EXPERIMENT NO 3 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM: To design a RC phase shift oscillator for a frequency of 1.25KHz using multisim software.

APPARATUS:

S.NO 1 2

Name of the Component Transistor Resistors

Value of the Component BC107 1K 2.2K 5.6K 10K 80K

Number Required 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1

Capacitors

0.01 F 47 F

4 5

CRO Multisim Software

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

THEORY: An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an ac signal using dc supply as the input. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by the circuit elements. An oscillator operates as a positive feedback amplifier. The Barkhausen criterion for sustaining oscillations is the loop gain A = 1 where A is the gain of the amplifier and is the feedback factor. The unity gain means signal is in phase. (If the signal is 180 0 out of phase, gain will be -1.) If a common emitter amplifier is used, with a resistive collector load, there is a 180 0 phase shift between the voltages at the base and the collector. Feedback network between the collector and the base must introduce an additional 180 0 phase shift at a particular frequency.

In the figure shown, three sections of phase shift networks are used so that each section introduces approximately 600 phase shift at resonant frequency. By analysis, resonant frequency f can be expressed by the equation,

f=

where K =Rc /R

The three section RC network offers a of 1/29. Hence the gain of the amplifier should be 29. For this, the requirement of the hfe of the transistor is found to be

hfe > 4K +23 +

hfe value can be found as 44.5 A transistor with a small signal common emitter current gain less than 44.5 cannot be used in this oscillator. The phase shift oscillator is particularly useful in the audio frequency range. For variations of frequency, the three capacitors are usually varied simultaneously.

PROCEDURE:

1. Collect all the components and place them on the circuit board of multisim. 2. Connect all the components as per the circuit diagram. 3. Run the so connected circuit. 4. Observe the output waveform in CRO and calculate the frequency and amplitude of the waveform from CRO 5. Measure the phase angles after each RC section. 6. Compare practical and theoretical values of frequency.

CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical frequency

f=
f=1/T

where K =Rc /R

Practical frequency

where T is the time period of the output wave measured from the CRO

peak amplitude =

MODEL GRAPH

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical S.NO frequency in Hz

Practical
frequency in Hz

CONCLUSIONS:

EXPERIMENT NO 4 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

AIM: To design a Wien Bridge Oscillator for a given frequency of 100 Hz using Multisim Software

APPARATUS:

S.NO 1 2

Name of the component transistor resistors

value of the component BC107 470 1.5K 6K 6.8K 8K 33 K

Number required 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1

capacitors

0.22 F 1F 10 F

CRO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

THEORY It is one of the most popular type of oscillators used in audio and sub-audio frequency ranges (20 20 kHz). This type of oscillator is simple in design, compact in size, and remarkably stable in its frequency output. Furthermore, its output is relatively free from distortion and its frequency can be varied easily. It employs two transistors, each producing a phase shift of 180, and thus producing a total phase-shift of 360 or 0. It is essentially a two-stage amplifier with an R-C bridge circuit. R-C bridge circuit (Wien bridge) is a lead-lag network. The phase-shift across the network lags with increasing frequency and leads with decreasing frequency. By adding Wien-bridge feedback network, the oscillator becomes sensitive to a signal of only one particular frequency. This particular frequency is that at

which Wien bridge is balanced and for which the phase shift is 0.If the Wien-bridge feedback network is not employed and output of transistor Q2 is fedback to transistor Q1 for providing regeneration required for producing oscillations, the transistor Q1 will amplify signals over a wide range of frequencies and thus direct coupling would result in poor frequency stability. Thus by employing Wien-bridge feedback network frequency stability is increased. The continuous frequency variation in this oscillator can be had by varying the two capacitors C1 and C2 simultaneously. These capacitors are variable air-gang capacitors. We can change the frequency range of the oscillator by switching into the circuit different values of resistors R1 and R2. PROCEDURE: 1. Collect all the components and place them on the circuit board of multisim. 2. Connect all the components as per the circuit diagram. 3. Run the so connected circuit. 4. Observe the output waveform in CRO and calculate the frequency and amplitude of the waveform from CRO 5. Compare practical and theoretical values of frequency.

MODEL GRAPH

CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical frequency

f=
C1=C2 = 0.22F

where R1=8K, R2 =6K, Practical frequency

f=1/T

where T is the time period of the output wave measured from the CRO

peak amplitude =

OBSERVATIONS: Theoretical S.NO frequency in Hz Practical

frequency in Hz

CONCLUSIONS: