You are on page 1of 13

Page 1 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223

Lab #3: Electrical Resistive Behaviour of Three Devices


February 20, 2012 Ian Ip 10011223 Section 5 Email: 0imhi@queensu

Lab partner: Blair Hanbury APSC100 Module 2

ABSTRACT
An experiment was designed and conducted to investigate the resistivity properties of an unknown standard resistor, LEDs and light bulb. Each of these devices went under testing in an established circuit powered by a DC power supply with current and voltage monitored through two multimeters. The experiment worked within the parameter of 12V to -12V on the power supply and data sets were collected from within this range. Results indicated that the unknown standard resistor was ohmic and has a resistance of 22 Ohms. The LEDs was proven to be non ohmic and the cut in voltage of the LEDs in series were 3.7 V. Lastly, the light bulb in the circuit also displayed non ohmic properties and it was discovered that the light bulb filaments resistance increases as temperature increases. Qualitative observations also show that the light bulb only light up after a certain current voltage has been reached. All in all, the regression analysis showed that the data recorded fitted closely with the line of best fit and other regression tools.

I verify that this formal report is my own individual work and has not been copied in whole or in part from another source (with the possible exception of equations, tables and/or diagrams from the experimental descriptions on the APSC100-2 website). Furthermore, I have not and will not lend this report (electronic or hardcopy) to any other student, either now or in the future. Signed:__________________________

Page 2 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223

1.0 Introduction
The resistivity of any given devices in a circuit can be measured by measuring the current I through the device and the voltage V (Differences in electrical potential prior and after of the device). Effectively, the resistance of the circuit (or part of the circuit: i.e. a particular device in the circuit) can be determined by the following equation:

Where resistance R is measured in Ohms, voltage V is measured in Volts and current I is measured in amps. Essentially, the equation is a rearranged version of Ohms Law. Ohms law state that current is equal to the product of voltage and the inverse of resistance. By plotting current through a device as a function of voltage, one can determine the resistivity of the device. If the graph produces a straight line, then the device under test is an ohmic resistor because resistance is constant. From figure 1, ohmic resistors are typically metals under moderate current at constant temperature. On the other hand, devices with non-linear relationship describe non-ohmic resistors such as semiconductors as shown in figure 2. The resistance of most resistors increase with an increase in temperature (Semiconductors does the opposite and decrease with temperature).

Figure 1: The Voltage (x) and Current (y) plot of an ohmic resistor

Figure 2: An example of a Voltage (x) and Current (y) plot of non-ohmic resistor

Page 3 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223 In this lab, the resistive property of three different devices will be investigated. The three devices are standard resistors, light emitting diode (LED) and a light bulb. By measuring the current and voltage of each device in a circuit, it is possible to plot the relationship and calculate resistance. The initial set up will only yield positive results, limiting the data points to first quadrant of the plot. To obtain negative results and expand the range of data points, one can reverse the direction of the current by switching the connecting wires to the power supply. After fully extending the range of data points on a plot, the slope m can be calculated graphically or by linear regression. The slope can be defined by:

As mentioned above, the rearranged Ohms law equation is:

By comparing the two equations, it becomes clear that the resistance is equivalent to the inverse of the slope.

2.0 Apparatus and Procedure


In the experiment, a circuit will have to be set up using power supply, two multimeters that will function as an ammeter and voltmeter, and a device under test which will provide some sort of resistance to the circuit. The three main parts to the experiment is to measure the resistance of a standard resistor, two light emitting diodes and a traditional light bulb. For safety purposes, the power supply did not exceed a voltage of 12 volts during the lab.

Figure 3: The circuit layout of part 1 (standard resistor) and part 3 (light bulb) of the experiment Courtesy of APSC 100 Module 2 Manual

As shown in figure 3, the circuit of the first part is comprised of 390 high wattage resistor (R2), the ammeter along the circuit and the voltmeter to measure the change in electrical potential as it passes through the device under test, which is a standard resistor of unknown voltage. Data points were then taken at the max and min to determine the range of the plot (Max occurs when power supply reach 12V and min occur when power supply reaches 12V with reconnected wire (Negative current)). By increasing and decreasing the voltage from max and min, the current and voltage at different points were recorded by the

Page 4 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223
two multimeters. The data points are then plotted onto a voltage current plot. Assuming that this is a standard resistor and demonstrate ohmic resistor behaviours, the plot should show a linear relationship in which the slope m is constant and can be determined, which will lead us to the resistance of the unknown resistor by using the equation R=1/m. The second part of the experiment involve using light emitting diodes (LEDs) as the device under test and placing three 1000 resistors in parallel as a collective R2 from part 1. As shown in figure 4, the devices under test are two LEDs in series with one another. Repeat Figure 4: The circuit layout of part 2 (Light emitting diodes) the procedure from part 1 by taking the max Courtesy of APSC 100 Module 2 Manual and min current and voltage by setting power supply to 12V and -12V. Note that the low voltages will yield no result because there are no current. It is only after the cut in voltage is reached that increase in current will occur. The cut in voltage is presumed to be the x intercept of the line of best fit from graphical analysis (The cut-in voltage occur when I=0). The final part of the experiment involves the circuit configuration as shown in figure 3; replace R2 with a 100 resistor. Again, repeat the previous procedure and take the max and min values, and then fill the range by recording current and voltage at different data points. In this part of the experiment, qualitative observations of the light bulb should also be recorded to determine as to when the light bulb starts to turn on. In this experiment, it should be assumed that the multimeters (ammeter and voltmeter) are ideal. Ideal ammeter has no resistance and does not cause a decrease in voltage while ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance so that it draws no current from the circuit. The circuit is to be assembled on a breadboard with the green ground cable attached on one end and grounded on the other end.

Page 5 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223

3.0 Results and Analysis


The table of values for part 1 of the experiment is as followed: Voltage (V) -0.66 -0.55 -0.43 -0.32 -0.22 -0.11 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.42 0.54 0.65 sV (V) 0.01066 0.01055 0.01043 0.01032 0.01022 0.01011 0.01011 0.01021 0.01032 0.01042 0.01054 0.01065 Current (mA) -30.6 -25.7 -20.1 -14.9 -10.1 -5.2 5.3 9.9 14.7 19.7 25 30.1 sI (mA) 0.1018 0.0871 0.0703 0.0547 0.0403 0.0256 0.0259 0.0397 0.0541 0.0691 0.085 0.1003
40 30 20 10 0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -10 -20 -30 -40 Voltage (V)
Figure 5: The Voltage and Current Plot of the standard unknown resistor Table 1: The recorded voltage and current from 12V to -12V of power supply from the first part of the experiment.

The first part of the lab made use of an unknown standard resistor and the objective was to calculate the resistance of the unknown resistor by plotting the current as a function of voltage. As shown in figure 5 and as predicted, the standard resistor demonstrated a linear relationship on the plot and therefore determined to be Ohmic. Further linear regression analysis has confirmed that the R square value is .999957 where 1 is perfect to the regression line and .95 is a good fit, proving that the values are reliable and resemble the line of fit (Refer to the line fit and residual plot in figure 6 and figure 7).

I = 46.483V - 0.0034

Current (mA)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Standard Resistor

Page 6 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223
Note that the error of current and voltage varies based on data points and are not constant throughout. Therefore, the error bars have been customized to reflect the changing nature of the uncertainty.

Standard Resistor Line Fit Plot


40 20 0 -0.5 -20 -40 Voltage (V) 0 0.5 1 Current (mA) Predicted Current Y

Figure 6: The Line fit graph of the regression line generated from the data of the unknown standard resistor

-1

Standard Resistor Residual Plot


0.3 0.2 Residuals 0.1 0 -0.5 -0.1 0 0.5 1

Figure 7: The Residual plot of the regression line generated from the data of the unknown standard resistor

-1

-0.2 Voltage (V)

The equation of the line of best fit became known through linear regression and the slope was revealed to be 46.483. It is known from the above that resistance is product of one thousand and the inverse of the slope. Note that 1000 is the conversion factor from milliamps to amps.

Therefore, the resistance of the unknown resistor was determined to be 21.5.

Page 7 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 -5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Voltage (V) 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

I = 38.969V - 145.51

Current (mA)

LEDs

Figure 8: The Voltage Current plot of the circuit with LEDs

The next part of the lab involves replacing the device under test with LEDs and to determine the cut in voltage of the circuit. As shown in table 2, the data points are exponential in the beginning and ended with linear. Voltage (V) 3.03 3.44 3.54 3.61 3.66 3.71 3.8 3.84 3.86 3.9 sV (V) 0.01303 0.01344 0.01354 0.01361 0.01366 0.01371 0.0138 0.01384 0.01386 0.0139 Current (mA) 0 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.2 2 3.8 4.7 5.4 6.6 sI (mA) 0.01 0.0103 0.0109 0.0121 0.0136 0.016 0.0214 0.0241 0.0262 0.0298
Table 2: The table of values of voltage and current measured from the circuit containing LEDs

Page 8 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223
3.94 3.96 3.99 4.01 4.04 4.08 4.11 4.14 4.17 4.19 4.21 4.25 4.28 4.31 4.35 4.37 0.01394 0.01396 0.01399 0.01401 0.01404 0.01408 0.01411 0.01414 0.01417 0.01419 0.01421 0.01425 0.01428 0.01431 0.01435 0.01437 7.6 8.4 9.6 10.3 11.7 12.7 14.1 15.1 16.8 17.4 18.5 20.2 21.6 22.9 24.6 25.5 0.0328 0.0352 0.0388 0.0409 0.0451 0.0481 0.0523 0.0553 0.0604 0.0622 0.0655 0.0706 0.0748 0.0787 0.0838 0.0865 For the purpose of accurate results, the first six data points are omitted from calculation because it occur at low voltage and occur before the expected range of cut in voltage. The expected range of cut in voltage values are based on the visual analysis of the plot, judging on the points that are of the linear portion of the plot. Regression analysis was then performed on this portion of the plot; the equation of the linear portion was determined to be:

Because the cut in voltage occur when I=0, the cut in voltage can also be expressed as the x intercept of the line of best fit of the plot in figure 8. If I=0, then:

Therefore, the cut in voltage of the LEDs were determined to be 3.73V. As mentioned before, the resistance of the device(s) under test is given by the following equation:

In this part of the experiment, the resistance of the LEDs are determined to be:

The resistance of the LEDs was determined to be 25.7.

The third final part of the experiment involves replacing the device under test with a light bulb. Light bulb is typically a non ohmic object and the data recorded in the table of values in table 3 verified the non-linear relationship between current and voltage. Voltage (V) -7.58 -6.99 sV (V) Current (mA) -54 -51.6 sI (mA) Resistance, R=V/I (Ohms) 140.3704 135.4651 Qualitative state Bright Bright
Table 3: The data recorded from the light bulb circuit

0.01758 0.01699

0.172 0.1648

Page 9 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223
-6.54 -6.02 -5.59 -5.01 -3.66 -2.66 -1.72 -0.97 -0.3 -0.11 0 0.06 0.11 0.19 0.3 0.53 0.87 1.3 1.7 2.17 2.65 3.75 4.89 6.18 7.58 0.01654 0.01602 0.01559 0.01501 0.01366 0.01266 0.01172 0.01097 0.0103 0.01011 0.01 0.01006 0.01011 0.01019 0.0103 0.01053 0.01087 0.0113 0.0117 0.01217 0.01265 0.01375 0.01489 0.01618 0.01758 -49.7 -47.4 -45.4 -42.7 -35.9 -30.3 -24.2 -18.8 -12 -6.1 0 3.7 6.6 9.1 12.1 15.5 18.1 21.2 24 27.2 30.1 36.3 42.2 48.1 54
60 40 20 0 -5 -20 -40 -60 Voltage (V) 0 5 10

0.1591 0.1522 0.1462 0.1381 0.1177 0.1009 0.0826 0.0664 0.046 0.0283 0.01 0.0211 0.0298 0.0373 0.0463 0.0565 0.0643 0.0736 0.082 0.0916 0.1003 0.1189 0.1366 0.1543 0.172

131.5895 127.0042 123.1278 117.3302 101.9499 87.78878 71.07438 51.59574 25 18.03279 0 16.21622 16.66667 20.87912 24.79339 34.19355 48.0663 61.32075 70.83333 79.77941 88.03987 103.3058 115.8768 128.4823 140.3704

Medium Medium Less Bright Dim Very Dim Almost Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Almost On Very Dim Dim On On

Like previous parts of the lab, a plot was made to demonstrate the current voltage relationship and it was determined that the graph is non-linear and therefore non ohmic (Refer to figure 9). The resistance was also found to be increasing in both directions as the relationship gets farther and farther away from the origin. An interesting observation made from the graph shows that the current and voltage is the negative of each of the respected values once the lead to the power supply has been reversed. The voltage and current at which the light bulb begins to turn on is 2.65V and 30.1mA, as well as the negative counterpart of these two values.

Figure 9: The current and voltage plot of a light bulb in circuit

Current (mA)

-10

Light Bulb

Page 10 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223

4.0 Discussion
This lab was conducted without any major hurdles; the only significant challenge encountered was properly assembling the circuit in the beginning. In real world situations, none of the multimeters are ideal but for the purpose of the experiment, it was assumed that the ammeter and voltmeter are ideal. In this experiment, three different devices were tested on resistivity, cut in voltage and the qualitative appearance. The current and voltage data were recorded for each of three devices under test. The first plot contains the data set of an unknown standard resistor. As expected, the plot demonstrated a linear relationship and the unknown resistor is therefore ohmic. Because it is linear, the slope is a constant that can be calculated and from that, the resistance of the resistor was found. The second plot contains the data set of two LCDs in series with one another. The plot started out as a slow exponential climb that eventually turns into a linear climb just like that of the unknown resistor. The voltage will have to exceed the cut in voltage for the LCDs to demonstrate a linear relationship and hence, ohmic properties. The cut in voltage was found by performing a regression line on the linear portion of the line and determine the x intercept of the line (When I=0), the resistance of the LCD can also be found from the slope of the regression line just as before. The third plot containing the data set of a light bulb in a circuit showed a sideway flipped cubic (y=x^3) relationship. As current go up, the resistance of the unknown resistor remained constant. The LEDs did something similar but the resistance increased as the current increase prior to reaching the cut in voltage. In the light bulb circuit, resistance increased exponentially as current increases in both positive and negative direction. When reversing the current direction by switching the power supply, it was discovered that the current and voltage is the negative value at the same current and voltage before the current was reversed. In the light bulb circuit, it was found that the resistance of the filament changes when the bulb heats up. Light bulb as discussed before is a non ohmic resistor and have a non-linear relationship on a current voltage plot. Non-linear relation means the resistance is not constant throughout and poise to change. Data shows the resistance increases as voltage and current increase. As voltage and current increases, the light bulb will naturally get brighter. Since the light bulb is a form of resistor and the electric energy cannot be fully transformed into light energy, the light bulb will also release heat as a form of energy. As the voltage and current increase, so does heat, and therefore further heating up the filament in the bulb. According to the lab manual, it was understood that the resistance of resistors increase as it heats up.

5.0 Conclusion
Overall, this lab was completed in a timely manner and did not encounter any major problems. In the first part, the resistance of the unknown resistor was determined to be 22 4.5 The LCDs in the second part had a cut in voltage of 3.7 0.15 V The light bulb in the circuit switched on at 2.65V and 30.1mA (as well as the negative of these values)

Page 11 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223

6.0 Reference
Clapham, Lynann. APSC 100 Practical Engineering Module 2. Kingston: Queen's University, 2011. Print.

7.0 Appendix
7.1 Error Equations
Voltage: Current:
| | | |

Resistance (As a function of Slope, R=1/m)

Cut in Voltage (As a function of slope and intercept, V= -int/slope)


(( ) ( )) | |

7.2 Unknown Resistor Regression Analysis and Error


SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.999978 R Square 0.999957 Adjusted R Square 0.999952 Standard Error 0.141417 Observation s 12

Page 12 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223
ANOVA df Regression Residual Total 1 10 11 Coefficien ts Intercept X Variable 1 -0.00339 46.48284 SS 4612.709 0.199988 4612.909 Standard Error 0.040825 0.096787 MS 4612.70 9 0.01999 9 F 230649. 2 Significan ce F 3.77E-23

t Stat 0.08305 480.259 5

P-value 0.93545 3.77E23

Lower 95% -0.09435 46.26719

Upper 95% 0.08757 3 46.6985

Lower 95.0% 0.09435 46.2671 9

Upper 95.0% 0.08757 3 46.6985

RESIDUAL OUTPUT Predicted Y -30.6821 -25.569 -19.991 -14.8779 -10.2296 -5.1165 5.109722 9.758006 14.87112 19.5194 25.09734 30.21046

Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Residuals 0.082065 -0.13105 -0.10899 -0.0221 0.129615 -0.0835 0.190278 0.141994 -0.17112 0.180598 -0.09734 -0.11046

Error = Slope*Standard Error of Slope Error = 46.48*0.0967

Page 13 of 13

Ian Ip 10011223

7.3 LCDs Regression Analysis and Error


SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.996836 R Square 0.993682 Adjusted R Square 0.993331 Standard Error 0.5596 Observations 20 ANOVA Significance df SS MS F F 1 886.5408 886.5408 2831.026 2.98E-21 18 5.636733 0.313152 19 892.1775 Standard Coefficients Error t Stat -145.507 2.998108 -48.5331 38.96882 0.732395 53.20738 ) ( )) | | Upper Lower Upper Lower 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0% -151.806 -139.209 -151.806 -139.209 37.43012 40.50753 37.43012 40.50753

Regression Residual Total

Intercept X Variable 1 Error = ((

P-value 1.54E-20 2.98E-21

Error = ((145.5/2.998) + (38.968/0.732))*3.7 Error = 0.147

-End

You might also like