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dG - Y dG t``dG
ALL
PRINTS
Td X HdG dH G L
J hCG jJ hCG dG Gg e AL CG f Rj
.TdG e N aGe hO jJ hCG Sh CH
jG
15
18
22
26
28
dq a J Y a Yj G c
J JGSG
jdG GhOCG
dG Y GQe J
q ah eBG efH
G c
6
10
13
14
eT efH
jdG QdG efH
aVEG J OQGe
dG adG
hCG oAG
2
fEG L ILCG
1 IrMdG
n
1 dG
4
5
9
15
21
dG Ro Gh
t dG Ro G
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fEG p L o J 1 ` 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Ro G 2 ` 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Ro G 3 ` 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
2 dG
24
25
32
38
43
tdG Ro Gh
t QhdG Ro G
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QhdG Ro G 1 ` 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG 2 ` 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tdG Ro G 3 ` 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
3 dG
46
47
51
60
63
d
o YadG oILCG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . edG oYadG 1 ` 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YG Ro L :UdG oYadG 2 ` 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RjEG Ve
3`3
o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
4 dG
p oAYCGh
q G
t dG Ro G
66
67
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG odGh o dG jG 1 ` 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Rp G ocJ 2 ` 4
p oAYCG 3 ` 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q G
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Ro Gh o bdG 4 ` 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
72
78
83
87
5 dG
A
q dG Op dG Ro L
90
91
94
103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fedG 1 ` 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aq dG Oo dG 2 ` 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
GOG
106
dG oAG
6 dG
112
113
116
120
125
SdG Ro G
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cdG t SdG Ro G 1 ` 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fCG t SdG Ro G 2 ` 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G 3 ` 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
128
2 oIMdG
7 dG
pKGQdG p Y SC
G
o
130
131
138
145
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e o YCG 1 ` 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o q KGQdG o LhGdG 2 ` 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p dG o LGe
8 dG
pJhdG oAHh
o qjhdG VMC
G
o
148
149
152
156
160
167
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA
o cG 1 ` 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA
o cJ 2 ` 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA
o YJ 3 ` 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pJhdG Ao H 4 ` 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p dG o LGe
9 dG
170
171
177
185
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QGdGh oeSehdG 1 ` 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fEG Y pKGQdG oY 2 ` 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
10 dG
188
189
195
200
205
208
pG
o sJ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA o q J 1 ` 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u dG p G o he 2 ` 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pG o Sg 3 ` 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p dG o LGe
oGOG
dG
6
6 dG
SdG RG
dG adG
YCGh j fCG
MjEG
VGdG
112 U ,dG jJ
113 U ,GOG ,f
,jH Me ,MjEG Y VY
116 U
,fEG Y jdG fEG ,f
117 U
120 U ,fEG L ,f
1-6
bO 45
2-6
117 U ,jdG jJ
118 U ,d dG
bO 90
3-6
120 U ,NEG
121 U ,G
bO 45
,IdG dG ,MjEG Y VY
122 U
123 U ,Gh bdG ,f
,JU a QU GSG ,f
123 U
120 U ,G
G ``````bdG
bO 90
GOe / e ,6 dG LGe
125 U
G c CG 111
dG
J OQGe
dG adG
112 U ,HdG aG J
121 U ,H e
115 U ,qdG jJ
115 U ,jQNG SCG
1-6 dG LGe
127-126 U ,6 dG LGe
6 dG QNG
G c
J JGSG
dGh LGG
111
G efdG
ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
125 U ,gG jN
6 dG
FbO 5
dG J
IQdG a
IQdG g J G QdGh dG
G j jCG G S .kL
O .(MdG Qjh G j) Qjh
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c Y Hk GL GMj CG dEG WG
EG CG e FGdG OGGh cCG QY
Jh G fH Y J) G
jGdGh IOQhCG Y dG i EG
.(dG G j dG G
FbO 5
AdG uS
HdG aG J
.ddG gG LGQ
TdG dG - 4 dG G fG
G
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j c :r o dCSG K .(LCG Y MGdG
jOMCG jG L G KdG
fG Y dG ,eSehdG OdG
FdG OdG J ,G
jOMCG N J) ?eSehd
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.(eSehdG
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fedG GfCG H j G
SdG Rd jQhdG GdG J dG
AH Y G YJ dGh ,fCG
Ie dM cdG SdG RG
.(hdGh ,hLhdG ,LhSEG)
FdG G
XdGh cdG
cP Od KGQdG IOG OG jW Y IjL M Fc fEG g SdG RG Xh EG
,eCG J EG .cdGh fCG SdG jRG Y fedG J .fCG NBGh
RG cGJ H HGdG Y eCG g fedG fEG Jh ,dGh QdGh ,Gh
.FXhh SdG
G c
112
1-6 dG
SQdG s
cdG SdG RG
1-6 dG
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dG EG eT If
1-6 dG
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t j
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q
j ch ,cdG SdG RG
.fCG SdG RG EG djEG
FbO 5
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
G GTEG
Rd vJ kSQ e qc YCG
EG WG .J hH cdG SdG
dG RG AGLCG qc Gqj CG G
eSQ Y Gj YO .faj
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J CG j) dG Gg LGe j
.(3-6 dG c dG
FbO 5
uM
f
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ShdG WS
WS NCJ dG Lh GfCG KCJ MG ,MH j
d VJ
bCG SdG b Lh cCJ kfGa CG GhLh bh .QJh ShdG
k
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a ,q IOjdG gh .hdG cJ jJ gdG e We c cCG
WS hM e qfC H SGQdG g Jh .ShdG GQhCG ,hj
jdG e e e SdG dG WCG e M SGH ShdG
.WdGh
113 G c
1-6 dG
bO 20
SQu O
H HGQ
2-6 dG
G O G GG AGLCG
Y dP H Gjh 2-6 dG GMj
:ddG dGDdG
?G e SdG dG GPe .1
.(jQfcG)
H J dG QhdG e ,jCGH .2
OhJ)
q ?e GM jQfcG
.(jdG jd bdH
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A``H
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H UN Ib FGb Gj YO
.dGh KdG Y faj dG ATCG
hCG IQdG Y QaCG g H cG
GLQj YO q K .SCGdG VdG RL
KdG Y ae hjj dG ATCG
dS FGH Gjh ,dGh
.dG jf
H HGQ
3-6 dG
dH
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G GG Qe Gj G O
J) cdG SdG RG Y
EG jG fCG e jG fGG
.(MEG Y Jh bdG AYda HdG
d Ie Ia
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j ShdG Jh .dG QdG
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SdG RG{ ,50 adG SG
SdG RG cJ LG ,zcdG
.cdG
G c
114
1-6 dG
FbO 10
NG
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M SCG N e G J j
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,115 dG ,1-6 dG LGe ,
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qdG jJ
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dG jqdG Y dG FGdG
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,9-8 ,4 ,2 SCG ,127-126 dG
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2-6 dG
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2-6 dG
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G e LGQ dG GH AdG b
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G GTEG
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116
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2-6 dG
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G jdGh fRGG Z jdGh
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118
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FdG dG e eRe e d YCG MG jd Nd
CG Y iNCG dOCH H aGj .Sudden infant death syndrome
IOdG H VdG Nd dG VqJh G AKCG qC G NJ
qLCG qGC EG iNCG SGQdG J .QV H dG FQ Y GKDj
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bdGh .jL bYEGh Jh cS
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CG ,jG GOGh ,GQG
.(G AKCG jC
k G IQq V fL GQk KBG J
f
G O JU a QU GSG
CG j .qLCd JU a GkQU Gj
NCG Y G Y H QdG Gtj
EG aVEH ,JU dG IQdG
YCG .Fe L AYCG C J
CG jh .QdG e jW kb G
e Sj JH QdG Vd ke Gj
JdG a QdG J ,G Y
.G Qd
v eR kJ
q
AMCG Y G
GP U a g HdG HdG
H j .IOdGh G UN
IN
q
,VG e UCG HdG e CG SdG
HdG EG q j AdG cCG d
.G Ie N fYd qgDG
aG FS CT fCT ,HdG
Yh GOT Y j ,dG
KEG LJ Y dH J NGJ
HdH UN SGQO efH gREG
jdG .H dG eG gRLGh
.e V g HdG e
123 G c
C G gG J
G uj b G EG VG fG
,qC G b VGeCG qGC e eBG qLCG qCG
Vh
u .G j eO C
s CG ,Shdc Os Ge qGC d
a .G Y G O EG u CG O e
eGG AdG J CG ,G S
N eEG ,dG Y LCG EG RjCG Sha
.IOdG AKCG hCG G
Jj GG Mh G Ia
.H G Ia Iq GG M e
16 g G Ia e ,G S a
425 h ,d e
k j 63 h ,ed ek j
.d kej 645 h ,aGQd kej
3-6 dG
bO 15
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,124 dG ,3-6 dG LGe ,
.8-1 SCG
qdG jJ
Y EG dG b
q e
ke CG Y c EG WGh
SG .QJh G h NEG Vj
e Vd Se bH Y d
.dG H e beh
jQNG SCG
e Ic) ?dSdG UG e .1
.(FdH Ae c j GP jG
Ib ) ?tdH bdG GC J jCG .2
.(da
J
q G MGe e Me qGC .3
dG Me ) ?G L ILCG
.(hCG
e LGh
zLGe{ ,6 dG LGe
.29-20 ,7-5 SCG ,127-126 dG
.zG{ ,3-6 dG LGe
Y jh dG IAGb G j
J dG ,dG bQh Y SCG
.G b e He
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
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6 dG LGe
jH J
IAGdG GQe
A``H
EG IOdG G EG WG ..CG.CG
.114 dG gh dG FGdG
SCG fL EG IQTEG Gj CG dc
.Y HLEG j BG GUCG dG
,J e Gj CG dP H dEG WG
dG SCd HLEG Y Gj CGh
.Y HLEG Gj
SGQd Ie Ia
ek SQ Gej CG G EG WG
jRd FdG AYCG LG
,fEG Y fCGh cdG SdG
.FXh Gj CGh
G IQhO
GJ J
feg
G IQhO
`H J
GQW d
G QW j
UCG
UG QW
MdG
j
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VHEG
G fH hLhdG
EG ODj
Qqj
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SGfG
125 G c
LhSEG
Qqj
J
Qj eY
UM
NEG GPEG
29 GDdG Y HLEG
jH
da Ib
j dG
G eg
UCG
6 dG LGe
HLEG
126
6 dG LGe
(HJ) HLEG
AKCG jh MdG Y Y J .27
.dG IOh
jdG OdG RJ dG G FdG .28
.jh jG fGG j
.125 dG GG .29
bf J
Y Gj dG QdGh dG .1
GPEG .OdG FK eSehdG Y
Ea ,jH je N e cCG bNG
dG e aVEG eSehdG
.QdGh
j dG jdG ZCG .2
f dG dG h dG
kaNh .iNCG LQN eGYh SGaG
jH J,dG jH
J Gd .CG L NGO fEG
M fEd G jdG AH Ua
.H aCG
iNCG IQV OGeh bdG .3
G EG CG e ,eGG AdG dhJ
.QJh G KDJh G Y
dG Gg jh .eHEG G .4
H jd QhdG G EG ddG A
.IOdG
dG aBG SJ
kHY j AGhdG C ,keBG d g .1
g N J G GWCGh ,GWCG
.IdG
eG ICGG hJ j CG j .2
M e ddG dG N AGhdG Gd
,dGh hCG dG N e kfeCG cCG
g hG MdG fG AGhdG KCG C
b J G GWCGh ,zGWCG Y{
j M c Yh .ddG dG J
CG hJ j CG eGG AdG Y
.dG IQSG hH G AKCG AGhO
127
G c
FGKEG e LGh
.4-1 SCG ,127 dG ,zbf J{ ,6 dG LGe
.127 dG ,zdG aBG SJ{ ,6 dG LGe
G c
128
129
G c
jG dGh KGQdG Y
o
jH U
OM .12-10 dH G d WdG KdG jH 2 IMdG U j dG G uj
dG GP UhCG .LJ c gOYG jh ,IMdG g V ,a c Od jhY
dG UhCG UHh .hG SCG a IOLe AMCG d SdG jdG dEG IFdG
.WdG dG HdG SCG LGQ a d IFdG
dGh dG
ASG UH dG
dH UdG GQdG
dG
dGh dG FGW a
dG Yh VQCG Y
AMCG Y
G FdG qdG Qe
VQCG cc Y
Wh dG jQJ
fEd c dG
jQdG OHCG
IMdG
2
IMdG gdG
FNh IqOG cJ
FdG YdG
dG o dG a dG
YLGh
Gh OdG U
fEG H j QGc
dGh
ju dGh dG
Yh
dG
KGQdG Y SCG
jhdG VMCG
JhdG AHh
Yh QGdG CG
fEG Y KGQdG
G J 10
dG
G FXh J j
IjY G FdG .jJ CG jd
J GP Ije jN e fe IGh jG
.Y
KGQd jG SCG
,G FdG FN O dG dG EG
.DNA hdG G IOLe
e kLhR 22 Y fEG jN e
e NBG hR Yh ,G eSehdG
hCG GkcP OdG c GPEG e Oj xVEG eSehdG
.fCG
G c CG 129
G Le
AMCG Y L
t J
:dG KGQdG Y AGQh e
G dG dBG
GG j GPEGh .G GG e YdG G f
,ke G IW H ,YdG G f Y G
dG j dh ,f L Y dG OdG j a
dB K CG eRe J dG dBG EG .v W
H W j hDG G CG EG ,jh-jOGH eRe
.G GG IOY G j :ce
j dG G e dG iS j ,BG M
.dG IQOf HGVH j e EGh ,W
Y jN XCG ,FdG WS GfCG H EGh
.Ye L
W
jh-QjGH eRe
e GM
e GM
OdG N
dG
jH
OdG N
dG
jH
(A H g G) jh -jOGH eR G G CG
GG j CG j ,(IFGH dEG Qe) jdG IOY W j
dG opoS Gg j GPEa .G e Ya f Y G
jh-jOGH eRe
129
G c
dG
7
7 dG
KGQdG Y SCG
dG adG
YCGh j fCG
MjEG
VGdG
130 U ,dG jJ
134 U
131 U ,e YCG
1-7
131 U ,e QjL
133 U ,e Q
135 U ,JLSGh e Q Ff
,jG KGQdG Y AV e Ff J
136 U
2-7
bO 135
,MG ,MjEG Y VY
138 U
M ,jS Y f
139 U ,MG
qbJ ,7.CG ,jS f
MG GSH LhGJ Ff
?g hCG f ,MjEG Y VY
140 U
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QNG J Ff
RdG j ,jS Y f
143 U ,G
,dG d ,MjEG Y VY
143 U
G ``````bdG
bO 90
,YEG ,f
,6.CG ,jS f
dG dG M
135 U ,dG GP UG ,f
bO 90
GOe / e ,7 dG LGe
145 U
G c 129
dG
J OQGe
dG adG
J JGSG
dGh LGG
130 U ,HdG aG J
136 U ,qdG jJ
136 U ,jQNG SCG
1-7 dG LGe
147-146 U ,7 dG LGe
7 dG QNG
O 129 G c
G efdG
ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
141 U ,H e
145 U ,gG jN
7 dG
FbO 10
dG J
IQdG a
Gg CG G NCG AdG SdG
HCG kM 18 MCG g jeCG dG
1987 Y SCG hOU cG
O .dQhCG d HdG HG G
dG Gg j c Gu j G
Gd) QdG ghCGQ iNCG S Y
qcGC .(GhbQR Yh HCG L dG
d HCG jeCG dG CG Y
L eCG id .eCG dh k Yk f
Z Mbh UCG hCG q e HCG
dG EG .jOQh Y a ,fe
q
VH J HCG dG Gd KGQdG
.oG e IQf cCG gh Leucism G
HdG aG J
.ddG gG LGQ
dG -2 dG FMCG AdG
TdG
jL) DNA Xh G e LGQ
KGQdG eG J jY
.(G eSehc
TdG dG -4 dG QdG
AKCG QdG j c G S
jG aNG G fG
OGe OH QdG j) ATCG H
h ,KG eSehdG H KGQh
.(IjLL cGJ EG ODj CG
FdG G
QGdGh KdG
.G KGQdG LhGdG Ff bJ J Va e Vh c M ,CGJ fCGh
G c
130
1-7 dG
SQdG s
e YCG
1-7 dG
bO 80 G bdG
dG EG eT If
1-7 dG
ARdG Jf Y e Q j
.Y Y f dG KGQdG fGbh
KGQdG Yh e Me H Hj
.jG
FbO 5
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b
c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG
G GTEG
,bQh Y ,Fb Vh G EG WG
EG AHBG J KhQe U H
dG d g eCG H) AHCG
IMGh U Ghcj YO .(IdGh dGh
hCG dH KCJ d ,jC
k G qQJ b
,dG M g eCG H) dG
.(dGh ,IdG ISh ,G Rhh
FbO 5
uM
be
dh IdG d CG G NCG dG
U g SdG id dG
dG H ue .KGQh d J
HCG CG EG fG H dGh
d d JOe S g dGh
Y eCG AYEG G EG WG .IdG
YO K .(Gh dGh dG) dG
,H/HCG) dG Y eCG Gbj
.(q/eCGh ,b/jW
131 G c
1-7 dG
bO 55
SQu O
d Ie Ia
GQk U VYG KGQdG dG j
Jf MCG hCG ,jgR Jf d
Vh G EG WG .dG EG M
.QJ CG dG JdG H Fb
e dG dG Y G
q T
T g eCG H) G dG
Y IgdG beh ,IgdG dh ,IgdG
h ,bQdG dh ,bQdG Th ,dG
Y GT OLhh ,dG h ,hdG
.(QgRCd NGdG cdGh ,dG
H HGQ
2-7 dG
IgdG cGJ EG fG dG dG
,jfCGh jcdG
2-7 dG IQG
q
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dGREG gCGh ,JGdG dGh G dG
dG ) dG EG IgdG e G
IMGh IgR e dG M J ,G
NBG f Y Igd jfCG cGdG EG
J ,JGdG dG .f dG e
jfCG cGdG EG IgR e dG M
dG Y iNCG IgR EG hCG f Igd
S ,Igd jcdG G dGREH .f
.(G dG Y f c AHCG
H HGQ
3-7 dG
C G gG J
KGQdG Y LJ
dGh MGdG G GP dG
Y e Y XCG G IOG
e CG SGQdG J dG OdG
.KGQdH Je d IOdG je
FGdG CG J ,jLGoC SGQd kah
IOdG e Ke ie jd KG
id CG M .JM ie e 44% j
e Ke ie KG Z FGdG
.JM ie e 8% j IOdG
qJ dG H CG FGG ARH Jf
QGdG Lh ,SdG ia .IOe L a
KhQe S 600 GM MGdG G hP
Ve e ,IFS M h e H
Ve e ,H cCG VGeC
k G d .fg
Veh dG V JQGh dG fG
,G OG QGdG gOj ,qdG
.H eGY IYh L IY a J dG
EG WG e Qd dG GG
Ff d 3-7 dG EG IOdG G
.e gGLCG dG LhGdG
G c
132
1-7 dG
IAGdG GQe
AH
Gg IAGb G GC j CG b ..CG.CG
H Ib FGb Gj YO ,dG
fCG j hCG) faj dG QeCG
CG dEG WG .QGdG Y (faj
Fb FGb Vh GcQj
VdG RL Y hCG IQdG Y eL
ATCH Fb dP H Gdh .SCGdG
Gjh QGdG Y ae hjj dG
.dG jf M FGH
GQG
A``H
G EG WG VjdG GQe
dTCG EG u dG j M j J
OGYCG H Y dG HG .HCG
G OY Y S ,ke .H d
Gj YOh .SM ILCG jdG
Y (dG G OY) dG OY
Gjh (SG de) UCG OdG
ke 30 g c GPEG) c dG
da ,SGM e 10h dG
30 = 3 d .10 EG 30 J
10
.(1:3 dG a , 10
10 = 1 h
d Ie Ia
GPEG G S IgdG Z dG
QgRCG EG dG SGH ,feEG c
CG ae ,3-7 dG AGG ARdG
d e CGh AGG d f e
kFGO J fCG EG fG dG .dc
Oq M Fd G cdG ae
CG hGd c S .dEG dG
sf e f c GPEG e j Y Yj
e d ) e d ddG
c GPEG e j Y YJ CG LhGdG
S JGdG dG C ,v f s e f
.(jHCd f G RGdG GP Jf
133 G c
JGSG
cdG dG
dG NCdG
tdG bYEG
1-1 dG
1-7
H HGQ
1-7 hG
SG e gGLCG dG LhGdG
e qJ .e HCG Vd 1-7 hG
GC J H c CG j G CG
S d jHCG Jf H hGJ AGLEH
dG Y f dG G CGh ,
.hCG G OGaC JGdG
f
kfYEG Gj G O YEG
e e T
j CG U
k
Pisum sativum FGG ARH Jf AGd
CG YEG j CG j) KGQdG d
Jh ,YH J gh ,S J
Y IQOb gh ,OGaCG e G
k c GOk Y
d M e Ye
u gh ,JGdG dG
Wh ,QhdG eh ,QhdG dh ,QgRCG
.(...QgRCG beh ,JdG
(FbO 10) f
M{ ,6.CG jS f
.zdG dG
KGQdG Y LJ
AdG e dG j GjdGh HdG
cdG HHP KGQdG Y SQj jdG
fGSCG IOhdG hCG Drosophila melanogaster
g .KH Caenorhabditis elegans
eh ,dG YJ J G FdG
,gKJ Y dGh Y G dG
e bCG) Ib IM IQhO e L dh
Gjd jCG 3 e bCGh ,cdG Hd YSCG
.OGaCG e G
k c GOk Y J gh ,(fGSCG
G c
134
1-7 dG
d Ie Ia
J GP G S Gh FdG
.iNCG S e cCG mGe dG H
e GOk Y cCG cGdG dG hhP SdG ,ke
g Y cCd .dG dG dG hP
dG d hdG dH b ,dG
,dG dh ,dG d e IOG
IFdG dG J .FdG PCG Th
IFdG dG bf .G e Y
IFdG dG CG VhCG .Gh
J c dh .a MGh udCG EG J d
d qdCG nQs jo CG j ,G dG
IFdG jG RdG CG Y qcGC d .k e
jG RdG e Yk T cCG k FGO d
e Gv L b OY g c GPEG .G
YG FS e RGd qdCG
QX QG j d RGdG Ga ,FMCG
.G dG
f
GhOj G O dG GP UG
NCG .Ue a T jd c GPEG e
S UG a dG OLh CG G
RGdG j dEG WG K .H ,FS qdCG
a T jd d jdG UTCd G
c Ghcj G O .(hh) Ue
Ue a T hH CG oj CG
j CG j) Ue a T GP kW
.(UG a d duC G dG CG id
H HGQ
5-7 dG
e GhOj CG G S G jRdG
dG ARdG f e g ,5-7 dG
kqdGC S IMGh d Gk FS kqdGC j
udCG C ,f) ?jC
k G iNCG d Gk FS
ucGC .(NBG Y go MGh e H RS
e GhRCG S ARd CG Y
e SQO S c CGh ,eSehdG
c S . Sehc Y IOLe
JFdG dG fc d udC G qRJ
dGh MGh Sehc Y Je
SehdG Y Je G
Y eCG J mFY) KG
.(ry h RY :udC G cGdG e Yf
135 G c
jQdH
1-7 dG
bO 15
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,136 dG ,1-7 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG
dG jJ
CG G EG WG GN K
Qd dG GG ,bQh Y ,GhQj
,3-7 dG QU J c ,e
hCG IG) dG W U ee
,kjW kJfh G
k b kJf J CG j
j fdG IG .v JGP j gch
Jfh IOq e Ib Jf J CG
j .AHBG L Jh ,ke IOe jW
IG vN JdG g qJ CG
Jd ddG IQdG fE fdG
JdG g J CG jh .a jdG
JdG g qJ CG jh hCG G
jW Jf KK e IQU fE vJGP
Gg j CG jh .MGh b fh
.(dG G G
jQNG SCG
J ARdG Jf e J GP .1
GC j CG b LCG ie Y vJGP
CG e qd) ?JLhGJ AGLEH
.(f c G JdG
dG fG g KGQdG) ?KGQdG e .2
.(AHCG EG AHBG e
e kLhR CG Y tj e fGb CG .3
J
q AKCG fe
u j eGdG
.(GfG fb) ?eCG
1-7 dG LGe Y HLEG
Y bGdG qdCG CG Y G jRdG
AHCG kFGO j ddG dG dG
e H J , eSehc
.vJGP j eY f dG
.G fG AKCG
J Sehc Y DNA b g G .5 JdG hGR K .khCG f Jf e fCG
K .v N JOe d f fc dG
. jH T g qdC G .e KGQh H
.v JGP qJ hCG G Jf J
qY dG G dG f c hCG G .6
d iNCG qdGC GKCJ j FdG qdCG
c dG G .FdG qdC G Y AHCG c a
gX KCJ d d G qdC G .f
bh ,hCG G Jd JGdG dG f
.FS qdC H kfe j eY M Fc
.G EG IFdG d 1:3 dG EG iOCG
G dGh ,k e G j CG j .7 qdC G GhRCG CG Y GfG fb j
fb j .G fG AKCG J
.CG c e k e kudGC j
.1
e LGh
.2
.3
zLGe{ ,7 dG LGe
.12-10 ,2 SCG ,147-146 dG
YCG{ ,1-7 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .ze
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.He G j dG
.4
G c
136
7 dG
````Y GAG````b
N
fQc eL ce IQHH SQO
ge eb M ,IG jdG
UGh .KGQdG Yh jG Y e
eSehdG GdG M H
.fQc SDe h Qe eL
WdG OcCd ce fG
KGQdG Y h ,1944 Y d
e ce Y .1945 Y jeCG
.IadG G ac Hf IFL
e HJ g IadG G
Y be e fG GJcdG
,Gg dfHh .NBG be EG Sehc
HJ MCG ZCG e
,dd f .GJcdG e IQh
,dH IadG G J CG
.e JhH fEG N hCG IOjH dPh
fCG fEG qJ IadG G
Y hDG ,Transposase SfGdG
j SfGdG fCG C .dG
Ea ,GJcdG e e HJ
bGe EG IadG G fG
G g .vFGY j G e
IjG G cGdG e Y dhDe
.G FdG J dG
be
:ddG SCG H TdG uLh
EG ce Ob dG MG U .1
V HK d G CH SG
dG IQdG f GQhCG XCG) SehdG
g eSehc Hh ,dG jZ kH
.(AHBG eSehc Y JdG
ce zgO{ GP VhCG .2
dG JdG Y f dG JdH
JdG Y f dG JdG id c)
dG EG J be Z H dG
.(OYG NCG
137 G c
2-7 dG
SQdG s
KGQdG LhGdG
2-7 dG
bO 135 G bdG
dG EG eT If
2-7 dG
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
G GTEG
jo c GVj CG G EG WG
QRCG HG dG p s H jHC j CG
jHCG EG .G HLEG bG) dG
udC G HG Qh .dG d g
fCH G NCG .(ke G
be Z LhGJ M cCG S
.dG Gg
FbO 5
uM
be
jQdH
CG MG Y G CSG MG
dh ,QcP AHCG KK jd Lhd j
dG j b .( 50% hCG 1/2 ) fCG HGQ
kM HGdG OdG CH G e
u f .QcP ATCG KK d C fCG S
Ou j ATCG L CG EG G
MG Lj fCGh ,dG OdG L
fCG j CG Ode d 50% hCG 1/2 H
.GkcP hCG
G c
138
2-7 dG
bO 125
SQu O
jS Y f
MG M
bO 20 G bdG
GcCj qGC G EG WG eCG HGJ
.G M
j CG j Ie FGLEG QaCG
d GdCG KK NG .v FK G
dG (AHh AGMh AGN M e)
G M V .dH g
c (AGN 2h ,AGM 6 ,AH 12)
qGC G EG WG .G AH b c
.ScCG Ghj
,HLEG J b dG Y HLEG
Ke Ff Y G feEG dh
jC
k G g .dG M OjORG e OGOJ
.GvL Ff Y G feEG
,Y d MG c e H
OdG j e G j CG j
LJ .d c e G dG
:dG MC fd Y fOCG
AGM 6 ,(45%) AH 9 :hCG YG
(25%) AGN 5 ,(30%)
AGM 5 ,(65%) AH 13 :fdG YG
(10%) AGN 2 ,(25%)
AGM 5 ,(70%) AH 14 :ddG YG
(5%) AGN 1 ,(25%)
AGM 9 ,(55%) AH 11 :HGdG YG
(0%) AGN 0 ,(45%)
:G M e d d LEG G
9 + 13 + 14 + 11 = 47 = 11.75 12:AH
4
6 + 5 + 5 + 9 = 25 = 6.25 6:AGM
4
8
5 + 2 + 1 + 0 = = 2 :AGN
4
(FbO 10) f
qbJ{ ,7.CG jS f
.zMG GSH LhGJ Ff
139 G c
C G gG J
e d fCG G H j b
S HG id j CG G
H VhCG .c jHCG S Y
CG AHBG IgdG Z dG
,ke .AHCG Jh
j CG dG dG ej jHC
.idG dG ej kAHCG
dH
J SdG c J c
T kJGUCG QJ CG dh ,dG
GP IU c g SdG c .AdH
e Uh b jM Th He GPBG
S dG Y IQdG .L Y YdG
SdG c c d .dG id IFS
.dG d e qdGC GP g
2-7 dG
MjEG Y VY
e KK OG ?g hCG f
EG S .dG Gg cQd
NBGh MCG gMCG ,GRdG e LhR
NBGh MCG gMCG ,bh ,HCG
,FdG qdC G S MCG dG .HCG
.G qdC G HCG dG H
,qdCG GRdG e hH ke OhR
u
RGdG f dG e bh
e NBG hdH NBG k e OhR
u .G
j .NBG dG e dHh GRdG
jjCGh dG db G j CG
c j j CG hO eh .gX N
.dK e EG GRdG MCG G e
dG dG d e dG Qj CG j
dG UGh .ddG G j CG j
H hCG g jOa H LhGJ AGLEH
.g Oah f Oa
be
NCG Jd FMCG YG
a .vJGP qJ kjW kJf CG G
.b f 100h jW f 300 dP Y
d G RdG e G S
(hCG G) UCG jdG JdG
G RGdG) ?(dG G) AHCdh
G RdGh ,Tt g hCG G Jd
.tt 1 ,Tt h TT 3 g dG G Jd
4
G c
140
2-7 dG
d Ie Ia
k e Gj G O G jRdG
,dG SCG OQGdG dd k He v fH
WG .G jRdG fb Vj dGh
IOeh SsBb G RGdG GSG dEG
.G jRdG
IAGdG GQe
AH
H dG G EG WG GOG
He bJ) MGh fH qHe
dG c VH hGd FdG fH
bJh .hGdG eCd G
M bd VjdG feEG MG
.(hGdG f e ,qe
H e
dG g G RGW Oa
SsBb
fG jW Y kLeCG S
Y dG
Cj CG h ,G
q
G jRdG
J HQCG j
SB
141 G c
sB
Sb
sb
2-7 dG
H HGQ
11-7 dG
JGSG
dG G
tdG bYEG
142
2-7 dG
jS Y f
G RdG j
FbO 10 G bdG
Gj G O Ie FGLEG QaCG
dG d Y IQb hP jHCG c .v FK
.Tt G gRGWh
e c .g GHCG dG Y HLEG
dG d Y IQdG hP KdG WCG
Ljh ,(TT) FS f hCG (Tt) g eEG g
IQdH j h (tt)
x eh f MGh W
.fd d Y
MjEG Y VY
.dCG Gj G O dG d
dG Y jQOb G cCG S
d Y IQdG CG G NCG .dH
RGdG e CSG K .FS udGC S dG
d Y IQdH qj d G
c GhOqj G O .(tt) fd
CG dG d Y IQdH q j C
CG j) dG d Y IQb GP kW j
d G RGdG dG CG id j
.(dG
FK LhGdG{ ,61 adG SG
FK LhGdG e jE ,zdG
.dG
d Ie Ia
:dG jQdG G YCG dG
:dG dG Y AGL U c CG
KKh ,AGOS fCG GPh AGOS AGL J
AGL KKh ,jOQh fCG GPh OS AGL
HCG hLh ,AGOS fCG GhPh H
f Y G S .OQh fCG P MGh
FK hGJ) G Gg dG hGdG
RdG Hc G EG WG .(dG
AGd G RdG fh G
: BbNn h BBNn h BbNN h BBNN 9)
: Bbnn h BBnn 3 : bbNn h bbNN 3
= N ;HCG = b ;OSCG = B M ,bbnn 1
.(OQh fCG = n ;OSCG fCG
143 G c
adH
2-7 dG
H HGQ
13-7 dG
qHe Gj G O fH qHe
RdG GhOu jh ,13-7 dG fH
jG RdGh G dG G
M Y G T .G HQCG
.fCH udG
bO 15
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,144 dG ,2-7 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG
qdG jJ
cEG G EG WG fH He
q
,g HG H hGd fH qHe
Ghcj CG G EG WG .13-7 dG
J) dG fh jG RdG
KK ;AGN Ae KK ;AGU Ae
.(NCG MGh ;AGU I
jQNG SCG
FS udC G RdG J c .1
c J M ) ?x e udGC h
,f JdG Gh ,FdG qdCG
.(G udC G ,dG H
P ARH d G RGdG e .2
.(Rr hCG RR) ?AGM QgRCG
hGdG) ?dG FK hGdG e .3
dG e LhH j dG
.(IOG
2-7 dG LGe Y HLEG
dG Jh fH H jCG fG Y (RW)
f L RGd f G RGdG j b
aCG fG Y (WW) NBG CG udGC
RGdG J qKC j b hCG ,g L RGWh FSh
U He c G
C CG j .qHd
.H eGH G
RdG c HG J .FG jedH
a j CG bj dG GG OY :dc dOG
.(WW,WW,RW,RW) G G
IMGh U J j dG OMCG hGdG .5 .G bh Ua OY Y e e M
dG hCG ,jdG OGYCH MG Y dG
j ,dG FK hGdG .IQdG d e
.dG hCG ,jdG OGYCG hCG ,jG
.eh IQdG d e ,U J
AGG QgRCG P dG H L
Z H GFS udGC fdG b CG c id .6
k hGJ LCG ,khCG
dG AHCG fc GPEG .AdG QgRCG P fh
.fP hH MGhh jW fH MGh ,J
kg hCG GkFSh vf c bCG Y jHCG MCG .7 da ,QgRCG AH Jf J hGdG Y
.IgdG d g GDdG Ve
GHCG c ,fdG dG .hCG dG
jHCG MCG qdGC GkReQ dG j CG j
.d g gc
.1
.2
.3
e LGh
,zLGe{ ,7 dG LGe
,9-3 ,1 SCG ,147-146 dG
.19-13
LhGdG{ ,2-7 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zKGQdG
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG
.4
G c
144
7 dG LGe
jH J
EG GhOj CG G EG WG ..CG.CG
Y ae hjj dG QeCG FGb
VH G j CG j .QGdG
Y G GDH NG .J Fb
dCSG .Y HLEG J dG SCG
.IjL SCG jd c GPEG q Y
SGQd Ie Ia
J dG GG LGQ uh LGQ
g uW K .dG e GASG
O .KGQdG M e acG Y dG
.e bJh Va G
u j G
19 GDdG Y HLEG
e SQO
KGQdG
GSH
ARdG Jf
J s dG
dG G
145 G c
fE
vJGP
s dG
J
fc dG
vN
fCa
`d
hCG G
7 dG LGe
HLEG
(bO 45) LGe
j L RGW EG f c J (CG) .1
EG g c J ;f qdC G e KG
j () .jOe udGC j L RGW
eGdG e kLhR CG Y GfG fb
fb j .eCG J
q AKCG j
J dG eGY CG Y G jRdG
.eCG J
q AKCG e H
EG AHBG e dG f g QGdG ()
j c SGQO g KGQdG Y .AHCG
.QGdG
dG g dG TCG e T .2
e e dG M f gh ,JGdG
Y IgR hCG f IgdG e EG IgR
f gh ,G dGh ,f dG
IgR e EG IgR e e dG M
.f dG e NBG f e
G cdG g G RGdG (CG) .3
Fc e g G RGdG .M Fd
.G RGdG qdGC J Y f M
e hH j dG OMCG hGdG ()
dG FK hGdG .IOG dG
.IOG dG e LhH j
Oj KGQh eY MCG g qdC G ()
.S Y dG
CG .5
O .4
.7
.6
.9
.8
dG JdG CG e j CG e OGQCG .10
.e d f SQj c
J dG g IFdG dG EG .11
dG g G dG .g M Fc
.g M Fc IgX Z J
hGdG HCG EG P AHBG L j .12
hCG G j .f IOq e d hCG
GP J dGh hCG hGdG AHCG EG F1
j .g IQH jHCG MCG S
fh dG hGdG AHCG EG F2 dG G
.jGh G gRW
,G G RGdG j d .13
.vf OdG j CG j
H j jOa H hGdG .14
hGdG .dG OMCG L
k hGJ j IMGh
hGJ g U j jOa H
.dG FK
G c
146
7 dG LGe
(HJ) HLEG
udC G CG Y GfG fb j .15
J
q eY j udC G e hR c
.G fG AKCG Gg j .eCG
H kLhGJ j CG dG j .16
c GPEG .Iq GQk hH j fh dG
hGdG ODS ,AG Qhd v f dG
c GPEG .Ae GkQhH J L AHCG EG
AHCG f GM poS ,kg dG
.Iq GQk hH
Ff tbd MG Oe J .17
.KGQdG Y SGQO qe LhGJ
f ;Bb 100% G RGdG f .18
.OSCG 100% :G RGdG
.145 dG SCG IOLe HLEG .19
bf J
jHCG c . dG FK hGJ .CG .1
, 2 QQTt , 1 qqtt , 1 QQTT . QqTt
,
16
16
16
2 ttqQ , 2 qqTt , 2 QqTT, 4 QqTt
16
16
16
16
1
. qqTT , 1 QQtt
16
16
HLEG c J :HLEG J
q b .2
Hq e CG G Qj CG j .G
QN KGQd a ej fGG
Z S QX h ,HZe S
cj b .NGdG hGdG qH HZe
TGh Gh dGh G G
.UN VGZC Hq J fGc ,iNCG
dG aBG SJ
e jb AHCd G RGdG f EG .CG
FK hGJ (1:3:3:9) qbG dG
FGKEG e LGh
AI
Ai
aI
ai
AaII
AaIi
Aaii
AI
AAII AAIi
Ai
AAIi
AAii AaIi
aI
AaII
AaIi
aaII
aaIi
ai
AaIi
Aaii
aaIi
aaii
147 G c
dG
8
8 dG
YCGh j fCG
MjEG
VGdG
148 U ,dG jJ
,1.O jG d j fCG
dh DNA GSG :jG dG
149 U ,DNA cG
1-8
152 U ,DNA cJ
bO 135
d
t jL H ,62 adG
Jh Tg H ,63 adG
2-8
157 U ,Yd P Vh ,f
157 U ,G M ,MjEG Y VY
156 U ,DNA YJ
3-8
156 U ,DNA YJ j c
dG ,66 adG
160 U ,Y aK ,f
160 U ,JhdG AH
4-8
160 U ,KGQdG eG fG
161 U ,FXhh RNA cJ
162 U ,dG
163 U ,KGQdG IdG
164 U ,LdG
166 U ,dG G
bO 135
Ue RjGdG ,MjEG Y VY
161 U ,cCG
164 U ,fhOdG LJ ,f
ReQ a ,9.CG jS f
KGQdG IdG
GfCG H fQe ,jS Y f
165 U ,RNA
165 U ,LdGh dG ,f
P U ,8 d Y f
JhdG AHh DNA Yd
166 U ,dG G he ,f
,2.O jG d j fCG
DNAh RNA U :jG dG
bO 45
G ``````bdG
bO 45
bO 90
GOe / e ,8 dG LGe
167 U
G c CG 147
dG
J OQGe
dG adG
J JGSG
dGh LGG
148 U ,HdG aG J
151 U ,dG jJ
151 U ,jQNG SCG
1-8 dG LGe
155 U ,2-8 dG LGe
155 U ,dG jJ
155 U ,jQNG SCG
2-8 dG LGe
165 U ,V JGSG
169-168 U ,H e
167 U ,gG jN
170-169 U ,8 dG LGe
8 dG QNG
147
G c
G efdG
ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
8 dG
FbO 10
dG J
IQdG a
QdG EG IgdG IQdG DNA P
u GPe :G S .DNA P g
.(GqQP) ?PdG e G AGLCG
?H H GQq dG JJ c dCSG
EG fG dG .(Fc HGhQ SGH)
cdG CG EGh ,AL g DNA CG
,j dG g DNA `d FdG
.G fCH ,jdG
HdG aG J
FdG G
.ddG gG LGQ
dG -2 dG Xhh JhdG cJ
TdG
AGOCG c Ouj dG e :G S
dG KdG dG) ?Xd JhdG
.(Jhd
dG -3 dG G Y Xh
TdG
M N IQU G Y VYG
IGdG be GhOu j CG dEG WG .IGdG
,NGdG eRdG dGh eSjGdGh
g e qY c Xh Ghcj CGh
;G DNA uJ IGdG) qdG
;JhdG AH Y dhDe eSjGdG
bc J NGdG eRdG dGh
.(JhdG Ad
dG - 4 dG G KdG Xh
TdG
j CG G e GP :G S
G DNA `d K DNA IjG jd
QJ
q a ,dc j GPEG) f CG
.(G Fd Ie Z FN jG
FXhh G cJ
.JhdG AHh eG jJ RNA h DNA jODj dG QGhOCd qJ ,CGJ fCGh
G c
148
1-8 dG
SQdG s
DNA cG 1-8 dG
bO 125 G bdG
dG EG eT If
1-8 dG
gYG dG QdGh dG j
.KGQdG AG Y H AdG
SG EG HQ Ob c bj
AG g ,JhdG dh ,DNA CG
.KGQdG
FbO 5
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
G GTEG
aGZJa GQk U G Y VYG
CG dEG WG .Ye M Fd
H UG DNA c GPEG e Gbj
iNCG kYGfCG j
dG DNA Y k
q
cdG CG gNCG) G FdG e
FdG c id f g DNA `d SSCG
. GJcdG HJ CG EG .G
FdG f V H aNG gh
H aNG QH cCG Jh ,G
.(G FdG
FbO 5
uM
be
c G e bf FdG dG
acG EG FdG dG AHh iOCG
c jL CG G NCG) jL
eY d jdG SQj G
sJ fc c KGQdG UG cG
CG G NCG .fEG id VGeCG
N J e kdZ idG acG
.(iNCG QeCG Y dG
149 G c
1-8 dG
SQu O
bO 100
jL H{ ,62 adG SG
.HdG e IN c LG ,zd
t
H HGQ
2-8 dG
c LG 2-8 dG SG dG
t
G uT .jL H IN
H ,UG H dG ZU Y
eeh HdG Ff a e Gqj
.aCG H
d Ie Ia
s j CG DNA `d IQGG eY
qKC j CG hO 90C QJ IQGM LQO
LQO Y T qa JhdG eCG .H
KCJ c e CSG .60C QJ IQGM
qKC j ) jL YCG IQGG LQO
bh ,IQGH b dG jdG DNA
.(G jdG DNA e GkAL UCG
IAGdG GQe
AjdH
Tg H IAGb b YTEG dG
id .Radioactive e dG LGQ ,Jh
FbO Q Iqe Z jfCG G UdG
.eL TCG IQU Y bdG Qu hCG ,Hh dCG
UdG Qe tJh tJ AdG Y uj Gg
OGe e YJ AKCG hCG ,iNCG OGe e ,G
.jCG dG N d
t AKCG hCG .iNCG
YTEG dG UN CG EG fG dG
j CG Fc Y C dG ,g
.jQdG dG jGJ e kYT cCG J ,H
dH
A``H
bH G YCG f IAGb
hj M gj YOh ,U
.H 1-8 dG hDhj a HU
SG eY Gej G O
eYh VGh Z e EG IQTEd
ucP .id a EG IQTEd jEG
Y dG SGQO LH G
.IAGdG AKCG MjEG TCGh IQdG
Gj YO ,dG e G AfG H
.j eh a e be v FK
Y jd G SCG Gj YO
.kM b IQdG
Tg H{ ,63 adG SG
.Jh Tg H Vd ,zJh
(bO 45) f
jG d jG fCG
DNA GSG :jG dG{ ,1.O
.zqdh
G c
150
1-8 dG
bO 15
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,151 dG ,1-8 dG LGe ,
.5-1 SCG
dG jJ
G O H GN JJ
OG e hR c OhR
u .v FK Gj
d keSQ Y huj bH d
,aBGh ,jL Q GN e IN
U e FfG H .Jh Tgh
IFdG bdG Gj YO ,bdG
JhW Y gjh H d
HdG J H ,dG JdH
.YCG EG qLe
jQNG SCG
:CN / U
jdG Y jL Q sH .1
jdG CG ,GdG Y S.pneumoniae
jH EG J
s CG jPDG Z
b ,cq a jH Le Y cq a
.(U) IQGH
KGQdG IOG CG aBG Q VhCG .2
.(U) DNA e fe
s
dG Jh Tg Q J .3
d ,CN) KGQdG IOG g DNA CG
KGQdG IOG g DNA CG KCG
.(ShdG
e LGh
zLGe{ ,8 dG LGe
.14-12 SCG ,169-168 dG
cG{ ,1-8 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .z DNA
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG
151 G c
e jG J jdG jN
.DNA Y dG ShdG
fCG cJ J EG IQGG Oq GC .4
Y Ad jQhdG jdG JhdGh
.IG b
NO Jh Tg SG d .5
jN EG k e DNAh JhdG adG
e CG j e fc h ,jdG
.KGQdG IOG g KG
dG cqdG jdG CG jL qH .1
f v KGQh Gk Y QM ,IQGH b
EG VG t dG Y IQdG
.jPDG Z jdG
DNA `d G fCG CG aBG sH .2
dh ,dG
hM e dG g
q
.Jhd G fCG
ShdG DNA CG Jh Tg q H .3
L Gg DNA CGh jdG jN NO
2-8 dG
SQdG s
DNA cJ 2-8 dG
bO 45 G bdG
dG EG eT If
2-8 dG
hOG hG cdG cG j
.GJcdGh DNA cJh DNA `d
.q G LhdG YGdG GhORG bj
FbO 5
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
G GTEG
kqe vJU kjT G Y VYG
c G S .aGZJa IQUh
YW) eG e c j
S .(FV Fc k H ,e
J qj dG e G
QgdG ,e b) ?eG
DNA CG EG fG dG .(jQdG
Gv L b Qb e GG BG jh j
.UCG DNA tdG e
FbO 5
uM
MjEG Y VY
jQdH
a DNA `d L
k P UG DNA P
J qOGe SG .cJ UH J
SCG hCG iG c ,edG IG
kfGdCG SG .RG hCG bQdG HG hCG
ch ,SdGh ,jdG
.HQCG LhdG YGdG e
G c
152
2-8 dG
SQu O
bO 25
H HGQ
5-8 dG
A``H
,dG Gg G GC j CG b ..CG.CG
UN jOah Ib FGb Gj YO
j hCG) faj dG ATCG H
CG dEG WG .DNA Y (faj fCG
Y Fb Vd JNGe GcQj
dG ATCG GLQj YO K .IQdG
Gjh ,DNA Y ae hjj
.dG jf Y dS FGH
H HGQ
5-8 dG
LQO CG G NG GJcdG
u ,5-8 dG ,DNA `d ddG qdG
EG .Jcf c LhdG YGdG
g LhdG YGd s G JdG
S ev GC IQCa CG J dG IdG
.S dh kfGa
hOG hG{ ,64 adG SG
.DNA cJ LG ,zDNA `d
153 G c
2-8 dG
FbO 10
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,155 dG ,2-8 dG LGe ,
.8-1 SCG
adH
Jomon feG SG
dG fHd G OGLCG
154
2-8 dG
dG jJ
Oq Ge G YCG DNA P Vh
Gj YO .SCGh RGh dc Ye
Jcf c Y P d v FK
GVd PdG Gej YO .DNA
.G LhdG YGdG GhORG jW
fC LPH MG d
dG jf dG jJ c ,M
.dG
jQNG SCG
G EG DNA ej) ?DNA ej EG .1
.(cCG Ue RjGdG hdG
jdGh jQdG H q e .2
fe
q Lhf YGb jQdG)
HdG GQP e M e
YGb jdG .LhdGh
e IMGh M e fe
q Lhf
.(LhdGh HdG GQP
?dH DNA AL cJ q j GP .3
,e c hj AG T C)
,SdGh dG jL e fL
.(LhdG YGdG e GhRCG JLQOh
e LGh
zLGe{ ,8 dG LGe
.17-15 ,8 ,6 SCG ,169-168 dG
cJ{ ,2-8 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zDNA
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG
155 G c
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
3-8 dG
SQdG s
DNA YJ 3-8 dG
bO 45 G bdG
dG EG eT If
3-8 dG j
.DNA YJ GN
,ANCG UEGh ,YdG qbO
.WdG Veh ANCG H bdGh
FbO 5
AdG uSn
AGOCG GTDe
G GTEG
DNA S aj dG e :G S
HGhdG dS e ZdH
YGb H IOLG LhQdG
jb gJ HGhQ EG) ?LhdG
.(DNA g Sah jqS H HJ
FbO 5
uM
be
Vd Hk
q S SG DNA dG a
H ,DNA rnS a d P
G EG WG .S c Ye
b dG G M gP Y AGLEG
HLEG J b) YdG AKCG
e Jcf Ye Y fCG Y
.(jL e dG JJ CG fCG hCG
C G gG J
G j b j f DNA
, DNA jG id j CG j fCG
hJ f G FdG jG C dPh
CH G qcP . FXh dh
hdG M YJ G hCG G
QGJ jh .hG fH J K DNA
dG ,G jN L fE dG g
O .(eCG ASH) f DNA `H J
G eJ dG G iNCG eGY
.IOG XH d
G c
156
3-8 dG
bO 25
SQu O
H HGQ
9-8 dG
IY 9-8 dG SG DNA YJ
,YdG cT tJ Y G
dG a Gh ,dG fCGh
O . 1 IG qG LhOG dG
Y YdG G EG Gj G
NCG . 2 IG ,UCG S c
HJh YdG G CG G
G FdG YdG S CGh ,GO
jRGe S e e
q DNA CG g
G O .ce gG d
Gaq jh 3 IGh 1 IG H GfQj
. 3 IG JjG DNA S
f
d k HJ cG Yd P Vh
G O .IQdG Y Lhf YGb
YGdG HJ GSjh bQh Y gj
GSHh ,gH .G d
CG G Y j ,Pc 9-8 dG
S c SQ jW Y ,dG Gj
O ,GkNCG .IM Y YGb K e fe
q
GfQjh ,S c YJ Ghj G
.UCG HdGh jjG jG H
MjEG Y VY
kLP Gj G O G M
N EG S .E.coli jdG
h ,je Ieh ,dG
AGT ) eh
,0 Sb JL
q
jZCG R e JG a
NCG .(ffEG jW Y hCG dG
W u G e QeCG 10 CG G
10,000 J H E.coli jdG L
G G e QeCG 10 bG .Ie
e EG J CG gY .dG
EG G NOE Yj
q CG KG
Lj G CG EG fG dCG .JG
.SdG Hh E.coli N NGO
,zDNA YJ{ ,65 adG SG
.DNA YJ Y GN LG
157 G c
AdH
3-8 dG
FbO 10
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,158 dG ,3-8 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG
dG jJ
Gj G O DNA P
DNA P Ad Y
.DNA Yd P Vh eGSG
UG AdG OGe GhQj G O
dCj dG HGhdGh fG
u d H
GSG G EG WG .DNA e
.DNA YJ c jE LP
jQNG SCG
?DNA `d bdG YdG aj c .1
bOh ,G YGdG GhORG jW Y)
IH fCG H J dG IAGdG
.(DNA
We fEG) ?YdG cT e .2
hG gY j dG DNA
.(YdG b hOG
e LGh
,zLGe{ ,8 dG LGe
,11 ,3 SCG ,169-168 dG
.29 ,21-18
YJ{ ,3-8 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zDNA
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG
S EG GJcf DNA IH fCG e fCG c j .5
.IMGh YJ cT IjG DNA
Gd .DNA C N UEG Y Y IW j b .6
FdG G Xh IN GKCJ GP J CG KGQdG
.G
j CG Ljh ,QJ CG eCG dG Gd .7
jG IOe GW cGJ CG j .IQN cCG gKCJ
.IQV J CG b G
.S d e GJcf Jh ,DNA S J
H IOLG LhQdG HGhdG J dG fCG u
.e GJcf aVEH DNA IH fCG J .dG
,UCG AG e S DNA e jL hOe hM c j
H DNA e jL AL c MG a .IjL iNCG Sh
.DNA `d UCG dG e a IMGh
dG J Y kH GJcdG IAGb DNA IH fCG bJ
IdG fCG J .GW EG ODJ CG dGh UCG HJ
.dGSGh C G GJcdG H
G c
.1
.2
.3
.4
158
8 dG
````Y GAG````b
N
GW Y fWdG VGeCG H J
GdG g Hh ,MUG j L
j ,kfMCG .eCG KM GPEG QJ
HUEd Vqe j keY SdG
,ke .H a TCG Y f QGVCH
EG H HG UTCG j
gOL ddh ,dGh G UCG
AV e jOYG jOG J jOe
kNG GKQh jdG UTCG EG .dG
q j gh `` Xeroderma pigmentosum q j
SdGh `` DNA UEG e e i
,dGh dG h Id dG dG hhP
G WH HUEd Vqe jC
k G g
MdG j .dG Ad Vq dG f
e jbd e M HCH v dM
Gg j .DNA b Y j dG
f IOjH dG e bGdG G
hj BG M ,a DNA UEG fCG
.IYGh GdG Y SGQdG Ff CG
IQdG CG cDJ dOCG Y AdG Y d
N eY g DNA UEG Y fG
fWdG VGeCG e dH HUEd
NG id .G WH a dh
UEG Y IQb FdG WH HG
id IQdG g e H fOCG DNA
.FdG WS e j jdG NG
IH Je dG WS VGeCG H
Gd dG dG CG hj .BRCA1 G
j .DNA UEG Y AH e G
VGeCG H e FQ IY CG
.JGP H DNA UEG dBG g fWdG
Y dhDe DNA UEG dBG CG hjh
J dG QGVCG e dG UEG
G f fWdG VGeCH
.FdG dGh TEH
be
EG dG GhRCG ODJ CG c .1
dG GhRC ) ?G WS
IW dG MUEG j dG
,G fG qJ dG G
.(WdG EG ODj
TG UTCG ,jCGH ,g e .2
fEG) ?jJdG fCG SGH d
WH HUEG IH VG
.(dG dG IdG hP eCG ,G
CG Lj G FdG UCG CG .3
fEG) ?jJdG fCG jd j
J dG G FdG
e d Vq J M ,e H
.(dG AV
159 G c
4-8 dG
SQdG s
JhdG AH
4-8 dG
bO 135 G bdG
dG EG eT If
4-8 dG
dG Y DNA AGMG c j
.JhdG Ad UG
,FXhh KdG RNA GfCG j
c jODj dG QhdGh ,f ch
LdG Y GN RNA e f
.(JhdG AH)
Gh KGQdG IdG gCG Vj
.dG
FbO 5
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
G GTEG
e IY AGLCG J G EG WG
,G ,dG) JhH Y G
dG .(dGh ,NGdG AYCG ,aXCG
JhH EG G LM EG fG
d ,HLdG V eh ,iNCG
.G FXh d fCh ,cCG
FbO 5
dH
G G LJ
J HCG vdM RjGdG
KGQdG ANCG UE RjGdG a
g RjGdG .DNA e kH ,mRNA
J ,dG jOMCG RNA jL
jN RNA UEG fCc
b Y IQdG RjGdG id .jdG
GJcf aVEGh RNA eO IOYEGh
.UCG dG EG IjL RNA
uM
f
v FK Gj G O Y aK
e G TCG fQ hL Vd
dP Gu j CG G Y j .RNA
g e T c Xhh cd kUh
RNA j MjEG SQ e ,TCG
.G
G c
160
4-8 dG
SQu O
be
bO 115
GQk e CG EG fG dG fCG
S e dCj ,dc ,vFMCG vFc
IOq fCG CGh ,YdG e Iqe
G S .IOq YJ u
EG) ?LfEG j jCGh fCG J
q
H ;JhH g ,fCG e
.RNA e J ,RjGdc ,fCG
Y hDe DNA L H jY d
.(FH
MjEG Y VY
Y SQG cCG Ue RjGdG
d FdG cdG aT Y hCG IQdG
RjGdGh cCG Ue RjGdG e
GfQj CG G EG WG .fOCG G
Y j) jqdG
t jg cJ H
He cdG CG GMj CG G
RjGdG cCG IQP Z ASH
c G S .(cCG Ue
JOG Jg J QdG Gg j
g cCG Ue RjGdG) jqdG
q j dH gh cCG Ue qS
e chQdG Y e bCG OH
.(RjGdG
HOH2C
OH
HOH2C
OH
CH
HC
C H
HC
CH
HC
CH
OH
OH OH
cCG Ue RjGdG
RjGdG
d Ie Ia
Gdj CG G EG WG SG
LfEGh ,IGdG NGO DNA AH S Y
uLd IGdG QOJ dG RNA j
DNA CG G NCG .JhdG AH Y
qG{ fEG .IGdG NGO v j
.RNA c e j
s dG zFdG
H HGQ
13-8 dG
EG IOdG G EG WG RNA GfCG
4-8 dG
d Ie Ia
j b Y G S AfG hOc
fc) IOLe J AfG IQTEG CG d
hO ,dG G M UGJ dG Y
.(qbJ
H HGQ
14-8 dG
e Gasj G O dG
GC J dG ,14-8 dG ,DNA AL
.(AGHG be e) dG Y gY
AL RNA IH fCG KCJ Y dCSG
be d DNA dG j fEG) DNA
IdG dG DNA Sh AGHG
.(KGQdG
be
Y G S G FdG J
t
FdG c H jdG NG S
hCG edH q j DNA CG dG e ,G
c DNA GJcdG HJ) ddG
aN .ja HJ ,M Fc
NG EG ODJ CG HdG Gg H
.(Gv L c
(bO 45) f
,2.O jG d j fCG
.zRNAh DNA U :jG dG{
G c
162
4-8 dG
H HGQ
1-8 hG
c GVj G O fhOdG
jd ,1-8 hG Gej CG
hOdG qdC j) hOc d eCG G
hG j .Lhf YGb K e
e fG
q ,G KdG dG
dG eCG Gh ,HQCG YGdG
G CG EG TCG .(hOc c Oj
e cCG Oj CG MGdG eCG
.MGh hOc
d Ie Ia
Yh dG Y H fQe
k ue Gj G O DNA YJ
SCG q G dd k He v fH
dG Y H hdG jE ,dG
.DNA YJ Yh
GQG
A``H
163 G c
H e
YdG
.DNA IH fCG j
.DNA GJcf HQ j
.DNA AL jJ j
dG
.RNA IH fCG j
.RNA GJcf HQ j
.RNA AL jJ j
.dc dG oJ
.dc dG e a MGh AL j
4-8 dG
f
Gj G O fhOdG LJ
G hCG dG fhOdH Fb
,AUG AdG hOH hDhj ,15-8 dG
mRNA d jCG dG e kbfG
.(AUG ,UGU ,CUG ,CCC ,UUG ,AGU)
1-8 hG Gej CG dEG WG
g u dG eCG VMCG GhOd
VMCG ,dG EG QdG e) fhOdG
,da ,S ,(AH) fe :g eCG
.(jS ,Sd ,dhH
H HGQ
15-8 dG
J Y G YS LdG
G LdG N dG GMCG
CG EG fG dG .15-8 dG
IOG fhOdGh mRNA fhOc
1-8 hG EG SG .e g tRNA
j dG eCG G H Hd
.tRNA e Jj dG hOdGh tRNA
:j e c Xd G a e q
,(JhdG AH IT j) mRNA
EG IO eCG VMC
G j) tRNAh
k
Y J)
u eSjGdGh ,(LdG be
CG G H j b .(JhdG AH
W Y T .VGh Z dG g
a Y k VGQ J eY .SCG
Hch c ZEG dEG WG ,d
.LdG Y Y qe
(bO 20) f
IdG ReQ a{ ,9.CG jS f
.zKGQdG
C G gG J
S LJ G EG jo eY LdG
,IOG fhOdG e hdG j ,mRNA
HJ jd ,fhOdG Y kH ,CG jW Y
HJ CG EG fG dG .eCG VMCG
Y dh mRNA Y Oq j eCG VMCG
.mRNA `d Gh tRNA IOG fhOdG
G c
164
4-8 dG
jS Y f
RNA GfCG H fQe
bO 15 :G bdG
EG J CG :Ie FGLEG QaCG
e f d e
q SQ Vh G
.dG OMCG ,RNA
e T d CG k Y :dG Y HLEG
OMCG mRNA EG :jdG cJ RNA
Lj dG OMCG rRNAh ,dG
dG FK cJ hP tRNAh ,eSjGdG
Je a YGdG GhRCG e dG C
M h .AG iNCG YGb GhRCH
Y J d ,RNA e f CG Z
. LdG
f
HJ G YCG LdGh dG
YGd VGaG HJ KK hCG VGaG
e Y ,DNA
TACAATAGGGTCTCAGCACGCCCCATT
,mRNA HJ GhOj G O
JGSG
dG NCdG
dG HdG
tdG bYEG
4-8 dG
f
G O dG G he
Ve M vT hCG vN GkjJ Gj
dG Z G Y QdG KGQh
G he N e ,Y hDG
hCG UG dG
t Ve e Y ,dG
jdG j CG j .fg Ve
,H HG dGh ,Vd kUh
.e AdG hCG d hCG dGh
FbO 10
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
, bf J SCGh SSCG gG
.7-1 SCG ,166 dG ,4-8 dG LGe
dG jJ
K Y j e cG JhdG AH
,RNA ,DNA ,LdG ,dG : GQhCG
.OG hOdGh ,hOdG ,tRNA ,mRNA
p j k e O K Y GQhCG V
e Y GOG GC bG .dG e bQh
Hd FbO H G YCGh ,dG
EG bQdG YCG .JOG HGJ c
Yj CG EG dG J OhYh ,dG
.iG G
jQNG SCG
n
.jEG hOH
Gd ,fd IMGdG e dG EG
.S c e mRNA fhOc S
q
C N/U
EG ,DNA `d ,cJ ,He RNA EG .1
SGQdG qS Y j RNA CG
RNA j ,CN) dG Y VY
k
IYb SGQdG CG EG ,SGQdG Y
.(Lhf
hOd e HJ g OG hOdG .2
.(U)
e id f g fhOdG .3
.(U) G FdG
e LGh
,zLGe{ ,8 dG LGe
,5 ,4 ,2 ,1 SCG ,169-168 dG
.23 ,10-9 ,7
AH{ ,4-8 dG LGe
IAGb G j .zJhdG
bQh Y SCG Y jh dG
.G b e He J dG ,dG
G c
166
8 dG LGe
jH J
FGb EG GhOj G O ..CG.CG
,DNA M ae hjj dG QeCd
GQe AH f Uh iL dGh
Gj G O .153 U IAGdG
dG SCG QGH jEG eY
CG G Y .Y HLEG j
O .J Fb VH Gj
HLEG J dG SCG GhOj G
.MW dG IjG SCGh ,Y
SGQd Ie Ia
cjo v eR kJ V eG J
EG Ob dG GMCG uJh AdG a
uj dG AG g DNA CG cG
.KGQdG eG
29 GDdG Y HLEG
DNA
e q J
T Y qe
YdG
e q e
hOe hM
GJcf
q J
d
a J dG
e qdC J
DNA IH fCG
J dG
Lhf IYb
J CG
jH
167
G c
jQH
JSa Y
Ue RjGdG
cCG
8 dG LGe
HLEG
168
8 dG LGe
(HJ) HLEG
.SjGdG Y b mRNA Jj .27
,veCG M
j dG ,tRNA Jjh
k
VMCG JJ .mRNA Y hOH
a ,H H IQhG eCG
jEG hOc EG UdG Y .H jY
.LdG bJ ,mRNA Y
VGeCG e hCG J .28
hCG ,jG VGeCGh WdGh KGQdG
.e jbdG
.167 dG HLEG .29
bf J
AUG CCA GAG UCG `` mRNA
.1
dG aBG SJ
c J DNA YJ AKCG (CG) .1
eY DNA YJ GC j .dc S
.DNA S H dG fCG J
aVEH DNA IH fCG J
e S c EG e GJcf
Qs oJ ,gH .UCG DNA S
jL dP Y j .DNA IH fCG
`d UCG AG e He DNA e
.DNA
,DNA YJ ANCG eY ()
kjM J
q dG DNA YGb HJ j
u j ,UCG DNA YGb HJ Y
DNA f Y .DNA UCG IdG
YGdG HJ S ,IdG e j dG
mRNA LJ EG .U Z mRNA Y
QX EG ODJ CG dG Z
,JhdG cJ KDj b eCG M
.Xh dHh
169 G c
FGKEG e LGh
.3-1 SCG ,169 dG ,zbf J{ ,8 dG LGe
.2-1 GDdG ,169 dG ,zdG aBG SJ{ ,8 dG LGe
dG
9
9 dG
YCGh j fCG
MjEG
VGdG
170 U ,dG jJ
,Fd f q J ,f
177 U
178 U ,hR QNG ,f
SGH QNG ,MjEG Y VY
179 U ,dG q J Qh
Y P U ,MjEG Y VY
181 U ,fG Y
182 U ,KGQdG NG ,f
183 U ,u c Vh ,f
1-9
171 U ,eSehdG
173 U ,G be GKCJ
175 U ,GdG
bO 135
2-9
bO 135
183 U ,KGQdG VG e
bO 90
GOe / e ,9 dG LGe
185 U
G ``````bdG
G j ,MjEG Y VY
172 U
P U ,jS Y f
173 U ,JQG Y
174 U ,GdG ,f
175 U ,VG GdG ,f
,9 d Y f
eSehc
G c CG 169
dG
J OQGe
dG adG
J JGSG
dGh LGG
170 U ,HdG aG J
172 U ,eSehdG t Y
n ,2-9 dG ,H HGQ
176 U ,dG jJ
176 U ,jQNG SCG
1-9 dG LGe
187-186 U ,9 dG LGe
9 dG QNG
169 G c
G efdG
ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
178 U ,H e
185 U ,gG jN
9 dG
FbO 10
dG J
IQdG a
CG G Y j eSehdG
IQdG dG jdG cGdG Gaqj
O .eSehc fCG Y aGZJdG
eSehdG MCG AGLCG GhOu j G
EG IQTEG e Gqj CG j)
.(jcG dG e EGh GJehdG
eSehdG OY Y G S
.(46) dG dG G IOLG
j Sehc c CG EG fG dG
qJ dG G e jdG Y
GPEG Y G CSG K .FXhh G
Y IOG G jDhQ YSH c
.(c) eSehdG
HdG aG J
FdG G
QGdGh KdG
.ddG gG LGQ
7 dG KGQdG dG
IOdG H dG G EG WG
OLh udGC j eY :IOdG) qdGh
j eY :
q dG ;f d NBG udCG
d NBG udGC OLh H Hk udCG
IFS S Y eCG Gj YO .(f
f id IFS S) e Sh
,AGG QgRCG ,AGdG QhdG :ARdG
dG ,G hdG ,AGG hdG
:e S jq QG QgRCG ,jdG
hdG ,AdG QgRCG ,AGG QhdG
,dG dG ,IG hdG ,AGdG
.(adG QgRCG
8 dG G dG
G dG H bdG Y G S
dG EG) dG QGJh (LdGh dG)
d GKCJ g QJ dG
.(LJh f Y Jh ,Me
G c
170
1-9 dG
SQdG s
QGdGh eSehdG
1-9 dG
bO 125 G bdG
dG EG eT If
1-9 dG
Gh G eSehdG j
.H JG
G GdG GfCG bj
.KhM ch eh eSehdGh
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
FbO 5
G GTEG
cdG HHH GS g G S
b) HdG Drosophila melanogaster
dG SG g Gg CG G j
HHP CG gNCG .(FdG cdG HHd
,VdG QdG b IOY LJ cdG
3 mm GM ddG GG W jh
HCG Ic SGQO Ve fEG .a
HJ j kjM iL bh ,KGQdG Y
.KGQdG eL LhdG YGdG
FbO 5
uM
HdG gG j
,G j H G dG
J H G dG CG ,kfMCG
eSehdG Y LJ L td
d bY dG dG CGh ,G
.L eSehc Y LJ H
Y hDG G CG EG fG dG
.L Sehc Y j dG f Ve
fEG sJ dG G eCG
Y La G fedG
G NCG dh .L eSehc
Y IOLG G H CG
.G j uKD J Y SehdG
171 G c
1-9 dG
bO 100
SQu O
d Ie Ia
QGJ CG G NCG QGdGh KdG
G e Y SehdG hCG X SehdG
id dG L Ou j dG g cdG
.fEG
MjEG Y VY
qHe GSj G O G j
eSehdG a Gejh fH
S .fCGh cP H hGJ jE G
AHCG j CG MG e :G
e 50% j CG qLj) ?kKfEG hCG GkQcP
.(kKfEG 50% j CG L
q jh ,GQk cP AHCG
g jHCG e CG :G CSG K
.(CG) ?AHCG L j Y hDG
H HGQ
2-9 dG
jQdH
cG ,1990 dG G j
,Y SehdG Y Lj k L Y ja
GM iMG GPEa .SRY SG Y WCGh
SRY L Y Y Sehc hP ,e
fCG d S G Ea ,e
,jd Y SehdG OLh e ZdH
ja SG a .jC
k G U dGh
aVCGh cP QCa e SRY G NBG Y
L a ,X eSehdG e hR EG
.Gk cP UCGh QCdG
C G gG J
j b X SehdH JG dG
H JG dG e dG CG G
dG Y dG C ,Y SehdG Y Lj
OLh e ZdH .QcdG id FT H JG
dG Ea ,Y SehdH JG dG H
.X SehdG e k dZ aGJ H JG
,X SehdH JGh G dG J
Gk MGh ek Sehc QcdG id C ,QcdG id ,k dZ
Gg Y d a Gk MGh k be dHh ,a X
j Gdh ,X eSehc Lj fEG id .G
G G RGdG QXE f J CG
.H JG
G EG WG eSehdG t Yn
IOQGdG eSehdG qG
t J
eSehdG OY Y S .2-9 dG
46 jDhQ G Y j) fhj dG
CH j b H CG EG ,keSehc
e hR c hqj fC 23 g OdG
.(MGh Sehc bG eSehdG
Sehc c Jehc CG gNCG
Sh ) jcG dG SGH Je
EG fG dG K .(SehdG
dG dG) G eSehdG
H dG Gbj G Oh ,(Y hCG X
qGh cdG eSehdG qG
.fCG eSehdG
G c
172
1-9 dG
H HGQ
3-9 dG
VhCG cdG HP Y dG d
id dG d S JQG d
H QdG Yh H cdG HP
dG N e KG eSehdG
QhO H GfQj CG G EG WG .3-9
f Y SehdG QhOh X SehdG
JQ k J) H JG dG
,Y SehdH hCG ,X SehdH dG
GPEG .dG j dG SehdG Oj
Ea ,X SehdH Je dG fc
j dh ,dG S X SehdG
.(dG g f QhO CH Y SehdG
jS Y f
JQG Y P U
bO 20 :G bdG
qGC Y j fCG G NCG eCG
qNJ LH gucP .iG M GcCj
SCG J GY GSG Y jdG
.IOG GWCG GP
Gj G O Ie FGLEG QaCG
U EG S .IU Y a
. GdCG HQCH ,iG M e
M e 20 EG Y ja c jh
hGdG EG M .d c e iG
M IY GSG j d ,U H
fCG dG a H NCG .d c e
H qJ ,Je L Y j
.SCG J GY Y qe iM
H Je IdG GPBG S ,ke
IdG GPBG Sh ,IdG fCG
a NCG .jdG fCG H Je
Z L Y j fCG iNCG dG
.Je
RGdG f EG dG Y HLEG
,Je Z G fc GPEG ,G
fCG 3 :Jc fPCG/jW fCG 9 :g
fPCG/b fCG 3 :JU fPCG/jW
.JU fPCG/b fCG 1 :Jc
j ,Je Z G fc GPEa
RW HQCG iS Gdh ,k G jRdG
a ,Je G fc GPEG eCG .je
jRGW iSh ,k G jRdG j
Jc fPCG/jW fCG 3 :a je
.JU fPCG/b fCG 1h
173 G c
1-1 dG
1-9
d Ie Ia
udGC ,cdG HHP id jG GMh
G udGC Y FS (G) OedG G
FS (R) jhGG dG udGC h ,(g) OSCG
CG VaG .(r) jhdG dG udCG Y
GP g fCG H kLhGJ iLCG LQe
cPh ,(RrGg) OeQ Lh jhGM Y
e .(rrgg) OSCG Lh jhH Y P
Y hP AHCG 7 Lho 500 `dG AHCG H
Y hP AHCG 8h OSCG Lh jhGM
Y G CSG .OeQ Lh jhH
udC G H J dG jG GMh OY
15 ,3% fc Qd jG dG CG )
H UdG aG Ea ,500 UCG e
.(jN GMh 3 g udCG
d Ie Ia
G Y WG JG G
g ABC KdG G :ddG dCG
,MGh Sehc Y LJ Je L
Je L g abc KdG Gh
HdH KG SehdG Y LJ
AHBG H LhGJ AGLEG Y .a-b-c :dG
eSehc AHCG H j ,g
NBG H j a ,abC hCG ABc GP
QX f CG M ,aBC hCG Abc AHCG e
QX f V hJ ,ABc/abC
GSG G EG WG .Abc/aBC
dG aG H fQd QdG fH
CG ) H Y H G J
V hJ H j ch b H QdG
dG aG Ea b h a H QdG f
dG aG V g ch b G J
.(bh a G H J
JGSG
cdG dG
dG NCdG
tdG bYEG
H HGQ
6-9 dG
EG WG eSehdG GdG
GfCG Vd 6-9 dG EG IOdG G
.eSehdG GdG
f
e b HQCG e c pYCG GdG
(UCGh ,NCG ,HCG ,MCG) fG
q FGdG
G O .kU kjTh eh
v
G c
174
1-9 dG
n ud jT c Sh Y eY Gj
Y P Gj YO K .jcG dG
jdG e b b jW Y G
P Gj YO K .Gk H eQh MCG
e IU b b jW Y fG Y
dh HCG jd CG fG
YO ,G
k NCG .f jd jCG fH
b jW Y fG Y P Gj
dG dG dh ,NCG jdG e b
.UCG jdH jce b Y
f
Gj G O VG GdG
e Ic MH Y c OhR
u .Y
QHG Y c EG WG .iG
q QdG
`d LhdG YGd H UN HJ
Iqee) ASCG Hc jW Y ,DNA
.MdG Y Lhf IYb 24 (MCH
,TAC hCG dG YGdG J CG j
hCG ,ATC hCG ,ATT INCG dG YGdGh
CG a ,H bGdG YGdG eCG .ACT
KK IAGb id ,d .FGY J
He e CG J CG j ,YGdG
c O .YCG cP dG HQCG Kd
`d LhdG YGdG HJ Ou Y
dG JhdGh ,S
dG mRNA
q
KGQdG IdG GSG jW Y S
c uLh K .163 dG IOQGdG
hCG GSG ,Ve IW QN Y
DNA IdG poJh ,M hCG aVEG
IdG KDJ c Ouh ,H UG
.dG JhdG
(bO 45) f
{ ,9 d Y f
.zeSehc
H HGQ
8-9 dG
dG G EG WG G GdG
.G GdG jE ,8-9 dG EG
bO 15
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,176 dG ,1-9 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG
175 G c
adH
dZjJ ..CG
n U
n hn ,1914 dG hGO eRe
hGO eRe hP QdG OhCG A.F.Tredgold
.zH j e Y ,c H ,e{ fCH
MdG Lh ,dG Qj e Ih ,dP KEG
id hj hGO eRe hP OhCG CG QGSH
jLCG dG SGQdG s Hn .aGO bY jNBG
eRe e j WCG jd dG FdG Y
hjh gOhCG e GkJJ tbCG gCG EG ,hGO
OhCG jd jdG gCH fQe ,c eH
.iNCG HU e j
1-9 dG
dG jJ
O jG RdGh G RdG
IU Y Gj G
UG ddG LhGdG H fQd
HP (r HCG ;R ,MCG) dG H
H hGJh ,XrYh XRXr H hGJ :cdG
WG .XrYh XRXR H hGJh ,XRYh XrXr
RdGh G RdG j G EG
fEGh QcdG AHCd bG jG
MG g ,LhGdG c ) hGJ c
j CG 50%h GkQcP AHCG j CG 50%
hGdG bG AHCG .kKfEG AHCG
.XrYh XRYh XrXrh ,XRXr S hCG
GP ke fEGh QcdG e 50% Sh
QcdG e bdG 50% `dGh ,AGM Y
AHCG .AH Y GP S fEGh
XRXr S dG hGdG bG
,AH Y GP S QcdG c .XrYh
AHCG .AGM Y GP S fEG ch
XRXr S ddG hGdG bG
.(AGM Y GP S AHCG c .XRYh
jQNG SCG
j L gOj dG dG SG e .1
Je S) ?a X SehdG Y
.(X SehdH
JG dG GP .2
,Yk T cCG IQH ,X SehdH
QcdG id) ?fEG id QcdG id
id c GPEG .a MGh X Sehc
,X SehdG Y e udGC cdG
.(H JG dG S
dG GdG Y j dG SG e .3
?MGh mJcf GkqJ
.(VG GdG)
1-9 dG LGe Y HLEG
e LGh
,zLGe{ ,9 dG LGe
,9 ,7 ,5-2 SCG ,187-186 dG
.23 ,16-11
,1-9 dG LGe
j .zGQdGh eSehdG{
Y jh dG IAGb G
J dG ,dG bQh Y SCG
.G b e He
G c
176
2-9 dG
SQdG s
fEG Y KGQdG Y
2-9 dG
bO 135 G bdG
dG EG eT If
2-9 dG
ch fEG Y QGdG CG j
Y ,LCG Y KhQG dG qJ
.FdG f S jW
NG J c bj
.KGQdG
FbO 5
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
G GTEG
ce S GhOj CG G EG WG
GPEG Y dCSG .gOGLCGh FHBG Hh H
LCG OGaCG H cG dG fc
adG jW Y JCG b JFd G
Y VYG .H Y H KQh CG
e S fG J Fd f S
fCG gNCG .bCG Y LCG KK Y
QGJ d Fd f S Vh
.e S
FbO 5
uM
f
G O Fd f S J
S e noj CG b
GdDj
k
QHG Y uT .e Fd f
dG JSh dG QNG
.LCG IY Y gq d fhQj
177 G c
,Sehc Y L H UdG aG e SJ Qd jG dG EG
GSa .qdC G H J IMGh jN IMh ae hJ Qd 1% f
.JG G be j jG dG
eSehdG e e hR eSehc j ,fG Y M
a vaVEG keSehc MGh e a .G fG AKCG KG
.eSehdG jg e kjGC NBG G j
Y cPh hCG G e g fCG H kLhGJ j CG LQ c
.AH fY fEG f Sh ,(XrY * XRXr) dG G e GhH
jj ,LQO YCH bGG OJh eSehdG J ,hdG fG AKCG
.gQfG N hCG U Z be dM N e
.4
.5
.6
.7
2-9 dG
FbO 110
SQu O
FY f S{ ,68 adG SG
Y G jd ,zH J
.KhQG dG qJ
H HGQ
9-9 dG
CG c G S dG
,9-9 dG ,dG CG e Gj
CG M dG AHCG S) e
c G CSG .(fGj jHCG
S) L dG CG e dG
gHCG j dG fCG dG
.(Hk e
d Ie Ia
GdGh G GdG H fQe
Gj G O eSehdG
SCG OQGdG dd kHe vfH k ue
GdG H fQd dPh ,dG g
.eSehdG GdGh G
H e
G GdG
HdG Gt J G GdG qJ
IOLG DNA `d LhdG YGd dG
.Sehc Y
VG G GdG eCG qJ
.aVEG GWh MGREG GWh
eSehdG GdG
Gt J eSehdG GdG qJ
.gOY hCG eSehdG cJ
eSehdG GdG Y eCG qJ
Yh fGh fGh Gh aVEG
.fG
j H Fb V hR QNG
e hH h aJ G
T ,GRZ ,FS PCG T) dCG
dG gR UEG ,HUCG Ue Y
Fb Gej G O .(eh
c CG VaG . hR Ud dG
.MGh L d J U
MCG hCG T
zGhQj{ CG d
k
j K .dG Gg Y c gG
U d v L GkRGW GhOj CG Y
j dc .hQNG dG G hd
gRH Fb Gj CG G Y
LG .fC H Gjh G
G GhRCd jG RdG UhCG
O .G Y jRJ YCG K ,NGh
dG eQ SCG Gej G
dCG jd AGdG fG jdG
RGdG ae H .AHCG gS dG
G RGdG Gj G O ,G
.dd
G c
178
2-9 dG
MjEG Y VY
dG qJ Qh SGH QNG
aGZJa GQk U G Y VYG
QgRCG CG gNCG .SWdG f QgRC
HJ QJ eY AbQR J SWdG
dG qJ Qh SG K .M
jb IOeh ,c ,V M QN
EG WG .dG GOU c V
q J bQh d t J EG Gj CG G
,jdG IOd QRCG EG MCG e dG
IOd (MCG) OQdG EG QRCG eh
Gfc GPEG G CSG .G
QNGh QgRCG d H HdG j
QgRCG d EG) dG q J Qh SGH
qJ Qh d e VQe d g
GSG c G S .(dG
bdG Y FMCG TDc SWdG f
f QR M ) ?Hd LhQdG
GSG ,d HJ SWdG
fc GPEG e jd J dG QgRCG d
jb hCG (AbQR QgRCG ) M HdG
LQe GdCG) KG H hCG (jOQh QgRCG)
CG dG e .(dG dG e
f dG NG S Vj
dG KCj QgREG Y) ?SWdG
.(dH G
d Ie Ia
G NCG QcdG id dG WS
dG WH GUCG LQ 1400 GM CG
1% e bCG a RGj bdG Gg .1995 Y
WdG V IjG HUEG M e
CG Qj .dG J J iL dG
Y dG WS Ve e GaJ kLQ 240
e 0.5% RGj e CG ,1995
WS a J dG LEG adG
id dG WS j e k dZ .dG
M EG ,J j CG hO LdG
GP G S .eue Me ZH
LdG id dG WS j CG
id ,dG WS EG) J hO
Ua
hj fEa Gdh ,QOf ,LdG
k
hCG Qh OLh Y J CG JGP
.(He c
179 G c
C G gG J
Ve dG fG EG dG fG
,dG fG d .gP bYEG dMh ee
GOk t J{ ,FdG C G gG Hh
AS Y dG VG g dh ,zdG
Ve fEG .dG hCG dG dG hCG HdG
hCG WdG Ve M g c ,L S hP
dh FY VG Gg Qj .dG Ve
Gd FY jQJ CG d d UTC
G j
k
L e cCG Lj fCG j ,dG Gd .VG
.dG fG V e MGh
2-9 dG
H HGQ
10-9 dG
G EG WG IOG udCG
e jE 10-9 dG EG IOdG
.IOG udCG
d Ie Ia
G O dG H aNG
dGh H JG dG GLGj
H fQG dEG WG .H IKCG
IKCG dGh H JG dG
g e c Y eCG AYEGh ,H
j S H JG dG) dG
L Sehc Y Y hDG udCG
H IKCG dG ;GdCG Y ,e
jfCG L feg OLH KCJ S
OhR
u .(QcdG id dG e ,jcP hCG
LGh ,ddG LhGdH G
H Je dG fc GPEG e GhOu j
Je) XCXC * XCY :H IKCe hCG
Sehc Y IOLe udC a ;H
;H IKCe) HBHB * HBHN (L
,L Sehc Y IOLe udC a
.(L Sehc Y dh
be
be G EG WG dG a
jHC G G RdG
(IAih ,IBi ,ii) O eO a mAHCG EG
MG c) AB eO a mAHCGh
.(ii ASH
H HGQ
jQdH
Oh ABh Bh A dG Fa J ABO dG a
11-9 dG
G c
180
2-9 dG
MjEG Y VY
Y LGQ fG Y Y P U
GSG jW Y G e fG
,eSehdG d fe
q SCG
O .jcG dG d bQh Heh
fG Y kLP Gj G
G fG Yh hCG G
a j eCh W eC ,dG
fCG G NCG .fG Y
dG M ee Y G
jW Y L Mh d KGQdG
FdG Hh fjQdG G a
Y Y dG NG MCG .gdG
g ,J dGh fG
.21 SehdG KK hCG hGO eRe
H HGQ
12-9 dG
O G eSehdG qG
GMjh 12-9 dG Gj G
FdG H H FGLEG aNG
NCG .fjQdG G ah gdG
IOY j gdG FdG H CG G
Y SOdGh Y HGdG YSCG H
a AGLEG fCG M ,G e
edG YSCG H fjQdG G
NG d j a ,TdGh
.e bh G
JGSG
cdG dG
dG NCdG
tdG bYEG
181 G c
2-9 dG
f
EG G b
u KGQdG NG
.N EG KG e e ,Y
iMEG zN{ `c e c u Y
Ve :ddG KGQdG NG
dG a ,UG tdG ,fg
Ve ,jQfc a Ve ,G
WG .dG QdG Veh ,dG f
OJh HCH dG G EG
a QGe QN SCG Vhh ,eG
.KGQdG Nd jNBG G
d Ie Ia
NCG jQG Veh G dG a
IFa G dG a V CG G
aCG jbh PEG jaCd J
cCG jQG Ve EG .jQG Ve e
Kj jdG OGaCa ,jaCG kYT
G dG a V GkMGh kudCG
.jQG Ve e e M EG
H HGQ
1-9 hG
1-9 hG GhDhj CG G EG WG
G KGQdG NG Y Wd
.hG
dH
HG AdG EG jQfc a Ve
He kWCG k dZ j PKU V
GH e dG C d ,gdG qdH
AKCG qJ CG L Ac C H ,VG
jW Y WCG ADg IYe .G
tdG hM t fCG EG .UN M
QGe GP M CG qJG e GPEG gdG
.FKCG h G b ,fCG a e e
G c
182
2-9 dG
f
G e ja c qc uc Vh
K ,KGQh NG M u c VH
V .W IOY qaJ dG u d
CG bJ dG ed FQ GQk aCG
CGh VGYCc ,G j
Yh hCq G dGh QGdG
g P Y G .YdG
O .Ye
u q W SDe e u dG
FeR Y Ju c GVj G
.dG
d Ie Ia
jG HCG J UG dG
t
Pseudomonas aeruginosa jdG CG EG
Y UG tdG Ve IM e jJ
.fCG YdG e S J jW
IOjH g u G fCG J
FdG a ,FdG SG fEG
.jdG g Kd kU kbe
OG f J j dP EG aVEH
N OLh H ,Defensin FdG G
.jFdG jG EG G NO KGQh
FdG t qj hOG dG Gg
.e UM EG
bO 15
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,184 dG ,2-9 dG LGe ,
.8-1 SCG
JGSG
UG t dG Ve LJ
HgG
Y JGQb SG Ua e HgG G j
e c uc .cCG YG eGSGh QHG
,G IOu G dG ,f S :ddG VGG MCH
dG ,edG Z IOdG ,IOu G udCG ,cG dG
IQSG hCG ,MGdG qdC G GP dG ,X SehdH JG
dG G dj uc Vh G EG WG .KGQdG
.H Gc dG nVG jNBG GSuQd fhQj
183 G c
2-9 dG
dG jJ
V kudGC j LQ tbdG AGLEG
. ICGeG e hJ
s UG t dG
jg EG MG Y G S
) UG t dH Hk e kW jHCG
f j CG qboj fCG EG ,MG
K .(gdGh udGC e eM gOhCG
CG fc M MG Y dCSG
CG ch UG tdG V eM
) JHLEG GVj YO .j
L S UG t dG C ,MG
fj CG k e jHCG Y j ;e
t dG V dG j c g
.(UG
jQNG SCG
M e d S Y ke pYCG
:ddG G RGdG
,dG d) G IOu G dG .1
.(dG ,dG d
.(ABO dG Fa) IOu G udCG .2
.(G
dG) edG Z IOdG .3
u
e LGh
zLGe{ ,9 dG LGe
,10 ,8-6 ,1 SCG ,187-186 dG
.22-17
KGQdG Y{ ,2-9 dG LGe
IAGb G j .zfEG Y
bQh Y SCG Y jh dG
.G b e He J dG ,dG
.5
.6
.7
.8
dG udC G jdGdG e c id CG dG S u j CG j
dH gh ,UG t dG V G udC Gh ,FdG
jd HGh ,eh f HG EG .UG t d peM
.S FS bCG Y MGh udCG
dG .IOue H qKC J dG g G IOuG dG
.ke dHh H ,c xM EG ,KCJ dG g cG
.B hCG A J CG gOhCG O Fd
j e c EG .IFS L c fg Ve Qs j
dG a Ve Qs j .VH S fg V udCG
a V dG dG EG .e L c G
.Vd keM S G dG
G c
.1
.2
.3
.4
184
9 dG LGe
jH J
v FK Gj G O QGdG CG
CG M ee uj hL Vh
dG CG e Gk J cCG QGdG
CG G Y j .G ``` IFdG
,jEG :v aCG ddG fGdG Gj
Gj CG G Y j .eCG hCG e
dG :vjOeY ddG KGQdG dG
udCG ,cG dG ,G IOu G
dG ,edG Z IOdG ,IOu G
IKCG dG ,X SehdH JG
.MGdG udC G GP dGh ,H
(eCG hCG) e
jEG
KGQdG dG
IOG dG
G
cG dG
IOG qdC G
Z IOdG
edG
JG dG
X SehdH
IKCG dG
H
GP dG
MGdG dCG
SGQd Ie Ia
CG G EG WG eG OJ
S EG N e Y Guj
e fhO
q e Gej YO .e
fQd JMe JaO Me
.dhGLh J
q eh JMe H
CGh ,G JJ e Gj CG jh
eGh IG QaCG GdOj
e L e GLGj CG Yh ,dG
.Me
23 GDdG Y HLEG
DNA t dG
q j
IW
J CG
SJ N IW
Jb IW
EG Oq D J
eCG
G
eSehc IW
Ve IW
e Y
e Y
fG Y
185 G c
fG
fG
aVEG
GSG
9 dG LGe
HLEG
186
9 dG LGe
(HJ) HLEG
bf J
L GP 3 `` G RGdG f .1
OSCG L hP 1h ,jW MLh OeQ
:G RGdG f .jb MLh
1 ggll : 2 GgLl 1: GGLL
dG a V dG OGaCG id .2
eh W AGM O jN G
G AGG dG jN CG .BG
,Ya IQH HLdG f J
HU e Gfj CG OGaCG Ca
cCG c J eY jedG IQhdG
.e
.e L ah NG Qs j .3
HG eCG .NG e jHCG e CG j
.H He a
G dGh ATCG Zj b .4
Y hDG G ud
C d KGQh d
dGh ATCG e CG c GPEG .NG
CG LhdG hCG hdG a ,udC G Gd keM
hdG c GPEG .KGQdG d j
CG 25% MG a ,eM LhdGh
.VH Hk e dh CG G j
dG aBG SJ
L EG .dG ddG CG EG .CG .1
.X SehdG Y bGh GdCG Y
Je dG :IaG eG .
= dG fCG :eh X SehdH
G cdG ; XB (S) Xb (GdCG Y)
qbj .Xb (GdCG Y) Y = GdCG H
OhCG e 50% j CG Gg fH qHe
HS 50% .kKfEG e 50%h GkQcP
f hP fS 50%h GdCG H
f hP GkQcP fS e 25 % .S
kKfEG 25% Sh .eM Zh S
fS 25%h ,S f GhP eM
25%h ,GdCG H He kKfEG
.GdCG H He GkQcP fS
FGKEG e LGh
.4-1 SCG ,187 dG ,zbf J{ ,9 dG LGe
.2-1 GDdG ,187 dG ,zdG aBG SJ{ ,9 dG LGe
Xb
XB
XBXb
XBY
Xb
XbXb
XbY
187 G c
dG
10
10 dG
G J
dG adG
YCGh j fCG
MjEG
VGdG
188 U ,dG jJ
189 U ,DNA J
1-10
189 U ,DNA t J
190 U ,DNA t J GN
192 U ,cdG Oe DNA
fQe ,jS Y f
194 U ,Ija U
jG d f
d ee :jG dG ,3.O
RhQLCG g Y FHdG dG
193 U ,DNA J J
,G Sg M dG ,f
200 U
201 U ,KGQdG VGeCG ,f
jW Y G JdG ,f
203 U ,G Sg
203 U ,KGQdG UG ,f
195 U ,dG G he
2-10
195 U ,dG d jN Vh
197 U ,dG G Y e
bO 45
G Sg jW Y bY U ,73 adG
G Sg jW Y d U ,74 adG
dG fh G Sg ,75 adG
200 U ,G Sg
G ``````bdG
cdG ,MjEG Y VY
195 U ,QGh
197 U ?JCG jCG e ,f
bO 135
3-10
200 U ,dG G dG
203 U ,YGQdG G dG
204 U ,bNCG VGe
bO 90
bO 45
G c CG 187
dG
J OQGe
10
dG adG
J JGSG
dGh LGG
188 U ,HdG aG J
194 U ,qdG jJ
194 U ,jQNG SCG
1-10 dG LGe
G efdG
ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
202 U ,H e
205 U ,gG jN
10 dG
FbO 10
dG J
IQdG a
dG CG G NCG bdG dG
.KGQh OGe Rd T g bdG
L Y dG BG Y dG H c
,cDNA J dG ,dG g J .MGh
e ahe d dG dG jW Y
e d Y snoJ eY .mRNA
Y Jh ,SQa ZH mRNA
mRNA b JJ ,bO f jT
G S .G cDNA H IG
J CG ) dG g gCG Y
dG g GSG .HLEG
.(jG dG d jS J
HdG aG J
.ddG gG LGQ
jG KJ
TdG dG - 4 dG
IQhO QGWCG Ghcj CG G EG WG
gcPh ,S MG Y ucQ .G IM
YJ a j dG MG fCH
Sg e dH gh ,DNA
.G
e LGQ ,8 dG G dG
mRNA e c jODj dG QGhOCG G
j ,jdG .JhdG AH tRNA h
hCG JhH AH N e G Y dG
.RNA AH
FdG G
QGdGh KdG
dPh ,vW KJ S G FdG AdG gY dG dG M ,CGJ fCGh
.JL J N e
G c
188
1-10 dG
SQdG s
DNA J
1-10 dG
bO 125 G bdG
dG EG eT If
1-10 dG
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDq e
G GTEG
j g :GDdG Gg G Y WG
j CG ,FY QN e T CG Y
HUEd KGQdG JGOGSH Y Y
.(HLEG J CG ) ?e VGeCH
FbO 5
uM
be
Gbj G O G J
e Ve G J CG dG
J CH Gbd G L
u h) d
Y IQdG eH Md J DNA
TCG e IjLh Ye UCG fEG
,dc .IO GQb hCG U GP IG
id KGQdG OGSG ae ODJ b
dG EG ,VGeCG H HUEd SdG
.(eCdG cT hCG dG HQCG b e
189 G c
1-10 dG
SQu O
bO 100
d Ie Ia
PCR IdG fC G YdG
be
Ghj CG G EG WG JhdG
DNA IH fCG J c
CG ,dG GQhO PCR eG
T s j (fCc) JhdG e
.JG IQGG LQO Y J hCG
jdG e DNA IH fCG j)
.NdG G Hj J dG
T.aquaticus e LG Jhd
H d HG IQGG LQO t
.(DNA SS
GQG
dH
A``H
G c
190
1-10 dG
f
Y H G OhR HdG GWCG
kfGdCG SG .fOCG OQGdG LPdG HdG
Gjh Gj YO .HJ d
gjh ,H Y H dG
J H dhW S Y
.U H LhOe GJcdG
dGh ,ddG dG dG dG
G S .G dG dG
a j dG EcoRI G fCG
d G HdGh) 5' -GAATTC-3' HdG
jJcdG H nrjn h (3'-CTTAAG-5'
.A h G
:H eRd FGO DNA e b g
5 -GCTGCCCGAATTCCCC-3
3 -CGACGGGCTTAAGGGG-5
dG HdG be GhOj G O
.G SGH U H Gjh
5 -GCTGCCCG AATTCCCC-3)
.( 3 -CGACGGGCTTAA GGGG-5
H HGQ
2-10 dG
EG GhOj G O qG fCG
kqe kHJ l qe lfCG j .2-10 dG
jJcf H nrnjh GJcdG e
Gg gdG fCG j ,ke .jO
AjdH
U
,CTTAAG HdG ,EcoRI ,MjEG SdG
H HdG G YS dhdEG
H jh ,GAATTC d G HdGh
FGdG fjCG Sh FHdG dG
fCG J .G h A jJcdG
YGdG e iNCG HJ iNCG e FHc QJ fG id ,fCG gNCG .dd
J ,dhdEG gh ,g Y
G fCG EG .DNA LhdG
j ,CCGG HdG j dG ,HaeIII GOhdEG EG FGdG fjCG hCG dhdEG
FHdG G dJ Y dhDG (bCG)
.G h C jJcdG H
,RhQLCG g Y FHdG dG a .dG
dGh ,ddG FHdG dG hP DNA j
G , qe fCG SGH J
UCG DNA b fc c .LG OhdEG
.dG Y cCG YH fG ,kM
191 G c
jG AMCG Y LJ
fCG UJ e kdZ jG G
q
jd C jL e J fCH uG
FSh vdM LJ .d h Ic kWCG
j U e jJ YJ IjY J
CG EG .j e
q d g dH .DNA
G fCG cJ CG ,kjM GcG b AdG
JMdG EG PEG ,G
k U e
v dH j
iNCG Y IMGdG ,GJ fCd FdG
JMdG fG EGh ,G cM J cM
.DNA b EG ODj ,iNCG Y IMGdG FdG
1-1 dG
1-10
dG
d Ie Ia
J Y J fCG J
Qe O fGb G fCG
,c H hCG G j .fCG
.FG H hCG KdG MCG Jh
dG jdG d GkRjEG MCG g
M dP j CG .fCG e SG
SG dG dG dS Fe Z
EG fehdG bQCG J .fCG e
f e fCG e SG dG JdG
e SG ,EcoRI ,ke .jdG dSh
,R ddG ,coli (co) Escherichia (E) jdG
g e SG e fCG hCG ch
.ddG
f
Ib CG G NCG DNA H NCG
e Y a NG e Lh O
Gfj CG Ye KK EG WG .SG
G e vc YCG .G H G
M
u .ch IgL DNA H H
Y YRhh dG g Y
k f
u dG iMEG V .dG G
H GfQj G O .G e
Qb .G d DNA H
NCG IOY IG FGdG H ,QNH
IG dGh HEG HUCG H
.DNA H NCG
JGSG
j fCG
dG qdG HU
cdG dG
dG NCdG
````FG`KEG
d f
:jG dG{ ,3.O jG
FHdG dG d ee
(bO 45) .zRhQLCG g Y
G c
192
1-10 dG
H HGQ
5-10 dG
EG GhOj G O GeRdG
dG SdG Gg SG .5-10 dG
G fCG Xh a jd
DNA NOEG Yh HdG GWCG gCGh
Y ucGC .eRH hCG FY DNA EG e
M .SG L
u e g eRdG CG
N EG eRdG IOYEGh G NOEG j
fG c e eRdG j ,jdG
Y f fEG j dHh ,jH
.G G
f
e vc pYCG cdG Oe DNA
N b ,G e IU Y
,(fEG id keSehc ) U
.G d Y fd j kjW kSh
.kU kjTh (eRdG DNA )
SGH IFGO J G EG WG
.IFGdG bE IMGh Ie aGWCG dh dG
d G Gej G O
GWCG dG ah G e zL{
Y G CSG .d G
EG WG .(e fCG) G
(G b) fEG L NOEG G
GWCG HQh eRdG a NGO EG
Y WG .UdG jdG SGH
dG e :ddG SCG G
dG ,DNA HQ fCG) ?UdG jdG
.(H
k H DNA b HQ j
.(SG uLe) ?eRdG dG e
C) ?cdG Oe DNA Gg j GP
j DNA Y BG j eRdG
Sg ddG IG e .(fEG
N EG eRdG NOEG j) ?G
c) ?GP .(jH N IOY J ,FY
,dP G a c ,FdG G KJ
eh KGQdG IOG c Ye J
.(fEG L V
,zG Sg{ ,72 adG SG
J jH jN L c Vd
.fE dfCG
193 G c
dH
dG j ShdG hdG M
Sgh jG AMCG Y GAGLEG e
g .G fCG Y G
jdG S cG fCG
H G J dG ,E. coli
Gd .jdG b H HUEG
dBG g G fCG CH j
hdG eh jdG QJ
DNA b jW Y dPh ,ShdG
.J H ,ShdG
1-10 dG
jS Y f
Ija U fQe
bO 20 G bdG
Vh G EG WG eCG HGJ
NCG H jjCG Zh ,gGaCG G
.dG
I Y jc Ie FGLEG QaCG
b Y UUdG b W M ,NCG
e kec kHe u J CG EG QdG e
.dG NC eSGh ,aGG
GP dG c dG Y HLEG
.dG SCGh YCG Y J aCG G
GP ,eGhdG :a 5 EG dG J
G G GP ,dG G G
.G T GP SdGh ,SdG ,QdG
HUCG H e Ija DNA H EG
.HEG
bO 15
p N
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
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.8-1 SCG
qdG jJ
IOYEG G EG WG AGOCG GTDe
K .GDS IQU Y AGOCG TDe c Hc
.GDS c Y HLEG dEG WG
jQNG SCG
DNA AL g) ?cdG Oe DNA e
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
e LGh
,zLGe{ ,10 dG LGe
9- ,5-4 ,2-1 SCG ,207-206 dG
.18-11 ,8
J{ ,1-10 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zDNA
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG
G c
194
2-10 dG
1-1 dG
SQdG s
dG G he
2-10 dG
bO 45 G bdG
dG EG eT If
2-10 dG
.eJh dG G he GgCG j
bNCG VGG H bj
.dG G h G
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
FbO 5
G GTEG
G Gj CG G EG WG
IO U P M Fd LQG
e Yf EG OJ ,vKGQh
GSj CG dEG WG .G FdG
.J dG G Fd IQU
uM
FbO 5
MjEG Y VY
G Y VYG QGh cdG
QNh ca UCG Y j kW
fj e j dEG WG .Ye
fdj b dG dG Y dCSG .e
,G GG) dP YSH c GPEG
YS c e bf .(dG ,FGdG
dG Y AdG dG G he
OYH QGh cdG U H
QdG j M) G Sg J
,dYh ,e H j dG G Y
a dG dh AdG eEG j
.(Ye H
IAGdG GQe
AH
,dG Gg G GC j CG b ..CG.CG
H UN Ib FGb Gj YO
fCG j hCG) faj dG QeCG
.dG G he Y (faj
JNGe GcQj CG dEG WG
YO K .IQdG Y eL Fb jd
Y ae hjj QeCH Fb Gj
Gj YO .dG G he
.dG Gg jf dS FGH
195 G c
.5
.6
.7
.8
1-1 dG
2-10 dG
bO 25
SQu O
d Ie Ia
CG G NCG IOG DNA
EG j dG G he acG
G e ,cCG Qh bCG Y , 50% CG
e IQe HJ Y IQY g dG
.JhH CG AH Y dhDe Z DNA
DNA{ `H Gg DNA Uj e kdZh
j e Gj AdG C ,zIOG
CH jG HCG MJ .d Xh CG
G e AL g dG HdG g
e b e NCJ L gh) IadG
NJh ,YJ ,V IOLe DNA
G (dG G e NBG be
jW Y dG G J IOYEH
IQH IjL L fEGh ,JJ IOYEG
,kUCG IOLG G jJh ,ec
.H H Nh
C G gG J
G H Vj b JhdGh G
d .a MGh JhH AH Y hDe L c CG
kM cCG G dG JhdG iG
id G dG CG hj .dG G e
c CG ojh .GG id e fd cCG fEG
GM fEG fEG L e e L
dG iMEG J . JhH KK
f ,IMGh RNA f a ODJ jH Y
.MGh mRNA e cCG fEG EG ,f DNA Y
G c
196
2-10 dG
f
Gj CG G EG WG ?JCG jCG e
eSG dG DNA Y Qe Y
.dG G GJcf HJ j
hCG e LGe Ghj CG dEG WG
GPEG e GhOj YO .d ,ffEG T
hCG a MGh T Qe Gg DNA c
DNA Qe c ,G ) UTCG IY
dG G he SG dG
N e DNA Y NCG .kqce
EG jh ,HGb CG HJ UTCG
O .(dG M T HQCG
.hLh e M Gk jJ Gj G
be
G O FMCG JeG GhOCG
dG Gbjh vgP kY Ghj
e FMCG JeG OYG dG
d GgCG gCG MCG EG ,ke .dN
g FMCG JeG j dG
YGdG e HJ V L tJ
eGSG g .DNA LhdG
c ,HdG fQe J iNCG
JeG J .BLAST efH
PdG U :e jOe FMCG
je dGh ,jG
,dGh AdGh ,JhdG cJ
.fdG dGh ,dGh
dH
eG e jG NO e fH Y G
fdG YGb EG ,JhdHh ,DNA `H G
SCG e Y SG eGH IQb J ,YG
G e UCG d .Ib cCG AMCG Y Ge
fdG Y
103 `d edG HdG j a .ge
k
aVEH .2003 Y e jj T e ,Hhe eL
M M Fd L 13 HJ j iL ,dP EG
,fGSG IOhdGh ,IG a V eh ,IGdG
.fEGh ,PGh ,QCdGh ,cdG HHPh
197 G c
2-10 dG
H HGQ
10 dG IQU
AH
EG IOdG G EG WG ..CG.CG
O .195 dG ghM dG FGdG
dG QeCH Fb Gj G
J SCG CG e bf .gJ
.Y HLEG
FbO 10
pN
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,199 dG ,2-10 dG LGe ,
.8-1 SCG
JGSG
cdG dG
G c
198
2-10 dG
qdG jJ
b
q dG LJ FQ QaCG
EG KK e ,IU Y EG G
Vh Y ke Gj YO .e HQCG
LdG FdG QaCG e Y
,HJ OM dG G GSH G
e Y G dG eG ch
LJ FQ QaCG Vh dEG WG .dN
dh ,Mdh ,cdh ,OGaC Ie
.dh
jQNG SCG
iGh G H dG e .1
edG YG EG) ?JhdG
,G g M Fc id d
G g edG JJhH Yh
.(JhdG
fGG GfCd PdG gCG e .2
SGQO EG) ?dG d dH
GMEG ,fEG SGQO e SCG
J h GM P GW
.(fEG Y J H acG
Y) ?JhdG iG Y e .3
c SGQO g JhdG iG
Yf Jh ,M Fd JhdG
.(JYJh cGJh
e LGh
zLGe{ ,10 dG LGe
.22- 19 ,10 SCG ,207-206 dG
he{ ,2-10 dG LGe
IAGb G j .zdG G
bQh Y SCG Y jh dG
.G b e He J dG ,dG
199 G c
3-10 dG
SQdG s
G Sg
3-10 dG
bO 45 G bdG
dG EG eT If
3-10 dG
Sg DNA J GSG j
,MdGh bdG fE G
IOjR G Sg J ch
.YGQdG UG
bNCG VGG H Y ucj
.DNA H JG dGh
FbO 5
AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe
G GTEG
c :dG Gg Gj CG G EG WG
,NBG G veCG J CG GM fC
bdG KG en GC Jh ,u S
o f t S
e SG v S UCG GG) ?f
fCG G NCG .(v S cCG GG
SG M QeCG e jG S
.dG Gg
FbO 5
HCH
uM
f
EG WG G Sg M dG
b SCH Fb Ghj CG G
J J fU cT Y fMj
SCG W Y bG .G Sg
,jdG QOeh ,dGh ,dG M
.H Jh ,GGh dGh
Y bY U{ ,73 adG SG
bdG b ,zG Sg jW
.G Sg jW Y U j dG
G c
200
3-10 dG
bO 25
SQu O
H HGQ
9-10 dG
Y ,G uLh G G
d ,9-10 dG IOQGdG GG
G eG fCG TdG OGe
j dG SG Y G S .G
NOEG H ,ShajOCG id DNA Y
dCSG .(cdG Oe DNA) CFTR G
dG j CG QhdG e j b GP
G C) dG fCG TQ H
Oe DNA s jo CG h ,dG Z
eGSG jh ,jG j cdG
.(bO jH
f
Gj G O KGQdG VGeCG
M HCH d ,IU Y
,G dG a e e VGeCG
,cS J Veh ,SdGh
Y c O .ShjdGh
f j ,VG M vT GkjJ
YG idh ,e T id H HUEG
VGYCGh ,Y H fEd FMCG
dGh ,vdM IaG LdGh ,JqMh
j dG G Sg M QG
e jbdG EG J dG OG e GAk L
.e hCG a dG hCG VG Gg
dH
FdG fch ,G jG e jW Y v L e
a a SdG jd G G eCG . dG M
f H dPh jHCd jG jGh jdG J
fG SdG jd G G .FHCG EG GdG
f HCG v dM .ddG LCG EG dG Z dG
fGG bCG Yh ,SdG jd G G M
M Fb G e dG CG e ZdG Y ,fEGh G IdG
.H G bNCG VGG Mh b
201 G c
UE Ie IjL jW g G G G G
dG J jW Y ,VGeCH HUEG e jbd hCG KGQh N
MGe G G GJ .e T id L Y
e Gj eh .QNG QdG v dM eh IG
.a dG MGe Y fEG dG hG
.L jN Y hCG SJ jN Y G G J
dG Gg CG Z ,prG L J j ,G jG
G QGJ EG LG RJ Q ,GHh .dG G EG j
M HCG VGeCG IY g .MdG LCG G
3-10 dG
d Ie Ia
G Sg Y dG bdG
kHe vfH ke Gj G O
dPh ,dG SCG OQGdG ud
hCG bdG U d Vd
.G Sg jW Y MdG
H HGQ
10-10 dG
t J G EG WG QdG J
kGDS WGh ,IN IN , 10-10 dG
JHLEG Gbj YO K .IN c M
e EG OSH SG EG Ud
.G fGh NEG Y faj
e c GP ,hCG IG h ,ke
MdG d) ?jG IQh jEG G
.(DNA YJ b G Y dG e
d) ?jdG e IGdG Yf GP
dG GH UG DNA `H dGSG
jK fGM LJ g .(NSG OGj
FGda .f) ?dG e
Y IMGdG ,e g KG
dG G h ,fCG EG .iNCG
fGG id ,jdG S
Kd f gh ,AHBG G
Y Gj G O .(G
Gj YO K ,10-10 dG SQ IOYE
ee ,UG H dG
dG SGh gbf dG eG
.gM
Y d U{ ,74 adG SG
MdG b ,zG Sg jW
.G Sg Y dG
H e
jdG J
fE Ic OGYCH
G QdG
dG eRdG NOEG
G Y j
jdG EG a ZG
EG G f
H eRH
G j
ZG
G c
202
3-10 dG
d Ie Ia
VQdG fGGh GG Ge
OGeEG e 50% GM CG G NCG
GG H jo AGdH dG
IQH GG J .VQdG fGGh
.Ic S d CG EG ,da
jJ VQdG fGdh Gd
EG LG RJ Gdh ,KGQh ehe
fGGh GG CG c ,ibCG Ge
j bh , hCG iqPC J b aG Z
YGQdG UG EG .SdH QdG G
J G Sg jW Y G
.GG GSG N j kjH
f
Sg jW Y G JdG
Gj G O G
LGe Y H d IU Y
U M ,ffEG T Yh e
jW Y e jR Jf hCG YGQR
Y qc .G Sg
:ddG JdG UCG MCG M dH
b H Sg f
H Sg NBG fh ,FGdG
G hCG IQV I ehe
H Sg NBG fh ,VQb
Y c O .dG b
,ee e JLh GkjJ J
J IG dG jEG ue
HG edG IdGh ,dGh ,dG
e CGh ,H dG CGdG bh Sd
.jJ hCG LfEG e aGJ
G Sg{ ,75 adG SG
J c b ,zdG fh
.dG Jf Y G Sg
f
G O KGQdG UG
UN b Y Gj
YdG jW Y dPh ,KGQdG eG
dG HQC j g :c SCG e
j g ?KGQh ee Y G
dG Yh IG Y eCdG cd
dhDd j g ?Y G
d j g ?Y G SQGG
M ,H UG KGQdG eG ae
?dd aQ ZH
203 G c
YG Ge LJ
GSH YG cG j Jcf jY GSH YG cG
,eRH DNA `H Ye eY jJ Y hDe L eH Jcf jY
g EG MdG j .G FdG ITe eRdG DNA M K eh
jW g ,fGG Y jLCG SGQO dG H M dG jdG
dG QGJ Y OY N hCG Y ASG Y JHjEG J ,IYGh
.G NGO LfEG id cCG bH J Ye d IOe fCG c ,f
j CG feEG V e ,eCH J SSCG VGe IY g d
.GW hM j ,FdG DNA V eRdG DNA
3-10 dG
FbO 10
p N
r G
dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
, bf J SCGh SSCG gG
.6-1 SCG ,204 dG ,3-10 dG LGe
qdG jJ
GP GQk U NG Gh DNA J
, e fEG EG dH gCG
O .dG G Y YRhh
e jH hCG Gk MGh Gk H Ghcj G
KCj CG ,jCG e j j IQdG
J fc GPEG e Ghcj YO .DNA H
eh ,H QdG S hCG dG YS DNA
.G PDS hCG S dG c GPEG
jQNG SCG
,gV d jJ j Ve S .1
f Ve) G Sg jW Y
.(jQG Veh G YG
aCG Y G G J e .2
a Y J NG e ) ?Lh
.(a MGh JhH
e LGh
zLGe{ ,10 dG LGe
,7 ,6 ,3 SCG ,207-206 dG
.28-23
Sg{ ,3-10 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zG
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG
G H j b .v e IQe HLEG J CG j .5
j dG G e He G fc GPEG fCG
bH LJ h eBG J ,jdG dH LfEG
CH b jNBG G H cj bh .UN jJ
.G IgX Z S hCG ,Sd e OLh
b h ,v YGQR k GhQj CG G Y j .6
GAGLEd cGQOEG Y dOCG Gej CGh ,G J
YGd cGQOEG Gjh ,gPJG j dG FbdG
.NEG
.MdGh bdG
dG ,ShajOCG SGH UG dG Ve e J
.CFTR G e S f jh ,Ve j
j .JGf e Yf jH H jK N IGf eJ
G Qj .k L d dGh fd jdG
.e GM da ,jH CG MQ
bNCG VGG SGQO g FMCG bNCG Y
.DNA H G
G c
.1
.2
.3
.4
204
10 dG LGe
jH J
jeh bNCG VGe IY g Tf
EG G b
u .DNA H J
IMGh Y EG WG .Y
,DNA J jJ YJ ee
FGH J IO GQk eCG J H
YG O .d G Sg
fGG VJ ee
fdG
u
bJ YG O .dG d dG
.dCG g M bGe
SGQd Ie Ia
d IMGh L cCG GOG LGe
.dG Gg IOQGdG GOG e IOe
c IOG e L c VJ CG j
.dG f auoY
28 GDdG Y HLEG
G Sg
eJ
qe fCG
J
HO kaGWCG
205 G c
Le
e Y
GeRdG
ZG DNA
ke J
cdG Oe DNA
10 dG LGe
HLEG
c Y L c b jN Vhh dG
.Sehc
.196-195 dG EG Y .20
,jCG e ek j ,G Sg J b .21
.KGQdG VGeCd FGO LY
SGG FMCG JeG Y j .22
.h eH FGd Vh
Y hDG d S T NOEG j .23
.QV Z Sha EG ,UG dG Ve
GdG ShdG Y j TQ j
.UG dG V e d dG
G c
206
10 dG LGe
(HJ) HLEG
Oa e L N IGf NOEG j .24
JGf e Ze jH N EG ,e
M Fc dP Y j .NBG Od IFY
.v KGQh He
fE G Sg J .25
VGeCd ehe YGQR U
,iNCG VQdG fGGh GGh
H ,jdG YCd eheh
.UG c
je eG SDG J .26
VJh ,d eRdG edG HGd
dq G d fhPCG Y G
.vKGQh
H Jj CG e Q .27
QJ .cdG Oe DNA e
DNA dG G jG
IQTEG ,H JG QGh ,G
.at J YTEG
.205 dG SCG HLEG .28
bf J
eR Ia dP j b :HjEG .1
,jdG LhGdG J bCG
H ,a MGh L AfG j :S
QdH j CG G Fd
.G
Y CG e ZdH :dG H G .2
Qe dG H G CG J dG
H G Gg CG EG J fCG EG ,G
e bh bG dP GOk Le c
.bhCG
dG aBG SJ
G dG gCG jQdG J CG j
k KGQh dG FGdG G GSH
.dG SdGh G FdG jM
FGKEG e LGh
.2-1 GDdG ,207 dG ,zbf J{ ,10 dG LGe
.207 dG ,zdG aBG SJ{ ,10 dG LGe
207 G c
G c
208
209 G c
G c
210
211 G c
G c
212