Energy Balances and

Thermodynamics
Florabel R. Toro-Rodrguez, Esq, PE
Agenda
I. Terminology Associated with the Energy
Balances and Thermodynamics
II. Types of Energy
A. Work (W)
B. Heat (Q)
C. Kinetic Energy (KE)
D. Potential Energy (PE)
E. Internal Energy (U)
F. Enthalpy (H)
G. Entropy (S)
Agenda (cont.)
III. Energy Balances for Processes without Reaction
A. Closed, Unsteady-State Systems
B. Energy Balances for Closed, Steady-State Systems
C. Energy Balances for Open, Unsteady-State Systems
D. Energy Balances for Open, Steady-State Systems
E. Summary
I. Types of Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Types of Energy
A. Work (W)
Mechanical work
Electrical work
Shaft work
Flow work
Path function
B. Heat (Q)
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Path function
I. Types of Energy (cont.)
C. Kinetic Energy (KE)
KE =

State function
D. Potential Energy (PE)
PE = mgh
State function
2
mv
2
1
I. Types of Energy (cont.)
E. Internal Energy (U)
Takes into account all of the molecular, atomic,
and subatomic energies





State function
dV
V
U
dT
T
U
dU
T V
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
}
=
2
1
T
T
V
dT C U
I. Types of Energy (cont.)
F. Enthalpy (H)
H = U + PV





State function

For an ideal gas
C
P
= C
V
+ R


dP
P
H
dT
T
H
dH
T P
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
}
=
2
1
T
T
P
dT C H
V
p
C
C
k =
I. Types of Energy (cont.)
G. Entropy (S)
Unusable energy or the measure of a
materials disorder
S = Q/T
S = C
P
ln(T
2
/T
1
) - Rln(P
2
/P
1
), for ideal gases
State function

II. Energy Balances for Processes
without Reaction
The principle of conservation for any
system states
in out = accumulation - generation
II. Energy Balances for Processes
without Reaction (cont.)
The principle of the Conservation of
Energy states that the total energy of the
system plus the surroundings can be
neither created nor destroyed.
II. Energy Balances for Processes
without Reaction (cont.)
The macroscopic general energy
balance of a system becomes

(H + PE + KE + Q + W)
in
- (H + PE + KE + Q
+ W)
out
= E
accum


Where E = U + KE + PE. The symbol is
only used before state variables.
II. Energy Balances for Processes
without Reaction (cont.)
A. Closed, Unsteady-State System
Closed does not interchange mass with the
surroundings. W and Q can be interchanged.
Unsteady-state the state of the material changes
inside the system.
Examples batch processes used to manufacture
specialized pharmaceuticals and polymer products
Low production quantities
II. Energy Balances for Processes
without Reaction (cont.)
B. Energy Balances for Closed, Steady-State
Systems
Closed does not interchange mass with the
surroundings. W and Q can be interchanged.
Steady-state - the state of the material does not
change inside the system.
All W done on a closed, steady-state system must be
transferred out as Q. However, the reverse is false.
II. Energy Balances for Processes
without Reaction (cont.)
C. Energy Balances for Open, Unsteady-State
Systems
Open does interchange mass with the surroundings.
W and Q can also be interchanged.
Unsteady-state the state of the material changes
inside the system.
PV work work done by the surroundings to put a
mass of matter into or out of the system.
Enthalpy (H) the form of energy related to mass
includes the PV work term.
Examples filling of a fixed volume tank, batch
distillation without replacement of feed
II. Energy Balances for Processes
without Reaction (cont.)
D. Energy Balances for Open, Steady-
State Systems
Open does interchange mass with the
surroundings. W and Q can also be
interchanged.
Steady-state - the state of the material does
not change inside the system.
Examples refining and chemical industries
High-volume products