Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam

Table of Contents Problem Description Theory Geometry Preprocessor Element Type Real Constants and Material Properties Meshing Displacement Solution General Postprocessor Results Validation

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UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam

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Problem Description:

Nomenclature: L =5m b =0.5m h =0.5m E=7* =0.35 =2700 Length of beam Cross Section Base Cross Section Height Youngs Modulus of Aluminum Poissons Ratio of Aluminum Density of Aluminum Moment of Inertia In this module, we will introduce the ANSYS Mechanical APDL Vibration Analysis Type. This uses the Modal solution method. This tutorial will explore the free vibration of a cantilever beam modeled with 1D BEAM elements and we will extract the natural frequencies and mode shapes at these frequencies. Theory Natural Frequency Using Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory we find: (10.1) Normal Mode solution to the above equation is: (10.2) This makes equation 10.1: (10.3) Solution for displacement is: (10.4) Where: (10.5)

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For a cantilever beam, the displacement and slope are zero at the fixed end, while at the free end, the moment and shear are zero. Thus the boundary conditions are: At x=0: y=0

At x=L:

This proves that:

Solving for

and

we find: (10.6)

Cos(L)Cosh(L) = -1 The roots of this equation are

(10.7) The equation for time breaks down into: So the frequency in rad/s is: Converting to Hz, we get the natural frequency as shown below: Extracting the first few natural frequencies, we get: n 1 2 3 4 5 6 1.8751 4.69409 7.8539 10.99557 14.1372 17.279 103.3607 647.753 1813.332 3554.2012 5875.344 8776.95 16.45 103.0931 288.6007 565.6687 935.09 1396.895 (10.10) (10.9) (10.8)

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Geometry Opening ANSYS Mechanical APDL 1. On your Windows 7 Desktop click the Start button 2. Under Search Programs and Files type ANSYS 3. Click on Mechanical APDL (ANSYS) to start ANSYS. This step may take time.

Preferences 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preferences 2. Check the box that says Structural 3. Click OK

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2

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Key points Since we will be using 1D Elements, our goal is to model the length of the beam. 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Modeling -> Create -> Keypoints -> On Working Plane 2. Click Global Cartesian 3. In the box underneath, write: 0,0,0. This will create a key point at the origin. 4. Click Apply 5. Repeat Steps 3 and 4 for 5,0,0 6. Click Ok 7. The Triad in the top left corner is blocking keypoint 1. To get rid of the triad, type /triad,off in Utility Menu -> Command Prompt

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8. Go to Utility Menu -> Plot -> Replot Line 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Modeling -> Create -> Lines -> Lines -> Straight Line 2. Select Pick 3. Select List of Items 4. Type 1,2 for points previously generated. 5. Click Ok The resulting graphic should be as shown:

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5

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Preprocessor Element Type 1. 2. 3. 4. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete Click Add Click Beam -> 2D Elastic 3 Click OK

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4
Beam3 is a uniaxial element with tension, compression, and bending capabilities. The element has three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y directions and rotation about the nodal z-axis. For more information consult the ANSYS HELP.

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Real Constants and Material Properties Now we will dimension our beam. 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Real Constants -> Add/Edit/Delete 2. Click Add 3. Choose Type 1 Beam3 4. Click OK 5. Under Cross-sectional area AREA enter 1/4 6. Under Area moment of inertia IZZ Enter 1/192 7. Under Total beam height HEIGHT enter 0.5 8. Click OK 9. Click Close

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Now we must specify Youngs Modulus, Poissons Ratio and Density 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Material Props -> Material Models Go to Material Model Number 1 -> Structural -> Linear -> Elastic -> Isotropic Input 7E10 for the Youngs Modulus in EX. Input 0.35 for Poissons Ratio in PRXY Click OK

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5
6. Go to Material Model Number 1 -> Structural -> Density 7. Input 2700 for the Density in DENS 8. Click OK

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8
9. Of Define Material Model Behavior window

UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam

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Meshing 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Mesh Tool 2. Go to Size Controls: -> Global -> Set 3. Under NDIV No. of element divisions put 10. This will create a mesh of a total 10 elements 4. Click OK 5. Click Mesh 6. Click Pick All

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7. Go to Utility Menu -> Plot -> Nodes 8. Go to Utility Menu -> Plot Controls -> Numbering 9. Check NODE Node Numbers to ON 10. Click OK

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The resulting graphic should be as shown:

ANSYS numbers nodes from the left extreme to the right extreme and then numbers from left to right. Displacement 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Loads -> Define Loads ->Apply ->Structural -> Displacement -> On Nodes 2. Select Pick -> Single -> and click node 1 3. Click OK 4. Under Lab2 DOFs to be constrained select All DOF 5. Under Value Displacement value enter 0 6. Click OK

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The resulting graphic should look as shown below:

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Solution Analysis Type 1. Go to Main Menu -> Solution -> Analysis Type -> New Analysis 2. Choose Modal 3. Click OK

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4. Go to Main Menu -> Solution -> Analysis Type ->Analysis Options 5. Under No. of modes to extract enter 8

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6. Click OK 7. Since there is no added Frequency, click OK in Block Lanczos Window 8. Go to Main Menu -> Solution -> Solve -> Current LS
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General Postprocessor Natural Frequencies Go to Main Menu -> General Postproc -> List Results -> Detailed Summary

* *
* Ignore frequencies 3 and 6 in comparison with the theoretical values, these are the torsional
frequencies and were not calculated. Mode Shape To view the mode shapes that correspond to these frequencies: 1. Go to Main Menu -> General Postproc -> Read Results -> By Pick 2. Select the lowest Eigenvalue: Set 1 -> Click Read

2 3
3. Click Close
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4. Go to Main Menu -> General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Deformed Shape 5. Under KUND Items to be plotted select Def + undeformed 6. Click OK

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The graphics area should look as below:

You can repeat these steps to view the other mode shapes produced by different frequencies.

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Results The percent error (%E) in our model can be defined as: ( )

Frequency

Theoretical 16.45 103.09 288.6 565.67 935.09 1396.895

2 Elements 16.427 102.56 338.91 907.38 N/A N/A

10 Elements 16.419 101.73 279.86 535.21 859.22 1242.2

500 Elements 16.419 101.73 279.79 534.73 857.22 1236.1

With an unreasonably coarse mesh, ANSYS only allows you to extract a certain amount of modes. This is shown with the 2 elements where ANSYS only calculated the first four translational frequencies and first 2 torsional frequencies. Since the theory section uses approximations to calculate the natural frequencies, the theoretical answer is not precise. As mesh is refined, our analysis shows that the answers converge to the solution. This again can be seen as ANSYS does not provide natural frequencies if the mesh is too coarse.

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Validation

Deviation from Theoretical Solution

100 90 80 70

Error (%)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 Elements 10 Elements 500 Elements

Natural frequency

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