hCG A

o G - dG
dG - Y dG

o c

t dG

2008 - 2007 hCG dG

IG HdG GQeEG dhO eAGG

eGdG QOdG Y dW .CG
jJ H dG Y e .CG
bO HCG G Y Qe .CG
MCG IOL L .CG
YG gGHEG FY .CG
HdG Yh .CG :dG bdG

LhHL cT jfdG Md AjdG IOe J

RM Y
QM Y
W MhQ :dG bdG

ALL
PRINTS

Td X HdG dH G L
J hCG jJ hCG dG Gg e AL CG f Rj
.TdG e N aGe hO jJ hCG Sh CH

fH
Rl eQ
q
pMd pddG pc pJJ pH ddGp hG eG
pLQOGoC
.jfdG
q
o

qWehdGh oLG

ddG

edG

fG

ddG

(U hCG AV) T

MGREG o e
s
MGREG o ce

LG o dG

YdG o e
s
YdG o ce

ddG o dG

dG o e
s

FHdG p G oN

IdG
s
q o e
IdG
q o qce
cG pq c o e

FHdG p G o e
s

jhGdG

edG

GQhdG o G
FHdG Qo qdG
qjQGG ejdG
G p G oN
G p G o e
s

ddG
IQGM EG odu G obdG
T EG odu G obdG

dG p NGO dEG
dG p QN dEG

qdG hCG oIQhdG

edG

jdG
G c ee
O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .jdG QdG
h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ShQdG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FG M
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG c ee

2
(CG) 2

LGh GRGgG
1
o
dG q

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG
o aGdG o cG
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hdG o bW ,jS
w Y lf

1-1

2-1
dG paGdG pcG Sb
o
3-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LG FN
o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LG YdG 4-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 dG e
o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 dG o LGe
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 dG `` ` ` j``J

12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
25
31
32
36

dG 2

38
(CG) 38

dG q

JdG
o LG 1-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fdGh pdG oI
q T 2-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fdG ,jS
w Y lf
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aGdG odG 3-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MGdG pdG
o e
l fCG ,jS w Y lf
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 dG e
o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 dG o LGe
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 dG `` ` ` j``J

40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
50
53
56
60
61
64

66
(CG) 66

SfGh AdG
3
o
dG q

68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AdG FN
o

1-3

72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jhdG jGG
74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is G jGG ,jS
w Y lf

2-3

84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 dG e
o
85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 dG o LGe
88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 dG `` ` ` j``J

90

QfG 4

(CG) 90

dG q

92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QfG

1-4

98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bdG oSdG
100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QDdG o o dG ,jS
w Y lf
106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qdG oGQ qdG ,jS
w Y lf

2-4

110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FdG
o gGdG
111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jH ,jS
w Y lf

3-4

116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 dG e
o
117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 dG o LGe
122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 dG `` ` ` j``J

124

OGh NGdG 5

(CG) 124

dG q

126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NGdG

1-5

132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OG

2-5

QdG 3-5
145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 dG e
o
146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 dG o LGe
149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 dG `` ` ` j``J
139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

150

MG b
o

152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VjdG a l LGe

:(CG) o dG
161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RedG :()
o dG
164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SI
u hdG p dG o GMdG :() o dG
164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SI uhdG p dG pFOH H
o
165 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SI f e de iNCG
l GMh
166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ie hGL :(O)
o dG
168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OG :(`g)
o dG
170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IQ nFe Y l HLCG
173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GOdG

jdG QdG
dd zdG QdGh fCGh jQdG{ c
J dhDe Y uG YJ jM JGSG
FjdG gGdG QNGh SH d Jh .FjdG gG SG IQe G id cG Q u J
.VH e ae CG dG GAGLEG J PEG ,dG SGQO b
.d a j ,gM dG dG gd M eCG J dG S Nh uG YSH

SCGh ee AGLEG
OdG e I Y G AGLEG e AL c j
jJ EG ODj ,G Me jd U dG
.AjdG ge d a

fhG
d e AGLCG EG G AGLEG F d
AGLEG ,bdG S EG ,G YSH .dG fhG
AL c AGLEH G f HH .kec G dG
eEHh .AG Gg V G SGQO b ITe
c ,VG SGQO H M G dH dG
.jJ

.IO bGe LGe Y gJ dG gG H d GNG Q J

.Me aSG Qd eRdG UdH G GNG Ohj
u
.jdGh HCd Xe G a ,dG pddG e Sd QdG g U
a hOh
s jo FGLEG dG FYEG H .e e M LCG e OGe QNG hCG RL GNG e j G VJ
IjdG dM QHG YSH j jdG H ,GOTQEG H EG aVEH Ie J b dG GG H FH
.QdG g e SG QNG d
jh ,FjdG ae ee
u

Ff GNG IAGH W
G jdG e kH dG Gg uG u j
J YGN IOe
s W G u j .dG
gd be Y jh ,cM ch AGLCG c
.YGNG Y jd uG FjdG

`g

dhCG G
dNO b dhCG G J e c EG j
e j c OL cJ Y dP Yj ,G
dP Yj c ,IMGh j M Y AfEG
b Ld Lj jdG G j Y
.HG

ShQdG
dGh ddGh JdG
.d dG d
u VH dG of d
J g

N e qG fG YJ
be FGKEG ee J
.SQdG b VG M

GdG J

u jh FdG VG GY j
edG j AGLCG EG dG j
j YdG jhdG Jh c .e
b LGG Jh
u e i be
.eG

GOG

h dG eg Y Vh
h ,dSG j e
.SQdG S e VQJ

AGOCG GTDe

e qd VJ
.qdG fNj

SSCG Oe

nor nd gP hU VH UN gCG YCG

YGCo ,dOG g IG gG jdh .gOjEG
.RedGh dH Y u Yh kfGY SSCG dOe c

FjdG RedG

Se e Y dG j
.G GdCGh dG d kJ Iseh

IGh AjdG

e Y H G OhJ
dG gG GYSG fCG
.fSQj

dG LGe

.GgCd G RE bdGh TG dH d J ,dG GgCH e SCG Y

nKG ae Gj CG G e zedG IG AjdG{ ``H fG OdG J
.d jdG dG VoY dG dG fCG LhCG d

FdG M
Fd Lf M P
.NBG J efH CG J J Fe efdG Gg j
q
d JJ KK VJ ,LP dCe 291 `d kM ,jfdG MG OGeG Yh ,zd dG{ Aja M
.UCG EG SCG e QdH HdG LQd k J JQ .J dCe 2800 e cCGh ,FG e hCG dOe 97 e IMGh

e
PHh ,G dEG j e MhH fOhj
.He Fe eGSG SG d

udG jdG

GP jdG
HQCG GG
e oJ
Ohd FG
Y QWEH G
HQ e u SSCG
FG M GQe
G gH
.G W d

SG dBG GL

HM Xh M ee j
jQhdG jhdG UJh ,UN
bQCd f HQe Y ad
.jG

aVEG F fOhj
G c eg
Y jc d
jEd hCG ja
.dG

FG jH jW

HQe Y cJ G c eg
OLd IOY uG fCjh .LP dCe dSG
dP EG aVEH .HLEG Y d jW e cCG
.HLCG e d HQG g J

dG FG e jG

Jh LGe g a c NBG
IO dCe PH Je
IYd G dEG C j ,dG
IQ Fe Y HLCG LJh
.qG c NBG

J
LJh .e c j
IQ F HLCG
c NBG e
HLCG eCG .uG
OQh a dG
.FG M c

aVEG jQ

e jG u j
.dGh eCG

dG
FG M GQeh gG SG Sb
IOe
u a je j eT J
SSCG FjdG Fd `qa QcSG Y ucJ ,LGe SCG Y YVe EG zdG LGe{ Ga e wc GC soj
bdGh FG g J Y uG IQb J J Feh ,FG J J
u dG gG jd SCGh ,bdGh
.gGh

LGe SCG

dG Y cJ
F SSCG
.bdGh AjdG

J Fe

H G OhJ
dG e VEG
.Fe P IOQGdG
J dCe c Jh
dCH dG
.PdG

gG M SCG

a J G iJ
. be Y FjdG gd

jQGh jQdG
oJ b GQk aCG j
qG a aCG Sd
AjdG YVe d
.iNCG JGQb J e

eY LGe

FG e S VJ
e j aVEG
e J e dZh ,HdG
ae GSG G
hO ,iNCG a e IG
opoj e CG EG J CG
.dCG

dG c ee
fhGh eAG
AjdG c OQGe L J Y uG dG Yj
FSh CG e LQNh dG NGO VhdG GQN e ,dG bCG e xc ,dG NGdG dG d VJ
.dG eGSG Sj LdJ

dG LGdG OQGe
ae Sd iG JEG OH
.dG i G
a ie d bdG dG jJ OH
.SSCG AjdG O uG
GQe d FG M J OH
aG d jQhdG dG dG
.FG M FjdG

dG dG OQGe
.dG GdG Y YJ
.fG YJ G e VJ
OSCH iNCGh fe aT
.HCGh
,dG Kh jG WdG c
c IOQGdG J V eh
.dG QdGh fCGh jQdG

edG hG
G OdGh G bdG Y j
.b d dG d

 MjEG

Y YJ
jdG aVEG
GGh
G
.d VdG

HLCG

r YGoC SCGh FG d
.dEG dG bG edG
Fe Y HLCG rYGoC c
.qG c NBG IQ

eG CG QMG

jS Y f

dG c j
u
.jG fCH

FdG ANCG j
gG d
b dG FjdG
G LGj
,jQJ j Ve
GOTQEH OhJ c
J LGe c M
.e dGh ANCG

G d fL IYCG
d Ie QaCG

e IOGSd
YJ b dG eG
jEG kM cCG d
.d FdG gG

HdG aG J

a M VGaG O
FdG gd uG
YJ b SCG G
eG C G j Y
.HdG

uU J

dG f dG j
PdG dCG H LJ
F Ohjh ,dG
ud Jo aVEG
gd hCG uU
n c
.Yc

d eT If

bCG i kjS uJ
.dG

FG jH HQe
AjdG d U iNCG W Y q J

G H OhJ
IOQGdG jedG hCG aG
cQe Y YJh dG
.dP uG

aVEH dCe P
IOQGdG jdG EG
.uG U

jH JGSG
G GSG N e QaCH OhJ
gG Vd ,dG IOQGdG MhdGh
jH JGSG c Jh .SGQO dG
.qG Y MJ HLEH ke kGDS

1 dG s

LdGh GRGgG
``dG dG OQG`e
Q
j
10 U ,zhdG bW{ ,jS Y f

,zfdG Leh hdG{ ,cG

63 U

adG
3 ,2 ,1
1

T
GC T

GC T

5 ,4

FSh
MjEG G
4 U ,e fR

aGdG cG
dG
(O 45) IMGh M

1-1

aGdG cG Sb
dG
eRh hdG W H bdG
(O 90) M
13 U ,QhdG

2-1

4 U ,LQCe hH
5 U ,g fb

12 U ,OOdGh
QhdG edG
t

18 U ,LG cG
19 U ,VG LG
21 U ,ddG LG
22 U ,LG dGh dG

,zhd dG aGdG cG{ ,dG

66 U

9 , 8 ,7 ,6

G bdG

25 U ,LG cGJ
26 U ,H
k H J Le
28 U ,LG SfG
30 U ,bGdG LG

OQGG dO

LG FN
(O 90) M

3-1

LG YdG
(O 90) M

4-1

LGe
(O 45) IMGh M
J
(O 45) IMGh M

ddG c
G c
dd dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
d dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
fG adG
T
HCGh OSCH adG GC T
dG dO O

(CG)2

Vibrations and Waves

dG LGdG OQG``e
j
FG M Y

34 U ,g fb (CG)1

6 U

5 U ,2-1

36 U ,H hd dG aGdG cG () 1

16 ,14 U

32 U ,18-13

33 ,7 U

34 ,15 U

JEG
i`

J
bf
11 U ,4-1

8 U ,gG LGe ,1-1

32 U ,5-1

17 U ,4-1
16 U ,2-1 ,VjdG GQe ,2-1
9 U
32 U ,12-10
24 U ,5-1

37 U ,fR-c d dG aGdG cG () 1
34 ,23 ,17 U

10 U ,gG LGe ,3-1

33 U ,34-22

34 U

38 U ,LG YS (O) 1

34 U ,43-40

30 U ,5-1

SdG GQe ,4-1

11 U ,dG
34 U ,39-36

dG OQG``e
J J
6 U ,1 dGQNG O
30 U ,1 dG ,J SCG F O

()2

jQGh jQdG
35 U ,4-1

cGJ J
,1 dG LGe
13-12 U

1 ```dG

dG GdG
cG hTh LQE
G Ib Vj 1-1
o
bdGh g fbh ,dG aGdG
dM dGh YdGh IdG H
.dG aGdG cG
dG IuKD G GG
Oj
u
u 2-1
dG hd OOdGh
QhdG edGh
t
.fdG-dG fh
LG cG ge Vj 3-1
dGh OOdGh
LG YS e
t
u
bdG bjh ,bdGh dGh LG
.H a
,cGdG GC e jo c j 4-1
hT Ojh
,NGdG CH C d
u
.bGh Le GMEG

IQdG M
(1826 - 1776) jh JjGO NG
IAGH d .fG dhdG YdG
dG je G YCG GNG
IOY J g ejCG .1816
dG bdG fhdEG YdG
.j Uh j AV Y

HdG aG J
ae e bJ e
e jG a uG ae OGOJ
IQeh jQhdG cG Y eCG
G G Sb d dG
.IRGgd
FN H uG cj
AG VGMCG GSH ,LG
.cfdGh Gh
H e
s L cM Uh
.eR Ia N be Sbh

LGd ae
f bW g fhG VdG bW
hCG dSG dM e L V
.fG
ie Y j
fdG HK
u e
u
.fG hCG dSd fdG ehe
Je bW g HG VdG bW
.VQCG e be H e
s H

d
EG WG :jQhdG cG e dBdG
dG LCG cM Gj CG uG
.e Qe Y J
WG :LG M HdG QG
fG Qe GhOj
u CG uG EG
IOe
eCG N e ,Shh LG
u
.LG Igd

1-1 ``dG

:1-1 dG
dG aGdG cG
(bO 45) IMGh M :G bdG
1 G

FbO 5 :ucQ
c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe LGQ .ddG
FbO 5 :uM

1 jEG

e fR
Ibh YdG GdG
j :dG
t
.fdG-dG d LQEG
GRhCG Se ,H eM ,fR :OGG
.Rh ,H
H fdG W MCG uY :jdG
dH GRhCG Se uYh eG
M EG kfRh VCG .fd NBG
K SCG EG kb RdG SG .SG
uG O .aGJ cH d aCG
Gh be s GSj
e IOe
f Y RdG cM
u
YdG QGe OGOj e rS .IQhdG
IdG e GSj CG dEG WGh
cG g J
u b dG G
u
J G
IdG
C
G
E
G
TC
G
.dM
c
u
.GJG be G FGO
k RdG

2 jEG

LQCe hH
.LQCe hd LQEG Ibh YdG GdG
j :dG
t
.M ,H eM ,N ,hH c :OGG
p :jdG
LQCH GC HG .eG H G W HQGh ,H dG U
CGh ,He dG CG EG TCG .YCG MhG dG YCGh ,hdG
.GJG be G FGO
IdG
k hdG c J
q G
u
4

1-1 ``dG
bO 25 :SQO
u
O
u ,zfdG-dG f{ ,1 adG
se c cH uG dG
.(1-1 dG) fH

3 jEG

g fb
g fb sU roj :dG
.vj
,n HH
2 OY fR :OGG
n
Se ,2 OY M ,2 OY H eM
,ahe GRhCG ,2 OY Rh
.je Ie
neH ncfdG uY :jdG
.e c H GRhCG Se uYh
EG ahG GRhCG jQJ
VC
v
r G
K ,dG MGREG bh ,neG
.IQdG
q Y dG S
u
e fH

SQ
IQ
dG
Y

uN
v
k
q
.MGREG dH Id fR c fH
IdG H uG bdG Vh
u
hj dG) G MGh ,MGREGh
S Y uG p S .(fdG HK
IdG) .dOG ddG IQTEG QX
cJ RdG IKDG fhG
be e RdG MGREG e G
(.GJG

gG SCG IGh AjdG e j e J Y uG YJ

.dG JM Fja
ge
q

H`````````LCG
IGh AjdG
M LQCJ VQCG C , .1
.GJG be
IdG J ,IdG YJ .2
.b f EG

1-1 ``dG

U j
hCG ja H jdG Gg REG
hCG IQdG
a J MjEG Hc
q
.Y SEG RL

dCdG
g fb
.(k = 450 N/m) fR e 76 N Rh qdj
?RdG j dG MGREG c
0.17 m :GG

GPEG fhe j k = 1962 N/m HK fR

c bCG e , 50.0 cm e cCG SG
?Qj CG hO
t fdG j
1.00 102 kg :GG

jH jW
(CG) 1 G
.SCG EG G j Rh
Fg = mg = 5.4 N

YLQEG Ib RGJ M fdG j

Gg jh , 5.4 N e ( Ffhe = k
x)
PEG , x = 0.020 m J eY
5.4 N = k ( 0.020 m)
k = 270 N/m

1-1 ``dG

H`````````LCG
(CG) 1 J
15 N/m .CG .1
Ihb bCG .
3.2 102 N/m .2
2.7 103 N/m .3
81 N .4

1-1 ``dG

VG Y lIaf

edG G
u
G cfdG edG u toj
Y GkuL ke jG GQdG
.IsG aGdG IRGgG
e e edG u dCj
iCe IM khfh GkOU j
jdG j G t Yh ,jdH
,fCGh G H bCG
.CWJ G cM j

1-1 ``dG

AjdG d
J GSG S CG ud Vh
u
dG EG Oj H hH
e GJ gCG eY ,cG
J eCG .AGdG eheh MG
OQh dG G fdG-dG f
d
u SG
o a ,dG Gg kHS
.fdG-dG d f G Y

jH JGSG
4-1 dG

id se SH uG j .dG IgdG
J ,zdG hdG{ ,2 adG uG idG uJh ,hdG cM
.cH

SQ H h
u uG CG e cCJ
dG dG SdGh fdG IdG
G Y j .FjdG LCG u
.G IdGh G W H
IuKD G idG u se SQG :S
J eY GJG be dG

Fg nuce e CG .dG dM

Fg nuce e CG ?GkU hJ
?Fg hJ
CG j sd uG SQ :
QGH
FT hJ
Fg J
M SCGdG G cJh
Fg,y = Fg h Fg,x = 0

1-1 ``dG

G Me
cM bW OGOJ c dG Vj
f e MGREG OjORG Y hdG
.GJG
V GPEG Ya cCG dG j
ec fH j H hdG be
hdG qbJh ,dG IQdG EG bd
eGUG n Ho LQCdG Y
j eY dP h .IQdH
hJ hdG ch SC
v GQ OdG
EG G bda ,IQdG c jJ
k
AL Qjo ,dH jS
QS
IQdG
k
AGh ,OdG fhedG H e
,IQdG GQWEG e MG H NBG
Gk TDu e IQdG MGREG J dd f
.hdG bW Y jgX
v

jH JGSG
5-1 dG

SdG Gg c GPEG uG Qj
u fR-c f Y j
s dG
.LQCe
fG bdG GJ{
t ,1GC adG c VJ ,zdG aGdG cd
eY fG hdG bW J
s
.hdG LQCj

fG bdG CG ud Vh
u
C ,aCG H soJ d dG
.HK kFGO VdG bWh cG bW
J gGMEG OGOJ eY fCG j Ggh
.U dGh ,f dH iNCG
f Y dG SdG j
s g :S
?fR-c
f bdG GJ
t C f :
GH
t T fdG-dG
.dG hdG

10

1-1 ``dG

jH JGSG
1-1 hG

OdG j f CG uG Qj
u .hG e HGdG
,zdG aGdG cG{ ,3 adG fh dG hdG H QJ
.fdG-dG

LG 1-1 hG GSG
.1-1 dG be dG gG
aGdG cG e YdG jg fQe
SG Y G Yj dG
aGdG cd SSCG dG
.dG
bY hG e HGdG Od g :S
-dG H hCG dG hdH
?fdG
MGREa .H bY d :
LQEG ibh YdGh
.He dG
FbO 10 :NG
cG{ ,gG LGe , .8 U ,zdG aGdG

e LGh
SCG Y
u ,7 U , ,(CG) 1 J .4-1
Y
u ,11 U , ,dG LGe .4-1 SCG
Y
u ,32 U , ,dG LGe .7-1 SCG
,zg fb{ ,Fe P , .34 U

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG

.1

0.52 N .2

OGOJ ,dG J ,IdG J

.YdG
GdG cM c C
.GJG be j

11

.3

.4

2-1 ``dG

:2-1 dG
aGdG cG Sb
dG
(bO 90) M :G bdG
2 G

FbO 5 :ucQ
c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe LGQ .ddG
FbO 5 :uM

4 jEG

OOdGh
QhdG edG
t
OOdGh
QhdG edG Vj :dG
t
.dG bY e jh
,j
s
v
,H eM ,N ,hH c :OGG
.YS
G W MCH dG uY :jdG
GC HG ,eG H NBG dG HQGh
uG MCG Oh ,hdG pLQCH
.IRGgG 20 cE RdG edG uj
OY NBG ue Oud ,f bdG
.fK c GRGgG
SdG GSG uG EG WG
(T = nt ) QhdG edG hCG
fdG G dG uJ sY dCSGh
QhdG edG nb H Qb ?(OtOdG)
J CG j) .hd OtOdGh
(.Y bY

AjdG d
fK GQhO e jdG uG Y j b
.SI GMd dG dG (Jg) S1 IMdG EG
.M Y J H m Sb IMh d IQhdG CG Vh
u
j
C
G

dG
QhdG
edG
Y
dc
eC

G
j
s
f QhdG edG IMh CG Y
k ,s/IQhO `H Y
J Y uG VdG Gg Yj .s g SI
GQhO ) OOdG H dG bdG
edGh (s1 hCG
t
s
s
.(s hCG
GQhO QhdG
12

2-1 ``dG

5 jEG

W H bdG
QhdG eRh hdG
dOe e j
sj :dG
v
.hd QhdG edG
,H eM ,N ,hH c :OGG
.je Ie ,YS
QhdG edG{ jEG YCG :jdG
W c uS .IOue GWCH zOtOdGh
YGO ) .d HG QhdG edG e
s (.jEG Gg OtOdG Sd
dOG e aGJ FdG CG e
:ddG
T = 2

a
g

Gj CG uG EG WG K
,1.0 s hj QhdG eR hH W
QN khH Guj YOh
.JbJ
t
bO 25 :SQO
u
aGdG cG Sb{ ,2 GC adG SdG GMh J
u .zdG
,dG aGdG cd KdG
.eJh
u ,VJh

eG CG QMG

CG ,1-1 dG OQh c ,uG ucP

GM e bCG J CG j hdG S
.jJ
H aGJ cG d 15
k
KCJ IdG d j HH
dOe j ,hd QhdG edG
.d U Z QhdG edG

13

2-1 ``dG

U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
hCG IQdG
a J MjEG Hc
q
.Y SEG RL

dCdG
hd dG aGdG cG
dG
eh ?3.98 m dW hd QhdG edG e
?99.4 cm hdG W c GPEG QhdG edG
2.00 s ,4.00 s :GG

W a ,1.0 s c Ie d hH LQCj
?hdG
0.25 m :GG

a LQCj be G dG Y e
N IQhO 100 jOD
k e ,6.00 m dW hH
?492 s
9.79 m/s2:GG

14

2-1 ``dG

dG Ie Ia
,1-1 dG jf ,uG iLCG
-dG fh dG hdG H fQe
dG LhCG d dh fdG
IOQGdG bH fSG .H
,dG QhO hJ dGh dG g Y
uKD J da .NG LhCG Vd
uKD J d ,hd QhdG edG
.fdG-dG d QhdG edG
nJb H NG g dG Sh
.LQEG
SCG YJ IGh AjdG j e J Y uG gG
.dG JM Fja
ge e
q

H`````````LCG
() 1 J
1.4 102 m .1
0.25 m .2
3.6 m .3
0.2667 Hz ,3.749 s
0.2664 Hz ,3.754 s
0.2661 Hz ,3.758 s

15

.CG
.
.

.4

2-1 ``dG

H`````````LCG
IGh AjdG
Y hd QhdG edG j .1
fh e e H cCG dG
.VQCG Y QhdG edG e
j hd QhdG edG C .2
.dG Y

U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
hCG IQdG
a J MjEG Hc
q
.Y SEG RL

dCdG
d dG aGdG cG
fR-c
IRGgG J ,fH e 1.0 kg c
.fdG HK L ,2.0 s N IMGh
9.9 N/m :GG

YdG jhd e FQ fR j
S bJ e e
k bdH dhdG
.dG TG .LQCJ
bdG j fdG C :GG
ajh IRGgG AKCG gjh
.dG Y

jH jW
() 1 G
dG dG CG VaG
uY b (1275 kg + 153 kg = 1428 kg)
Ib eCG HQCG hJ T
q Ib ,fH
.fR c T
2 m = 4
2(1428 kg)
k = 4
2
T
(0.840 s)2
k = 7.99 104 N/m

.dG g HQ hj MGh fR HK
k = 0.25 (7.99 104 N/m)
k = 2.00 104 N/m

16

2-1 ``dG

H`````````LCG
() 1 J
2.1 102 N/m .1
25 N/m .2
39.7 N/m .3
0.869 s .4
0.59 Hz ,1.7 s
7.1 Hz ,0.14 s
0.62 Hz ,1.6 s

.CG
.
.

.5

FbO 10 :NG
cG Sb{ ,dG LGe , .9 U ,zdG aGdG
e LGh
Y
u ,15 U , ,() 1 J .4-1 SCG
Y
u ,17 U , ,() 1 J .5-1 SCG
Y
u ,17 U , ,dG LGe .4-1 SCG
Y
u ,32 U , ,dG LGe .21-13 SCG
cG{ ,Fe P , .36 U ,zH hd dG aGdG
3 G

bO 45 :
Leh hdG{ ,cG W uG ij
,zfdG
q
.fd LG cGh hdG cM

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
0.33 s ,3.0 Hz .1
3.2 s

.CG
0.31 Hz .
25 N/m .CG
1.1 s .
.cCG dG f

17

.2

.3

.4

3-1 ``dG

:3-1 dG
LG FN
(bO 90) M :G bdG
4 G

FbO 5 :ucQ
c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe LGQ .ddG
FbO 5 :uM

6 jEG

LG cG
LG cG H u :dG
.G IRGgGh
.e jW fR :OGG

dG Ie Ia

hGj W EG fdG e :jdG

G
MCG d ,10 m h 5 m H
u
dH fCG eCGh MEH aW MCH
fL cH fdG W g ,NBG
kK GJG be EG YCGh ,jS
GMj uG O ,Ve Le
j uJG J
dG g LG CG
s
.fdG e AL CG dh ,uG
MCG EG W GPEG dP jJ feEH
IU bQh b HQ uG
.fdG sd iMEH
Y iNCG Le dP H SQCG
LG fG N fCG Vhh
,fdG
u
be EG qdG OJ ,fdG Y
Y e LG g CG gNCG .hCG
g fdG M ,fG LG
.dfG Sh

ehdG LG be
.zSfGh AdG{ dG e 1-3 dG

18

3-1 ``dG

7 jEG

VG LG
dG SdG L CG gj :dG
j VG LG a J
.LG cM G e ee G
.d hP jW fR :OGG
M dc je udd :jdG
uG O .HdG jEG Y
a J dG G Y Gqdj
,(fdG e Gee)
fdG L
k
J
dG G Y Gqdj YO K
s
j .(fdG e jRGe
) LG a
k
fdG GVG CG uG Mj CG
,LG cM G e ee
e ee G SdG j
,NBG
s
f CG gNCG .LG cM G
.VG LG g g LG

bO 35 :SQO
u
aGJ cM H bdG{ ,4 adG Le J ,zLe cMh H
J Ie gQe M Y jQhO
.H aGJ cH

jH JGSG
10-1 dG

u AGM f uG d
LG J
eY ,Le Y L
s
k
,fH sG dc ,G j
.H aGJ cH
G j JQhO e AL CG :S
10-1 dG SQ e c
x G
?HQCG
GJG (CG) :
ib MGREG ()
GJG ()
ib MGREG (O)
19

3-1 ``dG

jH JGSG
11-1 dG

uG SG e scC J
.LG dGh dGh MGREG
kTCG GSj CG uG EG WG :S
LCG GPEG J dG LG J
ddG GdG
G J dG dG
t
:LG OOJ
t J
u CG hO
.LG S Ye (CG)
G G H AdG ()
.cG
LG dGh dGh MGREG Qb
UCG dG e H SQ c
.(11-1 dG)
H ,j
s LG dG (CG) :
MGREG YJh dG YJ
Gg dG JQa ,f c Y
V PEG hj dG SdG
.f c Y UCG YJQG
Y jC
k G Yj dG Yh
.f bGG Yh y QG
g LG dGh dG ()
LG dGh dG fCG
MGREG IQTEG d .UCG
g dG SdG Ggh ,Se
.UCG Sd IBGe IQU

20

3-1 ``dG

8 jEG

ddG LG
L j c Y
v Vj :dG
ddG LG a J dG SdG
.LG cM mRGe H
.d hP jW fR :OGG
VQCG Y fdG Oe
u :jdG
d .qdG e 10 cm GM VGh
j e EG Gjh uG
dEG WG .dG aEG id fdG
Gh fdG MGREG G GhOj
u CG
.fdG W Y GVG cM
CG Ghjh
n uG j CG j
G dG cMh fdG MGRE
dG g h ,fdG W Y f
g SdG GVG G j
GVG a j
dG G f
s
LG Y ke Gg
t jo .SdG Y
.ddG

VG LG{ ,5 adG GQU

J
,zddG LGh
k
s
Ve L fH keSQh
.dWh

eG CG QMG

dG SdG H uG H j b
SdGh () 11-1 dG ,Ve L
.() 13-1 dG ,dW L dG
u hCG dG y QG CG VhCG
fdG dG u H ,MGREG
Ghj SdG CG eh ,dG
j CG qLG e Ea ,He
nYf J Y fgPCG kdY dG
.nG sfdG nSdG

21

3-1 ``dG

5 G

bO 35 :SuQO

9 jEG

LG dGh dG
LG YSh
J LG YS CG Vj :dG
.LG dGh dG Y
YS ,qd hP jW fR :OGG
.jEG
H Ve Le MCG :jdG
edG uG MCG dh
,IU
u
,fdG W J c Ld RdG
.cCG S GP Le e dhG YCG
edG GfQj uG O
jhe fj CG bG) dhG
d SG Y dCSGh ,(jJ
k
Y J LG YS) MG
LG dG H dG YCG .(dG
.dG K e ,OOdG
J N e
t
dG edG GfQj YO
,(jJ
jhe fj CG bG)
k
LSG
Gj CG dEG WGh
k
LG YS) MG EG je
.(LG dG Y J

dG Ie Ia
LG dj dG CG e ZdH
YdG-LG dOe Ea ,fG
fG LG Yf
n Y J
e s bh ,ehdGh
.dG FG YdG
n

22

3-1 ``dG
FbO 10 :NG
FN{ ,dG LGe , .10 U ,zLG

H`````````LCG
(O) 1 J
0.081 m

12 m .1
3.41 m
 107

 1010

5.0
1.0

.CG
.
.

.2

4.74  1014 Hz .3
346 m/s
5.86 m

23

.CG
.

.4

3-1 ``dG

e LGh
SCG Y
u ,23 U , ,(O) 1 J .4-1
Y
u ,24 U , ,dG LGe .5-1 SCG
Y
u ,33 U , ,dG LGe .35-25 SCG
cG{ ,Fe P , ,zfR-c d dG aGdG
.37 U

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
.SdG dh HGVG J
s
e AL j CG j .CG
fG e Y fdG
.IOe J eh IOe
Y fdG j CG j .
IOe
fG We
u
.IOe
J Weh
u
fdG sj CG j .
be YCG EG Oe e
w
.SCG EG hCG GJG
fdG j CG j .O
be YCG EG IY
l e
s
.SCGh GJG
j CG j () `d dG SdG
dG j CGh () 11-1 dG
(O) `d dG SdG .y Q Y
.() 11-1 dG j CG j
.ke 16 d bdG YJ

.1
.2

.3

.4

6.0  104 Hz .5

24

4-1 ``dG

:4-1 dG
LG YdG
(bO 90) M :G bdG
6 G

FbO 5 :ucQ
c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe LGQ .ddG
FbO 5 :uM

10 jEG

LG cGJ
LG S j
u :dG
.FdG Y cG
.d hP jW fR :OGG
,fdG naW MCH eCG :jdG
.NBG dH uG MCG dh
Mdh ,Ve f SQCG
H .fdG W Y cM uG
NBG dG Y uG O ,dDhJ
uG EG WG .He f Sj
SJ eY j b GhCqj CG
bdG f NBG uGh fCG
CG VhCG .dP jH b K .f
j ,FdG id ,ndG
ndG CG sJ c .YCG kHGVG
h FdG Y iNCG gGMEG J
nf SQCG dP d ?GJJ
gGMEG ,nh nFe nH
.iNCG H

25

4-1 ``dG

11 jEG

H
k H J Le
LG dG CG Vj :dG
.H
k H J eY KCJ
.qd hP jW fR :OGG
dh HdG jEG YCG :jdG
.ce dG
MGREG IG g
n
J dG dG GMj uG O
Y b dG J CG H dEG
.IY Ge
q dhG YCG .iNCG gGMEG
f Y d dG YCG dP H
Y dG YCG dc .dG
e f G EG gMGREG
CG Gd uG Lh
u .fdG
gGMEG J G c dG
n
GhOj

jC
G
YO
.KC

J
hO
iNC
G
u
k
dGh AH
q NGJ Y J
q dG eCG
.Gg
q NGJ Y J
q

bO 25 :SQO
u
VJ .zAdG
q NGdG{ ,6 adG Y HQJ d
AdG
n
q NGdG
.Ohe M
VJ .zGdG
q NGdG{ ,7 adG Y HQJ d
GdG
n
q NGdG
.Ohe M

26

4-1 ``dG

eG CG QMG

f IjL Le CG uG j b
dG .UC
G dG
d
n
n
IGh G Yj Igd G
uKD J dG eOdG M edG
.eOG LCG
G
LG Ea ,dP c e
u
jdG Gh dG a
Le c a .dG a J
UCG YH Jh ,FN Y
.G H LG dWh

27

4-1 ``dG

12 jEG

LG SfG
Y G LG CG Vj :dG
.He J HdG dG
.qd hP jW fR :OGG
,fdG W MCG K
u :jdG
f SQCG .H NBG dH eCGh
CG uG EG WGh ,Ve
Qj CG j .G dG GMj
.He G LG CG uG

QJ .zf SfG{ ,8 adG uj Ohe M Y f SfG

e ,HK LM M M aW
Ohe M Y J f SfG
.HK aW

28

4-1 ``dG

AjdG d
e uG Y j b
LG CG EG TCG .bGdG LG
,bGdG LG uJ dG ,IOG
eCG .ce
Le G g
u
dG a a ,kbGh j dG
IY
LG
q cGJ f ,G
u
.ce
IOe Le
u

J .zbGdG LG{ ,9 adG e

s d bGh Le HQCG
IY dM RGgG sh ,
.IMGh

jH JGSG
20-1 dG

CG uG j CG Y UMG
Y eCG g (CG) 20-1 dG LG
d ,h bGh Le
20-1 TCG CG M ,d se
LG J iME GRGgG ()
LG Gkj dG Hj .a bGdG
e fdG IQdG IgdG bGdG
.a
s GSj uG O :S
dG J dG c jjJ
IgdG LG J () 20-1
hj M ,dG IQdG
.dG W V LG dG
J CG uG s Vjo :
G Qj EG () 20-1 dG f
.sG SCGdG

29

4-1 ``dG

13 jEG

bGdG LG
bGdG LG Y
v Vj :dG
CG e sjh .IFGO M ddG
J CG J a IO
s GOOJ
t
.bGh Le
f fGSCG ,U d fR :OGG
RL ,b ,3 cm h 2 cm H gb
.S ,Y SEG
,H fdG naW H U :jdG
V K ,fGSCG M fdG Vh
R LLdG MdG Y fGSCG
fdG sd WG ,dG SEG
edG Gj G
Oh ,dG SCGH
u
,fdG M LG f RdG
fdG BG WG ,OOdG
Gdh
t
IMGh Ie AGQdGh eCG EG dG SCGH
GOOH
t dhG YCG .G OOdH
t
.UCG OOd
ec
k
a
VC
G
hJ
t
g CG Gd uG Lh
q
J GRGg a IO
GO
OJ
s
t
.bGh Le
FbO 10 :NG
YdG{ ,dG LGe , .11 U ,zLG

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG

e LGh
uY ,30 U , ,dG LGe .5-1 SCG
YS{ ,Fe P , .38 U ,zLG
uY ,34 U , ,dG LGe .46-36 SCG

0.50 m .1

Gg
q ,0.00 m
AqH ,0.30 m
J
bGh L uG LG GWCG
s
j Le W CGh .1.3 m h 2.0 m h 4.0 m
.ke
t jo dG W Y IY H
.H 3 ,Y 4

.2

7 G

.3

bO 45 :

.4

.5

aGdG cG{ ,66 U , ,dG , kH khH uG j ,zhd dG

H bdG hj K ,QhdG edG jh
.QhdG edGh dGh dG
30

1 ```dG e

Jh LGe
(bO 90) M :G bdG
8

G
(bO 45)
LGe 1 dG
g J
u . ,dG e ~
OGh SSCG OG dG
.dH G

dG Ie Ia
jN Ghj CG uG EG WG
jG J
CG j .dG ge
s
aVEH ,SSCG G e
.ge hCG iNCG e EG

.51-34 SCG uY ,eY LGe ,12 U ,dG LGe , J .zLGh GRGgG{

SCG Y edG LGG Wf
uG SG e tdG ag
.dG g

31

1 ```dG LGe

HLEG
Ib M GJG be M HdG
.MGREG e jOW
SJ LQEG
v
Y dh ,fdG-dG f
hH ,FM YS hH ,MLQCG
.fe jEG
.RGgG cM GW dG sJ ,
,GJG be Y GkU dG J
.idG MGREG Y GkQGe bCGh
jOW
hdG MGREG jJ
SJ ,
v
k
J jGhR Y a ,LQEG Ib e
.15 Y
aEG .HG VdG bW
KEh idG dG PE `d J dG
a LQCdG SCG Y eCG ,GU
k
.GU
PE
h
,idG
KE
b
k
f gCG b MG Ib C
.G fdG-dG
kFGO tJ fC ,SdG N qce
.GJG be G dG

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

130 N/m .8
580 N/m .9

Jqe .10
4 A .11

.Y bY .12
f J ,
2 eH cCG J .13
.QhdG edG KDJ dG C
OOdG
C ,j
t
s IRGgG OOJ
t .14
.dG Y j
.jC
k G T J
s PEG ,kb ag J
s , .15
H c bCG hdG .16
.QhdG edG UfEG
OGOj eY QhdG edG OGOj .17
.JQG
j fC f QhdG edG j .18
.G dG Y Y
9.7 m .19

32

1 dG LGe
2.000 s
9.802 m/s2
9.788 m/s2

.CG .20
.
.

0.57 s

.CG .21
1.8 Hz .
.GVG cM .22
LG a J dG SdG L .23
G e Iee J VG
L J H ,LG cM
ddG LG a J dG SdG
.LG c mRGe mG
.LG G Y jOY ,SC
v GQ .CG .24
.Ve .
.dW .25
.MGh Le W .26
3 Hz , 13 s .27
,Fe Le ,JU Le .28
AdG Le ,fdG Le
CG M ,d Sh EG
.Sh EG fG LG
.aCG cM ,SCGh YCG EG .29
c J .dG EG dW j .30
.g
GRGgG g dG Le CG .31
j L hO a ,L
.fG
HK dG YS C ,GP h Gg .32
.AGdG
c f LG g YSH .33
.YH bdG e V
9.0 cm .CG .34
20.0 cm .
0.0400 s .
5.00 m/s .O
0.0333 m .35

33

1 dG LGe
.Ye H L Le .CG .36
.e N .
MGREG J AdG
q NGdG .37
be e f G EG jOdG
J GdG
q NGdG ,GJG
L
n Y jOdG MGREG
.GJG be e ce
n
y3 .38
0.0 m

.CG .39
48 cm .
c OJ LG C ,f .40
Le ud H ,IOG
.
u
.U .41
.AH
q NGJ j eY ,f .42
2L h L h  = 0.5 L) (O) h () h (CG) .43
.(HdH
14 N .44
1.7 N .45
0.30 m/s ,0.50 s ,2.0 Hz .46
446 m .47
0.144 m

1.73 m .48
9.70 m/s2 .49
5.17  1014 Hz .50

. 9:48 .51

34

1 dG LGe

jQGh jQdG

H```````````````LCG
eBG uG N J CG j .1
OGH F Jh
,eh
s
dM ,HGh SdGh
1 = 1 + 1 J HdH cfdG
k k1 k2
J RGdH cfdG dM h
.k = k1 + k2
eBG J CG j ,c N .2
OGH F sJh ,eh
.HGh SdGh
OYG EG HLEG J CG j
RdG .SdG Y LG YS
Leh ddG P Le J
s
zGQ{ Leh VG S
.jFGdG

.3

cM HLEG J
CG j
s
aGJ IOY GRGgG .IQe
u
V eh ,IY iNCG cM d
.a
v aGJ d ,jFGdG

.4

G
(bO 45)
J 1 dG
,35 U , ,jQGh jQdG , O dG c jG LGQ
QNG uG EG WGh 81 U
hCG iOGa dGh ,HQCG e dGDS
.Y
gj ,36 U ,1 dG J , .dG QN uG
.6 U ,1 dG QNG , O ,1 dG ,J SCG F , O .32 U

35

1 ```dG J

HLEG

CG

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8

36

1 dG J
GC .9
.10
CG .11
.12
CG .13
O .14
CG .15
.16
1.73  1015 s ,5.77  1014 Hz .17

ehc Le .18
G dG HLEG .19
CG hCG 1.0 m ,1.3 m ,2.0 m ,4.0 m Y
bdH Le W
GkOY n J M) n = 0.4 m
.(kLe kee
22.4 m .20
0.319 m .21

37

2 dG s

dG
``dG dG OQG`e
Q
j
,zdG Wh fdG{ ,cG
68 U
71U ,dG YS ,2 dG

adG
12 ,11 ,10

13

G bdG

FSh
MjEG G
LCG JdG LG
42 U ,dG

JdG LG
(O 135) M 3

1-2

GC T

50 U ,zfdG{ ,jS Y f

5 ,4

GC T

50 U ,fdG

fdGh dG IT
q
(O 90) M

2-2

,zMGdG dG e fCG{ ,jS Y f

56 U

15,14

T
GC T

53 U ,GUCG jDhQ

aGdG
(O 135) M 3

3-2

OQGG dO

LGe
(O 45) IMGh M
J
(O 45) IMGh M

ddG c
G c
dd dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
d dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
fG adG
T
HCGh OSCH adG GC T
dG dO O

(CG)38

Sound
dG LGdG OQG``e
JEG
i`

J
bf

j
FG M Y

45 U ,6-1

61 U ,11-8
43 U ,2-1

39 U ,JdG LG IT
s (CG) 2

47 U
61 ,47 U

62 ,58 U

40 U ,aGdG () 2

57 U

51 U

,gG LGe ,1-2

14 U
61 U ,7-1
51 U ,4-1

61 U ,19-16

15 U ,gG LGe ,2-2

61 U ,15-12

62 U ,28-25

59 U ,4-1

SdG GQe ,3-2

16 U ,dG
62 U ,24-22

dG OQG``e
J J
12 U ,2 dGQNG O
42 U ,2 dG ,J SCG F O

()38

jQGh jQdG
63 U ,4-1

cGJ J
,2 dG ,LGe
17 U

2 ```dG

dG GdG
JdG LG sdJ c j
u 1-2
Vjh ;SSCG FN jh
.HhO KCJ
IdG
q Hjh ;IdG
s c j 2-2
jh ;dG JQGh IdG
s i
.fdG IgX
Y bGdG LG J
q c j
u 3-2
;Gh MG HfCG h ,e Jh
.SH
Hjh aGdG jh
r

IQdG M
J fCG GP aO IQdG J
Y gYJ kJGUCG QJ gh ;dG
SGH bGG jh UGdGh MG
eh jdG e dG .idG
LG jC
k G J ,aG
.cM bGe j JdG

38

HdG aG J
ae e bJ e
h ,Ie
LCG e dG sdj
q
.OOdG
H dG LQO J
t
HGVG OGG GRGgG udJ
,gQe Y GkH J ,dG Le
J .RdG Leh dG e
G OGG JdG LG
. YH

LGd ae
a J Le g ddG LG
mRGe G SdG L
.LG cM
V UM hJ LG YS
.OOdG
LG dG
t
J
eY bGdG LG sJ
s
dGh OOdG
GP d Le
t
gH
Sh Qd ,dGh
n
.NGJ K ,ce
n

d
:LH uG gGdG e dBdG
j c Gj CG uG EG WG
.Gh YdG H dG
dG LQO M G gG
LQO Oj
u Y
q uG p S :YJQGh
.YJQGh dG

39

1-2 ``dG

:1-2 dG
JdG LG
(bO 135) M 3 :G bdG
1 G

bO 45 :
fdG{ ,cG j .68 U ,zdG Wh
hdG fdG IgX uG
GG
Y Gjh ,fqfdG cdGh
u
dBG QJ dG dG IKDu G
.JdG
.67 U ,cG jeh MH G j
.IOQGdG SdG
2 G

FbO 5 :ucQ
GTDe uG e uG LGj .dH UG AGOCG
FbO 5 :uM

jH JGSG
1-2 dG

cM j
u cdG Ya
n RGgG CG VhCG
.Gh eCG EG AGdG jL
cH AGdG jL be bY e :S
?edG Qhe e cdG nYa
.nYdG cM AGdG jL J :
zaj{ eY AGdG V OGOj
e bCG GkOY N kcQJ dG
Oj eYh ,bCG kVh jG
.AGdG V sj dG
bO 25 :SuQO
,zJU Le fEG{ ,10 adG cT Y dG Qj c oJ
.fqfQ
40

1-2 ``dG
,zJU L H SQ{ ,11 adG dG ddG LG J
.L c
e L gQj
k

dG Ie Ia
d L
e
j 2-2 dG
v
k
dW L dGh WfG
HJ WfG ,e L gQUCG
b ,dG HJ dGh ,dG
ud ,kfMCG L e
j
k
j .adG hCG dG dh MGREG
C dG u dG G G
jhGH QdG he e
s dW Le
.MGREG u dG G G Y 90

eG CG QMG

SdG H YSH CG ud cPG

e kb bCG gOtOJ kJGUCG Gj CG
C ,20 000 Hz e kb YCG hCG ,20 Hz
j ,H sG GOtOdG ie
.jdG PCd dG IQdG Se Y

41

1-2 ``dG

VG Y lIaf

dG a LH jdG
Y adCe IgX dG TCG J b
JeGSG EG dH uG
CG VhCG .dG G AYCG J
e kfeCG cCG dG a LG
TCG TCG MCG fCGh ,dG TCG
.ehdG
sLCG jDhd LG g J
uJ b dG dG TCG e kH
QU CG EG aVEH ,N gY
cCG qjdG jd JdG LG
.Ya

1 jEG

JdG LG
dG LCG
LG
t c j
u :dG
.U L Y JdG
.2 OY N ,dCG bqY :OGG
H kN HQGh bqdG aG :jdG
CG YG MCG EG WG .naW e
jOhG nG naH
H J H ,fPCG e dH
dG GUCG j YO .H bqdG
fCGh hNBG Ye
dh .j
u
CG d TG .bqdG V qe
G Y fG b bqdG GRGgG
j dG fdG U fCGh
.YG
u

ShCG dG YS{ ,3 GC adG YH F adG J ,z

. ShCG dG

42

1-2 ``dG
J ,zjhdG LG{ ,12 adG fH
jhdG LG s c
v
FGhdG e S N e ,jHo
.QG gce
uG LGj IGh AjdG H dG iG HJ SCG
.edG IG

H`````````LCG
IGh AjdG
,LG e G g c , .1
j
dG a ,GVG dc
s
AGdG L .f IOG dh
LG e J jOdG
dP e kHh ,adG Y JdG
H ,fe L c j
.NBG EG L e GRGgG J
e Gc
k SCG j AdG C .2
AdG YS QYG ,dG
,a
v ge dG g
M b j edGh
.a Gf dG f dG
bj dG edG CG EG f
Hhe
G EG dG Uh
k
j ,AGdG dG YS
gG H jdG aG
.dG Qeh

43

1-2 ``dG
cG J ,z>hO KCJ{ ,13 adG bGeh ce
IQS H dG
u
.cS

eG CG QMG

U OOJ
t CG uG H j
dG Qe GbG id OGOj QG
OT
u .Y OHG id jh ,bGG e
YCG g G OOdG
CG M Y
t
Qhe a j
s fCGh ,bCG hCG
g 5-2 dG Vjh ,bGH QG
ee H aG CG jh
u ,IgdG
.bGe d HK LG

44

1-2 ``dG
FbO 10 :NG
.14 U ,zJdG LG{ , e LGh
,45 U , ,dG LGe .6 ,5 ,4 h 3-1 SCG uY
,66 U , ,dG LGe .11 ,7 ,5 ,3 ,1 SCG uY
(CG) 2 dCe ,Fe P , .39 U ,zJdG LG IsT{
Pc (CG) 2 dCG uG j
EG aVEH ,IOue Fe
.bdG iNCG FG

3 G

bO 45 :
YS{ ,dG , uG j ,71 U ,zdG
M MG LGQ .dG YS
.69 U , dG

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
.YCG U LQH jo cCG OOdG
t
IdG LG dGWCG YSH C ,idG SGH bGG j GL
J
v JG GOOdG
t
(.IdG LCG M GRGgG J
u b jdG LG GWCG) .idG LCG QSG f
v
fh .HQJ
cCG AG L C ,AGdG dfG e SCG AG JdG LG J
k
.cCG YH GRGgG J dd
. se T Le d (LG dH Sb)
QG Y IH LG ee J CG j ,
k
.dG EG
.dH dG ddG j
45

.1
.2

.3

.4
.5
.6

2-2 ``dG

:2-2 dG
fdGh dG IT
s
(bO 90) M :G bdG
4 G

FbO 5 :scQ
c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe LGQ .ddG
FbO 5 :uM

fQeh SSCG P
kfdH Gj
CG uG EG WG
u
Le j G ddG S .Ne
k
f H fCG VhCG .jhdG dG
Y IOd f dG RJ ddG
RJ He IQHh .cCG Me
cCG Me Y bdG e f dG
Le Qe e WCG ae Yh
dG IT
s H bdG J PEG .dG
j c ,Se aG Heh
q
.jhdG LG IT
dOe
s

46

2-2 ``dG
bO 35 :SQO
u
,zJdG LG IqT{ (CG) 2 e .47 U ,

U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
IQqdG a J MjEG Hc
.Y SEG RL hCG

dCdG
JdG LG IT
s
Y 0.10 W/m2 J QfG U IT
s
3 m ae
Y dG IT
L
,
1.0

10
s
1.0 102 m h 5.0 102 m aG
.10.0 m h
,1.0 101 W/m2 ,0.40 W/m2 :GG
1.0 103 W/m2

H`````````LCG
(CG) 2 J
8.0 10 4 W/m2 .CG .1
1.6 103 W/m2 .
6.4 103 W/m2 .
8.91 103 W/m2 .2
2.3 105 W .3
4.5 W .4
4.8 m .5

47

2-2 ``dG

jH JGSG
9-2 dG

dG ed uG a e cCJ
VhCG .Sd G WG J
s
,jQZd y Q Se CG jC
k G d
aCG N c G IdG
s J PEG
G G IdG
s e Ie 100 cCG
.SCG EG ITe j dG
gOOJ
t Se GUCG g g :S
?1.0 10 6 W/m2 JTh
s 100 Hz
e AL dG e C ,f :
.SG e
dG dG g dG SdG g :S
?OdG d
Se Y j dG Sda , :
jj bh ,PCd dG IQdG
.OdG S
,zjdG PCG S ie{ :4 GC adG dG JdG LG ITh
s OOJ
t oJ
.jdG PCG J b

eG CG QMG

Ise dGh IdGh

OOdG
H bdG
s
t
OT
u .uG Y a IOY jh
GUCG CG Oj
CG Y
u Mh OOdG
t
H ,dc O
Ye
u gMh IdGh
q
.QYH c gNCG j

48

2-2 ``dG

eG CG QMG

ee uG H Y j b
f CG VhCG .IsdGh IqdG ie
j NBG ie EG IqdG ie
Se C ,JU JsT f
e eCH SG .jQZd jdG
.eG C G d 2-2 hG

ie EG IdG
s j{ ,5 GC adG IdG
s ie J ,zjdH IdG
q
,IdG

je
I
d
jdH
q
s
.e c Y bGdG e ke Jh

fQeh SSCG P
dG JQ jO Se u U
o
Rd jQ S T H
dG .G id pH Seh
dG JQ HJ jG H G
g C ,UCG d (10 SCG)
.dG e SGh
ie
k
k J dG

jH JGSG
2-2 hG

jdG Se Y dG CG VhCG
,U OLh Y hCG U IdG
s CG j
.e Z dG CG j H
fCG Qb V Qj c :S
?KOG H
Qb Qjo jb ae Y :
bW fGPBG EG V
fCG
k
100 000 `H KOG bW e cCG
bW e m re (102/107 hCG)
CG uG H j) .KOG
f hCG dG WH g GG
Gg C N d VhCG ,50 `d 100
(.OYG

49

2-2 ``dG
5 G

bO 25 :SuQO

2 jEG

fdG
kcn To ee
fdG Vj :dG
k
.fqfQ
V) IOe
fqfQ T :OGG
u
cT
fQ Y ,(f OOdH
t
.We be ,He
hU Y fqfQ cT N :jdG
WG bH bWGh fdG
.Y Qj dG dG EG UCGh
d fdG hU Y iNCG cT V
EG Hbh ,f hCG cdG OOJ
t
LGj H khCG bW dG cdG
Hh MG hdG fL
hCG cdG WG ,10 cm ae
J) GL
v UCGh WG bH
dG hCG cdG G .(fdG U
GL
v UCGh ,RGgG Y bd bW
GJ fCG ) fdG cdG EG
Y bdG fH dP a
u .(J
iNCG cdG CG dP ,Gh AGdG
gOOJ
t C ,GRGgG dG b
.hCG cdG OOJ
t e HJ dG
GOOH
dhG YCG
t kcT ee
k
j fdG CG gd
.G g

G Me
,e OOJ
t e GAH
k dM H GfQj uG O dG Sd
iMEG e JQG bCG EG dUh Y e IH hdG ajo ,hCG dG
JQG bCG Y f IdH hdG ajo fdG dG ,LQCJ L
IdG OOJ
t H bdG qG j CG j .LQCJ e L c e
.hd dG OOdGh
G
t

50

2-2 ``dG
gG SCG IGh AjdG e qj e J Y uG YJ
.dG JM Fja
ge
q

H`````````LCG
IGh AjdG
Ge
s 10 jdG ie N
,j ,10 eH IdG
s N j
.BGh GG
e 90% dGREG PEG
s

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
.(102 CG) 100 eH IdG
s OGORG
e GRGgG J fdG cdG
aN U jh ,hCG cdG
C j Ggh .fdG cdG e
,f dG OtOdG cd
.fdG h kWT toj dGh

.1
.2

2.0 104 m .3

(`g ,) ,(h ,O ,CG)

.4

FbO 10 :NG
IsT{ ,dG LGe ,15 U , .zfdGh dG
e LGh
IsT{ ,47 U , ,(CG) 2 J .5-1 SCG uY .zJdG LG
uY .52 U ,dG LGe , .5-1 SCG
LG IsT{ ,39 U , g uG j ,zJdG
.aVEG jQ dCG

51

2-2 ``dG
FbO 10 :IOGSG

VG Y lIaf

dG IM Ga
fCG khCG Qf CG H dG e jbd
jh .dG SM Gd dG
C ,dG id UN gCG VG
e cGJ d VdG
GKCJ
t
J VGh KCJ g dh ,edG
d ,dG Y bdG T jN
EG ODj b d VdG
QGSG
t
.dG S qc hCG FL Ga
cCG g m Y V bGe eda
VdG
M .G d V
t
k J
t SdG
jC
k G j b ,SG hCG VdG
CG ud VhCG .dG S kfGa
,SCGdG Yd G GSG
b Je GUCG S Y UN
k
CG h .dG j GQV

jC
k
k G j
e dG Q bCG g PCG
U Id
s V
k J
t cCG J ,YdG
.dY
aVEG
Sd dG ie Se SG
GUC IdG
s
s ie hCG ,GUCG IT
e cCG aJ GPEGh .SQG hCG adG M
V uG qRa ,Se
.SdG Y AGLE Y
ud SG IQYEG YSH
dG IT
s ie SH G
.dRe

52

3-2 ``dG

:3-2 dG
aGdG
(bO 135) M 3 :G bdG
6 G

FbO 5 :ucQ
c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe LGQ .ddG
FbO 5 :uM

3 jEG

GUCG jDhQ
e dG Le Mj :dG
.IOue QOe
e
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u
. GUCG Gde ,U U
p :jdG
Gh
ahG U
u
TT Y VYGh ,SShCH
dG dG SShCG
,hDhj hCG j IY
q u
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t U
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TT Y VY Y Jh d
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53

3-2 ``dG

dG Ie Ia
,aGdG Ghgj uG O
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jh .JY G
s JdG aW
t jo
K
s eh L = 21
(MGh H) aGJ hC
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= 2L
Ye e f jdG uG
. 21
`d Se
bO 35 :SQO
u
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.e

jH JGSG
3-2 hG

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5 LG dG L :S
t
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f5 =5f1 ,
5 = 52 L :

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CG VhCG
t
dOe j c ,e
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f dG d jJd
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J Gd
t
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dG
q Ib jH jL Le Wh OOJ
t
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ns K eh ,JdG Y
t

54

3-2 ``dG

dG Ie Ia
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MG HfCd jC
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s
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SQ
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55

3-2 ``dG

G Me
fCG W KCJ dG Vj
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t
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q
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e
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.eh Me

56

3-2 ``dG
7 G

(bO 35)

U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
IQdG
a J MjEG Hc
q
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dCdG
aGJ
.34.5 cm dW d QZ Jh
?hCG aGd LG dG e .CG
LG YS H ,JdG f Y .
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t e .410 m/s
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1800 Hz , 1200 Hz , 590 Hz .

jH jW
() 2 G
H sj a e fCG CG
hCG L = 21
1 :ns K eh ,adG Y

1 = 2L = 2(2.45 m) = 4.90 m
,hCG aGdG f =
v f
v = 345
m/s= 70.4 Hz
f1 =

1 4.90 m

H sj ,adG MCG e fCG h

eh ,NBG dG Y IYh ,W Y

1 = 4L = 9.80 m hCG L = 41
1 :snK
v = 345
m/s= 35.2 Hz
f1 =

1 9.80 m

aGdG H iNCG aGdG

G g c ,aGdG bQ SSCG
.() 2 e

.57 U , ,() 2 e -

57

3-2 ``dG

H`````````LCG
() 2 J
440 Hz .1
780 Hz ,520 Hz ,260 Hz .2
82.1 Hz
115 Hz
144 Hz

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.
.

.3

440 m/s .4

dG Ie Ia
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J eY .dGh Qd jG
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LG CG e ZdHh ,
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u
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LG
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jH JGSG
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e kW u dG OdG CG VhCG
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t
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s
,1540 Hz ,440 Hz ,220 Hz ,660 Hz :
1100 Hz ,880 Hz

ffdG cdG aGJ{ ,15 adG . 4-2 hG LGQ .zQeGh

58

3-2 ``dG

VG Y lIaf

jO`dG
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dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
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e LGh
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59

2 ```dG e

Jh LGe
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8

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60

2 ```dG LGe

HLEG
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e
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k
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t
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s .12
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2 dG LGe
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.SSCG OtOd ec kaVCG j
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1.3 m .
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t
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t
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v
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1330 Hz ,886 Hz ,443 Hz .29
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0.52 m
960 Hz ,640 Hz

.CG .31
.

2  102 m , 20 m .32
0.20 s .33
70.1 Hz
285

.CG .34
.

62

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Le = 1.5 (Le) .35
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 103

10

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H```````````````LCG
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63

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64

2 dG J
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0.33 m .12
0.47 W/m2 .13
5.0  105 W .14
5.0  1017 W.15
0.363 m .16
912 Hz .17
506 Hz .18

65

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SfGh AdG
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16

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1-3

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2-3

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(CG) 66

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dG LGdG OQG``e
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66

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67

1-3 ``dG

:1-3 dG
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68

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3.0
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70

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72

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jH JGSG
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73

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2
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n ,SSCG QGh IBGG e
EG uG p S .IQDdG f e
dG IFGdG ce dG g fc
uG O .() IBGG e b
b
r .IFGdG c jdG bG Guj
. f e b Qbh R

74

2-3 ``dG

eG CG QMG

EG uG zdG{ J aj b
e cCG FGO
k g IQdG CH OYG
CG Y dd bQ
ke SG .G
v
uG EG WG .FGO
k U Z dP
8 cm YJQG L IQU W Gj CG
.(2 cm) ,q = 3 cm h p = 12 cm M

6 jEG

IBGe Y G G
Is e
.jjdG QdG
o J
t Vj :dG
IBGe ,FV Te
u ,FV Qe :OGG
.Ie
q
TCG fc EG uG S :jdG

s TCG Ie
q IBGe Y G
J H adG IAVEG uN .FGO
k
IBGG V .FdG QG TCG jDhQ
QG e ae bCG Y
a
T
k
k IBGG b
q K ,FdG
TCG J
s CG EG QG H
dG CG uG NCG .G
TCG hJ dGh ,IBGG N bGdG
g ,e eOb fCch G
QG d jjdG IQdG
.FdG

75

2-3 ``dG
TCG SQ YGb{ 9 GC adG YGb adG g uJ ,zSSCG
.LG TCG SQ YGbh GQTEG

76

2-3 ``dG

jH JGSG
4-3 hG

G IdG TCG H e CG Vh
g NG b ,UUdG b SCGQ e
YGdG ah J fC ,KdG TCG
e cCJ .3-3 hG G
s dG
YGdG J d uG a
.IQcG KdG TCG dM

jGe Y dG QdG{ ,18 adG oJ c adG g VJ ,zIe

s
FN GP GQU
I
G
jGG
k
s
.

77

2-3 ``dG

U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
IQdG
a J MjEG Hc
q
.Y SEG RL hCG

dCdG
IG
s jGG IQdG
30.0 cm ae Y L Vj eY
M IQU J
s ,Ie
s IBGe eCG
L .IBGG S eCG 60.0 cm ae Y
.QDdG dG
o
20.0 cm :GG
15 cm ae Y dG qHe L Vho

c .25 cm QDdG gH Iqe IBGe eCG

ae Y dG je NBG L Vh
H MG .f IBGG S e 45 cm
e d UGNh gJh IQdG
c L d TCG SQ SQG .G
.HLEG ucDJ
,MHG = 2.5 ,qHG = 38 cm :GG
.Fbh jjJ IQdG
,M jG = 1.2 ,q jG = 56 cm
.Heh M IQdG

jGG IQdG{ :() 3 J jW G Gg Vj ,zIsG

IBGe gJh IQdG Ho M
.Ie
s

78

2-3 ``dG

H`````````LCG
() 3 J
,(Ff q) IQU ;p = 10.0 cm
;M = 2.00 ;q = 10.0 cm ;p = 5.00 cm
.Fbh jjJ IQU
IQdG ;M = 0.55 ;q = 51 cm
.Heh M
;M = 2.00 ;R = 1.00
102 cm
.jjJ IQdG
;M = 1.20 ; f = 6.00 cm
IQdG ;M = 0.286 ;q = 7.71 cm
.M

79

.1

.2

.3

.4

2-3 ``dG

4 G

FbO 5 :uM

7 jEG

Hq G IBGG
dG jRGG eG CG Vj :dG
Y J H
q IBGe Y J
.IYe
IBGe ,FV Te
u ,FV Qe :OGG
.AH bQh ,H
q
FdG TG
SG :jdG
u
uN .FV M N fE
uG Oh ,adG IAVEG
.jRGe bdG TCG CG GMj
ae bCG Y HG
IBGG V
q
YOh ,FdG QG e
.IYe G TCG CG GMj
e bCG ae EG IBGG M
u
TCG CG MS .FdG QG
CH gqcP .IYe J G
hCG M GQU
J IG
IBGG
k
q
CG M ,G LCd jjJ
jjJ GQU
a J HG
IBGG
k
q
Y dG H ,G LCd
.be

IBGe SGH IQdG J{

t ,19 adG adG g VJ ,zHq jhc
IBGe jjdG IQdG J
t c
.H
q

80

2-3 ``dG
bO 30 :SQO
u

jH JGSG
5-3 hG

J Y hQOb uG CG cCJ
H 5-3 hG IOQGdG eG
IBGG eCG aG CG Vh
u .U
.dS J Nh Le J
Ie
q IBGe SGH fG
q IQdG :S
e c IQTEG e .jjJh Fb g
?h h q h f h R
.+ , , + , + :
,H
q IBGe SGH fG
q IQdG :S
h R e c IQTEG e .jjJh Fb
?h h q h f
.+ , , , :

,zjGG GQTEG YGb{ ,10 GC adG GQTEG YGb adG g J

u
.jGG GfCG ad

81

2-3 ``dG

U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
IQdG
a J MjEG Hc
q
.Y SEG RL hCG

dCdG
HG
jGG
q
jCG .12.0 cm H
q IBGe b f j
?JQDH J
.(f = 6.00 cm) IBGG N 6.00 cm :GG
Y Ve L IQU be OuM
:YCG IBGG e ddG aG
,6.00 cm ,3.00 cm ,2.00 cm ,p = 1.00 cm
50.00 cm ,30.00 cm ,12.0 cm
,2.00 cm ,1.50 cm ,0.855 cm :GG
,5.00 cm ,4.00 cm ,3.00 cm
5.35 cm

G HG c IQdG be j
s c
?IBGG Y HdG GDdG
IBGG N FGO
k IQdG J :GG
J
gh ,JQDHh IBGG Hh
s
HG c q = f h q = 0 H
p = 0 e CG) IBGG Y G
.(p =
EG
Vj ,zHG
jGG{ :() 3 e q
IQU be M jW G Gg
.dWh H
q IBGe

82

2-3 ``dG

H`````````LCG
() 3 J
IQdG ,M = 0.500 ,p = 46.0 cm
.h = 3.40 cm ,Fbh jjJ
,h = 2 m ,p = 6 m ,M = 0.04
.Fbh jjJ IQdG
,M = 0.41 ,h = 17 cm ,p = 45 cm
.Fbh jjJ IQdG
IQdG ,M = 0.081 ,q = 0.25 m
.Fbh jjJ
IQdG ,M = 0.125 ,q = 1.31 cm
.Fbh jjJ
,M = 0.41 ,q = 2.0
101 cm
.Fbh jjJ IQdG

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
IQdG ,M = 0.41 ,q = 0.45 cm
.Fbh jjJ
.p = 0.14 m ,Ie
q IBGe
M .CG
jjJ .
jjJ .

.1

.2
.3

FbO 10 :NG
J
u ,20 U ,zjhdG jGG{ 3-3 dG LGe , j ,dG Gg SSCG aG dG LGe Wf
.dG HLCG boJh SCG Y uG
5 G

bO 45 :
S{ :3 dG , Me jC
k G LGQ .75 U zAdG
.73 U G

83

e LGh
.4-1 SCG Y
u ,79 U , ,() 3 J .6-1 SCG Y
u ,83 U , ,() 3 J .5-1 SCG Y
u ,83 U , ,dG LGe .25-14 SCG Y
u ,85 U , ,dG LGe .44 h 42 U ,() 3h ,() 3 dCG , -

3 ```dG e

Jh LGe
(bO 90) M :G bdG
6

G
(bO 45)
LGe 3 dG
dG g J
u :dG e
s
uG OGh SSCG OG
.dH

dG Ie Ia
uG YJ dG OG Hc
GQe QJh
q aCG jH a Y
Gj
u uG O .jd OdG
jGG fG
s QdG H hdG
.HG
jGG fG
q
q Jh IG
q
aGh MhT
JHc

J
C
G
j
k
s
SQh GQTEG YGbh IBGG dO
T e cCJ .dM c TCG
Hh dH Od uG
Ie L GSH dPh ,U
.VGhh

84

3 ```dG LGe

HLEG
jOGQ Le .CG
eL TCG .

Sb EG .qbH ahe AdG YS

se ae d Ad RdG edG
GPEG eCG) .aG g Sb gj
a kahe AdG S c
Mh gdG YS Sb
.(aG
e Sb
k B Y LG ee J
f jce
TCG J .Ic IFGO
v
.B EG A e QG
dG hj gdG dG
aG He
G
s Y ee
k
.QGh bGG H

.1

.2
.3

.4

.5

1999 + 2 (95) = 2189 .6

3.00  108 m/s .7

je e GG Y AdG Qn U
n .8
.dG
bCG dG g J CG , .9
.kjH cCG hJh
3.0  107 m , 4.0  107 m .10
1  10 6 m .11
3.02 m .12
9.1 mm = 9.1  103 m .13

Ie
q .14
.IBGG eCG Heh M IQU .15
IBGG S e G TCG C , .16
.b
s eo FGO
k J H
q

85

3 dG LGe

.HG
IBGd h  h , .17
q
.IQDdG f N .18
HdG G M IQU J .19
.d
eY jjJh Fb IQdG , , .20
. p  f J
.idG IQdG cCG AdG j .21
.FM Y IQdG SEG hMCG .22
.Heh M ,M = 0.384 .CG .23
.Heh M ,M = 1.00 .
.Fbh jjJ ,M = 1.67 .
M = 2.0 ,Heh M ,q = 26 cm .24
,M = 0.299 ,h = 5.69 cm ,p = 52.9 cm .25
.Fbh jjJ
, f = 2.6 cm , p = 6.1 cm ,He IQdG .26
.M
R = 31.0 cm .27

,M1 = 0.57 ,M ,q2 = 6.7 cm .28

He ,M2 = 0.27
,M = 0.0656 , f = 13.7 cm .29
.Fbh jjJ IQdG
p = 11.3 cm .30

M IQdG ,M = 20.0 ,Ie

s .31
.Heh

86

3 dG LGe
R = 25.0 cm .32
15.0 cm
60.0 cm
MHG = 2.00

.CG .33
.
.

MIG = 0.667

.jjJ .O
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q .34
.jjJ
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.dG G c fG .36

jQGh jQdG

H```````````````LCG
AdG (1038 - 965) dG HG SQO .1
dG jGeh dG GP GedGh
.aG
Y .uG hT J
q
IBGG CG Gaj CG uG
H G g SJ HG
q
fb NCJ N CG cCJ .aCG
.QYG SfG

.2

ue CG cCJ .HLCG J
q
Y .edH dG tj dG
.H QOe cP uG

.3

cJ CG j fCG EG .HLCG J
q .4
J eY dG j dG CG
dGh VQCG e L dG
.HG G

J 3 dG
uG Tj ,88 U ,dG J hJ JGQb jd QNG GH
.dG ge LGeh GQNG
.16 U , ,3 dG QNG .48 U , O ,J SCG F .87 U , ,jQGh jQdG jQdG) ,jdG dG je LGQ .91 U , O ,(jQGh

87

3 ```dG J

HLEG

CG
CG

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

88

3 dG J
O

.8

6.0  1012 m = 6.0 pm .9

15.0 cm .10
10.0 cm .11
0.500 .12
6.0 cm .13

.Heh M IQdG .14

89

4 dG s

QfG
``dG dG OQG`e
Q
j
QfG :cG
80 U ,SdGh

100 U ,QDdG dG
o :jS Y f

,dG GQdG :jS Y f

106 U
,G
u SdG ,dG
83 U
111 U ,jH :jS Y f
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85 U

adG
,21 ,20 T
22
11

GC T

,24 ,23 T
26 ,25

27

G bdG

FSh
MjEG G
92 U ,AG EG AGdG e QfG
94 U ,IOe
q ShCG QfG
95 U ,AG jDhdG

QfG
(O 90) M

1-4

98 U ,FdG oG SdG KCJ

99 U ,Sd QDdG odG
106 U ,G SdG Y

bdG SdG
(O 135) M 3

2-4

110 U ,LG jhGdG

112 U ,Qd qdG SfG -jdG dCG
113 U ,dG
t
113 U ,G Sb
114 U ,dG jdG

FdG gGdG
(O 90) M

3-4

OQGG dO

LGe
(O 45) IMGh M
J
(O 45) IMGh M

ddG c
G c
dd dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
d dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
fG adG
T
HCGh OSCH adG GC T
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(CG)90

Refraction
dG LGdG OQG``e
j
FG M Y
117 U ,97 U
96 U

46 U ,S fb (CG) 4

47 U ,SdG () 4

104 U
119 ,105 U

119 ,111 U

49 U ,LG jhGdG () 4

111 U

JEG
i`

J
bf

117 U ,9-6
95 U

,23-20
118 U

,34-31
118 U

97 U ,4-1

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25 U
117 U ,5-1
108 U ,6-1

SdG GQe 2-4

24 U ,dG
118-117 U ,19-15
114 U ,4-1

,gG LGe ,3-4

25 U
118 U ,30-27

dG OQG``e
J J
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57 U ,4 dG ,J SCG F O

()90

jQGh jQdG
121 U ,5-1

cGJ J
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26 U

4 ```dG

dG GdG
dNO id AdG GfG G Oj
u 1-4
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s .bdG
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jh
n
q
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hH C jh LG jGhdG j 3-4
gGdG j .NGdG udG SfG
Sbh hGdG Gdc ,FdG
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IQdG M
a j bh dGG
q d IQU
.G Sb

90

HdG aG J
ae e bJ e
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s
GdCG e N e dCj dG
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V
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LGd ae
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s
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IQDdG f e aG g QDdG dG
o
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a J dG KCdG g hdG jdG
Gg C j .Ie
s jhc IBGe IQdG
f TCG
t Y KCdG
b GP IBGG J eY ,
.ae

d
b bCG Y S
r :G qdGO
b Yh CG jhGdG L qdGd
.(90 , 1) dG g jhGdG

91

1-4 ``dG

:1-4 dG
QfG
(bO 90) M :G bdG
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FbO 5 :ucQ
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FbO 5 :uM

1 jEG

AGdG e QfG
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He ,WCG IQOH ,Qd Qe :OGG
H dEG J AH A Fe
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EG QdG AV LJ
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jH JGSG
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j bdG AdG e GAL

k CG Vh
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Qe BG uM .AG dNO id AdG
S Y dG j H ,QdG
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j AG dG Qe CG GMj
.AG S Y WS jhGR Y

92

1-4 ``dG
bO 25 :SQO
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eG CG QMG

j
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CG Vh
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G
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s
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TS dG Ea ,bdG AdG
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LG PdGh QfG{ ,21 adG IgX adG g J
u ,zAd
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93

1-4 ``dG

2 jEG

ShCG QfG
IOu e
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. QfG pee
b ,WCG IQOH ,Qd Qe :OGG
LR b ,Ich e SH
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f g dG jhGR CG Vh
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OG QfG pee{ ,11 GC adG ee adG g J

u ,zIOe
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94

1-4 ``dG

3 jEG

AG jDhdG
dG dG
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t
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LC dG QdG{ ,22 adG adG g VJ ,z ShCG

gdG dG QfG uKD j c
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H`````````LCG
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j
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o
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95

1-4 ``dG

dG Ie Ia
H j FG AdG W CG Vh
u
.(MCd) 700 nmh (d) 400 nm
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U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
hCG IQdG
a oJ MjEG Hc
q
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dCdG
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15.99

.CG :GG
27.0 .

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a ,60.00 S jhGH iNCG IOe
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(n = 1.309) dG :GG

AjdG d
qdGd dG qdGdG g sin1 qdGdG
1 dh ,sine G
CG a . sin

Ea dc ,sin 30 = 0.5
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Gg Vj ,zS fb{ ,(CG) 4 e QfG jhGR M jW G
.S fb H

96

1-4 ``dG

H`````````LCG
(CG) 4 J
18.5 .1
27.5

.CG
(n = 1.47) jL .
12.5 .

.2

1.47 .3

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
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.OdG Y GH
k
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6.14 .3

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bO 45 :
QfG{ ,cG , Me LGQ ,80 U ,zSdGh
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97

2-4 ``dG

:2-4 dG
bdG SdG
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FbO 5 :ucQ
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FbO 5 :uM

4 jEG

n oG SdG KCJ
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t
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s
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r
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SY
GSH
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k
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TCG
H
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98

2-4 ``dG

5 jEG

Sd QDdG o dG
.
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o N fE
M
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u
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TdG
k
k
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bO 35 :SQO
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,bG
SdGh G
SdG dNO
u
u
gHh
o e c IQDH j e
.QDdG

99

2-4 ``dG

fQeh SSCG P
jGG e G
SdG fQe
u
e bG
SdG fQeh ,IG
u
s
J FdG TCG .HG
jGG
s
SG TCG J dh ,SdG
uG fQG g q .jGG Y
SGQO Y jGG YGb J e
.SdG
YGb HJ
g CG c
k
CG fcJ GPEG ,ke ,aGh GQTEG
,dS HG
IBGd QDdG dG
s
o b
,jjJ GQU
J
k
u IBGG g CGh
QdG FN Gqbj CG ud
.bG
SdG
u

G Me
H jW J EG dG Gg j
,QDdG dG
o Sbh ;IQDdG be jd
,dG GH dG .
u Sd
c
q GSH ,IWG jCG
.b FV

100

2-4 ``dG

jH JGSG
3-4 hG

j hCG dG G CG Vh
u
c J H ,SdG Y GL
G
H
v k
IQDH Wf c Y IQOdG TCG
SdG .SSCG gQ Y SdG
SCGQ e G TCG SQo ,iNCG
H ,WJ uj M ,a G
.G SCGQ IQU ,SdG e gPf
Y J G SCG IQU CG Vf
H f aG Yh ,SSCG QG
.SdGh SCGQ IQU
Sd QDdG dG
o CG VaG :S
e f hCG) b CG .10 cm dM c
Hh
o G d
o S (dG
?dM c SdG Y IQdG
,jfe Y G :1 dG :
10 cm Ho Y IQdG
10 cmq20 cm ,p20 cm :2 dG
q = 20 cm ,p = 20 cm :3 dG
,10 cmp20 cm :4 dG
q20 cm

Y IQdG ,p = 10 cm :5 dG
.jfe
IQdG Ho ,p10 cm :6 dG
.dS

SY Y dG Qn dG{
o ,24 adG bdG adG g uJ ,zu
u SY Y G oH H G
.Y JQU oHh

101

2-4 ``dG
4 G

bO 35 :SuQO

eG CG QMG

SdG ihL Y uG Aj b
Qn U
o Y G G e C ,buG
,jC
k G uG SdG SGH VGaG
.3-4 hG e SOdG dG c
id ,G be j Y uG S
Y d SdG nYf GSG
J buG SdG .jjJ IQU
ae J e ,LCd jjJ IQU
uG SdG J H .e LCG
F NGO bGdG LCd jjJ GkQU
g kFGO Ise IQdG Jh ,a
buG SdG Y dG IQdG .dG
e bCGh Iseh jjJ kFGO J
be Y dG H ,SdG EG G
J INCG UG g .G
.SdG SGH dG b J

SGH fG
s IQdG{ ,25 adG CG adG g VJ ,zbe
u SY
.a jjJ GkQU J buG SdG

102

2-4 ``dG

eG CG QMG

L e jcCe uG j b
UNh
,4-4 hG IOQGdG G
k
Y G d
o ddG aG e
N G OLh VJ dGh ,SdG
uG H cJ j
s b .SdG
e J ,YGdG g ah ,TCG CG
S
r .N EG Jh SdG eCG
G j CG g uG
G IQdG CG Vh
u ?jjJ
v
L
J
b

SY
Y
dG
k
u
H ,fdG SdG Vh GPEG jjJ
v
b hCG SdG e IadG TCG J
.hCG IQdG d
u
t

103

2-4 ``dG

U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
hCG IQdG
a oJ MjEG Hc
q
.Y SEG RL

dCdG
SdG
3.00 cm ae Y L Vj eY

Y IQU d J
s ,
u SY eCG
dG
o L .SdG N 6.00 cm ae
.QDdG
f = 2.00 cm :GG

Y d L
J CG j jCG
k
eCG 15.0 cm ae Y jjJ IQU
GPe ?10.0 cm QDdG gHo
u SY
dG
SdG dM Y
o d dG bG
u
?f QDdG
6.00 cm :G
SdG :GG
u
30.0 cm :bG
SdG
u

Gg Vj zSdG{ ,() 4 e SdG dOe

GSG G
n
.dWh IQU be dGh

jH jW
() 4 G
ah fH bQh Y TCG SQ CG
GSH GG OuM ,se Se
e cCd ddG dG SQG K ,nYT
.HLEG
jdG g J g NBG MG
j .SH SdG GSH
G eh ,Se Se EG dG OY
.N T OLh e dG

104

2-4 ``dG

H`````````LCG
() 4 J
IQdG ,M = 1.00 ,20.0 cm .1
.Heh M
IQdG ,M = 3.00 ,30.0 cm .2
.Fbh jjJ
IQdG ,M = 0.333 ,6.67 cm .3
.Fbh jjJ
M = 1.5 ,p = 2.0 cm .CG .4
M = 1.4 ,p = 5.0 cm .
M = 0.60 ,q = 2.4 cm .
q = 2.5 cm ,f = 5.0 cm .O

105

2-4 ``dG

G Me
uG j CG dG Gg e dG
W d GQ qdG GSG c
.dG bh dG
id aCG dG Gg Ff J
,cCG hCG HjO 1.5 Jb GQf GSG
IOe
SH uG j eYh
u
ae Y f G GSH
Y dG IjGe LC hCG IjGe
LQor G bQCGh G .f aG
d Se eLC
G uJh Ie Y
k
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6 jEG

G SdG Y
SdG Y jW j :dG
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FV Qe ,FV Ie :OGG

u SY ,IU H Ohe
s
GL
b
f
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dG
g
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QDdG dG
o GP SdG V :jdG
Kh
u .FdG QG eCG dG
.Heh M IQdG d TdG
SdG Xh g g CG uG NCG
fc EG S .IQdG jDhQ LCG e TT EG LG Vh
u .G dG
.(OdH) Ie
s IQdG
g CG uG NCG .TdG HCG K ,TdG N fdG SdG V
IQdG be j Gdhj CG dEG WGh .dG g fdG SdG
fdG SdG jh ,fdG SdG N TdG Vh dhj b) .IjG
Gcjh
,fdG SdG N e FdG QG EG Ghj YO (.TdG hCG
u
.IGh
FdG jjdG IQdG jDhQ e Gj
s
s CG EG fdG SdG
VJ ,zdWh dG b{ ,26 adG W J c adG g
.SdG SGH dG bh dG
106

2-4 ``dG

jH JGSG
8-4 dG

e u Sd uG a CG scC J
.G G Y jW a
G IOY G Vj :S
G j H SdG YCG .SCGdG
G OMh
u ,SCGdG G
.dG
u a VJ dG
.0 dG Y dG
u VJ :

fQeh SSCG P
bC jdG dG jW fQe
CG :S
r .GedG bCG e G dG
?GedG dG Hj dG e AL
hCG SEG RL e b CG .(dG)
dG HH Qj CG GedG
GedG SY j Hb) ?d
t
aVEG hCG ,G hCG eCG EG dG
.(dEG iNCG SY

107

2-4 ``dG

dG Ie Ia
e H VQCG Y LCG jDhQ
g kbW TG .e J
u
.G
SY Y dG bGG J
Fb QU jDhd aVEG
u
NG dG ,dL SG .LCd
Sc be
u SY ,Sc be hCG
.G g
q ,Y

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
.Heh M IQdG
.jjJ .CG
.M .
.jjJ .

.1
.2

9.3 cm .3
1.3 .4
h = 0.33 cm , q = 3.3 cm .5
fo + fe e bCG bG W .6

.H

FbO 10 :NG
SdG{ ,dG LGe , .24 U ,zbdG
e LGh
Y
u ,105 U , ,() 4 J .4-1SCG
Y
u ,108 U , ,dG LGe .6-1 SCG
,118-117 U , ,dG LGe .23-15 SCG Y
u
5 G

bO 45 :
SdG{ ,cG , Me LGQ ,83 U ,zG
u
.79 U , G
108

2-4 ``dG

VG Y lIaf

GedG
dG ddGh IQG GedG J
SdG UY e Y Y
.jdGh gdG
e J dG ,UG
t
Sdc ,SdG UY H
(d d dG) JehcCG LhOG
,(fddG edG) IOsoG SdGh
J .dG jdG d J
e Yf e JehcCG SdG
J H ,ke Lee LdG
dZ UN OGe e IOsG SdG
GdCG d MGh QfG pee d ,dG
,iNCG SdG J .FG dG
,hdG jdG d ,jhcdG Sdc
kJ S J N e dPh
.vjhc kbO

IOGSG
GP H Gec YU ud
ah hU GSH ,U K
ffEG bGe e dG .GZJa
GedG U GOTQEG Y dGh
uG EG WG .dG dG GP
dG Gec U M h dG
eGSGh U .dG
, VJ
q bhCG LCG jd
uG O . IAVEG jh
.ce iNCGh HK eLC
G GhQj
k
u

109

3-4 ``dG

:3-4 dG
FdG gGdG
(bO 90) M :G bdG
6 G

FbO 5 :ucQ
GTDe uG e uG LGj .dH UG AGOCG
FbO 5 :uM

7 jEG

LG jhGdG
LG jhGdG Vj :dG
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,Qd Qe ,90 jhGH Qe :OGG
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g c 1 bG eM J H
.fOCG Ve
1
1

Qd
2
2

.QdG eM a H IQOdG fG
bdG TCG jDhQ e d
TCG GMj uG O .IadGh
.LQNh QG NGO IG
EG 1 VG e AH eG QOCG
IG TCG J M ,2 VG
SCG .HdG c QG Jh e
jhGdG e fdG G EG IQOdG
dG OLh Vj M) FdG
eG GMj uG O .(adG
fG fCG GMjh ,QG NGO
.qc H vNGO

110

3-4 ``dG
bO 25 :SQO
u

uG Me
J MCG jEG EG dG Gg j
jhGdG CG VhCG .NGdG udG SfG
dG jhGR CGh ,41 g Ld LG
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f GPEG Ya cCG dG Gg j
,IM Y Qe c NGO uG
dG j dG QG M
j CG G e CG Gsh ,FdG
.JBGe jnQH
bO 35 :SQO
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U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
IQqdG a oJ MjEG Hc
.Y SEG RL hCG

dCdG
LG jhGdG
e G Ad LG jhGdG L
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(n = 1.46) JQGc .CG
(n = 1.51) jcEG JGQ .
(n = 1.66) GU
q LR .
43.2 .CG :GG
41.5 .
37.0 .
Vj ,zLG jhGdG{ ,()4 e LG jhGdG M jW G Gg
.Sh H

H`````````LCG
() 4 J
42.8 .1
64.82 .2
49.8 .3

fcQdG e
s ,(24.4) SG
(27.0)

111

.4

3-4 ``dG

8 jEG

-jdG dCG
Ad qdG SfG
NGdG udG SfG Vj :dG
.jdG dCG
aqT SH b
q ,Qd Qe :OGG
b .JYb b 3 mm b K a
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EG QdG LJ
s :j
.uG
:jdG

C eGh ,U jH dG K uZ
uG MCG O .AH qdG
N ,VM a qdG j
H ,QdG be H eb
H qdG NGO eM J
j CG NBG ue EG WG .dG
Mh ,dG Y UdG jdG
e aG G e AdG hN
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.1

J H QdG eM VG
dG W MCG Y ITe
eCG AdG bQdG p Vh ,jdG
LGh ,dG p MG .NBG dG
AdG CG Mh ,IOe
FGhO e
u
.G QG Y Hj

.2

112

3-4 ``dG

9 jEG

t dG
Y dG GdCG W j :dG
.dG
t
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.KK Qe ,qT Z jT
peeo CG uG qcP :jdG
dG e j
s IOe d QfG
jdG Y kV
u vT rMCG .LG
,HQe U jT VH dPh
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Y J dG e IadG TCG
SEG RL VG .KK Qe
TT Y dG j H QGh
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s
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10 jEG

G Sb
Fe VGSG Y G :dG
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c ,Y SEG RL :OGG
A Fe GQL hP T SH
.AH
AH AG dG V :jdG
TCG J .SEG RL a
e
s S jhGH ,YCG EG SCGdG
IgX ODa ;FG dG GQL Y
Sb Jh
t ,GdCG a EG QfG
Gg CG H
u .adG S Y e
Sd G PdG j jEG
.jhc
d dG C ,G
v
g VJ ,zG Sb{ ,27 adG G Sb jDhQ S adG
.AdG

113

3-4 ``dG

11 jEG

dG jdG
SdG IQDH be CG Vj :dG
Ad LG dG Y j
.G
,b QDH Ho GP SY :OGG
.TT ,SEG RL hCG FV Qe
QG eCG SdG V :jdG
qcJ H TdG VGh ,FdG
HgPh
L TdG M
k
u .Y TCG
GQU
J
k
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. f Y VGh

dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
79.11 .1

(`g) ,(O) ,()

NCG
CG j dG C ,AG Y
jDhQ e qd ,N J
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.2
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gGdG{ ,dG LGe , .25 U ,zFdG
e LGh
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u ,LG
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u
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u
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bO 45 :
J{ ,GNG , .85 U ,zGec
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3-4 ``dG

115

4 ```dG e

Jh LGe
(bO 90) M :G bdG
8

G
(bO 45)
LGe 4 dG
dG g J
u :dG e
s
G OGh SSCG OG
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dG Ie Ia
Hc N e gG T gj
,dG gd uG a cCJ
.UGdG GQe gj c
J
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e c fJ
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j .bG
SdGh G
SdG
u
u
Y ke MT
G J
CG
k
s
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.dM d ,TCG SQh

116

4 ```dG LGe

HLEG
.ninr J eY d ,
;f ;bCG LG dW j ,f
;CHCG YS J
.GdG AdG YS c M n = vc
SCG e eOdG FdG TCG
Y OdG Y GH
k J hG
.bGG EG bCG IQdG ha dG
J CG jh ,ni nr ,i 0
.aq
n T JOG

.1
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.3
.4

.5

x .6

e AG bGdG AG IQU
.bGG EG bCG hJ GG
.N
AGd n hJ FdG d n
GL
v kb AdG j dd ,jJ
k
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.7

.8
.9

30.3 .10
26 .11
25.5 .12
30.0 ,19.5 ,30.0 .13

2 = 22.3 ,1 = 30.4 .14

u SY .15
.gQfG H jRGe TCG J .16

117

4 dG LGe
F QN G

AdG j dd .IOG AdG YS J

s , J
s eY .31
.n J
t e e H
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.Ad LG dG Y J .33
EG ,NGOh
c
v
v d c j .SG EG NGdG AdG j .34
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.CG .17
F NGO G .
F QN G .
F NGO G .O
2F NGO G .`g
2F QN G .h
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.
k
. .
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k
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.h
k
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SdG
k
Y dG AV ucQ .F Y jh
q
.f bh
VQC
G
r
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u SY .21
dG SdG Y dG IQdG .22
oJ dd .(d) Fe NGO J
He IQU dG SdG
.eh M
nK nAGg C f .23
,jjJ ,M = 0.332 ,13.3 cm .CG .24
.Fb
,jjJ ,M = 0.500 ,10 cm .
.Fb
,jjJ ,M = 0.667 , 6.67 cm .
.Fb
.Fb ,2.60 .25
,M ,M = 1.00 ,40.0 cm .CG .26
.He
,jjJ ,M = 2.00 ,20.0 cm .
.Fb
nAGg nAe ;.27
j CG j VQCG e jdG AGdG .28
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AdG e cCG dG AdG j .29
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.d .CG .30
.hc .
.hc .
.hc .O

118

4 dG LGe
42.8 .35
31.3

.CG .36
44.2 .
49.8 .
C NGOh
c
v
v S .37
i (45) c (41.1)
1.31 .38
51.9 .39

.HdG jdS K ,1.62 .40

36.7 .CG .41
53.4 .
7.50 cm .42
8.55 cm .43
6.00 cm

.CG .44
J CG bG
Sd .
u
.G e cCG IQU
80.0 cm .45
3.01 cm
2.05 cm

.CG .46
.

,1.20 102 cm .47

48.2 :MCG ,47.8 :QRCG .48
0.250

119

4 dG LGe
16.5 .49
48.8 .50
67 .51
110.6 .52
10
f .53
9
40.8 .CG .54
60.6

.
24.7 .CG .55
C dG dG j .
(c = 41.8) i c
1.3 .56
1.38 .57
53.4 .58
58.0 m .59

NGO
SfG
82 .60
v
k

120

4 dG LGe
4.83 cm

.CG .61
ae SdG J
CG j .
s
.0.12 cm
1.80 cm .62
1.90 cm .63

jQGh jQdG

H```````````````LCG
a
k HG SCG oJ CG j .1
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CG EG uG SQ J CG j .2
EG .Yh T :SY d
V UM g dG
u
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fG CG uG Mj CG j
EG ODj NBG NGO HfCG MCG
SdG H ad S mV
.cdG N

.3

iMEG CG uG j CG j
jdG dCG SGH dG FGa
dGh
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t
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.4

SBG hCG (1888-1970) eGQ c

Hf FGL iMEG Y j
J dG J .dG
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.5

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121

4 ```dG J

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O

CG
O

O
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.1
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122

4 dG J
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27.0 .12
50.0 .13

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c j .NCG QfG K SfGh
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v
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YCG dG j dd ,bdG
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GfG bC Vj
q dG g dG
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.dG dG
15 cm .15
1.5 cm .16
4.2 cm .17

123

5 dG s

OGh NGdG
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Q
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adG
29 ,28
14 ,13 ,12

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32 ,31 ,30
15

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T
GC T

127 U ,GeCG VM NGdG

128 U ,NGdG aG KCJ
129 U ,NGdG GgCG bGeh LG dG

NGdG
(O 45) IMGh M

1-5

T
GC T

132 U ,aM Y LG GfG

OG
(O 135) M 3

2-5

140 U ,QdG AV NGJ

QdG
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3-5

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J
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126 U ,JdG LG NGJ

133 U ,OG dG SGH NGdGh OG

134 U ,AGOS H :FY SGH AdG OM
135 U ,OG P dG VY KCJ
136 U ,IOG
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34 ,33
16

G bdG

T
GC T

139 U G AdG

ddG c
G c
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T
HCGh OSCH adG GC T
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(CG)124

Interference and Diffraction

dG LGdG OQG``e
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146 ,131 U
50 U ,OGh NGdG (CG) 5
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52 U ,OG Rh () 5

137 U
147 ,138 U

147 U

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bf
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131 U ,4-1

28 U ,gG LGe ,1-5

146 U ,4-1

147 U ,15

138 U ,4-1

135 U ,2-1

29 U ,gG LGe 2-5

146 U ,14-12

142 U ,3-1
30 U ,gG LGe ,3-5
147 U ,21-19

dG OQG``e
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24 U ,5 dGQNG O
67 U ,5 dG ,J SCG F O

()124

jQGh jQdG
148 U ,5-1

cGJ J
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31 U

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.OM Rh Y dG GgCG
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IQdG M
UGbCG e Y IQdG J
iMEG N QdH edG G
Y IgdG GdCG .J MGe
FN iMEG g UGbCG S
uG O .IQdG G AdG
Y eG UdG IQe e Gsj
W EG Ad G GdCG a
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u
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124

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j
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e .GjL
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k
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u GKCdG g
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LGd ae
Le NJ eY :cGdG GC e
bdG e e fe
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f OOdG
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t
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t
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LG
s
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td
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B h A Le J eY j Y
q
f Jh N Y LGe
YCG EG 4 cm A MGREG M ,e
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d GPe (.YCG EG 7 cm dG J Y
3 cm Bh YCG EG 4 cm A MGREG fc
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125

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1 G

FbO 5 :ucQ
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1 jEG

JdG LG NGJ
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n
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q NGdG e vc adG g VJ
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YdGh QG U :jdG
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q
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q
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k
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.
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180
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0
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u
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2 jEG

GeCG VM NGdG
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127

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k
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s a J dG G
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,(330 m/s) YSh dG OOJ
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u
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q
O .HdG YCGh ,( = 0.50 m)
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k
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u

G
O
s
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s
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LG NGJ hT{ 29 adG S adG g VJ ,zFdG

e iNCGh e GgCG OLh
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128

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jH JGSG
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Wj CG j l2 h l1 sG CG Vh
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,
= 0.30 h d = 0.50 mm fc GPEG :S
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= 2600 nm :
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4 jEG

bGeh LG dG
NGdG GgCG
GKC
k J LG d CG Vj :dG
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RL ,HdG e jQGb :OGG
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.AbQRh AGNh AGM aS
d HdG SG :jdG
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Y J Yqa c Y J dG
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129

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jH JGSG
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G GgCG CG GMj uG O
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dCdG
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:GG

sT Y dG OMCG AV S id
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G Gg Vj ,zNGdG{ ,(CG) 5 e .NGdG M Fe M jW

NGdG GgCG be{ ,14 CG adG bGe VJ ,zYCG JdG GhP

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130

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H`````````LCG
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574 nm .2
0.125 .3
25.2 .4

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H```````````````LCG
e kec GkOY hj Qe a
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Jh
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.1

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0.63 .3
3.00  102 m .4

FbO 10 :NG
,zNGdG{ dG LGe , .28 U
e LGh
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NGdG{ (CG) 5 dCG , .50 U ,zOGh

131

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:2-5 dG
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5 jEG

Y LG GfG
aM
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Le qde ,GeCG VM :OGG
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G X aM GbGj uG
LG CG VhCG .FdG N IcGdG
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fc d a ,J
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j
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132

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NGdGh OG
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p S .H jY a JGh
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CG Y
s S
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k
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J e MVh
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133

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134

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t
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GL
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135

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n
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GMj uG O .ITe QdG
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SQ
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136

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U j
hCG ,ja H jdG Gg REG
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q
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Od fdGh hCG JdG

jhGR
L
n
n
4
N 1.00  10 a Rh
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2 = 53.1 ,
1 = 23.6
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j )
2 = 90.0 ,
1 = 30.0
.(dP
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j ) sin
2 = 1.2 ,
1 = 36.9
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Y 400.0 nm LG dW AV j
c .dG N 5.0 103 a Rh
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137

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Gg j
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17.2 .
11 .3
1 .4

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dG LGe

H```````````````LCG
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.CG
24.7 .
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.1

.2

.3

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u ,169-168 U , ,dG LGe .52 U ,zOG Rh{ () 5 dCG , -

138

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:3-5 dG
QdG
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10 jEG

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kJ
k
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k
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139

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bO 25 :SQO
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140

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fQeh SSCG P
j J
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k
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eG CG QMG

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Y jH bY d jQSdGh
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q J
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141

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143

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Jh LGe
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G
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145

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HLEG
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J
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v

.1

.2
.3

.4
.5

.6
.7

.8

630 nm .9
589 nm
0.327 nm
0.436

.CG .10
.
.

160 m .11

LG ,jGhdG H .12
dG e We e eOdG
e HGgC
k G fe
u mAHh Gg
q H
P Mf dc ,eh
.NGdG
dG P AdG VJ
t e OGOJ .13
.cCG O WCG LG
AdG GdCG e d c j .14
dd J
k e jhGH HCG
.LG

146

5 dG LGe
g dG d e Y
SJ sin .15
v
dG G OY e
.MGdG
3.22 .16
3.22 .17

.CG .18
30.66 ,28.30 ,20.51 .
.dG OMCGh HGe QdG AV .19
LCG e kHGe AdG j CG j .20
j .NGJ P Y G
M kVGhh Gks NGdG P
.dG OMCG AdG
Sb HLEG J
CG .21
s
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QdH dG HLEG J
CG
s
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.dG vN 6030 .22
14.77 ,13.71 ,10.09

2.41 10 4 m .23
432.0 nm .24
8.000 107 m .25

.ib b ,1.93 103 mm = 3 .26

147

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jQGh jQdG

H```````````````LCG
j ,HdG LG dG d .1
So G H aG RhoJ qCG
CG ud .G g
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s
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J 5 dG
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148

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HLEG

.1
.2
.3
.4
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O .7
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G vN 7.5 104 .10
589 nm .11
6.77 .12
7.90 .13

149

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