Seismic Design

SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples
Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 1
NEHRP Recommended Provisions Concrete Design Requirements
Context in the NEHRP Recommended

Provisions Concrete behavior Reference standards Requirements by Seismic Design Category Moment resisting frames Shear walls Other topics Summary
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 2
Context in NEHRP Recommended Provisions

Design basis: Strength limit state Using NEHRP Recommended Provisions: Structural design criteria: Chap. 4 Structural analysis procedures: Chap. 5 Components and attachments: Chap. 6 Design of concrete structures: Chap. 9 and ACI 318
Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems
Reinforced Concrete
Unbraced frames (with rigid moment resisting joints): Three types Ordinary Intermediate Special R/C shear walls: Ordinary Special Precast shear walls: Special Intermediate Ordinary
NEHRP Recommended Provisions Concrete Design
Context in the Provisions Concrete behavior
Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior

20000 18000 16000 14000 4500 psi 8800 psi 13,500 psi 17,500 psi
Stress, psi
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Strain, in./in.
Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of Unconfined Concrete

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0
Stress, psi
2 2 fc = fc' c c o o 2fc' o = Et Et = 1.8 x106 + 460fc' , psi

0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
Strain
Confinement by Spirals or Hoops

Asp fyhAsp
ds fyhAsp Confinement from spiral or circular hoop Forces acting on 1/2 spiral or circular hoop Confinement from square hoop
Confinement
Rectangular hoops with cross ties
Confinement by transverse bars
Confinement by longitudinal bars
Opened 90 hook on hoops
Confined Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior

8000 7000 6000 Stress, psi 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 Average strain on 7.9 in. gauge length
no confinement 4.75 in. Pitch of 3.5 in. in. dia. 2.375 in. spiral 1.75 in.
Tests of 6 in. x 12 in. cylinders
Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of Confined Concrete

Kent and Park Model
4500 4000 3500 Stress, psi 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016
No Hoops 4 in. 6 in. 9 in. 12 in.
Confined Area 12 x 16
Strain, in./in.
Reinforcing Steel Stress-Strain Behavior

100 Grade 75 80
Stress, ksi
Grade 60 60 Grade 40 E = 29,000 ksi 20
rupture~10-12%
40
strain hardening~ 1-3% rupture ~18-20%
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Microstrain
Reinforced Concrete Behavior

steel yields Load
failure cracked-inelastic cracked-elastic
uncracked Mid-Point Displacement,

Behavior Up to First Yield of Steel

b c d As
fc
s Strain sEs < fy

Stress
Behavior at Concrete Crushing

b c d As
c,max
f'c C
s >y Strain
fy Stress
jd Asfy Forces
Mn = Asfyjd
Typical Moment Curvature Diagram

700
w/ strain hardening
600
fc = 4 ksi
w/o strain hardening
M, in-kip
500 400 300 200 100 0 0
fy = 60 ksi b = 8 in d = 10 in = 0.0125
100
200
300
x 10-5 in-1
Influence of Reinforcement Ratio

5000
fc = 4 ksi
4000
fy = 60 ksi b = 10 in d = 18 in
M, in-kip
3000 2000 1000
0 0 100 200 300 400
= 2.5% = 1.5% = 0.5%

x 10-5 in-1
Influence of Compression Reinforcement

1600
1200
2 5
800
Beam 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 4 7
0.0375 0.0375 0.0375 0.0250 0.0250 0.0125 0.0125
' 0.0250 0.0125 0 0.0125 0 0.0125 0
M lb / in2 bd2
400
6 7
0 0 0.008 0.016 0.024
Moment-Curvature with Confined Concrete
c,max
c
f'c
As
s >y Strain
fy Stress
Moment-Curvature with Confined Concrete

35000 30000
Moment, in-k
25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000

Beam - 24 in. x 36 in. Tension Steel - 12 ea. #10 Compression Steel - 5 ea. #8 Confining Steel - #4 hoops at 4 in. c-c
without confining
with confining
curvature, microstrain/in.
Plastic Hinging
l M
idealized
actual plastic rotation
lp Mu
u y u
Strategies to Improve Ductility

Use low flexural reinforcement ratio Add compression reinforcement Add confining reinforcement
Other Functions of Confining Steel

Acts as shear reinforcement Prevents buckling of longitudinal
reinforcement Prevents bond splitting failures
Structural Behavior Frames
Story Mechanism
Sway Mechanism
Story Mechanism
Structural Behavior - Walls

s
V N
H V T
V N
V V V
Flexural failure
Horizontal tension
Sliding on flexural cracks
Sliding on construction joint

Structural Behavior Walls

Vu 1 2 hw 2 45 lw 1 Vu
Compression
Vu
Structural Behavior Columns

1000 800
Ultimate yield
14 in square 4-#11 bars f' c = 4 ksi f y = 45 ksi
Axial load, P, kip
600 400 200
1.75
bending axis
400
800
1200
1600
0.002
0.001
Moment, M, in-kip
Curvature, , rad/in
Influence of Hoops on Axial Strength

Gross column Area = A g Confined concrete Area = A core
Before spallingP = Agfc
After spallingP = Acore(fc + 4 flat)
After spalling Before spalling

Column with Inadequate Ties
Well Confined Column
Hysteretic Behavior of Well Confined Column

M 1.0 Mu 0.5
-4 -0.5 -1.0
4 Drift, %
Structural Behavior Columns

M1 V M1 V
L
V M2 M2 P
M1 + M2 2Mu = V= L L
Range of P Mo Mu M
Column Shear Failure
Structural Behavior Joints
V fc h ft T Cc
Cs
Max. shear force Vj = T- V
Hysteretic Behavior of Joint with Hoops

M Mu 1.0
0.5
-1 -0.5
5 6 Drift, %
Hysteretic Behavior of Joint with No Hoops

M Mu 1.0
0.5
-1 -0.5
5 6 Drift, %
Joint Failure No Shear Reinforcing
Anchorage Failure in Column/Footing Joint
Summary of Concrete Behavior

Compressive Ductility
Strong in compression but brittle Confinement improves ductility by
Maintaining concrete core integrity Preventing longitudinal bar buckling
Flexural Ductility
Longitudinal steel provides monotonic ductility at low
reinforcement ratios Transverse steel needed to maintain ductility through reverse cycles and at very high strains (hinge development)
Summary of Concrete Behavior

Damping
Well cracked: moderately high damping Uncracked (e.g. prestressed): low damping
Potential Problems
Shear failures are brittle and abrupt and must be
avoided Degrading strength/stiffness with repeat cycles Limit degradation through adequate hinge development
Context in the Provisions Concrete behavior Reference standards
ACI 318-05
Use of Reference Standards

ACI 318-05
Chapter 21, Special Provisions for Seismic Design
NEHRP Chapter 9, Concrete Structures

General design requirements Modifications to ACI 318 Seismic Design Category requirements Special precast structural walls Untopped precast diaphragms (Appendix to Ch.9)
Detailed Modifications to ACI 318

Modified definitions and notations Scope and material properties Special moment frames Special shear walls Special and intermediate precast walls Foundations Anchoring to concrete
Context in the Provisions Concrete behavior Reference standards Requirements by Seismic Design Category
Design Coefficients - Moment Resisting Frames

Seismic Force Resisting System Special R/C Moment Frame Intermediate R/C Moment Frame Ordinary R/C Moment Frame Response Modification Coefficient, R 8 Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd 5.5
4.5
2.5
Design Coefficients Shear Walls (Bearing Systems)

Seismic Force Resisting System Special R/C Shear Walls Ordinary R/C Shear Walls Intermediate Precast Shear Walls Ordinary Precast Walls Response Modification Coefficient, R Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd
4 4
4 4
Design Coefficients Shear Walls (Frame Systems)

Seismic Force Resisting System
Special R/C Shear Walls Ordinary R/C Shear Walls Intermediate Precast Shear Walls Ordinary Precast Walls
Response Modification Coefficient, R

6
Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd

5
5 5
4.5 4.5
Design Coefficients Dual Systems with Special Frames

Seismic Force Resisting System Dual System w/ Special Walls Dual System w/ Ordinary Walls Response Modification Coefficient, R 8 (7) 6 Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd 6.5 (5.5) 5
(ASCE 7-05 values where different)
Frames
Seismic Design Category A and B Minimum Frame Type ACI 318 Requirements
Ordinary
Chapters 1 thru 18 and 22 ACI 21.2.1.3 and ACI 21.12 ACI 21.2.1.4 and ACI 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, and 21.5
Intermediate
D, E and F
Special
Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

Seismic Design Category Minimum Wall Type ACI 318 Requirements
A, B and C
Ordinary
Chapters 1 thru 18 and 22
D, E and F
Special
ACI 21.2.1.4 and ACI 21.2 and 21.7
Precast Concrete Shear Walls

Seismic Design Category A and B Minimum Wall Type ACI 318 Requirements Chapters 1 thru 18 and 22 ACI 21.2.1.3 and ACI 21.13 ACI 21.2.1.4 and ACI 21.2, 21.8
Ordinary
Intermediate
D, E and F
Special
Additional Provisions Requirements

Category C
Discontinuous members Plain concrete
Walls Footings Pedestals (not allowed)
Context in the Provisions Concrete behavior Reference standards Requirements by Seismic Design Category Moment resisting frames
Performance Objectives
Strong column
Avoid story mechanism
Hinge development
Confined concrete core Prevent rebar buckling Prevent shear failure
Member shear strength Joint shear strength Rebar development

Frame Mechanisms strong column weak beam
Story mechanism
Sway mechanism
Required Column Strength

M nc1
Mnc 1.2 Mnb

M nb2
M nb1
M nc2
Hinge Development
Tightly Spaced Hoops
Provide confinement to increase concrete strength
and usable compressive strain Provide lateral support to compression bars to prevent buckling Act as shear reinforcement and preclude shear failures Control splitting cracks from high bar bond stresses
Hinge Development
Before spalling
After spalling
Hinge Development
Bidirectional cracking
Spalled cover
ACI 318-05, Overview of Frames:

Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement
200 fy 0 .025
At least 2 bars continuous top & bottom Joint face Mn+ not less than 50% MnMin. Mn+ or Mn- not less than 25% max. Mn at joint face Splice away from hinges and enclose within hoops or spirals

Beam Transverse Reinforcement
Closed hoops at hinging regions with seismic hook 135 hook, 6dh 3 extension Maximum spacing of hoops: d/4 8db 24dh 12
Longitudinal bars on perimeter tied as if column bars

2d min
Stirrups elsewhere, s d/2


Beam Shear Strength
Mpr1
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S
Mpr2
Mpr = Mn fs = 1.25fy ,
with = 1 .0
Ve1
ln
Ve = Mpr1 + Mpr 2 ln w ul n 2
Ve2
Ve
by analysis
If earthquake-induced > 1 V e 2 shear force and Pu < A f

' g c
then Vc = 0
20

Beam-Column Joint
Vcol T C
Vj = T + C Vcol T = 1.25fy A s, top C = 1.25fy A s, bottom
Vj

Beam-column Joint
20 Vn = 15 f 'c A j 12

Vn controls size of columns Coefficient depends on joint confinement To reduce shear demand, increase beam depth Keep column stronger than beam
ACI 318-05: Overview of Frames:

Column Longitudinal Reinforcement
M nc1
0.01 0.06
M nb1 M nb2
Mnc 1.2 Mnb
M nc2
At joints (strong column-weak beam)
Mnc based on factored axial force, consistent with direction of lateral forces

Column Transverse Reinforcement at Potential Hinging Region Spirals Hoops
Ag f 'c s = 0.45 1 A f ch yt and f 'c s 0.12 fyt
A sh and A sh
f 'c A g sbc 0 .3 1 fyt A ch f 'c 0.09sbc fyt

Column Transverse Reinforcement at Potential Hinging Region
hx hx
14 h x so = 4 + 3
Spacing shall not exceed the smallest of: b/4 or 6 db or so (4 to 6) Distance between legs of hoops or crossties, hx 14

Potential Hinge Region
For columns supporting stiff members such as walls, hoops are required over full height of column if
Pe >

f 'c A g 10
For shear strength- same rules as beams (concrete shear strength is neglected if axial load is low and earthquake shear is high) Lap splices are not allowed in potential plastic hinge regions
Splice in Hinge Region

Terminating bars

Potential Hinge Region
d clear height lo 6 18"
Moment Frame Example

A A B C C D 1 2
7 @ 30 = 210
3 4 5 6 7 8 5 @ 20 = 100
Frame Elevations
A A B C C D A A B C C D
11 @ 12.5'
15' 18'
Column Lines 2 and 7
Column Lines 3 to 6
15' 18'
11 @ 12.5'
Story Shears: Seismic vs Wind

seismic E-W seismic N-S wind E-W wind N-S
Story Shears: E-W Loading

frame 1 frame 2 frame 3
1 2 3
includes shearwall
0
Story Shears: 25% rule

Frame 1 25% Frame 1
w/ walls w/o walls
Layout of Reinforcement
4
28.6
29.6
22.5 30
32
Bending Moment Envelopes: Frame 1 Beams

A A 4708 B 4515 C L C
Seismic 715 Dead 5232 5834 5761 492 Combined: 834 4122 4222 4149
1.42D +0.5 L + E 0.68D - E 1.2D + 1.6L
Beam Reinforcement: Longitudinal

Max negative Mu = 5834 in-kips b = 22.5 d = 29.6 fc = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi Mu 5834 0 .9 A s req'd = = = 4.17in2 fy (0.875d) 60 0.875 29.6 Choose: 2 #9 and 3 #8 As = 4.37 in2 = 0.0066 < 0.025 OK Mn = 6580 in-kips OK
Beam Reinforcement: Longitudinal (continued)

Positive Mu at face of column = 4222 in-kips (greater than (5834) = 2917) b for negative moment is the sum of the beam width (22.5 in.) plus 1/12 the span length (20 ft x 12 in./ft)/12, b = 42.5 in.
A s req'd
0.9 = 2.94in2 = = fy (0.9d) 60 0.9 29.6

Mu
4222
Beam Reinforcement: Longitudinal (continued)

Choose 2 #7 and 3 #8 As = 3.57 in2 Mn = 5564 in-kips OK Run 3 #8s continuous top and bottom Mn = 3669 in-kips This moment is greater than: 25% of max negative Mn = 1459 in-kips Max required Mu = 834 in-kips
Beam Reinforcement: Preliminary Layout
A
2 #8
A'
2 #9
B
3 #8
C
2 #9
C'
2 #8
2 #7
2 #7
3 #8
3 #8
2 #7
Moments for Computing Shear

Hinging mechanism
B C C'
9697
8999
10085
20.0'
10085
9.83' 10.5' 20.0'
Plastic moments (in-kips)
150.4 94.2 150.4 90.9
Girder and column shears (kips)

Joint Shear Force

150.5 kip 355.5 kip 355.5 kip
T = 1.25fy A s,top = 355.5 kips

560.5 kip
C = 1.25fy A s,bot = 355.5 kips Vj = T + C Vcol = 560.5 kips v j = 15 f 'c = 949 psi Vn = v j A j = 949 30 30 = 854 kips Vn = 0.85 854 = 726 kips > 560.5 kips
Beam Shear Force A

79.4
A
82.7
B
82.7
C
Seismic shear
75.6 29.5 29.5 108.9 49.9 53.2 29.5
79.4 29.5 29.5 112.2 53.2
82.7 29.5
Factored gravity shear
112.2
Design shear
46.1 105.1 108.9 49.9 112.2
53.2
Beam Reinforcement: Transverse

Vseismic > 50% Vu therefore take Vc = 0 82.7 kips = 73%(112.2) Use 4 legged #3 stirrups
Vs = A v fy d s
At ends of beam s = 5.5 in. Near midspan s = 7.0 in.
Beam Reinforcement: Transverse
Check maximum spacing of hoops within

plastic hinge length (2d)
d/4 = 7.4 in. 8db = 7.0 in. 24dh = 9.0 in.
Column Design Moments

A A'
7311
Girder moments (Level 7)

6181
Mnc = 1.2(7311 + 6181)

= 16190 in k
8095
8095
Column moments (Level 7)
Column Design Moments
if
Pu >
f 'c A g
Mnc
10 > 1.2 Mnb
Distribute relative to stiffness of columns above and below: Mnc = 8095 in-kips (above) Mnc = 8095 in-kips (below)
Design Strengths
Design Aspect
Beam rebar cutoffs Beam shear reinforcement Beam-column joint strength Column flexural strength Column shear strength
Strength Used
Design strength Maximum probable strength Maximum probable strength 1.2 times nominal strength Maximum probable strength
Column Transverse Reinforcement

A sh and A sh = 0.09sbc f 'c fyt f 'c A g = 0.3 sbc A 1 fyt ch
Ag = gross area of column Ach = area confined within the hoops bc = transverse dimension of column core measured center to center of outer legs Second equation typically governs for larger columns

Maximum spacing is smallest of: One quarter of minimum member dimension Six times the diameter of the longitudinal bars so calculated as follows:
14 h x so = 4 + 3
hx = maximum horizontal center to center spacing of cross-ties or hoop legs on all faces of the column, not allowed to be greater the 14 in.

For max s = 4 in.
A sh f 'c A g 4 900 1 = 0.3 4 26.5 = 0.3 sbc 1 A fyt ch 60 702
A sh = 0.60 in2 and A sh f 'c 4 = 0.09sbc = 0.09 4 26.5 = 0.64 in2 fyt 60
Use 4 legs of #4 bar Ash = 0.80 in2

Determine Seismic Shear

Mpr,top Mpr,1 Mpr,2 Vseismic
ln Vseismic Mpr,bottom
Mpr,3
Mpr,4
Column Transverse Reinforcement Shear Demand from Mpr of Beams

Mpr, 1 = 9000 in-k (2 #9 and 3 #8) Mpr,2 = 7460 in-k (2 #7 and 3 #8) Assume moments are distributed equally above and below joint
Vseismic
8230 2 = = 139 kips (12.5 12) 32
Note Vseismic~100%Vu
Vc = 0, if Pmin <
f 'c Ag 20
= 180 kips
For 30 in. square column Pmin = 266 kips OK

Column Transverse Reinforcement Shear Demand from Mpr of Beams

Vc = 2 f 'c bd = 0.75 2 0.85 4000 30 27.5 = 66.5 kips Vs,required = 139 66.5 = 72.5 kips Vs,provided = A v fy d s 4 0.2 60 29.6 = 0.75 = 266.4 kips 4
Hoops
4 legs #4 s = 4
Column Reinforcement
A'
7 @ 4" 5" 8 @ 6" 5" 7 @ 4"
#4 hoops:
12 #8 bars
Levels of Seismic Detailing for Frames

Issue Hinge development and confinement Bar buckling Member shear Joint shear Strong column Rebar development Load reversal lesser minor lesser lesser minor Ordinary Intermediate minor lesser lesser minor Special full full full full full full full
Context in the Provisions Concrete behavior Reference standards Requirements by Seismic Design Category Moment resisting frames Shear walls
Performance Objectives
Resist axial forces, flexure and shear Boundary members
Where compression strains are large, maintain
capacity
Development of rebar in panel Discontinuous walls: supporting columns

have full confinement
Design Philosophy
Flexural yielding will occur in predetermined
flexural hinging regions Brittle failure mechanisms will be precluded
Diagonal tension Sliding hinges Local buckling
ACI 318-05, Overview of Walls: General Requirements

lw
t = parallel to shear plane
hw
l = perpendicular to shear plane Shear plane, Acv = web thickness x length of wall
l and t not less than 0.0025 unless
Vu < A cv f 'c
then as allowed in 14.3 Spacing not to exceed 18 in. Reinforcement contributing to Vn shall be continuous and distributed across the shear plane
Two curtains of reinforcing required if:
Vu > 2A cv f 'c
Design shear force determined from lateral load analysis
Shear strength:
Vn = A cv c f 'c + t fy
c = 3.0 for hw/lw1.5 c = 2.0 for hw/lw2.0 Linear interpolation between
Walls must have reinforcement in two orthogonal directions

For axial load and flexure, design like a

column to determine axial load moment interaction P
M
ACI 318-05, Overview of Walls: Boundary Elements

For walls with a high compression demand at the edges Boundary Elements are required
Widened end with confinement Extra confinement and/or longitudinal bars at end
Boundary elements are required if:

lw c u 600 hw
u = Design displacement c = Depth to neutral axis from strain compatibility analysis with loads causing u
Where required, boundary elements must

extend up the wall from the critical section a distance not less than the larger of: lw or Mu/4Vu
ACI 318-05: Overview of Walls Boundary Elements
Boundary elements are required where the

maximum extreme fiber compressive stress calculated based on factored load effects, linear elastic concrete behavior and gross section properties, exceeds 0.2 fc
Boundary element can be discontinued

where the compressive stress is less than 0.15fc
ACI 318-05: Overview of Walls Boundary Elements
Boundary elements must extend horizontally

not less than the larger of c/2 or c-0.1lw In flanged walls, boundary element must include all of the effective flange width and at least 12 in. of the web Transverse reinforcement must extend into the foundation
Wall Example
A A B C C D
15' 18'
11 @ 12.5'
Wall Cross-Section
17-6=210 30 30 12 30 30
Story Shears E-W Loading

frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 1 2 3
includes shearwall
0
Boundary Element Check

Required if: fc > 0.2 fc' based on gross concrete section Axial load and moment are determined based on factored forces, including earthquake effects At ground Pu = 5550 kip Mu from analysis is 268,187 in-kip The wall has the following gross section properties: A = 4320 in2 S = 261,600 in3
fc = 2.3 ksi = 38% of fc = 6 ksi Need boundary element

Boundary Element Design

Determine preliminary reinforcing ratio in boundary elements by assuming only boundary elements take compression M = 268,187 in-k
M P B2 B1
P = 5550 k
B1 = P M + = 3892 kip 2 240 P M B2 = = 1658 kip 2 240
Need
0 . 8Po = 0 . 8 (0 . 7 ) A g 0 . 85 fc' (1 ) + f y > 3892 kip
For Ag = 30(30) = 900 in2 For fc = 4 ksi = 7.06% Too large For fc = 6 ksi = 4.18% Reasonable; 24 #11
Boundary Element Confinement

Transverse reinforcement in boundary elements is to be designed essentially like column transverse reinforcement
A sh
fc' 2 = 0 . 09 sb c = 1 . 08 in at s = 4 " fy
4 legs of #5
Shear Panel Reinforcement

Vn = A cv 2 fc' + t f y
l Panel to Acv t
Vu = 539 kips (below level 2) = 0.6 (per ACI 9.3.4(a)) t = 0.0036 for fy = 40 ksi Min l (and t) = 0.0025 2 curtains if Acv
Vu > 2
' fc A cv
Shear Panel Reinforcement

Select transverse and longitudinal reinforcement:
longitudin al : 0 .2 2 # 4 @ 12" = 0.0028 > 0.0025 12 12 transverse : 0 .2 2 # 4 @ 9" = 0.0037 > 0.0036 12 9
Check Wall Design

30000
Nominal
25000
Factored Combinations
Axial Load, k
20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
Moment, k-ft
Shear Wall Reinforcement

B R C 8 B C 3
24 #10
12
7
24 #9
#4@12" ver. E.F. #4@6" hor. E.F.
fc = 6 ksi
11
6
12 #9
G
24 #11
10
#4@18" ver. E.F. #4@16" hor. E.F.
5 B 4
#4@12" E.W. E.F. #4 @ 4"
#5 @ 4"
fc = 4 ksi
Context in the Provisions Concrete behavior Reference standards Requirements by Seismic Design Category Moment resisting frames Shear walls Other topics
Members Not Part of SRS

In frame members not designated as part of
the lateral-force-resisting system in regions of high seismic risk:
Must be able to support gravity loads while subjected

to the design displacement Transverse reinforcement increases depending on: Forces induced by drift Axial force in member
Diaphragms
Diaphragm Shear walls Collectors, if reqd to transfer force from diaphragm to shear walls Load from analysis in accordance With design load combinations Check: Shear strength and reinforcement (min. slab reinf.) Chords (boundary members) - Force = M/d Reinforced for tension (Usually dont require boundary members)
Struts and Trusses

performance objectives
All members have axial load (not flexure), so

ductility is more difficult to achieve
Full length confinement
Precast performance objectives
Field connections at points of low stress
Field connections must yield
Strong connections
Configure system so that hinges occur in factory cast members away from field splices
Ductile connections Inelastic action at field splice
Quality Assurance Rebar Inspection
Continuous
Welding of rebar
Periodic
During and upon completion of placement for special
moment frames, intermediate moment frames and shear walls
Shear panel reinforcement cage
Quality Assurance: Reinforcing Inspection - Prestressed
Periodic
Placing of prestressing tendons (inspection required
upon completion)
Continuous
Stressing of tendons Grouting of tendons
Quality Assurance: Concrete Placement Inspection
Continuous
Prestressed elements Drilled piers Caissons
Periodic
Frames Shear walls
Quality Assurance: Precast Concrete (plant cast)
Manufacturer may serve as special inspector

if plants quality control program is approved by regulatory agency If no approved quality control program, independent special inspector is required
Quality Assurance: PCI Certification Program
Review of plant operations

Scheduled and surprise visits Qualified independent inspectors Observed work of in-plant quality control Check results of quality control procedures Periodic specific approvals requiring renewal
Quality Assurance: ACI Inspector Certification
Specialized training available for:

Laboratory and in situ testing Inspection of welding Handling and placement of concrete Others
Quality Assurance: Reinforcement Testing
Rebar
Special and intermediate moment frames Boundary elements
Prestressing steel Tests include

Weldability Elongation Actual to specified yield strength Actual to specified ultimate strength
Quality Assurance: Concrete Testing
Sample and test according to ACI 318-05

Slump Air content 7 and 28 day strengths Unit weight
Rate
Once per day per class
NEHRP Recommended Provisions: Concrete Design
Context in the Provisions Concrete behavior Reference standards Requirements by Seismic Design Category Moment resisting frames Shear walls Other topics Summary

Seismic Design

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SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 1

NEHRP Recommended Provisions Concrete Design Requirements

Context in the NEHRP Recommended

Context in NEHRP Recommended Provisions

NEHRP Recommended Provisions Concrete Design

Context in the Provisions Concrete behavior

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 5

Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior

Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of Unconfined Concrete

2 2 fc = fc' c c o o 2fc' o = Et Et = 1.8 x106 + 460fc' , psi

Confinement by Spirals or Hoops

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 8

Rectangular hoops with cross ties

Confinement by transverse bars

Confinement by longitudinal bars

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 9

Opened 90 hook on hoops

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 10

Confined Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior

Tests of 6 in. x 12 in. cylinders

Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of Confined Concrete

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Reinforcing Steel Stress-Strain Behavior

Grade 60 60 Grade 40 E = 29,000 ksi 20

strain hardening~ 1-3% rupture ~18-20%

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 13

Reinforced Concrete Behavior

failure cracked-inelastic cracked-elastic

uncracked Mid-Point Displacement,

Behavior Up to First Yield of Steel

s Strain sEs < fy

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 15

Behavior at Concrete Crushing

Typical Moment Curvature Diagram

500 400 300 200 100 0 0

Influence of Reinforcement Ratio

3000 2000 1000

0 0 100 200 300 400

= 2.5% = 1.5% = 0.5%

Influence of Compression Reinforcement

0.0375 0.0375 0.0375 0.0250 0.0250 0.0125 0.0125

' 0.0250 0.0125 0 0.0125 0 0.0125 0

0 0 0.008 0.016 0.024

Moment-Curvature with Confined Concrete

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Moment-Curvature with Confined Concrete

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000

actual plastic rotation

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 22

Strategies to Improve Ductility

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Design for Concrete Structures 11 - 23

Other Functions of Confining Steel