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Measures the atomic forces between the probe and sample Image formed by feedback loop which maintains constant tip-sample force during scanning Scans both insulators and conductors Most widely used form of SPM
Controller Electronics
Laser
X,Y
Z
Split Photodiode Detector
Cantilever & T
ip
Sample
Applications: Atomic and molecular resolution imaging Force-Distance Measurements Characterization of hard, rigid surfaces (metals, thin films) Some Biological Surfaces Electrochemical AFM
10m scan
Disadvantages Lateral (shear) forces can damage soft or fragile samples Imaging force can be increased by: Surface tension forces due to adsorbed fluid layer Electrostatic forces Operation under fluid alleviates some of these problems
Advantages Reduces surface tension and electrostatic forces Allows samples to be imaged in native fluid environment Disadvantages Only partially alleviates lateral forces Not practical to submerge many surfaces
Controller Electronics
Frequency Synthesizer
Laser
Detector Electronics
Measures oscillation amplitude or frequency
X,Y
Scanner
Z
Split Photodiode Detector Cantilever & T ip
Sample
Cantilever oscillated at or near its resonance frequency to obtain AC signal Scans probe on the end of oscillating cantilever above the adsorbed fluid layer on the sample surface Probe responds to Van der Waals forces which extend from 1nm to 10nm above the adsorbed layer Feedback loop maintains constant oscillation amplitude or frequency during scanning
Advantage Nondestructive measurement Disadvantages Resolution limited by tip-sample separation Must scan slowly to avoid contacting and getting stuck in adsorbed layer Due to these disadvantages, applications for noncontact mode imaging have been limited
TappingMode AFM
Incorporates benefits of contact mode and noncontact mode while overcoming their drawbacks Scans probe on end of oscillating cantilever across the sample surface Oscillation amplitude typically >20nm Large oscillation amplitude allows tip to "tap" on the sample surface without getting stuck in adsorbed layer Feedback loop maintains constant oscillation amplitude Operates in air and fluid
TappingMode AFM
Feedback Loop Maintains Constant Oscillation
Amplitude
Laser
X,Y
Z
Split Photodiode Detector Cantilever & T ip
Sample
TappingMode AFM
10-100 nm
"Free" Amplitude
Amplitude reduced
TappingMode Advantages
Virtually eliminates shear (lateral) forces Reduces normal (vertical) forces Provides the high resolution of a contacting technique Allows imaging of soft, fragile, and adhesive surfaces without risk of sample damage
TappingMode Applications
Semiconductor surfaces Data Storage Devices Thin Films Polymers Biological Surfaces (air and fluid environments) Photoresist