Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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gudan 8und8td" gtme h co6d ad h Feun|lary dr.ldt it bofr Ub t lsr slinoldd grldf h,roybern l
Lrv! iot|ld thet DCPTA BloregulatoF give u tle pokothl !p Em lcdvity i! the phot, speediDt tb productiGol dymstbat lD br! for madpulatrng ge re$ilatiod tor maniDulatinr c@ reflilationo{ tle tI sped tie plaltl ntabolbm. dp e planl Bocdictsa!r."and co| d r DIaDL' sara "ald conld Tbey first dir(lY'ed lhrt DC?TA havea prolourdimpactooagricultural darbledthe rutber productioo gua. cropproducuvity gualiry." d ald
EVERYDAY
S C I E N C E A N D M E C E A N I C S f o r O C T O B E R '1 9 3 5
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Sky-Seraping
a RAIN is caused, as everYone knows' by the upper eir's becoming too cold to hold any longer the water it contarns. the Consequently, idea that rain can be made by firing bombs into the skl" to shakloosethe water, is impractical. A French meteorologisl Bernard Dubos, proposes to produce lain bY lnding Nature a hand; in othe! words' helping her to carry out her ro!trne process drawing heted,v/ater'laden of ;ir from the surface of the earth, and cooling it (by expansion into thinn! atmosphere) until the rtatel codes donrr again. His project, illustlated lere, i6 to Dut uD stupendoustowers of concret, i o l t o w w i t h r n ,q h i c h q i l l c r e a t ed r a f t s in the same manner as a factory chimney. The ascending air column will cairy sater uP \*ith it, as vapor; and' *.hiilins vanes s'ill distribute it in all directio;s. By this means, M. Dubos believes, the natulal moisture ot the ai! can be readily increased. Such a tower, steel reenforced, and two_thirds hlshe! than the Empire State Building' it would cost about $10,000,000, is estimated, and be of grat scientioc as weII as climstic value.
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It $ill talc mrrry ).crrs heforc all thc behc6t that cnD hc obtoiled frunr thc process is finall-v :rrrivcd :..1. At present;it h; bcen vorked out onlj,for.rvhc:rt, oits. aDd l).rlc1; Lut cxperirDcntshave shorvn lhat it.s $dv.ntagcs extcnd to maDl, othcr kiDds of sccds. Trrrnips and olher rooLs, rnrizc, ricc. cabbhgc, aod ntany otlrci Irl1rr,fs gro,yn from sccd arc kno*,n to lrrullit; irut for thc;c rc prorcs: is loi lct rccorn,ucrrdtd,lrccrrrsetbe .r_.:., cc,rrcl {iiiio,rl },lrr(, nc,l. l_,crDrLoroir,:llr r::L.r.rl i . r r r < , 1 t L r . r r , r , . Lr c r i . : r 1 1 : r l , l e lrjn.il r r , i u l l sh x . , c b c c n ( i ) i 1 1 i n l f r o r , ( i l ! ( . t r i f r ( inA scc(l nctrloer; brrt ljrc resrilt.s r,rr:rr,,t ].et sum.icntl) unilorr,r to jujtjfl its apl)!icalion on:r lergc sr...le I,otetocs. t!r I _ L ,r r i f i c r t i o n o f s n , . , l s r i l t b c : , , 1 u r . , ^ J r on 11\'erli largc scalc in Ilrrgland for Dext year's Larvcst. Dvcry larrno nho leg ^ ^ -,. ^-:-i -. tried it oncc upon o srnlll acreagcNill usc 7 - ? . * - - < it frecly; and though it has scaicclr.b,.,cn : ! ] z l i l a<lrnrlised at all, fnrmcrs talk to one another, tl,cv sr,. the articlcs \r ril,ten by orpcrts \rlo hsvc inslrcctci 6 : = a = = a ! ; + - > r t : : . + . 7 thc crops; &Dd the ,lmoudt of secd that will be 7 " . * 4 " " A 1 a . . 2 4 - ; : *1? Y": -l - - :.rj :5 elcctrificd for next yeer's hqrvest $ill bc oracticc r: r: i l' : l : 5 ; i - "! ; i ; ally Iimitcd only l-ry the pacity of tbc l,lr;t ltrid t 1 r3 a = a ^ ' a i : - : don-n- for the purposc, In Great Britsin the proccss is = -+o 3 i:\ g ^ - _ eslablisbcrl. i '_ So cmphnlically j ; 9 l ; ! E truc is this tLrt Dr. \\'ra1,,the I'nited Stet.,s- Insyrcctor-in Chrrgc in Crcat Britain, aftcr an extendcd tour of inspcctior, of farrnq he5 adviscd his Gorerusrent to havc imrncdirrte trills uadc:'n everv 3 ': : : :-3 0 c - 6 a - ; - i - ; ? ' * : q ; ; " , Statq of the UDio,i. 1o my mind, the tlne for i,rialsis I : 9 : past. l'urther trials are but s'astc of vlluaLle tirnc. j'(:.; Z1\'e must flrce thc fact thr.t thcrc is a ehortoge of food 1 = = 5 - Y = ell over tl:,' rsorld, aud that this shortege uil-i bc nrost - 4 Y 6 j : r r t : - i j - j t : + ! c i -3 j= ..3, s c "g A " ; = a " - ? 2 {rcrtely felt ncrt Jr3r. It is ncxt year th.rt th(. jncreascd ; ' l a 2 - : " a 7 =.= = l, -'? ; : : a < 2 r a : F 1 ' ; i ' : lrro.lu.tio[ will Le rrr;uired; and furtLer trials. rhicb :*oi:1:6. could tcll rrgDom,rrc lhrrr rvckno$ alreadt. r"ouid onlv I Y i : - ! - : j'_ : " _1 ; l : i : a : 1 * - - ? = - - . , i = ' t JrcslDor: lhe edop{i"n of lh- tro"oss for-another tca:. " ^i . = It is lfaDl.cd !oN, and badly \!anted. i t.it-. !')"' t j.;
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paDerr $ere Elcctrlclty a! a Tre Pelt Cur..-ltteDt recently grantcd to Isodore l(ltsee, tr Pbllodelphlo hreotor, caverlng rt proc$s for the dertructlon of lnEect ond germ llte bnrmful to pl:rnts oDd tres, tbe lectrlcol nrethod tnklng tle plocc, to n greot extent, o! tlre usull lprnJ'a |rud otller.nnpllcotloDs, Thc procers c$uslsts ol Drnklng {ln nDpllmtloD ol o loltrtlon such trr stlllDe r$ter \rilrcre the grouhd ls to be trefltcd, lrud tbeo cltusIng d,current ol electrlcltl to be D{ssed throuSh tbe soll, n'hereupon the gns generatcd $ lll rld the soll of gerrhs, hrrne oDrl lnsects wltlroot the llrst lDjnrf'to the rege, lvherc n Inrgcr nrcn ls to bc trc^ted, lt ho! tltlon. lFen found desllnble to dlg 8hollow trelcLes nt opt]oslte aldes of the flrclr to l)e treflted, Itod tie electalc ternrlnnla nre nlnced ln these. An oJ|lllclrtloo of e 8otDe. $.hnt rnore porverlol culretrt rvlll rtd the eDtlre areo ol lesta. Wlren the l)l{nt ltselt lB to be trqrted, tbe aol[tlon cnrrJlng ihe elenrent ls lldde the electrollte ln on rppnrntus, nrd the Jrlflnt sprirled vlth n solll oD lftcr deconlposl orr has tokcn place througb the dcflon ol tlle electrlc cuneDL
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Otrr in Califomia, foolish 6sh who b-.vto s\\'im into irigation ditches are going to cet the shocli of their lires. A marine verlion of the electric cattle fence keeps ffsh out-$ithout hurting them-u hile iassing Nilter or debris-Shoqn at right. it consists of a free-srvinging rou of electrodes.connected to a Senerrtor. The electrodesslightt l r < l r a r g c h c r r . r t e r r o u n dt b e n r . a lnrented br licnrr T. Burler. of Hcrllr'smd. C.dif.. tl,' fisli screen u\es a qenerirlor he derel,,ped iointlv sith \\-estinghouse. \ettings in Califomia hle shosn th.rt nt times as mrn| as 5.(D0 sLLlmon have been krst in a single irrigation ditch in a 2,1-hourperiod. Hvdrclectric plants and industrialpumps are other hazands. ct 9{ rorur^rsc'tn r \ , r Ut1 '{7
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Dr' T' G' lltcronvtua About 1930, I dcctdcd to trt rn GrP'rlont of I hed bcan conducttnt Chlorophyl Dnct3yovcr vlrcl. conduetlnS EloPttc lnct35r ovcr lont dlrt.nc' vl' vlra. A vood Plrtfon u.. tnrt;llcd on thr touth tld of th. houac .bout alr frct rbovc Sround. L'tcr that th. ?htforr lutt bc rt .rp.rlr.nt. ft$lcetc 6' rbovc around tn otdcr to let tha declrcd lcirt potcntl.l of rncr3y ntlch tncrorrca Ylth dlatrnc' abov. lround. I cut nivtni rooc modcn ctjrr boxc. .v'll'bler .ttht boxrl th't boxar eprri and cut glcccr lnd rdc rork' rcr. 2"i2'.r4" rl thou;h rny .lt. borcr rlll Alualnr.! foll vrr plrccd on th. bottoo of lcvcn to b. tn cont.ct rtth thc 'o11' boxcr lnrldc ro.. of foll rcrc alrccd on thc und'r 'ld" Slltlrr Pl"cca of thc lid of crch box. Ilrca vrr. conncctcd to crch plcce of foll, thr ylt.a ftoE thc llda rcra cxtandcd to thc run plrtca, thc rlrcr fron thc botton fotlr vcrc connectcd to thc ert.r plpc rnd thur groundcd. Scc flgur: "2" lor dctrllr ol the box conaruc t lon. t lGf"r to flgurc rrll ytlch ahou! e rrrldc" vlcv o f thG lnrtrllrtlon. lltur. "3'r rhovr thc ryltco o f connectonr. l
rcrc plrccd on th pl.tfortD ro rE Seven pl!tc! plck up energy froo thr lun rnd a gtrc r.!! connecto ted to each plste rnd extendd dovn tnto the brret|lent, cach box, hlvlnt the top foll plltc connectcd vlr slr to ! plrtr out on th plltfori! ln th aun ItBht. Ttc cl3hth box hed rp connrctlon to th. out!ide, lt bclnt thc "controlrr. Th. plrtcr on the platforE ecrc rll dlfflrcnt rlze. The rrnellert urr 2"r4", thG n.rt 4"16"' tn thr' lrrgcrt vo! .bou! E"r[0", rnd ona glrta val coPper acrecn ulr". S o t t t rd l r t e t a r c r ? . n c d r n d | r ' o f d l r t p l r c c d ln cach box. Ort lardt Yala ralactad, rll of unlfon rlrc rnd plantcd ln tuo roea of 5 acada rprccd ln cech roe, thrn l" of dfrt uar pleccd on toP ln th. box, The rlhe rnount of l,!t?r uer addld to cach box al needed froo day to daY. All of tbe tcdB sproutcd rbout the srrtle tk c. ur notlc?d thet thrte uet no chlorophyl ln the Then l0 plantr ln the control box, All of the boxes connected to outrlde Pl!tr hrd Pllnta rrlth nuch chloroghyl.
lh J3r? qutt. Irrgrlrad to rDt. ahat tht plantr l n b o x c r v l t h l o r l c o u t a l d r . p l e t r r , r c c r n e dt o l o o k rt lf th"y b.d btcn aubjcct.d to h.rt. Apgrrcntly th. l.r!. outrld? plrtrr rcrc brtngln3 ln rn .rc.ar of .ntr3y coGprrad rltb th. aft.ct of 3h. .n ll alta outrld. plrt.!. Y.ry aoon, th. Dl.ntr !r.v too t.ll fo" thc ar.ll aDunt of rhetd rooer 1n tha borat to arch bor vrr cqulpped rlth a aprc.t to r.la. th. top of .rch lld up rbout 3/4". llrc borcr urrc pleccd on r rh:lf tn th. a of th. b.t.ant slr.rc th.r. Irt ltttl. ll3ht, rlth |F vlndorr .t th.t .r{. Alro, th. .htlf rrr l.pr d.st bo.rd phcad ts !roa3 ar|d .noth.r on coP to bt. .rclude .ll lltht. lh. phntr r.r. d.rt .ll of !h. tl...rc.pt dt.n th.tf rert trlatrd by flerhlljht. A frt.nd trl..d to dupllcrt. thc .rprrt!.nt bu! dld t$t tolloe all lnrtructlonr. lhclr brr6.nt vrr only rbout I t.Gt froo brecrcnt floor to 3round l"v?l outrldc. lnat.rd of ptrclnt th. out.t.d. pl.t.r rbov. lround 6 loet, thrt leld the r.trl coll.ctor plrt.. on e borrd thrt l.ld dn th. $ound, thu. th.y dld not hrvc thc potrntl.l dlffcrcncc bctuc.n outrld" coll*tor and tnalda borcr rnd thc crp"rlDlnt trt I fellurc. Al!o, th.re 9rr I rlndos nc.r thlt l.t inuch ltght lnto r.filr" tht box.. vcrc Alrccd. Anyon" vio exp?ctr to dupllcetc rn Gxpcrlncnt rhould be rura th.y knor rll the f^ctorr rnd thrt thcy follor. th. lnltructlonr axrctly vlthout rny subrtltutlon or chrnge. And rr to chenges, lf you .re trylnt to R?t r rpcclrl rcrult and are trylng out lcveral ncthodt or ldcet, one of thc cordlnel p o l n t s t o d o l n t B o o dy o r k l s t o r l r k J u l i i O N Ec h r n g c rt a tth. Thn you knor Jurt rArt th! rctultr rr. lf you nrkc tvo chlntcr and thc rcault lt ldlurc, you do mt knor but thrt on" of thc chrngaa rey hrvc (rcr Dlgurar tlr2ril, bccn rll rljht. n.rt 2 p.!..). ly: r t Dl. l. t GALIN HlElO[IxllS a
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE For your convenience. the coil wire has already been connected to the negative and positi-ve posts of the transformer At the other end of the coil wire, a by the wing nuts. cut away to of insulation has been partially smal-I amount Continue to cut away the insulation inside. expose the wire in this manner unti.l- enough wire is exposed to reach around This your post, tree, pipe or another wire at feast twice. You may want to use forms a coil- which no ant can cross. some tape to hol-d down the loose end of the coiL wire. For There are many more uses for the control box. Just connect instance, it can be used as an el-ectric fence. one post to a good ground, (either post - it doesn't matter),
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BENSON ELECTRONICS Route I Box 143 Nixon, Texas 78140 (5t21 424-3373
xit;
Ben",ng.; ^"f.-e PelS
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yaard'vart, which usesan eleclrical cha'Ee to de'lroy znls' lim Eensondemonsl'?tet the
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ai leasl h bordring rhe Gulf of Mex'co Ther s not an,!_ ere. and in Central Amenca ano norbing I can'! reach wth mY Mexrco. aU areas \r'Llh a treAbour !q'o J-ears mendous ant -proitems' The
Plar_Pd'osl r(r'YUc
"^ rn.re no oue:rrontrs i,?!,"ffi;.-a-'-c '. sPl R'beri BPnson - i Fr;iffi:i;'lt-.i'-; b'rn rnundated *"'" ;rr ""''8 :," q "-"'iiffi. ";* r r r , "e " "c n ^ t n e r ";L'..". r e s o f f i r e a n t s h ' -i P " a " g"n .nFna I ou, soF .t
rrches. resulrei praws and rracrors rhe area ts i'i'r!" "iiii ; ' ; : ; ; ; i ; ""i barr,.,rarrysu-sceplibrerunre i;;; ' q rnlers
o The Yaa:d \ar { r: no: dn onls becausF l rl( mrld of The rvprcal anr colonv averases -^gi.-"ratron t'i " ".i'ilt. eiectrical betseen 100,000 and 500 000 ,-i"',,i"ii.-'-"i"t'i"a an[s. A meral Prone lrGnl'] Re!edrCierS (urtO|J\ Lr. antn.l, an.i.c:r, oe wirile Benson deals with hrs ' i i { i 'e "tE"." - t ;t;n 'e g a""""n , - . " os u n . & . . ! n' t a . or e'PaIcl m:"Fsnrn rlen:ron -:rl .hc l S DpDartrPn: of La-s-n. lhe ants lo Iu-r AF'cultJre "F tr^$ nE irr^' ' 'i.' ri="',e, """L,rn;ir'e n._r
r'::!:o r!.:h. e:li
ants Destrovi hou.s. the l,rrhin se!e.al anrhill becomes rls o*n ceme terv arre anis had so rnundaled bpn.or s I-,n, rn C"ntra: 1'x d. ne sats Inar n, .ventuallv earln i,o":o noi aro,o rn".nt. en homes. qal l :rc s- xrn! a D'tle hrs acreaie ol ',ne anls - lher* rnmunrl: r' p<'lr oe\-.op an BEn.or. I-memoLt('d lne prode a'i. i:l *aler *ell and beEan ." rnvEsl!6ate'.ie
Hrdden amona co.nmeal pel' lets developed b) sclenlrsis at Departmeni Agricullure lhe that are .luvenrle hormones rlard the development of the a n l s o f T s p r r n gt h ' l a r v a e SooRaman Srpte BerbPr'cn saro tne hutronp slurs doqn all actvitl rn lhe colon) - killtng l)'. emarnrnsants sard research tn Berbenci thF R'lirnF of Ins"ct:- l\'oLgh Ji- o: hormones rs lr!e lr lu ]'earsold
;ii;";;;.;"-;'4.'';;;;^,.
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H toid son Robrt tsenson, o\Iner ofTrmebase lnc rnBrv_ an of h.< frndrnes and Yaard \!r^rr,..e-'-L;-. Pos\ible Datent R,r,.i g-nsc- !.rc lh" I S Paren: Office $,ll decide ibe s lului-e Because !h )nleii)oi n(: vi oI.(i.a,.] rpf(re.po url.l lrP l-rce hoo. eti eerrso" bai caurroned hts father not to lab.rale o. ite }aar(l Vark s \vorkrnes i: rnr Ber-:on Li r :i!r: r a : .n: R. b, rr hpr,s n L,-. ir ra-/e( rne -r:-rrr-
thal "Scren"rsLs ar findrng hormones in inscls are rn som sev'n.l u!l'iP inosr rn man Tnar. d' h":a.d mlr: veioPing chemicals lhat can drs'JDl tne(t srgnals 8P-oe'rch s. C !h" screatrsls hope ants q'ill nol dveiop a torerance to hormones. as rne)' r'a\-ulLl- pcsr:.lce5uPnsol' rs Jln MFdi*n'iP exrensror' s'.relchrng srln!,it cords across llis )afd !o frd t1 01 the Pesls l: : a lre n- 'a o I'l rlo' : tna ' l . .r.1. ;, r-o a 'n of ants
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Bakcr, Jcrryr TaIk to lour Plante- Put e Ll8htlnlng four Gardcn, Fgs. 6lt&5,Nash Publ ., 9 9 7 3 .
Callahan, f4flfp S.r l\rnlng lnto Nature- [t PSe. 195-205, Devln-Adalr, t975,
Fllcntl,thc Ncttlc,
Lenetton,Sellnr Electrlclty l n A g r l c u l t u r e and Eortlcu1ture, - Van Noetrantt , 1904. L u n d , E . J . r B l o e l e c t r l c F l e l d s a n d G r o r t h t Unll'ersltt of Teras, 194?. EflIerr E.C.r Plant Phystology- Effects of Electrlclty c r o p P r o d u c t l o n , p g s , 1 0 8 3 - 8 5 , l l c G r a w8 1 1 1 , 1 9 3 8 . on
Ferengl, Eleanorr Green Thoughts- Conpost, p8. 4J, Vlntage Books. 1981. P9yel]r Bettyr ltl e Avant Gardener- Current Experlnentsrpg. 174, Houghton H1[t1!n, 19?5. Sheppard, Asher R., and Elsenbud, t'lerrllr Blologloal Effecte of Electrlc and Magnetlc Fle1ds of E'xtrenelt Lor FrequencyElectr1c Fleld Effects on Plant Llfe, pgs, 8-6&8-?, llex york Unlv. Press, l9??. Smyser, Stevet Ttr Encyclopedla of Organlc Gardenlng-El_ectroe culture, pgs. )42&,43. Rodale press, 1pl8. G . E . r C y c l o p e d l a o f A m e D l c a nA g r l c u l t u r e V o 1 . 2 , L . E . !tgl", Balley- Effects of Electrlclty on Plantsr pgs. JO-J, ltacnlllan, 1910. Stone, C.H.r Standard Cyclopedla of Hortlcultureculture, pg. 1109, l,lacnlIlan, 194?. Electro-
Tonpklns, Peter, and. Blrd, Chrlstopher3 The Secret Llfe of Plants- Plants and ELectromagnetlsm, pge, t63-?? and Force Flelds. Eunans, and Plants, pgs. 1?8-99, Harper&Boa, t9ij, Unen, Iilartln A. r Understandlng LlghtlnlngEas LlAhtlnlnl Any Prectlcal Use?, pgs. f45-49, Bek Technlcal Fubl ., t9il.
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f or OCTOBER'1935
E45
Sky-5srapin$
O RAIN is caused, as everYone knows, bl'the upper air's becomrng too coro to hold an]'ionger the \r'ater l! contarns' 'ar' I'c Con"-Juenl,l, th, rdcathal rarn 10 maoe Ly nring Lomn' ir'r' th( :"1 shak loose the \tater, is inlpractlcal -^ French mtorologis", Brnard Dubos. Droposes to produce rarn o!' l n d i n g N a t u r a h a n d ; i n o - t h r\ r ' o r d s ' helpjng her to catry ou! her routrne Drocec" of drasing heald $at(r-Lau'n 'l a r r f r o n . t h e s u r J a c o f t h e e a r l h . a r coo)ing it (bl xpansion into thrnner atmosphere) until the water conres doNn again, His project, illustrated hre, is !o Dul ut siufendous to\Lers of conrrele' $hich \ill cr'atc drrfLS iroilo* "irh:n in the same manner as a factorl'chrmair column rr'ill o"r:. Ttt" " " " "P a'i'n t h i t . a s v a p o r i a r d u n .g " " ii..y, n n r , . ttn n " " N i l l d r s t r i l ' u l e i t i n a l l *h t " d r r e c : , c - n " .B S t h i s m e a n ' t r l D u h o s b e l r c v e s .t h e n c l u r a l n l o i s t u r e o I t h e alr can hc rPad ll increa'.d Such a int,"t. .," t r.enforce.l. and t\\o'thirds hieher than the Empirc State Bu;ldir3' { o u l d c o s t a L o u t $ 1 0 . 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ,i t i s e s t i -ut"d. and be of gr3t scientifrc as $'ell ! as cl!nL:1tic alue.
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El eetrleal stlrnulation of plant growth proiluces increased , r'1nor etements (Fe, Zn, Al) ln active concent,rat{ons of Comparedto eontrols, are of such inereases I oef tips. tho order of several hundred per cent. This ls due to an tnel"ease ln metabol ictrenzvmes in the etctricallv-activatecl oliqoplants, whlch apPcar greener because ozone generatecl by electrl n d e e p - g r e e n , o p en - f{ ol6 nricllzes porphyrins, resultlns icel ' . Jn c e d n o l e c u l e s o f t h e s e o r s i n i l a r Under netallo-enzymes. the act lvity fleld, t h a l n f l u e n c e o f a n e x ec s s i v e e l e t r l c a l to such an extent that oe thpse srrbstances is accclerated cleterioratcell i s lmpeded, rrlth resultar{i r ' : o ll u l ' r - . r e s p i r a t i o n tlssue destructlon. and I on
are tonics to a tree; it absorbsthem geedily lrom around its roots' But nitrates are so soluble-that
they wash leadily out of tbe soil. A method of applyrng them. developed in France hv Dr. Moklzecki, gets 10074 results; the solution, onder pressure from the boftle' ls fed into the sensitlve layer of the tre betweel vrood ano bark, just as a Physrc)ad makes a hYPodermic rnjec_ (Conlinuzd on Page 880)
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CDNTENTS
EIECTROCUIN'RE
PaSo tl t7 l7 !l til
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13
ar , The term,'electroculture,,
have o"#lXfi Ji""3Il,1il;"*,[t:xperiD)ents pr mes i"ai",i"*,i'i i"" n r r,,.ri r, lfiqli' "i:F"fl'J,;" u 3X?il1, f ;: "l;:'#ii{,]
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tn_e atmosphprc and 1be cbanges p?od,lqedUv .{-o cxamrnalionof the eiectri"cat.olgtfoqp rhe chargednetwork. in tbe atmosphcre orer an_ oppn fietd on.a cl_ear day shorr.thrt th."" i. ; i;;; i;l;
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The cx_rpri nent-al grrr-qram on bioloqical effects of gaseous ions onducted at tlre university of california during tlre p""i-t years is reviewed ard rerated to sirni lar r'ork done in other laboratories. " Acc.eptable evidence exi.sts tltat: 0.) (+) and (-) ions ac-c'elerate tie death rate of r"iciococ.i, a. coir, s. lrancncnrs and fungi. (2) (+) ions raise the blood level of 5_hydroxytryptanine (5fIT) in ard produc-ed generally injrnicar effects on tlre respir.to.y (-) ions t act. Trce Icrner t].e blod 1eve1 of 5fn ancl reverse the changes .uot"a (3) (+) ty'(+i ions. - ard (-) ions accelerate the grqvrth rate of higher plants. niy aiso hasten the on set of iron chlorosis in plants grcrn il an Fe-iree nrediun. lrrhen pe rs present, . they speed the'ptake of .,gerDris Fe, i'crease the 02 0nsurption of seedlings, i-ncrease the @ntent of cytoch::ore" otrrui i*;#r"r;;;;., decrease tl* agLive Fe fraction, and increase the ".ra residr': t Fe traccion ,ir tfrli ptant tissue. ltds operirrental evidene has been utilized i-n developing an nfrtnesis or air -j4) .9. on the plant sites responsible for Fe distribution, .a"bgl 'or when larvae of the sil)<rrcrm are e4osed to hi;h @ncntrations (+) (_) ions the of either rate of qc*rti is accelerated, tlrere is a nrarked incease p.oat,"tion * tt of qt"F. peroxidase, anl to a lesser degree, catalase, ard tl* spiming rytoof silk "Irdi"", begins earlier. (5) The effects proarlcea ry .i; i;*-""4, w-ith the bio_ logical substrate arrl i-n scne cases with tire ara"g ina a.ni..r ilture or ue
]on' .rte phygiorogicar c*nnges can at rines r,=o# i',to p"tr'"r"gi""r states. (6) Daeri'Ents witr air iol" difficulr to perfoim arrr ti b" -*g close atten{on to precrr.& intelference hy factors srrh as uii'poirutants dc,Erd"ifriii"-,t, ana stray electrical fields.
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ffii':ri":i;"1ffT;:"ll""lT,i ,* thp reeurt. bioavalabirilv P andK ws' incressed. of
io.s ot 5 Ar resufkd in a" iiti*tion of eoil P'a-nd K. Ar a !-*q. 8eherdly hrgneet wrren rbe embrvo *rr
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Electrification of Seeds.-'l'h.crc ap!cers to l)(, rnLrcll tDter{'st lu tLe cl(trili(irliou r)f srqls urrrl thc :tDI,li,.| tlon of cl(<tl.ir.ltI lo gr{)rrirrg l)lunts. ,\ ri.ccllt ;t.(,, rrj of \-olk llloDg th(.st, liIlos tells of !r ntrv mc )oil ()f aldjo;l lllant Aro$'th. 'fhc sceds, l0 or 20 slrcks, rrrt, {}hc.d i|l t lllis I'l.u\:ldN] \rith lron eloctrodcs ot l{, r e D d s ; t h e e l e ( . 1 r o t )t e i s t t - c o l u o D o f s o d i u n ) D i l r , r t , , ptrtlcularll. o! sorno othor fr.rtillzer. r$lth c0rr,als $ht.llt, barley rl)d oatri-the I,ldds of both gr:1i unrt stnl$ aro to lJe ilrcrersc(|. Sonrc afn frl.tD.rs lrr\-(, "-nid trlicn ul) tLe tr|'.rt'licDt of the secils, (hjch is firll,,sf,l l , I ' a y e r . j ( t i r e f u l d r t - . i r r g i t l a k i l r ) . , 1 . t r ct r , r l r t n r o D t j \ oplticrl lirout :r ntonth or t\i.o bcforc ao\rtDg.
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, Pl.nls responded rigouousty ro ar ,on srhutarron, whrch equared lo
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Recently, Winton er d/. (unpublished data) at Oklahoma Slate Unrvcrslly expertmenLed expostnggreen by a relatively constant DC cunent of tZ lV "r.;;;;;r'i; a"ff"r.,a- A0-"i above the plant t ps and providing a relatively ni cunent density of Zl0 picoamperes/piant, "orrrani and obseruea 6i,Z a rncrease in crop weight. A similar application of AC current produced an 8b% increase in cr
of airions('1pA/cm2i
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Above these levels growlh rarts\rvar(. _;; decreased. \!lhen orchard grass seedlings ;"r" relatively high electric fietd strengh, ".;;;;J the planrs a"piry"J ,ii, damage and brochehical analyses indicared t'r,"t' ,ii-,i"Lri.j enzyme content of the tissuewas alcereo_ In the course of studies of small air .. ion action on net
wrthapphed electrrc fretds berow60 k\. m ancl fl;"1.1,.:,r"",, rvw Kv/m. respectlvely.
oi iltj::"il,:.." vv \ r vw 'r v /m, a slzzlrng noisp developFd and the odor ot ozur,.
a lons or . o. rrn p'4,6.{19211^":13:"1-"0 senes exp"".;",;';;.;;l; fff In rne taboratorv on planLs pot
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rn culture, ard orr fl"ld"top" exposed to ron-prooucmg high-voltage, low-amperage -i; erectncat drscharges. They obrajned sgnific"arri rn";";; dry weighr at harvesr.Sidaway t19751 has revrewed ,,1 pho- sor^1h,.and .... ruu ntstory ..electroculture... of what came t,o be ca_lted -"i"-"iro. {37-{.r: rrrso\/r'lwork has been concerned wrrh rf,",nnu"n"" of E ! , r r r e r o so n s e ( d g e r m l n a t i o n it,4t.4f { 1 9 6 ? r a n d l h e I n f l u e n c eo f 'reclostatic fields on plant respiration (196g). 1.253-25
;il;,;'"J:"d'T,:'.,ii,",*':;:"iliJ"ff ;rTS,T:"1i:
lli]'11 presenceof03. ano rne ilih "".o";;;;,.. Elecrnc fipld strenFhs of 200 kV m growlh. ln a range of eiecrnc fields thar rnctudp; :j.,]:lTd r,'use oc(untng tn nature, rhpy found thar sufficrenl corona
and concluded that growth is retarded by lectric fields ) 200 kV/m, while below this level it is enhanced.Gro.wth stimulation is greater at 50 kv/m than at 150 kv/m. Further. the air surrounding the stimulatd plants when vented inlo another chamber enhanced the growth of plantl contained therein. They deduced that the growth-enhancing factor is a byproduct of corona and that it develops at relatively low field strength. Growth retardation occuring at higher field sftengih is associaled with cuFent flow ftom apex to base of the plant-a phenomenon .reported earlie! by Cholodny and Sankewitsch (193?) and by Lund er ol. (1917). The mechalrisms electroof static field actions suggested by Bachman and Reichmanis support the hypotheses espoused by the 18th century philosophers that atmospheric electdclty, even in fine weather, acts to promote the growth ol plants. Zhurbitskii (1958) and Zhurbitskii and Shidlovskaya (196?) studied the influence of electrica.l conditions on the uptake of ions in solution by plants and iound that potential gladients equivalent to those prevailing in nature can affect the absorption and incorporation of hea!ry metal ions. Exposule to artificia.lly increased densities of small air ions enhanced these leactions. Similar results have been reported'by Murr (1963, 1964, 1966), by Kotaka ef al (1965a) and by Krueger et dl. (1964)- It is significant that an environment in which plants are protected from atmosphe c eiectricity inhibits some of their essential physiological processes and interferes with glowth and development (Zhurbitskii 1969; Kruege! ef dl. 1 9 6 5) . Our own experience in this field began in 1960 at the University of Califomia, whre we developed facilities permitting exposure of plants to sma.ll air ions Ln a controlled rnicroenvironment (Krueger er dl.. 1962). For the most pa.rt, our subjects were seediingsof oals (Aueno sdtrrd) and barley (Hordeum uulgoris) grovtr, in chemically defined media. we iound that seedlingstreated with unipolar ronized atmospheres of either charge produced stalislically significanl stimulation of growth as measured by mean slem length. integal elongation, and dry weight. The extent of growth increasewas roughly proportional to the atmospheric ion density and this in tum determined the magnitude of current flow to ground. The minirnal current measured in a ground circuit and capable of producing a measurabledifference in $owth was,l.3-4.6 x 10-13 ,{/plant (Krueger ef. al., 19621. Reductron in the air ion content of the air resulted in retardation of growth and loss of turgor (Krueger et al., 1965). The majoi biochemical changesaccompanying the action of alr ions on plants were found to be: (1) increase in rate of growth and dry weight: {2) incieasein proenzymes;(3) duction of cytochrome C and other Fe-containjng increase in Fe uptakei (4) shift in the distribution of Fe be-
tween chloroplastsand the rest of the cell: (S) shift in the rar of darklight shrinking and swelling of isolaletl chloroolasts: o { 6 , s t r m u l a h o n o f A T P t n e r a b o l r s m f r s o l a t e dc h l o r o o l a : r s : (?) increase in oxygen consumption: (8) inciease in RNAase activity of leaves (Krueger et al., 1963; Kotaka el ol.. l96b: Krueger et dl. 196.1; Kotaka et o/., 1968, Kotaka et ot. 196i. Kotaka and Krueger. 19?2). With this background,we undertook to determine whether the growth stimulatlon observed under laboratory conditions could be duplicated with a market crop gtown in a hydloDonics (soilless culture) greenhouse.This experiment was conducted during the period December 19?4July 19?5.
,
Journol of Biological Physics Volume 11, 1983
of the GH. lts capacity is 4160 litels. The remaining floor area consists of concrete perimeter walkways, worklng alsleways, and five double-row planting beds, which accommodate a total of 14,10 tomato plants. The beds are sunk beiow the aisleways and are proLected from Lhe eanh wrth plastlr hners or barners. Ined gravel is used to fill the beds and functions as plant root support medium. The beds are periodically flooded and drained during the day with nutnent solution to provide tbe plant food needs and plant root aoratlon, The minimal night.trme remperature dunng the experiment was ls.C and the maximal daytime tempcrature was 25"C. Air lon Generators Negative air ions in this experiment were produced by a Klykon model 130/E109 generator lvith emittN positioned as indicated in Figure 1. The line of 28 emitters was located directly above aisle 5 between beds ,1 and 5. Since tle piants in tle aft section were 30 cm closer to the emitters than those in t}le front section, they received a somewhat higher dosage of ions. It should be noted that t}!e placement of emitters relative to the growing beds did not provide an ideal test of air ion effects. As is evident in Figule 1, the control beds 1 and 2 were not completely protected against ion drift from the emitters locatd above berls 4 and 5. The longitudinal flow of air minimized latei-aldispersion, but did not entirely prevent lt. At eithe! end of the greenhouse the longitudinal flou averaged 1?5 ft/min. In the central area the flow frorn inlet to exhaust was ca. 90 ft/min. Air ion flux density at various levelsof the greenhousewas measured with a target probe and a Keithley electlometer. model 6108. The air ion flux density 20 cm above the growing beds langed from 8-20 x 103 negativeions cm-2 in the aft ionl treated area and 6.9 x 103 negativeions cm-2 in the forward iontreated area- Corresponding values in both the aft and forward control zones were 5 - ? x 102 negativeion cm'2. The ion genelating system went into operation 24 hrs a day three days after the seedlings were transplanted. Thirty days after transplant, operation was limited to dayiight hours. As noted later, there was a bnef period of deactivation 100 days aJter tlansplanting. Since as little as .10 ppHtrl of 03 is harmful to tomato plants (ReLnert et al., 1972) and corona dischatge type ion generators ale liable to produce 03, we wanted to be sure that ihe injury threshold was not exceeded. The cenified, exceedingly sma.ll output of 03 by the genemtor-emitter system employed and the enormous dilution factor imposed by the air xbaust system combined to exclude 0l as an element in lhe present expenment_ Plant Culture and Maintenalce The grower's standard operational and environmental conttol procedures wete followed except for nutient adjustttlent and changes in leaf pruning and pollination necessitated by air-ion-induced effects to be described under ,'Results.', For this wintr/spring crop during the plant matunng phase and through the imrnature green phase of the iirst fruit cluster, the nutrient folmulation shown in Table I was followed.
Trblc 1. ulion r't The elemental contnt of rhe basic nulrient formula. This sol monitord every two days with a conductivity merer ard a pH
_.
Dunng the course of fruit maturation from tmmature gre(,n through mature green and color blush. nutrient concentration imbalance became a frequent occurrence. Accordingly. excel)t for trace elements. a two-step lncrease(20t; per step) in ma]or elemenls was effected at each nutiient changepenod. i.e. every three weeks. Visual observalion of possihle advcrse effccts stemmlng from nutrient inlbalance was made three trmes per week- No other serious deficiency or toxlc signs wer{i noted except for phosphorusdeficiency seen in plants located nea-lthe r:ooling pads. This, coupled with chill, caused somo 50 plants to be discolored and stunted at the growing portion. Appropriate changes in temperature and nutient formula brought about normai ncw growth withjn a few weeks. Fnrit.and petiolc samples for analysis were obtained shorlly after the eirly nutrient changes. location and Weather
The bydroponics installarion used in this experiment is located a few miles northeast of Grlroy, Califomia_ The weather pattern for the period involved is summanzedin'lable 2.
Table 2. Summary of weath.r dala tor penod oi experiment-
Tempararure C ) { Monrh High Low Max Min Jan Feb Mar Ap. May Jun
Note:
1.0 2l.r_ -5.0 4.7 23.9 |.7 5.4 25.0 O0 26 I 1.1 6.r'
2 9 5 0 0
9 15 7i 10 2 1 No1. ll Nore 3
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1) Barometflc presur ranged fiom a h,gh of ??:il.:lmm HE lo, low of ?50.1 mm 2) Dala sourcer Na!,onal Cl,matic Cente., U S Dep1. oi Commerce 3) No unusualstorms 4) Cusly w,nds: 25 knors during latrer pa.r of monlh. occuirin{ berween 1000 and 1,100 hours P.S T.
R E S UL T S After 18 days in the seedling house the air,ion stimulated tomato seedlings were 5O-757otalier than the controls and had 1.2 more sets of true leaves. During the first 30 days after transplantinginto lhe green, house, the seedlingsin the treated area were stlDulated 2.1 hr per day. No height or growth differences were noted between the stimulated and control plants. except that rnicrobuds formed on the 20th day in the stimulated plants and on the 28th day in the controls. Blossomsappearedon the 29th dal,in the ion-treated plants. On the 30th day in the greenhouse wc decided to stimulate only dunng the daylight hours l0?0() 1900) to allow io! a rest period dunng the night. Several days latr a marked elongation of the stems was noted in both treated and control plants. However, the srrmuiated planls exhibited a stem growth rate substantially greater tharr that of the controls by tle end of the 41st day (Fig. 2). This was equivalent to "plant eatiiness" growth of 20 days over thar of contlols. Fody-one days after transplant the gro{th rates for the stimulated and control plants levelled off and remained constant with tespect to each other. However, the residual "earliness" difference in growth rate temained about the same until 120 days aftet transplanting. Since t}Ie tomato plants were grown as single-vine plants, lntegr:a.l elongation measuremenl
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Fig. 2. Plant g.owlh rate of cont.ol and an.ion.treated tomato planls. Th ordinate indicates a!era8e msin stem length in cenlimeters. The ab' scisa lisrs rh days .fter t.ansplantinS. Iltajor events characle.izing !he air-ion-trealed planls !nd controls a.e entered.
30 25
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was not possible. Consequently, in Fig. 2 only the main stem average rat of growth is shown as a function of days lrom transplanting. Notes have been entered in Fig. 2 to key certain growt}l events. Visual inspection was on a continuing basis tor plant res' ponses and physical appearance. The stimulated pLants in general had thinner stems, smalier leaves, less dense overall foliage cover and had two or three more flower fruit clusters than the controls for equal stem height. The labor requled for plant leaf pruning was much lessfor the ion_treatedplants than for the controls becauseoi the denser foliage in the latter. On the other hand. less effort was expended on pollination of the contlols because the ion_stimulated plants had more flower ciusters per plant. These differences balanced one anolhe!. Harvesting, sizing, grading, and packaging of mature fruit took place three times per week. Ninety.seven days alter transplanting the growth rate decreased for the stimulated plants and was only slightly 'fhis phase coincided approxlmately reduced for the controls. p,eriod when air-ion treatment was lnteEupted! with the brief as noted below, and produced no ill effect on flowers, fruit growth, or on matumtion of tomatoes. Virus desease was detected in control and stimulated plants during the sixth week ol harvest and caused a leduction of fruit yield. Diseased plants wele removed at a rate of 37o pe! week of the total plant population, producing a total loss of 257o tn the treated Foup and 10% in the controls. The collecting of data for plant performance in terms of fruit yield and quality was terminated 152 days after hansplanting because of the excessive plant detrioration and Iossesto virus infection. Harvest of fruit from air-ion treated plants began 104 days after seeding (86 days after transplanting) and proceeded more rapidly than did harvest among the controls. Figure 3 depicts the yield rate pe! plant as a function of harvest weeks for stirDulated and control plants. Figure 4 displays the cumulative fruit yield per unit of greenhouse area. Because of the higher incidence of virus inlection in the ion-treated group the yield curves begin to converge at the ninth week. Figure 5 is a plot
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trecome a dynamic and viable industry in the United States. Although the United States lagged behind Europe in terms of gteenhouse acteage, the steady gror,tth of the industrv is begrnnlng to close !hrs gap. prrmarily bpcause of lncreasing demands for high-quality fresh vegetables and flowers at reasonable cost. In general, the greatest concentration of greenhouses in the U.S. is located in the Eastem zone, notably in the state of ulated and control plants are summarized in Table 4 Ohio. However, other states in the South and mid-Southwest are expanding theu facilities. Dunng the last few years the industry in the Pacific states has begun.to show rernarkable DISCUSSION growth, especially in the production of greenhousetomatoes and European-typecucumbers. During the past three decades through the impact of tch_ Although tbe industry has been on an up-trend, the impact of recent crises in avaiiability of energy, escalating piices for _nological and horticultural bleeding advances, the greerrt ous. ploduction of vcgetables, flowers, and bedding ptan* fuel, material and supplies, and for labor have imposed a sereve tras constmint upon plant expansion and facilities. These factors bave moved commercial gtowers in the United States to look olsed.rrcns compadnsrne r.sur(sor nesarrve ion air JlllE or -1 sp nt rornaro --' for the implementation of technological and horticultural m.nt lhe pjrnr .rop with a c".,,"t r r.i*r..a1 *p rrar. advances that would provide them with increasedproduction and profits within the existing facilities. One potential element I PLANT CHARACTERISTICS TIEMARKS in the area of technological advances may well be the a S l e m h i g h Lg r o w t h E a r l i e rb y t * o * e k s application of air-jon lreatmenLb . S t m d i a m e r e r ,d e a s e s ( h a r u r s_"rr_,i.e pranrsj Desplte the fact that as long as 200 years ago atmospheric "-,i).r"-ro. controt ( a r e a ) ,d e r a s s ( m a r u . e S m a l t rb y 6 0 % c. electricity was suspected of influencing plant gro\rth, the ro 7s7. !af.size requirementJ for critical investigation could not be met until d . C l u s t e ri n t e r n o d ea v e r a g e s C t o s r il a c r n v 6 2 5 c m f o r 1899 when air ions were discovered.Since then, wide-ranging e Number or flowers pe. crusrer. *j""[tj?/"-, o,rr***" intrest has developed in a whole spectrum oi air-ion effects on livlng forms. The literature contains many accounts of f . P e t ' o l ea n a l y s i s See Table 3 experiments in which ai!-ion enriched environments have been 2 B U D , B L O S S O M& F R U I T used to treat diseases,e.g. asthma and weather-induced svnFORMATION dromes such as the sharav tllnessof Isreaj Ths phaspof au.-ion e . B u d sa n d b l o s o m i n g Earlie! by abour two weks research has not been implemented in conventional medical Earlier by abour rwo weeks practice, largely because of failure to meet the requtrements c. Fruit ripening Earlier by abour l0 davs d. Fruit confo.mation and qualiry of satisfactory experimental design and neglect of thc Dlacebo Betler by 10% b rS% ior Crade I effecr. Str-,rdies of general brorogrcal effe"rs uslne bac!ria. More of la.se. sjzes(.{x5s & protozoa, higher plants. insecls. and higher anrmajshave bepn r. Fruit compositron and flavor a.u""til," , more productive, to the point where it.now is possible to state that arr ions are biologtcally acLive. As noted ln t_he int!oJ. FRUTT YIELD RATE PER PLANT duction of this papr, there even exists a fair amount of inforr. Yield rat per wek Createi by 50% in fir6t 3 wek6 matron regaJding the mechanism of air-ion stimulation ol plant b. Cuhulativeyield rate G..ate. by 2?7o r endof6 weks a c. Sp.ios.rop yield growth. E q u a i l e dt h e p r e v i o u sg o o d s ' r m l n e rc r o p ( u n l r e a r e d ) Our goal in the present study was to determine whether the air-ion enhancement of piant gowth, so teadilv demoni. NUTRTENTS strable in the laborarory. occuls on a large scale unj", ..p.u,._ tical" conditions, The xperiments were conducted with tomato plants in a Ca.lifomia hydroponic greenhouse facilitv where 5, UNCERTAINTIES tomaLoes and cucumbers are the primary vegetable crops. . ai'.rondosaee tevetrcqurremenr othercujrrvars ar ror 9ft,."' or Hydroponics (soilless culture) was chosen as a first-choice srages ptanr of malunty , dirfernr tst bed program because of it flexibitity in the control of such variables as nutrient formulation and concentlation. extent t'ruler and funsi andon ftyingor.rawtrnS in;ccLs. of irrigation, and environmental fac6rsr poss'b,v ro b'o due Out experimental design included observations for air-ion fli;f#.r,::ti:I.,;:1"il:li:"jj",*T's induction of (a) growth stimulation, (b) accelelation of fruit
of the average cumulali!p yreld,plant for controls and treated planIs agalns! harvest weeks. lndependent analyses of fruit and plant (petiole) wete conducted on samples talcen during the fourth hu_"at ,u""t and t}le results are displayed in TaLle 3. fr,""" J"t"-.ai""i" the arr-ion tteatmedt imploved
.'
"";i,l#Ti:;:"t""J:":;."i.,'::1"",::l?i':".";Ii:315:'rH:,.
i
maturation/ripening, (c) increasedcrop yield and (d) improiement of fmit composition, We recognized that in such a pre' liminary expriment it would not b feasible to conduct a definitive test employing the control conditions one would impose in the laboratory. Ideally, an experiment of this sort one hous_ should utrllze two spcllons of the same greenhous. ing the treated plants, and the other the controls, completely isolated from the artificially ion-enhanced atmosphere. For plactical reasons. we were not able to install a Faladay cage to pervpnt rons from reachlng conlrols. .{s a compromtse.we madP us. oi th" fact that air'ion density falls off rapidly with distance from the ion source- The emttters were so positioned along the length of the greenhousethat beds 3,'4 and 5 were closest to them and could be considered io present an lon_ireate<l area (Fig. I). Beds I and 2 were far enough away l"o sPrveas controls although they undoubtedly recerved a low dosage of ions. Consequently, in the absenceof a completely untreated set oi controls, any diflerences in biological effects observed during this experiment could be ascribed to differences in air'ron dosage. C)n the basis of the aveEges oi the ion flux densities (number of ionsTcm2/sec)at plant level in the three different areas of the experiment. ion-ueated plants in the ait section received ca l7 times the dosage of planls in the control areas' while ion-treated plants in the forward section were exposed to ca 13 times as many ion as the conirol plants. It can be argued that the plant responses obseYvedon our experiments depend on differences in the imposed electrical fields. Clearly, the control plants lvere exposed to lower electro_ static fields than the two groups on ion-treated plants. Howevel, the work of Bachman and Reichmanis (1971) and our own expedments (Krueger ef cl., 1.9?8) demonstrate that ai! lons are the primary element in conveying the small electrical currents to plants that result in increased te of growth. In our expriments, conducted in very low electrostatic fields, no growth enhancement occurrd until air ions were added to the ambient arr. Bachman and Reichmanis found that increases in plant growth, in the absenceof added air ions, depended upon the intensification of relatively low electlical fields at the pointed ends and fine hairs of plants to such a degree that corona developed and air ions rvere produced. The electrical currents requiled to stimulate grolvth are quite small: 6-10 pAi/plant in our early studies (I&ueger. et. dl.. 1962), l0 pAi plant in more recent ones. and 10 p-\ in Biackman and Legg's (192,1) series- Pohl and Todd (1981) reported a cufien! of ;l pA/cm2 at piant level to be effective in erpeditrng Lhe growth and btossoming of geranilrmsand Pemianviolets. The goal of the expedment iecorded here was to evaluate the application of electrocultule in the production of tomatoes in a hydroponics gleenhous- The genelally favorable effects obsewed lead to the conclusion that the air ion ennched environment was responsiblefor: 1. Earlier appearance ol buds and fruit by two weeks. 2. Earlier fruit ripening by 10 days. 3. Cumulative fruit yield rate per plant geater by 2'l7o at the end of six weeks. 4. Supenor fruit confoldation and quality by 7OV-1,5Vo for Grade 1. 5.lmproved fruit size. 6. Improved fruit flavo! and compostion. Since the costs of insta.lling air ion generators are modest, their energy requirements are minimal, and no detrimental effects of negative air ions on the personnel have been observed, this procedure appears to be a useful addition to greenbouse technology. ACKNOWLEDCMENT wc pxpres6our sincprpthanks to Mr. Rlchald Finger and Thomas Michel of Klykon lnc. of Flonda for their interest and help in making it possibleto carry out this study.
REFERENCES
Bachman. C.H.r Hademonos, B.G.i Under*ood, L.rl'l. J AImosPhel Tetresi Phys JJ. 197 505. B a . h m a n . C H i R e i c h m a n r " . M, t * 1 1 9 7 3 .h l J . B i o m e t e o r 1 7 , 253 262. D B e c c a . i a . . B . L 7 ' 1 5 . e l L E l e t t t r c n oT e n e s t t e A t m o s f e t i c oo C i e l o S e r e n o C B e r t h o l o n d e S a i n t L a z ^ t e : l ' 1 8 3 . D . I e l e . t t t . t t e d e su . g i l d u r . P a r i s . B l a c k m a n ,V . H . i L e g g , A . " 1 . 1 9 2 1 .J . A g a c S . r l l , 2 6 8 . . C h o l o d n y , N . G . I S a n k w i r s h , E . C h . 1 9 3 ' 1 P l o n t P h y s i o l .r 2 , 3 8 5 ' . 1 0 8 E l k i e y , T . M . i P e l l e t i e r ,R . L . i B h a r t e n d u ; B a r l h a k u r . N . l 9 ? 7 . l a l B i o m e t e o t2 1 , 1 6 . . Elsir, J.; Geirel, H. la99. Tettest. Mosdzin. 4. 213.34 Cardani, C. De infiuru electicitati' 1 78 4 . i D i s e r t a t i o n ) . otmosphencae in Degetantio,Tlurin, J
e t e c t t i c t t io t m o s p h e t i q u es u l
K o t a k a , S . ; K . u e s r ,A P I N i s h i z a w aK . r O b u c h i . T . ; K o s u r e . Y i . 'Iakenobu. M . 1 9 6 5 .P r o c . A o t S o c , J p n . C 2 | , 4 3 K o r a k a . S . , K r u e g e r , A . P . t N i s h i z a w a ,K . i O b u c h i , T . ; T a k e n o b u , M . i K o $ r e . Y i A n d r i e s eP . C .1 9 6 5 .N a t u . e2 0 8 . 1 1 1 2 ' 1 1 1 3 . , Krueger, A.P.i Kotaka, S.i And.iese, P.C. 1962. J. Gen Phrsiol. 15. 879-895 P K . u e g e r ,A . P . i K o t a k a . S . i A n d . i e s e , . C 1 9 6 3 N d a u r p2 o o . 7 0 7 . 7 0 6 Krueger, A.P.; Kotaka, S.i Andriese,P.C. 1964. Int. J. Btodteteor 8. 5.16. Kruege., A.P.; Kotaka, S.i Andriese,P.C 1965. 1nl. J Biometeot L 201-209 I K r u e g e . , A P .i S t r o b b e . A . E ; Y o s l , M - G . i R e d , E . J 1 9 ' 7 4 . l t . J . B i o m e t e o r 2 2 , 2 O 22 1 2 . n L e m s t r o m .S . 1 9 0 1 . E l e c t r r c L t r A g n c u L t w . d n d H o . t i . u L t ! r e . L o n d o n . Lund. 8.J.. et al 19.1? Bioelectnc Fields dnd Crcbth. Unive.sity ol A u s ! r nP r e s sA u s t i n , e r a s . 3 9 1p p . , T Maw. G.M r96?. Con J Plonl Sci ./7. .199.i0.1. Mu.r. L E. 1963 \ol!r? 900. 190 M u . r , L . E . 1 9 6 1N o l l r e 2 0 1 . 1 3 0 5 1 3 0 6 . M u r r , L . E . 1 9 6 5 a N a l u r e2 0 6 , 1 6 t 'a 7 O . . M u c , L . E . 1 9 6 5 b . o r u R2 0 7 . \ 1 7 7 . 1 7 7 6 . N M u r r , L . E . 1 9 6 6 a .l n 1 . . . / . i o m e t e o t . 1 0 , 1 { 7 1 5 3 . B F P M u r r , L E . 1 9 6 6 b . . 4 d u . o n t ' e r s l o n tS c i . 1 6 , 9 7 - r 2 O . M u r , L . E . 1 9 6 6 c .l n t J B i o m e t e o r .1 0 , 1 3 5 1 { 6 . P o h l .H . A . I 9 ? ; . I A , o / . h y s r . I : J . P Pohl, H.A.; Todd. G.W. 138r. /n/ J Biometeot.25, 309-321. Reinert. R.A.i Tinsly, D.T.i Carler, HB 97, 1{9-151 S i d a v a y , G . H . 1 9 6 7 . S p e c l f u m ,2 l i , 3 0 3 . S i d a w a y ,G . H . 1 9 7 3 .J . E l e c t r c s t o t i c s0 0 , 3 8 9 ' 3 9 3 S i d a w a y .G . H . i A s p r a y ,G . H . 1 9 6 8 . 1 n t . J . B i o m e t e o t , 1 2 , 3 2 1 - 3 2 9 . T h o m s n , J . J . 1 8 9 8 .P h i l M d g . 1 6 . 5 2 8 - 5 , 1 5 . Winton. R.. el dl. Unpublished ata. d Zburbitskii, Z.l. 1969. P.c 100-l12. U S S R A c a d . S c i . . B i o l , S e r i e s# 1 , J a n . - F e b . , 1972. J. An Soc. tlo't. Sci
Z h u r b i l s k i i , Z . I i S h i d t o v s k a y a ,L L . 1 9 6 7 . E I e h t r c n . O b t d d . M o t e t 6 . ? 0 -1 3 . died on Deceibber 8, Editor's Note: Dr. Albert P. Itueger 1982. Please !efe! leprint requests or correspondance in cat'e of of Biomedical and En' Department the Air lon Laboratory, of Califomia, Berkeley, vironmental Health Sciences, UniveEity
Califomia 94720.
Jouraot of Biological Pfiyslca Volume I l. 1983
10
t :
FRUIT TREES
I
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conical I
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coit J
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Ground Leve 1
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POTTEDPLANTSOR PLANTERBOXES
leve1
Ground leveI
flanter box may be any size convienent for area a v a i l a b 1 e , T r e l l i s e s can be attached for climbing They rnay also p l a n t s - P e a s, b e a n s , t o m a t o e s , e t c . be used indoors wi th Grow Lights,
Coils should be cleaned twice yearly. To do this imerse in a oail of hot waEer in whi;h L box of soda has been di solved. 9 turns of wire to form a conical coil.
-22-
N AT U R E
s P Pd r p! o i J r h i b rp l s r r , l o v . l o p m a . tb u r f r o r rr r u . l , r , . 6 r , r , r { , t
BIOLOGY
tnflucnce Erectrostati;_Fictd:sced or on
Germinetion and not, moroly by_lho pnrorrco of ch{r ,iold pr ,.. "llrr3 'E' ESr rrtr.strgstiors lrave stimrrlg!.d urdr.r irru-rut in possr illfluoncoof lighCin rcducing rho magDr uJo of t hrs blo r Pglf i{ offoct ms,-y siShificanr tTiblo 2). "A comparison f"*,.b|,: lriologic*l sigrriticarrco of nstura|y o"c"rrtng -bs ". r i r . l i , l , l s o r r d r ' l r r t , r i p h r . n , , r n n r r n . '. rith th work of KrueSr d d.l is not p,,eible'inhe Yurrrihosshowir t 'urLlrrgh I|'t' ryrty,l,r'trrc ticlls uppoor g,o rrrlrr[:itdnvelop- lLrrcnco of- ion.donuicy ind currorrt mrdu|..tni.nts, t)rrt, Ed\rsrddr found thar a posirivo 6eld slouerl dorvri Lhtr rr.t irr grues r{'{rJlrrrg"; hu porrrts out. honevcr, th;r ol dcv"lopmenr-of i'erytir pupsr/ol. slso suSSestLd rrir, r \ork,'rs, noebl] .lorgor,scr, and prrrxtl"J... and be ilb thoc conloct-induced ol,.ctroiratic ihergoe rnight iriiiuence l:rl'rrs'rrirt )rnd Shrl,ata', obserr,rl rncreus.s in plant ltlsect bbaviou!r0 r J orvoht tndcr elrrctricfield conditioDs,a lthou gh tho frcouent ,l rrrr. rcp of ' onrrodrcror.y r"srrlte irr muc-h of th. ;arly Tho prosent Fxpcrlmpnts *cr.,. initiatorl In an a!&empt tl qryvid. a Possibla bais for corrolation rrr-rrra{'t,n ork this subjoct lrts boorr ornphasizcd by Lund:. goo'h, _oD pL)'sroiogicaleffoctsofair ionizstion lra\.Fbc{;r jtrtdrcd electrjc phcnomens sDd tho msniffststion of psychia'tric t ' trttmt,tr dtsturbance. Rymptoros, d^qsuming sucl, a rllariorrshrp Kru.gFr pl ,/.! rcp',n li,st "f sork"rq:. . \lr,'lrI, lo I,oriuv"ly or negstiv.lJ' iorrrzo,larr produced to r,c nlFdiacc(l throllgh !'sriatior in n, rrro-Lormorre rr,'r'rnJrid gcrrnination ii Atena aali'o sAdds qirh suh. activity resulting from _elecJroststicallyinduced chdnges 'l,r,rt ir,' ro,r.sFb irr grourh arrd dr). qeiglrtr slight rt] lr8sue rsprrarion l"r'cls. Preliminary gas.lr'al).,rs r. r' a\, s rr gro\-th sFr,. Rlso not,,d srtL r,...lhngs pla;.d appear Io rnrlx.si s possiblo polairtj-depcnd"nt ftudr,.s ' Porrlr\. or negati\'.lo.tric fields of 95i V over i0 /"loctrGtaiic irrflucnc^ on tlro rat ofp;duction oi "arbo,, "m: :r !hl's{ \l)erimonts, hou'evt-'r,tho seed r:ontainers qere ldioxr,Je.irt Serminat,ing seeds. Further work sloDg thr'se iroulded to p.event tho accumulstion of surfacc chsrqe. 'lrnoa is in progtess. I ' l n 'p r . s . rrt ' . o n r r n u l i c s li o n d i r . c t s s t t n r i o n ! o R n a p p ; r . I.!hankD.U.H(.stlrcoterbrcarr;irrgourr1,,.slatistical | 'r t d^pendcrrcc on polarrty oftho response anallsis: I rlso rttan|r Prof. U. F. lrpre1.. Dr. J. R. ofcerminliing '''r,ls l,o llrd,rc^il clc.lro.r.Rric.harg.r6. !-rlr.rrrreton urr.l Ih. A. C. Lr',,rr for rleir ad|ic" ar,Ll I-otrr I's,1, he'j-r'f t0ri *+.ls of lJttuce llactuca satiL\1), encorragement. .'Clrtsod Boro glr \t-orr(lor', v,ere sown on filtnr G. I{. SrDA\r..\y I ufroty r-lild or cdqh of fo'rr r) crn sq,rero s.{rions of alumi. of I "'lt -Depcnmerrr, Bor,arr5.. l , . ,rrnrfrorl,aDtaclrad ) - s r thrnf ltilm f . V aVa.seline'to thepuppr U n i r . c r s i t yc o l l o g . , r.Dr oilattarlrndb h i n m o of . s e l i r . . t o t h o u p " r OJ'a Unlvolarty College, -,rrtuceof a hcot of gldss {J crn x ?.5 Cardifr. 3o;1 ll ,' ft srnrrlarly att,Ache,lro t,he rrndcr-surfaceof a"u"6';ir1" ,}Iur., t. X.,,va1u,.,200, (t,Jriu). "-. second 190 I gloss r"sllng on iPuc'.rs so arrangcd as tO s^parot | Yur, L. E., Prtr. Pa,, Acad...a 3? tor (lgOjr. I l!'r oI ' } l - u r rl - E - v a l r ' 2 o l .l 3 0 i ' t J , i r , . d I t " ' ' t , " s c l s o f 6 . 1 , 1p l a t c e ' b \ ' " v e r t , i c a l i s t a n c oo f
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Fig. l, viability of storcd lccds a'f za ,ralj a5 a functiotr of thc duration of thc aging t.ratmclL Scc& with a Doistutc contcnt of 13.6 pcrctnt wcrc placcd, embryo sidc do*n, o!| lluoirum foil ir a small cnclosed chambcr (to erintritr thc moisturc ootcot) rDd tcltt !t /()'C to accel.rrte thcir rfi!8 (.c&cs thcir storagc lifG), Thc cntirp cotrtcdr of l singlc chambcrwcr! trtcn fc crh ranplc. Thc 6.cdr wcrc lootld ir trp rrtlr ovcrniSht and lhco plAcodo! Doid FrFr towcling. Germinatioo wrr r@rded t l boun rftcr th! ltrrt of !o*h& (r) Sccdt providcd vith cltbodic protlctioo by rF plyin! a n trtiw potctrtlsl ol 300 teltt to thc rlumitrum noil; (b) control !ccd&
Air{ry rccdr c.! b. rrftdly rrrd rrtifci.lly by mriotriDitl tba r rclrtivcly hith mobtur! contctt (13 !o 15 Frcot) rnd rtr clcvtLd t6pctrturo (4OoC) (rr). Airldrt rccdr probrbly do not brc srficbrt D.&tura to pcrmit rqucoulphrac cozyrDo ltrctl)or to occur, aDd rcprb Gb|nL.or ur urlikely to b3 opcntivc ir !|rh a ryrtco. Thw, drmrt itrducd by ftG. rrdbr,lr would rccumul.tc io dry rGcdt, ?hd!'r in hydntcd liorx er6,t"-.lc canld bo rcpaircd (/a). Scodr of Zcr nry (ltdien com) thrt brvc boco artiicidty rgcd rbow rbcrrraioor of mitocboodrirl mcmbrrna s! ra arly dfp of rfiq. bforc tb. viability ol thc tocds docliDca( It), Scc& of Zeo n.lt Ytra [bhclod to snifcid rtint tFrtmat by m8ir|irilf thm in r rmdl cocloNcd chrltlboa |l /tooc- Tbc recdr wcro pmvidod vitl cathodic protcctioq by plrcint tbm, crnbryo ridc down, or tluminum foil -7 within tb chembcr ard rpptyiq r Dctativc potcotid of 300 volt! to tbc I foil. Control !.dr r.rc mdtrtritad ur") dcr similar cooditioo. ritlout tbc rI> plicd cbrrgc. Tt cficcr of rtorflr timc on thc virbility of tbc rccds ir 3how! ir Fi& 1. Conridcrabl dccrclcr ir virbi.lity loss werc achicvcd wit! c.abodic ptotectioo. In rddition, tbe cooductivity of the wrtcr in whicb tbc lccdr rwrc soakcd bcforc grrminrtion wrt coosistcotly grcatcr for thc cootrol rccds than for tbc sccds which had bccn cxposd to thc ocgativc cbatgc. Tbir i!dicates that more matcrial was leachcd from the control rccds during soati4, which suggeststhat greater mcmbnoc damage had occurred in thm th!! ir the seedsprovided with catbodic prot ction. Chromosome abcrrrtioor uc known to accumulatc in nondivkling clls of seds under cooditioor of EccleraGd agiot (rJ). Frcc rsdicd p.3oxidation may rfcct macromolocr cr other thao lipids; thu!, our obccnrtion that after l0 days of th agilg fratmeqt the perccotagc of chfomosomc abrrations wrs 12.6 in tbc contr,ol secds rDd 4.3 in tb protcct d icdr may bc of signifsaacc. Tbc rtductior| in mortality rEtc for dry rccdr, wbich arc relativcly nonhydrrtrd rtrtm, werc far trcrtcr thrn ray rcbbrrcd for animalr, rvhich rrc hydfrtcd rf&D" Crthgdic protoc-rbtr 6ould rodrn frec radicrl $bck or binlqicrl nrcm. molcculs Uy pmviOq r rourco d clectroB tO rrrct ?ith lbc frc ndk:llr (r2). Thuq tbd. re h, provids rtrola evi&G for frcc ndlrl durla 5 ltt
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This device employs natural electric and magnetic principles and costs nothing to oprate. It will stimulate growtl over sn acre of ground.
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SeveraL Et.udies iLlustlate the use of relatively st!-..> __ efectric fields to affect the viability of seeds during storage and seed gernination, or to influerrce lhe growth of plints. - Panunenteret (1974) reported that stored seeds subjected 4, to an artificial aging process progressively lose the ability to germj.nate, so thaL after 30 days of treaiment only lOs of the seeds are viable. However, by placinq the seeds on an electrode at 300 volts Lhe germin;tlon ,.te aiter the 3o-dav aglng treatment lras inploved to about 7Ot. I'he data demonstra'Ce that a substantial impro!ment in seed viability occurs for all degrees of aging and that the protected seeds a-l.so show a lower Percentage of ChromosOmal abnolnaLities. TheSe effectS are attlibuted to a form of "cathodic protection', in that the elei_ trode piovides electrons to react wj.th the free radical.s and thus inhibit the normal course of lipid peroxidation by which, i r i c har ior'-.1 rho ^al 1 menrDrane ls degtroyed in both arti_ fici.al and naLural aging processeg. sidaway (196g) examined the germination of seeals in an electrostatic fleld of 36 kv/h and cane to Lhe conclusion that a pole above the seeds inhibits field wi.th ehe positive gerrnination and,to a lesser extent, the negative pole above iiproves the rate of germination. I'lurr (1954; 1955) studled the destluctive effects r{h1ch grown in fields occur in plants of 20 - 80 kv/n (DC) createil abgve the groLrnd in h,hich Che planrs were by a plaee located The Leafy tips rooted. of grass planr6 were iniuied or killed stlong electrostatic field, which was i;tensified to - by-this field values at the leaf tip. prom his r n r J c hh l g h e r s u ! f a c e Mulr finds a surface field studies, of fIo - 13b kv/n ia about the threshol.d fo! destructive effects in these plants. !lu!r (1954) speculates that the mechanlsm by which tie planca are involves injured an acceleration of enzyme activity leading to inpaired cefl lesplration and further destruccive ivenr.s.
R L C T R O.C U LTUE
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Seed of t\crrtl (lifffrf'rl :l,eritr r,i Ilarrts cdrnnrorrtr rrr lal r:rt,,rr u$l ,rr,,rrI ir. rrr.rr.,,.r: r trrirorrrrrrrrrs :rrrgirg irorl a null((t r.H,r,l (rrr-rcti\. irur.I u[ 0 to 2i nLilligauss ri] :r t)lrrr iir(,rr rrirsrjtl (,i -l'hc ootD gauss strrrgth. rnajorirl-,,i tlrr rfed gfrnri rratcd fastrr an(l t,r(!locc(l largcr r,,1r, i r(1 r(!)1. ailtr i\1' Beeks i,r tlrt rrasrrrticquiet rrgi,rr.-tlrr cu!l]lnb(r, anrl ratlish plants nrairrtaincil rhi\ incrrasetl ratc ()i pru$tlr i,,r th( duratio'r uf llrr trl'qrrrrr, r S , , r n c s c ( d s l r , N r r l a I a s t c r g e r r l l i r r a r i , r rr : r r r i , r 1 l r ( gfoD Ls1leli( lielrl arrd rrr.Lirrrainulrtrc acc(lcral.(l r:11( tlrr,,ughout thc extrri lc l. T,,ro rrerks airr.r ctrrllir:rtr) . (()rr, l,;rflrt ll|(l ver,lr, rrlrrlr' ,r;,fli A \t,,$rr r r l l r c { { r ) l l r : r a r r r i ( r l c l , l . . 1 r, r r r l : ' r j r ; , r k . , l j | . r ( 1 \ ( , i r r t c ! , i s r u $ l h , 1 s c ( r r l , r r ( ( l t , , l , l a n t s i r ) l l r r r j L r t l c ,tli ( t ( l -Sccrts placc,l ;I tllc \tror! llrrl.lr).rr. trrt(lj !e (.rirll\ $ere slower to Fljnllinatc ar){l di(l nl)l r :rir)raiu tlrr r]tr o i g r o \ t h s h o $ r t t ) y t h c I ' l a | r t r i r r t l r t g t r ) t 1 u r g n c r i ca t l r r u l l r d l i e k l s . C c r n r i n a t i , ' r r i r t l r e s r r o r s r r r a g n r : r i cl i e I l s was inRuenced by the lr,ririon ,ri rht axis oi the ,re(l rclativt t,) thc lirrt. oi n,rcc (,i rtrr: hcl,l. \\'htn rhe lllrts a - \ N o l s . r D t o t r l r c s r r ( l \ a . l r l a c t r li r r r r r h t a r r A l r : 1 o t l r t l i r r < s , , i i o r c e t h e r a t t o i g r o r r d r r a s n r u c r ls r o \ ! c : than th., rate ior thc srcrl plactd \ith lhc loll$ a\i. t , r r a l l . l t , r t h ( l i r r r s o i r , ; r c r . I l , j $ ! v ( r , C , , t c u sc u r t i r j r . r s . l r , $ ( d : r , r l : r r k L , 1n t r u r . t i r r r ( r , r L l r , , \ r r r n r r : r ! n c u . i r , . l 1 l o i l ( [ ) 0 8 : l | r s si t r c A l ] r . l l r r : r r l l I l r i r c r i r o o r . a r r r l tl)r lrrjjlh oi thc rr,ots \err hrth gfrar(r i ll). rr:r!: frir r(ld thilr on i rilar cutti g! ilr rhl] r)1,Ic(l 6elLl ,,r rhe 'lherc rronraHtlctic ticlil. \.as () :rt)trar(nt e,Trcr (nr rhc rutJsro\th oi the Colrus cutr; g\.
(19?4) exposed the roots of the mung . w. MilleE bean plant (Vicia faba) Co electrj-c o! magnetic fields at 75 Hz wlcn no indfEa-ti6i*ot an effecC on eitier glowth or.itoti.-i.,a.*. No chtomosonal anomalies were seen. The electri.c f i.e1d exposure was made in a plastic tank frlled with a plant nutrient solution in which there was a current of 0.I A/m2 and an el-ectric field ^F 1n lrlh fha ^^^+/^1 ^ Fl - a n t s w e r e i n a s i m i l a r tank for which the electrodes \rere not ene!9ized. The magnetic field experiments wele conducted at 0.5, 5, and L7 G in plastic cvlind;rs in a liquid containing the plants nutrient meaiurn ani Hlapped with electricat wire. The authors cite other "wel l-documin ted. (Beischer, research .1955; Audus and i{hish, l96dr Dunlop and SchmidC, 1969; Merrcle et al., L964) at higher fiel.d srrengths (fron several hundred t6 sEveraL thousand qauss) r,hlch did find effects on plant glowth and the mitotic index, buE jn viev of the
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I964) Field
Damaae i n an Electeostatlc
Dlectrj.cal of plant arovtth proaluces lncreased st.inulation c^n.enl.rations of n'lnor elenents (Fe, Zn, \l ) in active leaf tips. Cnmpared to controls, such increases are of t,he order of several hundred per cent. This is due to an i n me t a b o 1 I c l e n z I ' r n s i n t h e e t c t r i c a l l l ' - a c t i v a t e d e .lncrerse ol i go 'pl rnts, whlch appear greener beeause ozone generated by electrI cal fle{d nridizes porphyr in s, re sul t ing in deep-green, open-r l n s e d m o ' le c u l e s o f t h e s e o r s i m l . l a r m e t a l l o - e n z . t ' m e s . U n d e r tho l-nfl uence of an excessive ele trical field, the actlvlty nf these substances is accelerated to such an extent that ccllular re spiration ls irFpedeal, wlth resul taql cel l deterlorat{ on tlssue destructlon and