Example: Design a series low-pass filter requiring a cutoff frequency of 5 kHz.

Choose any suitable values of R and then compute the value of L or C needed. Solution: fc = 5 kHz = 5000 Hz Say that we choose R = 4.7 k = 4700
1 = 6.77 109 = 6.77 24700 4978 5000 100% = 0.44% 5000 = 1 2

So, we then have:

The nearest value is 6.8 nF (6800 pF). The actual cutoff frequency will be 4978 Hz. (why?)
=

5000 =

Assuming that this error is acceptable, our design is good! Say that we choose R = 3.3 k = 3300 We then have C = 9646 pF. However, the nearest one is 8200 pF and 10000 pF (10 nF), which is not very close the computed one. If we stick to the 3.3 k resistor, we then have to combine several capacitors which will produce a capacitance which is near to 9646 pF. This is cumbersome and but often must be done if the needed capacitors are not available. We may take a 10 nF but this will producer an error of about 4.5%. If we take C = 8200 pF, we then have R = 3882 . So we choose R = 3900 from the standard values. For R = 3900 and C = 8200 pF we get fc = 4977 Hz, which is close enough to 5000 Hz. Example: Design a series bandreject filter requiring cutoff frequencies of 4 kHz and 9 kHz. Use a 100 nF capacitor. Solution: fc1 = 4 kHz = 4000 Hz; fc2 = 9 kHz = 9000 Hz; So,
7

0 = 1 2 = 4 9 = 6 = 6000 C = 100 nF = 0.1 F = 10 F = c2 c1 = 2(fc2 fc1) = 2(9000 4000) = 10000 rad/s 0 = 1 1 1 (26000)2 = 7 2 10

L = 7.04103 H = 7 mH = 7000 H. The nearest standard value is = 6800 H. If we take this value, we have to revise the capacitance C. However, we can have an inductance of 7000 H using two inductors, 6800 and 200 H which will be connected in series. From = R/L we then have 10000 = R/7103 H R = 220 . A resistor of R = 220 is available.

If there is no restriction on Q, the problem is solved. However, if it is too low, we have to revise our calculation.s

The quality factor is Q = 0/ = 12000/10000 = 1.2

1 = 2

1 1 1 0 = 0 = 2

2 1 + = + 2 2 0 = 1 2 = = 0 = 2

2 1 + + 2 2

1 = 2

2 2 + 0 = + 2 2

2 2 + + 0 2 2