Combinations

Combinations and Permutations
What's the Difference?

In English we use the word "combination" loosely, without thinking if the order of things is important. In
other words:
"My fruit salad is a combination of apples, grapes and bananas" We don't care what order
the fruits are in, they could also be "bananas, grapes and apples" or "grapes, apples and
bananas", its the same fruit salad.
"The combination to the safe was 472". Now we do care about the order. "724" would not
work, nor would "247". It has to be exactly 4-7-2.
So, in Mathematics we use more precise language:
If the order doesn't matter, it is a Combination.
If the order does matter it is a Permutation.
So, we should really call this a "Permutation Lock"!
In other words:
A Permutation is an ordered Combination.
To help you to remember, think "Permutation ... Position"
Permutations
There are basically two types of permutation:
Repetition is Allowed: such as the lock above. It could be "333".
No Repetition: for example the first three people in a running race. You can't be
first and second.
1. Permutations with Repetition
These are the easiest to calculate.
When you have n things to choose from ... you have n choices each time!
When choosing r of them, the permutations are:
n n ... (r times)
(In other words, there are n possibilities for the first choice, THEN there are n possibilites for the second
choice, and so on, multplying each time.)
Which is easier to write down using an exponent of r:
n n ... (r times) = nr
Example: in the lock above, there are 10 numbers to choose from (0,1,..9) and you choose 3 of them:
10 10 ... (3 times) = 103 = 1,000 permutations
So, the formula is simply:
nr
where n is the number of things to choose from, and you
choose r of them
(Repetition allowed, order matters)
2. Permutations without Repetition

In this case, you have to reduce the number of available choices each time.
For example, what order could 16 pool balls be in?
After choosing, say, number "14" you can't choose

it again.
So, your first choice would have 16 possibilites, and your next choice would then have 15 possibilities,
then 14, 13, etc. And the total permutations would be:
16 15 14 13 ... = 20,922,789,888,000
But maybe you don't want to choose them all, just 3 of them, so that would be only:
16 15 14 = 3,360
In other words, there are 3,360 different ways that 3 pool balls could be selected out of 16 balls.
But how do we write that mathematically? Answer: we use the "factorial function"
The factorial function (symbol: ) just means to multiply a series of descending natural
numbers. Examples:
4! = 4 3 2 1 = 24
7! = 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 5,040
1! = 1
Note: it is generally agreed that 0! = 1. It may seem funny that multiplying no numbers together gets you 1,
but it helps simplify a lot of equations.
So, if you wanted to select all of the billiard balls the permutations would be:
16! = 20,922,789,888,000
But if you wanted to select just 3, then you have to stop the multiplying after 14. How do you do that?
There is a neat trick ... you divide by 13! ...
16 15 14 13 12 ... = 16 15 14 = 3,360
13 12 ...
Do you see? 16! / 13! = 16 15 14
The formula is written:

choose r of them
(No repetition, order matters)
Examples:
Our "order of 3 out of 16 pool balls example" would be:
16!
(16-3)!
16!
20,922,789,888,000
13!
= 3,360
6,227,020,800
(which is just the same as: 16 15 14 = 3,360)
How many ways can first and second place be awarded to 10 people?
10!
(10-2)!
10!
8!
3,628,800
40,320
(which is just the same as: 10 9 = 90)
Notation
= 90
Instead of writing the whole formula, people use different notations such as these:
Example: P(10,2) = 90
Combinations
There are also two types of combinations (remember the order does not matter now):
Repetition is Allowed: such as coins in your pocket (5,5,5,10,10)
No Repetition: such as lottery numbers (2,14,15,27,30,33)
1. Combinations with Repetition

Actually, these are the hardest to explain, so I will come back to this later.
2. Combinations without Repetition

This is how lotteries work. The numbers are drawn one at a time, and if you have the lucky numbers (no
matter what order) you win!
The easiest way to explain it is to:
assume that the order does matter (ie permutations),
then alter it so the order does not matter.
Going back to our pool ball example, let us say that you just want to know which 3 pool balls were
chosen, not the order.
We already know that 3 out of 16 gave us 3,360 permutations.
But many of those will be the same to us now, because we don't care what order!
For example, let us say balls 1, 2 and 3 were chosen. These are the possibilites:
Order does matter
123
132
213
231
312
321
Order doesn't matter
So, the permutations will have 6 times as many possibilites.
123
In fact there is an easy way to work out how many ways "1 2 3" could be placed in order, and we have
already talked about it. The answer is:
3! = 3 2 1 = 6
(Another example: 4 things can be placed in 4! = 4 3 2 1 = 24 different ways, try it for yourself!)
So, all we need to do is adjust our permutations formula to reduce it by how many ways the objects
could be in order (because we aren't interested in the order any more):
That formula is so important it is often just written in big parentheses like this:

choose r of them
(No repetition, order doesn't matter)
It is often called "n choose r" (such as "16 choose 3")
And is also known as the "Binomial Coefficient"
Notation
As well as the "big parentheses", people also use these notations:
Example
So, our pool ball example (now without order) is:
16!
3!(16-3)!
16!
20,922,789,888,000
3!13!
= 560
66,227,020,800
Or you could do it this way:

161514
321
3360
= 560
So remember, do the permutation, then reduce by a further "r!"

... or better still ...
Remember the Formula!

It is interesting to also note how this formula is nice and symmetrical:
In other words choosing 3 balls out of 16, or choosing 13 balls out of 16 have the same number of
combinations.
16!
3!(16-3)!
16!
16!
13!(16-13)!
= 560
3!13!
Pascal's Triangle
You can also use Pascal's Triangle to find the values. Go down to row "n" (the top row is 0), and then
along "r" places and the value there is your answer. Here is an extract showing row 16:
1
1
1
14
15
16
91
105
120
560
364
455
...
1365
1820
...
4368
...
1. Combinations with Repetition

OK, now we can tackle this one ...
Let us say there are five flavors of icecream: banana, chocolate, lemon, strawberry
and vanilla. You can have three scoops. How many variations will there be?
Let's use letters for the flavors: {b, c, l, s, v}. Example selections would be
{c, c, c} (3 scoops of chocolate)
{b, l, v} (one each of banana, lemon and vanilla)
{b, v, v} (one of banana, two of vanilla)
(And just to be clear: There are n=5 things to choose from, and you choose r=3 of them.
Order does not matter, and you can repeat!)
Now, I can't describe directly to you how to calculate this, but I can show you a special technique that
lets you work it out.
Think about the ice cream being in boxes, you could say "move past
the first box, then take 3 scoops, then move along 3 more boxes to
the end" and you will have 3 scoops of chocolate!
So, it is like you are ordering a robot to get your ice cream, but it
doesn't change anything, you still get what you want.
Now you could write this down as
(arrow means move, circle means scoop).
In fact the three examples above would be written like this:
{c, c, c} (3 scoops of chocolate):
{b, l, v} (one each of banana, lemon and vanilla):
{b, v, v} (one of banana, two of vanilla):
OK, so instead of worrying about different flavors, we have a simpler problem to solve: "how many
different ways can you arrange arrows and circles"
Notice that there are always 3 circles (3 scoops of ice cream) and 4 arrows (you need to move 4 times to
go from the 1st to 5th container).
So (being general here) there are r + (n-1) positions, and we want to choose r of them to have circles.
This is like saying "we have r + (n-1) pool balls and want to choose r of them". In other words it is now
like the pool balls problem, but with slightly changed numbers. And you would write it like this:
where n is the number of things to choose

from, and you choose r of them
(Repetition allowed, order doesn't
matter)
Interestingly, we could have looked at the arrows instead of the circles, and we would have then been
saying "we have r + (n-1) positions and want to choose (n-1) of them to have arrows", and the answer
would be the same ...
So, what about our example, what is the answer?

(5+3-1)!
3!(5-1)!
7!
3!4!
5040
= 35
624
In Conclusion
Phew, that was a lot to absorb, so maybe you could read it again to be sure!
But knowing how these formulas work is only half the battle. Figuring out how to interpret a real world
situation can be quite hard.
But at least now you know how to calculate all 4 variations of "Order does/does not matter" and "Repeats
are/are not allowed".
A permutation
is an arrangement of objects in
specific order.
The order of the arrangement is important!!
Consider, four students

walking toward their school entrance. How many
different ways could they arrange themselves in this
side-by-side pattern?
1,2,3,4
1,2,4,3
1,3,2,4
1,3,4,2
1,4,2,3
1,4,3,2
2,1,3,4
2,1,4,3
2,3,1,4
2,3,4,1
2,4,1,3
2,4,3,1
3,2,1,4
3,2,4,1
3,1,2,4
3,1,4,2
3,4,2,1
3,4,1,2
4,2,3,1
4,2,1,3
4,3,2,1
4,3,1,2
4,1,2,3
4,1,3,2
The number of different arrangements is 24 or 4! = 4

3 2 1.
There are 24 different arrangements,
or permutations, of the four students walking sideby-side.
The notation for a permutation:
n
r
n is the total number of objects
is the number of objects chosen (want)
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00000See how to use your
TI-83+/TI-84+ graphing calculator with permutations.
Click calculator.
The formula for a permutation:
ORThe
formula for a permutation:
(Remember that 0! = 1.)
(Note:
if n = r, as it did with the students
walking side-by-side, then
= n! for either
n Pr
formula.)
Examples:
1.
2.
Compute:
Compute:
30
P5
6 P 2
5 4 3 2 1
6 5 =
120
or
multiply by two
factors
of the factorial,
starting with 6
3.
Find the number of ways to arrange 5 objects
that are chosen from a set of 7 different objects.
76543 = 2520
7 P 5 =
or
4. What is the total number of possible 5-letter
arrangements of the letters w, h, i, t, e, if each
letter is used only once in each arrangement?
=
54321
=
120
5 P5
or
or
simply
5!
5.
How many different 3-digit numerals can be made
from the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
if a digit can
appear just once in a numeral?
=
543 = 60
5 P3
or
Permutations with Special

Arrangements:
Example: Using the letters in the word
" square ", tell how many 6-letter arrangements,
with no repetitions, are possible if the :
a) first letter is a vowel.
b) vowels and consonants alternate,
beginning with a consonant.
Solution:
Part a:
Hint:
When working with
"arrangements", it is often helpful to put lines

down to represent the locations of the items.
For this problem, six "locations" are needed
for 6-letter arrangements.
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
The first locations must be a vowel (u, a, e).

There are three ways to fill the first location.
__3___
_____ _____
_____
_____
_____
After the vowel has been placed in the first

location, there are 5 letters left to be arranged
in the remaining five spaces.
__3__
__2__ __1__
__3__ __5__
or
3
3 120
__4__
P5
360
Part b:
Six locations are needed for the 6-letter
arrangements.
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
Beginning with a consonant, every other location

must be filled with a consonant. (s, q, r )
__3__ _____ __2___
_____ ___1__ _____
The remaining locations are filled with the
remaining three vowels:
__3__ __3___ __2___
__2___ ___1__ ___1__ =
36
Permutations
Definition of n factorial
The definition of n!,
pronounced n factorial is
(n)(n - 1)(n - 2). . . (3)(2)
(1)
For example:
3! = (3)(2)(1) = 6
4! = (4)(3)(2)(1) = 24
5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120
6! = (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 720
Permutation
A permutation is one of the

different arrangements of a
group of items where order
matters.
When order matters
AB
BA.
Consider the following:

Given 3 people, Bob, Mike and Sue, how many different
ways can these three people be arranged where order
matters?
Let BMS stand for the order of Bob on the left, Mike
in the middle and Sue on the right.
Since order matters, a different arrangement is BSM.
Where Bob is on the left, Sue is in the middle and

Mike is on the right.
If we find all possible arrangements of Bob, Mike and
Sue where order matters, we have the following:
BMS,
BSM,
MSB,
MBS,
SMB,
SBM
The number of ways to arrange three people three at a

time is:
3! = (3)(2)(1) = 6
ways

Given 4 people, Bob, Mike, Sue and Alice, how many
different ways can these three people be arranged
where order matters?
If we find all possible arrangements of Bob, Mike,
Sue and Alice where order matters, we have the
following:
BMSA,
MBSA,
SBMA,
ABMS,
BMAS,
MBAS,
SBAM,
ABSM,
BSMA,
MABS,
SMBA,
AMBS,
BSAM,
MASB,
SMAB,
AMSB,
BAMS,
MSBA,
SABM,
ASBM,
BASM
MSAB
SAMB
ASMB
There are 24 ways to arrange the four people four at

a time,
or
4!
Summary
If you want to arrange 3 people in groups of 3 at a
time, there are 3! ways to accomplish this task.
If you want to arrange 4 people in groups of 4 at a
time, there are 4! ways to accomplish this task.
If you want to arrange n objects in groups of n at a
time, there are n! ways to accomplish this task.
Property
There are n! ways to arrange n objects in groups

of n at a time.
Now Suppose we want to take these four people and

arrange them in groups of three at a time where order
matters.
The following demonstrates all the
possible arrangements.
BMS,
MBS,
SBM,
ABM,
BSM,
MSB,
SMB,
AMB,
BAS,
MAS,
SBA,
ABS,
BSA,
MSA,
SAB,
ASB,
BMA,
MBA,
SMA,
AMS,
BAM
MAB
SAM
ASM
There are 24 ways to arrange 4 objects taken 3 at a

time.
The answer again is 24, but for a different reason.
To find the value 24 mathematically we must use the
permutation formula.
The permutation formula is
when order matters.
Permutation Formula
The number of permutations of n objects
taken r at a time is:
Example 1:
Find the number of ways to arrange 4 people in groups
of 3 at a time where order matters.
Solution:
There are 24 ways to arrange 4 items taken 3 at a

time when order matters.
_____________________________________________________
____
Example 2:
Find the number of ways to arrange 6 items in groups
of 4 at a time where order matters.
Solution:
There are 360 ways to arrange 6 items taken 4 at a

time when order matters.
_____________________________________________________
_
Combinations
Combination
A combination is one of the
different arrangements of a
group of items where order
does not matter.
When order does not matter
AB = BA.

Given 3 people, Bob, Mike and Sue, how many different
ways can these three people be arranged where order
does not matters?
Since order does not matter, any arrangement with
Bob, Mike and Sue is considered the same
arrangement.
Therefore the only arrangement is BMS.
Now suppose we want to take four people, Bob, Mike,

Sue and Alice, and arrange them in groups of three at
a time where order does not matter.
The following
demonstrates all the possible arrangements.
BMS,
MSA,
BMA,
BSA
There are 4 ways to arrange 4 people in groups of 3

at a time.
Combination Formula
The number of combinations of
a group of n objects taken r
at a time is:
Example 3:
Find the number of ways to take 4 people and place
them in groups of 3 at a time where order does not
matter.
Solution:
Since order does not matter, use the combination
formula.
There are 4 ways to arrange 4 items taken 3 at a time

when order does not matter.
_____________________________________________________
_
Example 4:
Find the number of ways to take 20 objects and
arrange them in groups of 5 at a time where order
does not matter.
Solution:
There are 15,504 ways to arrange 20 objects taken 5

at a time when order does not matter.
_____________________________________________________
_
Example 5:
Is the State Lotteries a combination or a
permutation?
Solution:
The answer has to do with if order matters.
If
order matters, then it is a permutation.
If order
does not matter then it is a combination.
Do you
think the numbers on a ticket have to be in the same
order as the order in which they became the winning
numbers?
In other words, lets say the winning numbers rolled
out of the machine in the order of:
1,2,3,4,5,6.
Do the numbers on your ticket have to be in this same
order to win?
Or will any order such as 2,3,1,5,6,4
also be a winning ticket?
The answer is, any order of the winning numbers will
produce the winning ticket.
Thus the lotteries are
combinations.
Factorial Tips with/without the

Calculator
Example 6:
How many ways are there to select a subcommittee of 7
members from among a committee of 17?
Solution:
Since it does not matter what order the committee
members are chosen in, the combination formula is
used.
Committees are always a combination unless the
problem states that someone like a president has
higher hierarchy over another person.
If the
committee is ordered, then it is a permutation.
C(17,7)= 19,448
Therefore there are 19,448 different ways to form the
committee.
_____________________________________________________
______
Example 7:
Determine the total number of five-card hands that
can be drawn from a deck of 52 cards.
Solution:
When a hand of cards is dealt, the order of the cards
does not matter.
If you are dealt two kings, it
does not matter if the two kings came with the first
two cards or the last two cards.
Thus cards are
combinations.
There are 52 cards in a deck and we want to know how

many different ways we can put them in groups of five
at a time when order does not matter.
The
combination formula is used.
C(52,5) = 2,598,960
Therefore there are 2,598,960 different ways to

create a five-card hand from a deck of 52 cards.
Student #1:
There are five women and six men in a group.
From
this group a committee of 4 is to be chosen.
How
many different ways can a committee be formed that
contain three women and one man?
55
60
25
192
Answer
Student #2:
There are five women and six men in a group. From this group a
committee of 4 is to be chosen. How many different ways can a
committee be formed that contain at least three women?
65
67
20
12
Answer
Example 8:
A school has scheduled three volleyball games, two soccer games,
and four basketball games. You have a ticket allowing you to
attend three of the games. In how many ways can you go to two
basketball games and one of the other events?
Solution:
Since order does not matter it is a combination.
The word AND means multiply.
Given 4 basketball, 3 volleyball, 2 soccer.
We want 2 basketball games and 1 other event. There are 5
choices left.
C(n,r)
C(How many do you have, How many do you want)
C(have 4 basketball, want 2 basketball)*C(have 5 choices left, want
1)
C(4,2)*C(5,1)
(6)(5) = 30
Therefore there are 30 different ways in which you can go to two
basketball games and one of the other events.
_________________________________________________________
__
Example 9:
How many ways are there to deal a five-card hand consisting of
three eight's and two sevens.
Solution:
If a card hand that consists of four Queens and an Ace is
rearranged, nothing has changed. The hand still contains four
Queens and an Ace. Thus, use the combination formula for
problems with cards.
We have 4 eights and 4 sevens.
We want 3 eights and 2 sevens.
C(have 4 eights, want 3 eights)*C(have 4 sevens, want 2 sevens)
C(4,3)*C(4,2) = 24
Therefore there are 24 different ways in which to deal the desired
hand.
Student #3:
How many different 5-card hands include 4 aces?
61
28
48
225
Answer
Example 10:
How many different 5-card hands include 4 of a kind and one other
card?
Solution:
We have 13 different ways to choose 4 of a kind: 2's, 3's, 4's,
Queens, Kings and Aces.
Once a set of 4 of a kind has been removed from the deck, 48

cards are left.
Remember OR means add.
The possible situations that will satisfy the above requirement are:
4 Aces and one other card
C(4,4)*C(48,1) = 48
or 4 Kings and one other card
C(4,4)*C(48,1) = 48
or 4 Queens and one other card

.
.
.
or 4 twos and one other card
C(4,4)*C(48,1) = 48
C(4,4)*C(48,1) = 48
Total of 624 ways
This problem could also have been calculated as follows.

13*C(4,4)*C(48,1) = 624
Therefore there are 624 different 5-card hands that have four of a
kind, and one other card.
Student #4:
In a local election, there are seven people running for three
positions. The person that has the most votes will be elected to
the highest paying position. The person with the second most
votes will be elected to the second highest paying position, and
likewise for the third place winner. How many different outcomes
can this election have?
301
258
176
210
Answer
Student #5:
How many different ways can a five-question true-false test can be
answered?
32
28
76
26
Answer
Example 11:
An exacta in horse racing is when you correctly guess which
horses will finish first and second. If there are eight horses in the
race, how many different possible outcomes for the exacta are
there?
Solution:
Does order matter? Yes it does! If the order did not matter who
would come to the event? Since order matters, use the formula
for a Permutation.
There are 8 horses, and we want to know how many different ways
there are to choose 2 horses at a time where order matters. In
other words, once you choose two horses, this counts as two
arrangements. If horse A comes in first and horse B comes in
second, it is a different arrangement then if horse B comes in first
and horse A comes in second.
P(8,2) = 56
Therefore there are 56 different ways to have a first and second
place winner out of eight horses.
_________________________________________________________
__
Example 11:
Find the number of ways to draw a straight, (suit does not matter)
beginning with a 4 and ending with a 8.
Solution:
There are 5 slots.
__ __ __ __ __
The first slot must be a four. There are 4 ways to put a four in the
first slot. There are 4 ways to put a five in the second slot, and
there are 4 ways to put a six in the third slot. etc.
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) = 45 = 1024
Therefore there are 1024 different ways to produce the desired
hand of cards.
Student #6:
How many ways can 10 people be placed in alphabetical order
according to their first names?
1
Answer
10
100
10!
Student #7:
How many different ways can the letters in the word "store" be
arranged?
15
120
24
Answer
Example 12:
A certain marathon had 50 people running for first prize, second,
and third prize.
A) How many different possible outcomes are there for the first
three runners to cross the finish line?
Solution:
Order matters in a race, so use the permutation formula.
P(50,3) = 117,600
ways
B) How many ways are there to correctly guess the first, second,
and third place winners?
Solution:
There is 1 way to correctly guess who comes in first, second, and
third. There is only one set of first, second and third place
winners. You must correctly guess these three people, and there
is only one way to do so.
_________________________________________________________
__
Example 13:
A local delivery company has three packages to deliver to three

different homes.
If the packages are delivered at random to the three houses, how
many ways are there for at least one house to get the wrong
package?
Solution:
The possible outcomes that satisfy the condition of "at least one
house gets the wrong package" are:
One house gets the wrong package or two houses get the wrong
package or three houses get the wrong package.
We can calculate each of these cases and then add them together,
or approach this problem from a different angle.
The only case which is left out of the condition is the case where
no wrong packages are delivered.
If we determine the total number of ways the three packages can
be delivered and then subtract the one case from it, the remainer
will be the three cases above.
There is only one way for no wrong packages delivered to occur.
This is the same as everyone gets the right package. The first
person must get the correct package and the second person must
get the correct package and the third person must get the correct
package.
1*1*1 = 1
Determine the total number of ways the three packages can be
delivered.
3*2*1 = 6
The number of ways at least one house gets the wrong package
is:
6-1=5
Therefore there are 5 ways for at least one house to get the wrong
package.
_________________________________________________________
__
Generalized Perms & Combs

In the previous section we dealt with selections without
repetitions. In this section we look at problems that deal with
repetitions.
Consider the word fort. Since there are 4 letters grouped 4 at a
time where order matters, there are 4! ways to arrange the letters
in the word fort.
Note: Order matter when letters are rearranged. In other words,
the arrangement of the word fort is a different word when it is
arranged as trof.
But what about a word like MISSISSIPPI? How many different
arrangements are possible with duplicate letters? The letter S is
still S no matter which one you use, so all the words that have
duplicate letters such as S, I and P switched are the same words to
us.
The word Mississippi is the same word to us a Mississippi. The
two letters switched places, but it does not produce a new word for
us. Thus, all of these cases can NOT be counted as an
arrangement.
__________________________________________________
Theorem:
Suppose that a sequence S of n items has n1 identical objects of
type 1, n2 identical objects of type 2, ni identical objects of type i.
Then the number of orderings of S is:
__________________________________________________
The word MISSISSIPPI has the following number of orderings:
= 34,650
The first 4! in the denominator is due to the letter I repeated 4
times.
The second 4! in the denominator is due to the letter S repeated 4
times.
The 2! in the denominator is due to the letter P repeated 2 times.
Student #8:
How many different ways are there to arrange the word school?
455
53
487
360
Answer
Homework Problems for Permutations & Combinations
Find the following:

1.
P(7,5)
2.
C(7,5)
3.
P(4,4)
4.
P(n,n)
5.
9!
6.
C(5,5)
7.
C(n,n)
8.
C(8,0)
9.
C(n,0)
10.
P(12,3)
11.
C(9,2)
12.
P(18,8)
13.
C(21,17)
14.
P(7,4)
15.
C(11,1)
16.
P(9,0)
17.
C(9,0)
18.
P(8,3)
19.
C(13,5)
20. Twenty applicants for a secretary position are to be

interviewed to narrow the list of candidates to the top five.
many possible results are there if
A) the top five are ranked in order of preference?
B) the top five are unranked?
How
21. Six speakers are scheduled to address a group of College

students. In how many different orders can the speakers appear?
22. In how many different ways can the letters of the work
HOUSE be arranged?
23. A company has divided a state into eight regions. It wishes

to test a product in three of these regions. How many different
ways are there to select these three regions?
24. The chocolate factory classifies its candies as caramels (10
types), chocolate (7 types), and dark chocolate (8 types). A
customer has ordered an assortment to consist of six types of
caramels, four types of chocolate, and five types of dark
chocolates. How many such assortments are possible?
25. A five member committee is to be selected from among four
Math teachers and five English teachers. In how many different
ways can the committee be formed under the following
circumstance?
A) Anyone is eligible to serve on the committee.
B) The committee must consist of 3 Math teachers and 2 English
teachers.
C) The committee must contain at least three Math teachers.
D) The committee must contain at least three English teachers.
26. From a group of 8 teachers, a committee of at least one and
at most three persons is to be formed. How many different
committees can be formed?
27. In Rapid City South Dakota, there are 10 dogs racing for first
and second prize. How many possible outcomes are there?
28. If there are 8 orange bars, 9 red bars and 5 blue bars, how
many different ways are there to give a person 2 orange bars, 3 red
bars and 1 blue bar?
29. How many different ways are there to draw 6 cards from a
standard deck of cards and obtain 4 kings and 2 jacks?
30. How many different ways are there to draw 7 cards from a
standard deck of cards and obtain 3 jacks and 4 queens?
31. If two cards are chosen at random from a standard deck of
playing cards, how many different ways are there to draw the two
cards if at least one card is a jack, queen or a king?
32. If three cards are chosen at random from a standard deck of
playing cards, how many different ways are there to draw the three
cards if at least two cards are a jack, queen or a king?
33. How many different ways can the letters in the word crystal
be arranged?
34. There are 23 male and 25 female students at West Mount
High. Two different scholarships are to be awarded. How many
ways are there to award one of the scholarships to a male student
and the other to a female student.
35. There are 23 male and 25 female students at West Mount
High. Two scholarships which are identical are to be awarded.
How many ways are there to award one of the scholarships to a
male student and the other to a female student.
Answers
Homework Solutions
1. 2520
2. 21
3. 4! = 24
4. n!
5. 362880
6. 1
7. 1
8. 1
9. 1
10. 1320
11. 36
12. 1,764,322,560
13. 5985
14. 840
15. 11
16. 1
17. 1
18. 336
19. 1287
20. 1,860,480, 15,504
21. 720
22. 120
23. 56
24. 411,600
25. 126, 40, 45, 81
26.
27.
92
P(10,2) = 90
28.
11,760
29.
C(4,4)*C(4,2) = (1)(6) = 6
31. Let the set of jack, queen, king be called set A. There are 12
cards in this set.
Let the other cards be set B. There are 40 cards in this set.
Draw two cards. S = {1 card from set A and 1 card from set B, or
both cards from set A, or ...
S = {AB, AA, BB}
We want at least one from set A, so find AB or AA.
C(40,1)*C(12,1) + C(12,2) = 546
32.
2860
33. 7! = 5040
Or P(7,7)
34. 2(23)(25) = 1150
35.
(23)(25) = 575
1. Determine whether the following situations would require calculating

a permutationor a combination:
a.) Selecting three students to attend a conference in Washington,

D.C.
permutation
combination
b.) Selecting a lead and an understudy for a school play.
permutation
combination
c.) Assigning students to their seats on the first day of school.

permutation
combination
2.Evaluate:
Choose:
12
60
480
720
A teacher is making a multiple choice

quiz. She wants to give each student the
same questions, but have each student's
questions appear in a different order. If
there are twenty-seven students in the
class, what is the least number of
questions the quiz must contain?
Answer:
If there were two questions on the quiz, we
could prepare two quizzes with the questions
in different order -- 21 = 2.
If there were three questions, we could get
321 = 6 different orders.
If there were four questions, we could get
4321 = 24 different orders -- not quite
enough for the class of 27 students.
If there were five questions, we could get
54321 = 120 different orders. The
teacher will need at least 5 questions on the
quiz.
5.
A coach must choose five starters from a

team of 12 players. How many different
ways can the coach choose the starters?
Answer
5.
Choose 5 starters from a team of 12 players. Order is not important.
6.The local Family Restaurant has a daily breakfast special in

which the customer may choose one item from each of the
following groups:
Breakfast SandwichAccompanimentsJuice
egg and ham
egg and bacon
egg and cheesebreakfast potatoes
apple slices
fresh fruit cup
pastryorange
cranberry
tomato
apple
grape
a.) How many different breakfast specials are possible?

b.) How many different breakfast specials without meat are
possible?
Answer
6.
a.) Basic counting principle:
Sandwiches x Accompaniments x Juice

3 4 5 = 60 breakfast choices
b.) Meatless means that under Sandwiches there will be only one
choice.
Sandwiches x Accompaniments x Juice
1 4 5 = 20 meatless breakfast choices
7.In how many ways can 3 different vases be arranged on a

tray?
Answer
Basic counting principle:
3! = 321 = 6 ways
8. There are fourteen juniors and

twenty-three seniors in the
Service Club. The club is to send
four representatives to the State
Conference.
a.) How many different ways are
there to select a group of four
students to attend the
conference?
b.) If the members of the club
decide to send two juniors and
two seniors, how many different
groupings are possible?
Answer
8. 14 juniors, 23 seniors
37 students total
a.) Choose 4 students from the total number of students. Order is not
important.
b.) Choose 2 juniors and 2 seniors.
Permutations
BY THE PERMUTATIONS of the letters abc we mean all of

their possiblearrangements:
abc
acb
bac
bca
cab
cba
There are 6 permutations of three different things.
As the number of things (letters) increases, their
permutations grow astronomically. For example, if
twelve different things are permuted, then the number
of their permutations is 479,001,600.
Now, this enormous number was not found by

counting them. It is derived theoretically from
the Fundamental Principle of Counting:
If something can be chosen, or can happen, or be done,
in m different ways, and, after that has happened, something else
can be chosen in ndifferent ways, then the number of ways of
choosing both of them is m n.
For example, imagine putting the letters a, b, c,

d into a hat, and then drawing two of them in
succession. We can draw the first in 4 different ways:
either a or b or c or d. After that has happened, there
are 3 ways to choose the second. That is, to each of
those 4 ways there correspond 3. Therefore, there are
4 3 or 12 possible ways to choose two letters from
four.
a b c d
b a a a
a b c d
c c b b
a b c d
d d d c
ab means that a was chosen first
and b second; ba means that b was chosen first
and a second; and so on.
Let us now consider the total number of
permutations of all four letters. There are 4 ways to
choose the first. 3 ways remain to choose the second,
2 ways to choose the third, and 1 way to choose the
last. Therefore the number of permutations of 4
different things is
4 3 2 1 = 24
Thus the number of permutations of 4 different
things taken 4 at a time is 4!. (See Topic 19.)
(To say taken 4 at a time is a convention. We
mean, "4! is the number of permutations of 4 different
things taken from a total of 4 different things.")

In general,
The number of permutations of n different

things taken n at a time
is n!.
Example 1. Five different books are on a shelf. In
how many different ways could you arrange them?
Answer. 5! = 1 2 3 4 5 = 120
Example 2. There are 6! permutations of the 6
letters of the wordsquare.
a) In how many of them is r the second letter? _ r _ _
__
b) In how many of them are q and e next to each
other?
Solution.
a) Let r be the second letter. Then there are 5 ways
to fill the first spot. After that has happened, there are
4 ways to fill the third, 3 to fill the fourth, and so on.
There are 5! such permutations.
b) Let q and e be next to each other as qe. Then we
will be permuting the 5 units qe, s, u a, r.. They have
5! permutations. But q and e could be together as eq.
Therefore, the total number of ways they can be next
to each other is 2 5! = 240.
Permutations of less than all
We have seen that the number of ways of choosing 2

letters from 4 is 4 3 = 12. We call this
"The number of permutations of 4 different things
taken 2 at a time."
We will symbolize this as P :
4
P = 4 3
2
The lower index 2 indicates the number of factors.

The upper index4 indicates the first factor.
For example, P means "the number of
permutations of 8 different things taken 3 at a time."
And
8
P = 8 7 6
3
56 6
50 6
= + 6 6
336
=
For, there are 8 ways to choose the first, 7 ways to
choose the second, and 6 ways to choose the third.
In general,
n
P = n(n 1)(n 2) to k factors

k
Factorial representation
We saw in the Topic on factorials,

8
! = 8 7
5
6
!
5! is a factor of 8!, and therefore the 5!'s cancel.
Now, 8 7 6 is P . We see, then, that P can be
expressed in terms of factorials as
8
8!
8
=
=!
P
(8
5
3)!
!
In general, the number of arrangements -permutations -- of n things taken k at a time, can be
8
represented as follows:
n
n!
P =
k
. . . . . . . . . .
. .(1)
(n
k)!
The upper factorial is the upper index of P, while
the lower factorial is the difference of the indices.
Example 3. Express
10
Solution P
10
P in terms of factorials.
4
1
= 0!
6
!
The upper factorial is the upper index, and the

lower factorial is the difference of the indices. When
the 6!'s cancel, the numerator becomes 10 9 8 7.
This is the number of permutations of 10 different
things taken 4 at a time.
Example 4. Calculate
Solution.
nP
n
n!
Pn.
n
n
=! =
=
!
0
n!
1
!
(n
n)!
nP
n is the number of permutations of n different
things taken n at a time -- it is the total number of
permutations of n things: n!. Thedefinition 0! = 1
makes line (1) above valid for all values of k: k = 0,
1, 2, . . . , n.
Problem 1. Write down all the permutations of xyz.
To see the answer, pass your mouse over the
colored area.
To cover the answer again, click "Refresh"
("Reload").
xyz, xzy, yxz, yzx, zxy, zyx.

Problem 2. How many permutations are there of the
letters pqrs?
4! = 1 2 3 4 = 24
Problem 3. a) How many different arrangements
are there of the letters of the word numbers?
7! = 5,040
b) How many of those arrangements have b as the
first letter?
Set b as the first letter, and permute the
remaining 6. Therefore, there are 6! such
arrangements.
c) How many have b as the last letter -- or in any
specified position?
The same. 6!.
d) How many will have n, u, and m together?
Begin by permuting the 5 things -- num, b, e, r,
s. They will have 5! permutations. But in each one
of them, there are 3! rearrangements of num.
Consequently, the total number of arrangements in
which n, u, and m are together, is 3! 5! = 6 120
= 720.
Problem 4. a) How many different arrangements
(permutations) are there of the digits 01234?
5! = 120
b) How many 5-digit numbers can you make of those
digits, in which the
b) first digit is not 0, and no digit is repeated?
Since 0 cannot be first, remove it. Then there
will be 4 ways to choose the first digit. Now
replace 0. It will now be one of 4 remaining digits.
Therefore, there will be 4 ways to fill the second

spot, 3 ways to fill the third, and so on. The total
number of 5-digit numbers, then, is 4 4! = 4 24 =
96.
c) How many 5-digit odd numbers can you make, and
no digit is
c) repeated?
Again, 0 cannot be first, so remove it. Since the
number must be odd, it must end in either 1 or 3.
Place 1, then, in the last position. _ _ _ _ 1.
Therefore, for the first position, we may choose
either 2, 3, or 4, so that there are 3 ways to choose
the first digit. Now replace 0. Hence, there will be
3 ways to choose the second position, 2 ways to
choose the third, and 1 way to choose the fourth.
Therefore, the total number of odd numbers that
end in 1, is 3 3 2 1 = 18. The same analysis
holds if we place 3 in the last position, so that the
total number of odd numbers is 2 18 = 36.
Problem 5.
a) If the five letters a, b, c, d, e are put into a hat, in
how many different
a) ways could you draw one out? 5
b) When one of them has been drawn, in how many
ways could you
a) draw a second? 4
c) Therefore, in how many ways could you draw two
letters? 5 4 = 20
This number is denoted by P .
d) What is the meaning of the symbol P ?
5
The number of permutations of 5 different

things taken 3 at a time.
e) Evaluate P .
5
5 4 3 = 60
Problem 5. Evaluate
a) P = 120
b)
2520
6
10
P = 90
c)
P =
5
Problem 6. Express with factorials.

n!
(n k)
!
a)
P
n
12
!
5!
b)
P
12
c)
P
8
8
!
6
!
d)
P
m
m
!
m
!
In permutations, the order is all important -- we

count abc as different from bca. But
in combinations we are concerned only that a,
b, and c have been selected. abc and bca are the
same combination.
Here are all the combinations of abcd taken three
at a time:
abc abd acd bcd.
There are four such combinations. We call this
The number of combinations of 4 distinct things

taken 3 at a time.
We will denote this number as C . In general,
4
C = The number of combinations of n distinct

k
things taken k at a time.
Now, how are the number of

combinations C related to the number
of permutations, P ? To be specific, how are the
combinations C related to the permutations P ?
Since the order does not matter in combinations,
there are clearly fewer combinations than
permutations. The combinations are contained among
the permutations -- they are a "subset" of the
permutations. Each of those four combinations, in
fact, will give rise to 3! permutations:
a ab ac bc
n
bc d
d d
ac ad ad bd
b
b
c
c
ba ba ca cb
c
d
d d
bc bd cd cd
a
a
a b
ca da da db
b
b
c
c
cb db dc dc
a
a
a b
Each column is the 3! permutations of that
combination. But they are all one combination -because the order does not matter. Hence there
are 3! times as many permutations as combinations.
C , therefore, will be P divided by 3! -- the number
of permutations that each combination generates.
4 3
=2
C =
3
1 2
!
3
Notice: The numerator and denominator have
the same number of factors, 3, which is indicated by
the lower index. The numerator has 3 factors starting
with the upper index and going down, while the
denominator is 3!.
4
In general,
C =
k
k!
n(n 1)(n
2) to k factors
k!
Example 1. How many combinations are there of 5

distinct things taken 4 at a time?
5 4 3
Solution.
=
C 2
4
1 2 3 5.
4
Again, both the numerator and denominator have

the number of factorsindicated by the lower index,
which in this case is 4. The numerator has four factors
beginning with the upper index 5 and going
backwards. The denominator is 4!.
Example 2. Evaluate C .
8
Solution.
=
8
4
C
1
5
6
7 6 5
3
2 3 4
6
=
28.
Both the numerator and denominator have 6

factors. The entire denominator cancels into the
numerator. This will always be the case.
Example 3. Evaluate C .
8
Solution.
=
8
=
7
C
1 28.
2
2
We see that C , the number of ways of taking 2

things from 8, is equal to C (Example 2), the number
of ways of taking 8 minus 2, or 6. For, the number of
ways of taking 2, is the same as the number of ways of
leaving 6 behind.
Always:
nC = nC
k
nk
8
The bottom indices, k on the left and n k on the

right, together add up to n.
Example 4. Write out nC .
3
n(n 1)
C (n 2)
1 2 3
Solution.
=
The 3 factors in the numerator begin with n and go
down.
n
Factorial representation
In terms of factorials, the number of selections -combinations -- ofn distinct things taken k at a time,
can be represented as follows:
n!
nC
k =
(n k)! k!
This is nPk divided Compare line (1) of
Section 1.
by k!.
Notice: In the denominator, n k and k together
equal the numerator n.
Note also the convention that the factorial of the
lower index, k, is written in the denominator on the
right.
Example
5. C =
8
Show that this is

equal to
. (Note: 5 + 3 in the denominator
!
equals 8 in
5!
the numerator.
3!
8 7
6
.
1 2
3
Solution. 5! is a factor of 8!, so it will cancel.

8
8 7 6
8 7
!
= 5!
=6
.
1 2
5!
5! 1
3
3!
2 3
Example 6. Write each of the following with

factorials: C , C .
8
Solution.
C =
.
!
2! =
6!
. But 2! 6! is equal
!
6! to 6! 2!.
2!
Therefore, we see that the number of ways of taking 6

things from 8, is the same as the number of ways of
taking 2.
8
C = C
8
In general,
C = C
(See Problem 9, below.)
n
Example 7. Write C
nk
with factorials.
8!
Solution.
=
. Since 0! = 1, that fraction is equal

8! to 1. There is
0!
only 1 way to take 0 things from 8. This is the same as

the number of ways of taking all 8.
Example 8. Write C
n
k+1
with factorials.
Solution. Let us look at the factorial form:

C
=
m!
(m j)
! j!
The lower factorials are the difference of the

indices, m j, times the lower index, j.
Let us apply this to C . The difference of the
indices is
n
k+1
n (k + 1) = n k 1
Therefore,
n!
C
=
k+
(n k 1)!
(k + 1)!
Problem 1.
a) Write all the combinations of abcd taken 1 at a
time.
To see the answer, pass your mouse over the
colored area.
To cover the answer again, click "Refresh"
("Reload").
a, b, c, d.
b) Write their combinations taken 2 at a time.
ab, ac, ad, bc, bd, cd.
c) Write their combinations taken 3 at a time.
abc, abd, acd, bcd.
d) Write their combinations taken 4 at a time.
abcd
Problem 2.
a) There are 3! permutations of the letters rpt. Those
3! permutations
a) include how many combinations of rpt? One.
b) rpt is one of the C combinations of pqrst.
Therefore, by how much
b) must the P permutations of pqrst be reduced, in
order to have
b) only their C combinations? By 3!. C = P /3!.
5
n(n 1)(n
=
C
2) to k factors
k!
Problem 3. You have 5 shirts, but you will take with
you only 3 for your vacation. In how many different
ways can you do this?
n
C = 10. The order in which you select them

does not matter.
3
Problem 4. From a class of 12 students, 4 will be

chosen to do a job. In how many different ways could
that happen?
C = 495. The order in which you choose them
does not matter.
12
Problem 5. Evaluate the following.

6
a)
C
=1
5
b)
C
=1
0
c)
C
e)
C
=5
6
f)
C
=5
6
g)
C
10
=4
5
d)
C
=1
h)
C
10
=4
5
=1
Problem 6.
a) Write out C . Notice how the last factor in the
numerator is
a) related to the lower index.
n
n(n 1)(n 2)(n

3)
1 2 3 4
b) In the numerator of C , what will be the last

factor? (n k + 1)
n
In part a) where k = 4, the last factor is (n 3),

and 3 is 4 1. In general then, the last factor will be
[n (k 1)] = (n k + 1).
We could also see that by imagining that each of

the k factors has the form (n j). In the first
factor, j = 0. And in the kth, j = k 1.
c) In the numerator of C , what will be the last
factor? (21 m)
20
*
C
=
n!
(n k)!
k!
Problem 7. Write the following with factorials.
u!
a)
C
v
e)
C
12
12
(u v)! v!
b)
C
12!
0! 12!
f)
C
9!
6! 3!
9!
c)
C
3!
6!
d)
C
12!
12
11
1!
11!
12!
12
12!
0!
Therefore, what number is C ? 1

12
Problem 8. Write the following with factorials.

a)
c)
n!
k! (n k)!
n!
k
(n k + 1)! (k
1)!
b)
n+1
d)
n1
(n + 1)!
(n k + 1)! k!
(n 1)!
(n k)! (k
1)!
Problem 9.
a) In how many ways could you select three of these
digits: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ?
C = 10
3
b) In how many ways could you not select two of

them?
5
C = 10
2
c) Prove:
= C
n
C
=
nk
n!
(n k)!
k!
n!
= C
n
k!
(n k)!
nk
The sum of all combinations
What is the sum of all the combinations of n distinct

things? That is, what is the sum of C + C + C + . .
. + C?
Also, when we consider that sum, what is the
significance of each one of the combinatorial numbers?
n
First, we will see that the sum is equal to 2 .

To see that, consider any situation in which there
are exactly two possibilities: Succeed or Fail. Yes or
No. In or Out. Boy or Girl. And so on.
Now suppose that we are going to make a choice
between those two possibilities exactly n times. To be
specific, let n = 4. And say that the choice will be
between Yes or No. Then upon choosing either Yes or
No 4 times, one outcome might be
n
Yes No Yes Yes.

Another might be
No No No Yes.
Another might be
Yes No Yes No.
And so on.
Let us ask: In how many of those outcomes will
there be, for example, exactly 3 Yes's?
To answer, consider that there will be 4 positions

to fill with either
Yes or No. And let us ask: In how many different ways
could we choose 3 positions to have a Yes? It will be
the combinatorial number C , because the order will
not matter. (Compare Problem 4 above, which is
choosing students for a job. Here the "job" is to have a
Yes )
Similarly, the number of outcomes with exactly 1
Yes will be C ; the number with 2 will be C ; while the
number with no Yes's -- that is, all No's -- will be C .
The sum of those combinatorial numbers will
account for the total number of ways to choose
between two things 4 times.
4
C + C + C + C + C.
What is that total number? Consider that to each
choice of either Yes or No, there will be 2 possibilities,
obviously. The first of the 4 choices can happen in 2
different ways. After that has happened, the second
choice can also happen in 2 different ways, and
similarly with the third and fourth choices. The total
number of possible outcomes, then, is
2 2 2 2 = 2 .
4
The sum of all the combinations of 4 things is 2 .

C + C + C + C =1 + 4 + 6 + 4
+ C
+1
4
(See Pascal's
triangle,
Topic 24)
=
=
16
2.
4
There is exactly 1 way, C , in which there are no

Yes's, that is, all No's; 4 ways in which there is 1 Yes;
6 in which there are 2; 4 in which there are 3; and 1
in which there are 4.
Each combinatorial number C signifies the
number of times one of the two choices appears
exactly k times.
That distribution of outcomes which consists of the
sum of all possible combinations, is called a binomial
distribution. It is called that because, as we will see in
the next topic, the combinatorial numbers are also the
binomial coefficients.
In general, the sum of all the combinations
of n distinct things is 2 .
4
C + C + C + . . . + C = 2.
(Compare Problem 7, Topic 26.)
n
Problem 10.
a) Of 5 children, what is the total number of boy or girl
possibilities?
2 = 32.
5
b) How many of those possibilities will have 0 boys,

how many 1 boy,
b) how many 2, and so on?
1 5 10 10 5 1
These are the combinatorial numbers C .
There will be 1 with no boys, 5 with 1 boy, 10
with 2, 10 with 3, 5 with 4, and 1 with 5.
5
Problem 11. Of all possible outcomes on tossing a

coin 6 times, how many of them will have heads 4
times?
6
C = C = 15.
6
Problem 12. At Joe's Pizza Parlor, in addition to

cheese there are 8 different toppings. If you can order
any number of those 8 toppings, then how many
different toppings could you possibly order?
2 = 256. For, this is the sum of all possible
combinations: either no topping, or 1, or 2, and so
on, up to 8.
8
Problem 13.
a) A door can be opened only with a security code
that consists of five
a) buttons: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. A code consists of pressing
any one button, or
a) any two, or any three, or any four, or all five.
a) How many possible codes are there?
a) (You are to press all the buttons at once, so the
order doesn't matter.)
This is the sum of all the combinations of 5 things -except not taking any, C , which is 1. The sum of all
those combinations, then, is 2 1 = 32 1 = 31.
5
b) If, to open the door you must press three codes,

then how many
b) possible ways are there to open the door?
a) Assume that the same code may be repeated.
There are 31 ways to choose the first code.
Again, 31 ways to choose the second, and 31
ways to choose the third. Therefore, the total
number of ways to open the door is
31 = 29,791.
3

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Combinations and Permutations

What's the Difference?

So, we should really call this a "Permutation Lock"!

A Permutation is an ordered Combination.

To help you to remember, think "Permutation ... Position"

Repetition is Allowed: such as the lock above. It could be "333".

1. Permutations with Repetition

These are the easiest to calculate.

When choosing r of them, the permutations are:

2. Permutations without Repetition

For example, what order could 16 pool balls be in?

After choosing, say, number "14" you can't choose

The formula is written:

where n is the number of things to choose from, and you

(which is just the same as: 16 15 14 = 3,360)

(which is just the same as: 10 9 = 90)

Repetition is Allowed: such as coins in your pocket (5,5,5,10,10)

No Repetition: such as lottery numbers (2,14,15,27,30,33)

1. Combinations with Repetition

2. Combinations without Repetition

The easiest way to explain it is to:

assume that the order does matter (ie permutations),

then alter it so the order does not matter.

We already know that 3 out of 16 gave us 3,360 permutations.

Order doesn't matter

So, the permutations will have 6 times as many possibilites.

where n is the number of things to choose from, and you

Or you could do it this way:

So remember, do the permutation, then reduce by a further "r!"

Remember the Formula!

1. Combinations with Repetition

{c, c, c} (3 scoops of chocolate)

{b, l, v} (one each of banana, lemon and vanilla)

{b, v, v} (one of banana, two of vanilla)

where n is the number of things to choose

So, what about our example, what is the answer?

Consider, four students

The number of different arrangements is 24 or 4! = 4

The notation for a permutation:

The formula for a permutation:

formula for a permutation:

(Remember that 0! = 1.)

Permutations with Special

When working with

"arrangements", it is often helpful to put lines

The first locations must be a vowel (u, a, e).

After the vowel has been placed in the first

Beginning with a consonant, every other location

A permutation is one of the

When order matters

Consider the following:

Where Bob is on the left, Sue is in the middle and

The number of ways to arrange three people three at a

Consider the following:

There are 24 ways to arrange the four people four at

There are n! ways to arrange n objects in groups

Now Suppose we want to take these four people and

There are 24 ways to arrange 4 objects taken 3 at a

There are 24 ways to arrange 4 items taken 3 at a

There are 360 ways to arrange 6 items taken 4 at a

When order does not matter

Consider the following:

Therefore the only arrangement is BMS.

Now suppose we want to take four people, Bob, Mike,