Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

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Petroleum Reservoir Engineering ----Basic Concepts
Pennsylvania 1859
S.K.Pant
Outline
Introduction Reservoir Properties

Porosity Permeability Capillary Pressures Wettability Relative Permeability Reservoir Pressure
Basic PVT data Reservoir fluid type Drive Mechanism Numerical simulation
Mar-2009
Is the Party over ??

I should stress that we are not facing a re-run of the Oil Shocks of the 1970s. They were like the tremors before an earthquake. We now face the earthquake itself. This shock is very different. It is driven by resource constraints,
(Dr Colin. J. Campbell)
Mar-2010
The law of Diminishing return
50 Hyperbolic Creaming Curve-North sea 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Actual Hyperbolic Model 5 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Cum Wildcat wells
Cum Discovery, Gb
Mar-2010
The Hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest of the organic compounds. As the name suggests, hydrocarbons are made from hydrogen and carbon. The basic building block is one carbon with two hydrogens attached, except at the ends where three hydrogens are attached.
Mar-2010
The Hydrocarbons
When the chain is between 5 and 9 carbons, the hydrocarbon is gasoline. About a dozen carbons and it is diesel. Around 20 carbons is motor oil. A chain of hundreds to thousands of carbon and hydrogens make plastic. This particular plastic is polyethylene.
Mar-2010
Definition-Reservoir Engineering
Application of scientific principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs The art of developing and producing oil and gas fluids in such a manner as to obtain a high economic recovery.
Mar-2010
Broad Functions
Reservoir Simulation
Therefore the Ultimate goal is.. Hydrocarbon in place Recoverable hydrocarbons reserves Rate of exploitation
Mar-2010
Data Type
Data that pertains to the reservoir rock and its extent
Geologic & seismic data Well Log data Well test data Core data
Data that pertains to the properties of reservoir fluids

Composition of HC PVT
Mar-2010
The Traps
Mar-2010
Porosity
Porosity of rock is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume and is usually expressed as percentage
Vp is pore volume Vb is bulbk volume Vg is grain volume
Interconnected pores Isolated pores
Total or Absolute Porosity: It is the ratio of the volume of all the pores to the bulk volume of the material, Effective porosity
It is the ratio of the interconnected pore volume to the bulk volume
Mar-2010
A Pore
Elements of Pore Throat
Size & freq distribution-uncorrelated, correlated Connectivity of pores and throat-No of pore throat connecting to pores Spatial arrangement-Arrangement of pores of different sizes w.r.t each other
The texture of a rock consists of it's grain or mineral crystal size, the arrangement of the grains or crystals, and the degree of uniformity of the grains or crystals.
Mar-2010
The role of Rock Texture

Soi=(1-Swi) high
Soi=(1-Swi) low
Mar-2010
Pore Network-Reconstructed using thin section IMAGE Analysis
Porosity intergranular- 0.23 Porosity total0.28 Absolute Permeability- 426md
Porosity intergranular- 0.37 Porosity total0.39 Absolute Permeability- 5600md

Mar-2010
Saturation
Saturation of a phase is the fraction of the pore volume occupied by the phase
So+Sg+Sw=1
Connate water saturation (Swc) Critical Oil Saturation (Soc) Critical gas Saturation (Sgc)
Permeability
Permeability is a measure of ease of flow or the capacity of formation to transmit fluids. Its unit is Darcy named after a French scientist Henry Darcy in 1856.
Absolute Permeability: When only one fluid is present in the rock. It is a property of the rock and is independent of the fluid used in the measurement. This assumes that the fluid does not interact with the rock.(K) Effective Permeability: Effective permeability occurs when more than one fluid is present & is a function of the fluid saturation & the wetting characteristics of the rock. (Ko,Kw,Kg)
Mar-2010
Permeability
The permeability is measured by flowing a fluid of known viscosity through a core plug of measured dimensions (A and L) and then measuring flow rate and pressure drop. Darcy equation becomes
Mar-2010
Permeability
Establishing a perfect -K transform still remains a major challenge specially in ref to carbonates
The carbonates
The clastics
Mar-2010
Improved Permeability estimation

Phi Group - RQI Plot
10.000
Porosity - Permeability Plot

1000.00
Core Permeability, mD
HU7, 100.00 HU6, 10.00
y = 8081.6x 2.5518
1.000
HU 7 HU 6 HU 5 HU 4
RQI, micron
HU 3 HU 2
y = 1648.1x2.3492 y = 355.42x 2.0499 HU5, y = 245.68x 2.212 HU4,
0.100
HU 1
1.00
HU3,
y = 37.476x1.8785 y = 30.796x 2.1428 HU2, y = 18.846x 2.4585
0.010
0.10 HU1, 0.01 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.001 0.010 0.100 Phi Group 1.000
Core Porosity
Mar-2010
Capillary pressure
Combined effect of surface and
IFT of the rock and fluid, pore size and geometry & wettability of the system.
Major effect of Cap pres is the creation of Transition Zone
Capillary pressure
Drainage Process:
Non Wetting phase
displacing Wetting phase

Imbibition Process:
Wetting phase
displacing Non wetting phase
Determination of Connate water Establish Saturation height relation Mar-2010 Rock Typing
Wettability
The tendency of a fluid to spread or adhere to a solid surface in
presence of another immiscible fluid
Mar-2010
Relative Permeability
When two or more phases flow simultaneously the ratio of
effective to absolute permeability is termed Relative permeability
Kro= ko/k Kre= kw/k Krg= kg/k
Swc NwP WP
Soc
Mar-2010
Relative Permeability-Rock typing

The variation in Rock Texture imparts significant changes in Rel perm estimates in core plugs of same formation
Mar-2010
Relative Permeability-Core Condition

Comparison of Relperms of cores with natural reservoir wettability preserved against a plug cleaned, dried and resaturated. Relative Permeability
Mar-2010
Relative Permeability-wettability
Type
No Nw Krw
Water Wet Mixed Wet Oil Wet
2-3
4-6
0.1-0.4
3-5
2-4
0.5-0.9
6-8
1.5-3
0.8-1.0
Mar-2010
Reservoir Pressure
Reservoir Pressure The fluids confined in the pores of the reservoir rock occur
under certain degree of pressure, generally called reservoir pressure

The maximum pressure is called the static bottom hole
pressure, the shut in pressure or static formation pressure
Mar-2010
Well testing
The response of the reservoir to change in production/
injection rates in a well is monitored

The reservoir response is measured in terms of pressure
response & is usually dependent on K, Skin, Well bore storage, boundaries, fractures, dual porosity et.c
Evaluation: Deliverability, Properties, Size Management: Refining forecast, Front movement Description: Faults, barriers
P Res K,s,C qo t P Model K,s,C T
Radial Flow in a porous media :

For a single phase fluid flow (radial) in a constant permeability and porosity for a fluid of small and constant compressibility, the eauation is :
Pws= Pi-162.6qB/kh*log((T+t)/ t) K= 162.6qB mh S= 1.151[ P1hr-Pwf] log (K / m uCtrw2 )+3.23]

Mar-2010
Pressure Build-up analysis

Log-log Plot(Diagnostic plot):
Log
t Vs Log t)/
P
Horner Plot
Horner Plot or MDH Plot :
Log [(tp+
t] Vs Pwf
Pskin=
0.87mS q q P*-Pwf. .
Pskin
Jactual = Jideal =
P*- Pwf
Flow Efficiency = Jactual/ Jideal D(distance of fault)= (0.00105K

Where
t/
uCt)1/2
t = point at the time of intersection between two straight lines
Field Example
XYZ 2222-2250.5m (B2) 3 distinct slopes K:588md, kh:17105 mdft Nearest distance to heterogeneity: 130ft
Mar-2010
Field Example
XYZ 2222-2250.5m (B2) 3 distinct slopes K:588md, kh:17105 mdft Nearest distance to heterogeneity: 130ft
Mar-2010
More data More Refinement

L-II RFT Pressure Data
Fig-4
920
1983-84
940 960
tvds s (m )
1993-94 1997-98
980 1000 1020 1040 900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Normalised pressures ( psi)
Mar-2010
Differing Aquifer Support

I4 P3
I5
MDT pressure of layer-II

well P3-2/06 well P2-3/06 well P4-4/06 well I5-9/06
I4
P2
I2 I5
MDT pressure of layer-IV
2150
2260
2160
well I2-10/06 well I1-06/08 Well I6-07/08
2270
31%
2170
D1-14-10/07 wELL p5-9/08 well p6-11/08 well p1-12/08

15%
2280
well P3-2/06 well I5-9/06 well I2-10/06 well I1-06/08 Well I6-07/08 D1-14-10/07 Well P5-9/08 well p6 11/08
2180
2290
2190
2300
2200
2310
2210
2320
2220
2330
2230
2340
2240
2350
2250
2920 2940 2960 2980 3000 3020 3040 3060 3080 3100 3120 3140 3160 3180 3200 3220 3240 3260 3280 3300 3320 3340 3360 3380 3400 3420 3440
2360
3160 3180 3200 3220 3240 3260 3280 3300 3320 3340 3360 3380 3400 3420 3440 3460 3480 3500 3520 3540 3560
Mar-2010
Data - Fluid Properties

Expressing HC in place in surface conditions Estimation of Pb,FVF,Rs,Bg, Viscosity Laboratory or empirical relations
Mar-2010
Basic PVT Properties

Mar-2010
Mar-2010
Reservoir Fluid Types

Tr<Tc
Black oil Low shrinkage oil Volatile oil
Tc<Tr<Tct
Retrograde
Tr>Tct
Wet gas Dry gas
condensate
Near Critical Cond
gas
Mole Comp. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7+
Black Oil 48.83 2.75 1.93 1.6 1.15 1.59 42.15
Volatile Oil 64.36 7.52 4.74 4.12 2.97 1.38 14.91
Gas. Cond 87.07 4.39 2.29 1.74 0.83 0.60 3.80
Dry gas 95.85 2.67 0.34 0.52 0.08 0.12 0.42

Mar-2010
The Role of Heavy Components.
After Mccain,W.D
Phase Envelop-Black Oil
Bo v/rv GOR-v/v API Colour
1.2-1.3 35-125 15-40 BrownD.Green
GOR
API
Mar-2010
Phase Envelop-Low shrinkage Oil
<1.2 35 <35 Black
Mar-2010
Phase Envelop-Volatile Oil
< 2.0 350-550 45-55 GreenishOrange
GOR
API
Mar-2010
Phase Envelop-Near Critical Crude
> 2.0 > 550 45-55 Light
Mar-2010
Phase Envelop-Retrograde Gas Condensate
GOR-v/v API Colour
1400-16000 > 50 Light
GOR
API
Mar-2010
Phase Envelop-Wet Gas
GOR-v/v API Colour
1100018000 60 Light
GOR
API
Mar-2010
Phase Envelop- Dry Gas
GOR-v/v API Colour
>18000 > Light
Mar-2010
Drive mechanism
Depletion drive:
Expansion of gas evolved from solution

No free gas cap and no active water drive Rapid pressure decline Water free production Rapidly increasing GOR Low ultimate oil recovery (5-20%)
Mar-2010
Drive mechanism
Gas Cap drive: Expansion of Gas cap gas
Gas cap and no or small
active water drive Less rapid pressure decline Water free production Rapidly increasing GOR in structurally high wells Moderate ultimate oil recovery (25-40%)
Mar-2010
Drive mechanism
Water Drive: Production of oil by water displacing process is & usually most efficient process
Very gradual pressure decline Little change in producing GOR Early water production from structurally lower wells High ultimate recovery
Mar-2010
Drive mechanism
Gravity Drainage: As a result of difference in reservoir fluid densities
Low GOR in structurally low wells Formation of Secondary GCG High GOR in structurally high wells Little or no water production High ultimate recovery Variable rate of pressure decline
Mar-2010
Asphaltene The problem
Mar-2010
Scales for reservoir heterogeneity

MICRO Thin sections MACRO Core
MEGA Well logging Well test 3D seismic GIGA Seismic Basin studies
RSIN3
Mar-2010
Reservoir simulation
The dictionary meaning of the word simulate is to give an appearance of
Forms an integral part of Reservoir Management Functions (RMF)
Mar-2010
Reservoir simulation
Mimics the behavior of a real system through a model (physical, analog, electrical or numerical) based on realistic assumptions Simulation can be close to reality but it is never the reality ( should approach reality with time)
Mar-2010
Disciplinary contributions to reservoir modeling

Seismic Interpretation Petrophysics Fluid Properties
Geological Model
NUMERICAL SIMULATION MODEL
Surface Facilities
Model Grid Effects
W ells
Vertical Horizontal Multilateral
Economics
RSIN1
Mar-2010
Numerical Model
Mathematical models System of equations describing the physical behavior
These are complicated nonlinear partial differential equations relating pressure and saturation changes with time Analytical solutions-generally impossible Numerical solutions generally the only way
Mar-2010
Numerical Models
Basic equations for fluid flow
Conservation of mass Conservation of momentum Conservation of energy Rate Equation EOS
Mar-2010
Numerical Models
Numerical solution produces answer at discrete points within the system Use of finite difference for transforming the continuous differential equation to discrete form-both space and time are discretized (grid, timesteps) Common solution procedures
IMPES, Newton-Raphson
Mar-2010
Stochastic Modeling
Measures statistical variation in data
points-maps similar statistical properties Better describes the heterogeneity of the reservoir- (variograms-trends, direction) Integrates independent measurements Uncertainty in measured values-assessed Algorithm-Kriging, Conditional simulation,co-kriging
Mar-2010
MICRO Thin sections
Scales for reservoir heterogeneity

MACRO Core
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 Fine layers of 'a' parasequence <1 1 to 10 10 to 100 >100
Grouping of fine layers for upscaling

1 2 3 4
MEGA Well logging Well test 3D seismic
RSIN3
GIGA Seismic Basin studies

Mar-2010
History Match-First Realization
Mar-2010
History Match -Final Realization
Mar-2010
Layer-9(c)
Parallel Simulation
10 million cell
1 billion cell
Role & Impact

Corporate impact-cash flow predictions Insight to the various physical process Sensitivity Comparing different exploitation scenarios Optimize project design to maximize economic
recovery Real Time monitoring
Mar-2010
Thanks for patient hearing
Mar-2010

Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

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Petroleum Reservoir Engineering ----Basic Concepts

Porosity Permeability Capillary Pressures Wettability Relative Permeability Reservoir Pressure

Is the Party over ??

The law of Diminishing return

Data that pertains to the properties of reservoir fluids

It is the ratio of the interconnected pore volume to the bulk volume

The role of Rock Texture

Pore Network-Reconstructed using thin section IMAGE Analysis

Porosity intergranular- 0.23 Porosity total0.28 Absolute Permeability- 426md

Porosity intergranular- 0.37 Porosity total0.39 Absolute Permeability- 5600md

Improved Permeability estimation

Porosity - Permeability Plot

HU7, 100.00 HU6, 10.00

y = 1648.1x2.3492 y = 355.42x 2.0499 HU5, y = 245.68x 2.212 HU4,

y = 37.476x1.8785 y = 30.796x 2.1428 HU2, y = 18.846x 2.4585

0.10 HU1, 0.01 0.00

0.001 0.010 0.100 Phi Group 1.000

Major effect of Cap pres is the creation of Transition Zone

displacing Wetting phase

displacing Non wetting phase

presence of another immiscible fluid

effective to absolute permeability is termed Relative permeability

Kro= ko/k Kre= kw/k Krg= kg/k

Relative Permeability-Rock typing

Relative Permeability-Core Condition

Water Wet Mixed Wet Oil Wet

under certain degree of pressure, generally called reservoir pressure

pressure, the shut in pressure or static formation pressure

injection rates in a well is monitored

P Res K,s,C qo t P Model K,s,C T

Radial Flow in a porous media :

Pws= Pi-162.6qB/kh*log((T+t)/ t) K= 162.6qB mh S= 1.151[ P1hr-Pwf] log (K / m uCtrw2 )+3.23]

Pressure Build-up analysis

Horner Plot or MDH Plot :

Flow Efficiency = Jactual/ Jideal D(distance of fault)= (0.00105K

t = point at the time of intersection between two straight lines

More data More Refinement

980 1000 1020 1040 900

Normalised pressures ( psi)

Differing Aquifer Support

MDT pressure of layer-II

MDT pressure of layer-IV

well I2-10/06 well I1-06/08 Well I6-07/08

D1-14-10/07 wELL p5-9/08 well p6-11/08 well p1-12/08

Data - Fluid Properties

Basic PVT Properties

Reservoir Fluid Types

Mole Comp. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7+

Black Oil 48.83 2.75 1.93 1.6 1.15 1.59 42.15

Volatile Oil 64.36 7.52 4.74 4.12 2.97 1.38 14.91

Gas. Cond 87.07 4.39 2.29 1.74 0.83 0.60 3.80

Dry gas 95.85 2.67 0.34 0.52 0.08 0.12 0.42

The Role of Heavy Components.

Phase Envelop-Black Oil

Bo v/rv GOR-v/v API Colour

1.2-1.3 35-125 15-40 BrownD.Green

Phase Envelop-Low shrinkage Oil

Bo v/rv GOR-v/v API Colour

<1.2 35 <35 Black

Phase Envelop-Volatile Oil

Bo v/rv GOR-v/v API Colour

< 2.0 350-550 45-55 GreenishOrange

Phase Envelop-Near Critical Crude