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Wide geometric area for down down-link signals Remote non-accessible area accessible Defense application where wired service can't be used. Weather conditions, medical application etc.
Classification of Satellites
Usage classification
Fixed Satellite Service - communication satellite Mobile Satellite Service between moving objects Broadcast Satellite Service DTH service
Technical classification
Frequency Bands - C, Ku, Ka (Radio, TV) Service area of coverage
Satellite Orbits
Low Earth Orbit (LEO):
500 to 900 km altitude Located between atmosphere and Van Van-Allen-Belt Ex- Remote Sensing Satellite, ISS
Orbital slots
Communication satellites, height and frequency band are common. So signal interference can happen from adjacent satellite. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has given 2 of orbital slot.
Space Shuttle
First two stages same as expendable rocket The last stage put the space space-craft into orbit and returns back to earth Ex- Columbia, Endeavour
Orbit inclination of 28 degree for Kennedy Space Center in Florida SDSC SHAR, angle is 98 degree w.r.t. equator for polar satellites
Payload:
Continued. Specific Impulse (Ip): Thrust integrated over time for a given weight
Monopropellant Thruster Ip ~ 50 sec Ex- Monopropellant Hydrazine Bipropellant Thruster Ip ~ 310 sec Ex- MMH + N2O4 ION Engine thruster: Non-chemical Ip ~ 3000 sec Ex- Xenon, Mercury/Cesium
Multistage Rocket:
First stage is optimized for atmospheric conditions whereas other stages are for vacuum condition
Perturbing Torques:
Continued.
Sensors:
Sun sensor Star sensor Earth sensor
Electronics:
Receives error signal from the sensor and alerts torque devices
Torque devices:
Momentum wheel Thruster Magnetic torque device
Primary source:
Solar cell [Silicon ( ~ 15%) / GaAs ( ~ 22%) ]
Secondary source:
Battery (Nickel Cadmium / Nickel Hydrogen)
Solar cell:
Cell sensitivity to spectral density and intensity of radiation
Battery:
Eclipse duration Launch phase Power to heavy loads Emergency situation
Load
Thermal Management:
On-orbit temperature cycle: +150C to -200C orbit Changes due to angle of incidence of sun rays for orbital position. Conduction and convection are two methods of heat transfer in space. Temperature control:
Passive method
Multi-layer Insulator (MLI)
Active method
Electric heater Heat pipe
At post launch phase, this is the only sub sub-system to communicate with space-craft from earth station. craft
Telemetry: health parameters of space space-craft (downlink) Tele-command: Instructions to space command: space-craft (uplink) Tracking: Generating orbit prediction
Satellite payloads
Weather monitor
900 km altitude, 12 hour orbital period Every day it scans the same region twice
Scientific payload
X-ray, -ray detectors
Earth Station
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