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V. Theory of Sommerfeld
V.1. RULES quantization WILSON - Sommerfeld
Wilson quantization rules - Sommerfeld relate to any physical quantity, which is a periodic function of time (when describing a system functions are functions that the system is periodycznymi kwantowalny). where & tau - period (V.1.1) p q - momentum corresponding to the generalized coordinate q n q - the number of quantum Example: The point of mass m moving in a circular orbit. (R, & phi) q 1 = r, q 2 = & phi r = const & phi = & omega t

(V.1.2)

(V.1.3)

Since L = P, then: , Namely: (V.1.4) Dependence (V.1.4) compatible (identical) to the second postulate of Bohr . It is the mathematical solution. If (V.1.1) is applied to an oscillating particle of mass m, we can find the total energy: (V.1.5) Equation (V.1.5) is consistent with the fourth postulate of Bohr . Sommerfeld generalized Bohr model and showed that the electron in the orbit can move the elliptical orbit (the wheel is a special case), the number of orbits depends on n is exactly equal to it. n - we'll call the main quantum number.

V.2. The fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum.

All spectral lines ranging from n = 2 are split - it's fine structure. subtle structure is explained on the basis of relativistic account.

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Introduction to atomic and quantum physics - Sommerfeld Theory

Rys.V.1. The fine structure of the hydrogen atom spectrum.

Sommerfeld was able to calculate the parameters of the orbits and their energies. , N & phi = 1, 2, 3, ... , N r = 0, 1, 2, ... (V.2.1)

(V.2.2)

(V.2.3)

(V.2.3b)

(V.2.3c) Equations (V.2.3), (V.2.3b), (V.2.3c) - define the orbit at which the electron moves. - The main quantum number - Azimuthal quantum number - Define the shape of the orbit

V.3. EXAMPLES OF ORBIT Sommerfeld.

Rys.V.2. Examples Sommerfeld orbits.

In terms of energy all the orbits for the n are the same as the energy does not depend on n & phi - orbital degeneracy. degeneration was abolished after the introduction of relativistic account.
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Introduction to atomic and quantum physics - Sommerfeld Theory

(V.3.1) Energy - is characteristic of the orbit

(V.3.2) Z (V.3.2) that explains the structure and spectral lines subtle effect After taking into account the relativistic energy is given by: (V.3.3) where: E NR - part nonrelativistic (V.2.3c) E R - Amendment relativistic

(V.3.4) Amendment describes the shift of energy levels - the appearance of fine structure. (V.3.5) and - the fine structure constant, the characteristic size of the formulas of quantum physics There are many interpretations of the constant a, one of which is:

v 1 is the electron velocity on the first orbit As a result, the existence of the fine structure appear more levels and creates a more complicated spectrum.

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Rys.V.3. Allowed transitions are indicated by green arrows, red means go prohibited.

The fact that transitions are allowed and which are not, says the selection rule: (V.3.6)