symbol
became a bu. It was a simple and elegant system
that was called baybayin. xix
This system was unique as it utilized the diatrical
marks that were indicative of the Arabic, Pahlavi and
Jawi scripts (fatra, kasra, dammah) and as such
there was clear evidence that there was an evolution
in the script known as baybayin with the Jawi script,
used by the Malay nobles who ruled these islands.
This prompted the Spanish Catholic friars to
publish a book in the native script in 1593, but within

The rulers of Butuan were related to the Sultan


of Sulu. There were references that at one time the
ruler of Butuan was the younger brother of the Sultan
of Sulu, one strong proof was that even the language
of the Butuanons as well as the Suriganonon bears
very strong similarities with the Bahasa Sug, the
Tausug language. Tarsilas and stories abound from
both kingdoms.
The demise of a KINGDOM
Colonization of the west has always been
destructive ever since, most especially in the case of
Spanish Imperialism and whenever civilizations make
contact with them, this leads to both civilizational and
cultural demise which is a result of colonization and
enforced acculturation by colonizing authorities, evidenced by the demise of the Mayans, Aztecs and

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

65

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

Incas in Central and South America, and the glory of


the Rajahnate of Butuan was eventually faded away.

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Facing the same colonial forces, the Kingdom of


Butuan, was harassed by the Portuguese and their
Mollucan allies. Although diplomatic relations between
China and the Rajahnate reached its peak during the
Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), Chinese records about the
kingdom stopped after the reign of Rajah Siagu the
last independent King of Butuan. His association with
Ferdinand Magellan in March 1521 marked the subjugation of his kingdom into the Spanish empire eventually destroyed by the assault of both the Crux and the
cannon.

66

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73

Looking back at the Lost Moro Kingdom

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Institute for Comparative and Advanced Studies


Philippines
Copyright@2011

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