Professional Documents
Culture Documents
/- .-/.................................................4
/, , , /.....5-7
/- , , ,
./.......................................................8-18
/-
./....................52-54
/-
./........................55-59
-
/- , - ,
, ./...........................19-23 / ///
.............................................................................................60-66
,
/ ,
./..........24-28
/
./
...........................................................................................67-71
/- ,
, ./...............................29-32 /-
./.......................................72-77
/
- ., ./............33-35 /-
, ./..........78-82
-
/- - , . (Ph.D) ./...........36-37
/ .,
./..............38-39
,
/
, , .,
,
.........................................................................40-44
- , ,
.-.................45-49
,
.........................................................................50-51
/-
./....................................83
? /
-
./................................................................84
,
,
/ ./.......................85
80
/ ,
./ ..........................................................86-90
JICA
- , -
.....................................................................91-94
CONTENTS:
Judicial power
The research result on movement of cases in some
Districts
/N.Dagva, Head of Adiministrative department of
Metropolitan Court, D.Uran officer of Judical reform
program /........................................................................38-39
Criminology
Some issues on Criminology of crime against
Computer and Information safety
/D.Zoljargal, Inspector of Independent Authority Against
Corruption, Ph.D candidate, G.Oyunbold, Researcher of
Criminology section of the NLC, Master of law/.........40-44
Virtual crime
/Ts.Khurel-Ochir, Superior Lecturer of State and
adiministration department, School of law, Mongolian
National University/........................................................45-49
Some issues of Fine implementation
Ts.Ariunbold, Assistant to State general prosecutor,
Head of Execution department Controlling Punishment
endured procedure.........................................................50-51
Civil
legislation
International law,
comparative law
Methodology and Procedure of the Korean
Constitutional Court
/Son In Hyog, Researcher of the Court of Constitution
/Korean//...................................................................60-66
Comparative study on legislations of some
countries regarding compensation due to criminal
damage
/T.Jargalsaihan, Researcher of Criminology section
of the NLC/................................................................67-71
The role of international trade and human rights in
international law
/P.Bayar, Researcher of International legislation
section of NLC/.........................................................72-77
Comparative study on Civil law protection against
neighbour influence in Mongolia and Germany
/E.Baigal, Lecturer of international legislation
department, School of law, Mongolian National
University/.................................................................78-82
legal
service
the
Mongolian
advocates
80th
association
of
anniversary
JICA
A brief report of JICA-Legal reform and assistance
project.......................................................................91-94
:
.-
:
.
- ,
.-
- ,
- -
- - ,
, ,
-46, , -7
315736 : 315736
:
-:
www.legalcenter.mn
magazine_info@legalcenter.mn
: 279
vtm
44
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
, 2008 , 2
1206
,
,
,
802
.
,
.
5
1921 7
.
,
,
2 ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
1926 4
16- 15 ,
21
-
5 , 3 , 71
.
1926 12 24-
48
, 1927
1 1-
1927 1 7-
.
1930 8
14- 25
,
,
.
1932 72
,
.
1865
, 1921 7
19-
.
1923
-
,
v .
1924
,
.
1921 7
10-
,
.
1940- 3-4
,
.
,
.
,
, .
,
,
.
1924
,
2 1940
.
1950- ,
1950-
1
,
7-10
. 1956
1
2 , 3
.
,
-
.
, ,
.
1950-
-
.
/., ./
, 2008 , 2
66
- 1960
.
1970 4
20- 69
.
1959
-
1972
.
1989
, ,
.
1992
,
.
.
2003
2004 , 1023
.
5.2, 7.1-
2004 163
- 6
4
.
-
.
1.
:
.
1970
.
2. :
.
1970
.
3. :
- .
1971
.
4. :
. 1971
.
5. :
- .
1971 -
.
6. :
. 1971
.
7.
:
. 1971
,
.
8. :
. 1971
.
9. :
. 1971
.
10.
:
. 1972
.
11. -:
. 1972
.
12. -:
. 1976
.
13. :
. 1976
.
14. : .
, 2008 , 2
1976 -
.
15. :
. 1976
.
16. :
-
. 1977 -
.
17. :
.
1977 -
.
18. :
-
. 1977
.
19.
:
. 1977
.
20.
: -
. 1978
.
21. :
. 1978
-
.
22. :
. 1978
.
23. -:
.
.
1979 -
.
24. :
- .
1980 -
.
25. :
. 1980
.
26. :
. 1980
-
.
2 7 .
:
- . 1981
.
28. :
. 1981
.
29. :
.
1982-
.
30. :
. 1986
.
3 1 .
:
. 1990
.
32. :
.
1991
.
3 3 .
:
. 1991
-
.
34. :
. 1991 ,
.
35. :
- .
1992
.
36. :
.
1996
.
37.
.
1996
.
38. :
.
1996 -
.
39. :
. 1996 -
.
40.
:
- .
1998
.
41.
:
- . 1998
.
42. :
. 2000
.
43. :
- . 2001
.
44. :
. 2001
.
45. :
- .
2001
.
46. :
.
2001
.
47.
:
: 2001
-
.
48.
:
. 2002
.
49.
:
- . 2004
.
50.
:
. 2004
-
.
51.
:
. 2005 ,
.
52. :
. 2005
.
53. :
. 2005
.
54.
:
. 2006
.
55. :
. 2006
.
56. :
. 2006
.
57.
:
. 2006
.
58.
: 2006
.
59.
:
. 2006
.
60.
: .
2006
, -
.
61.
:
2006
.
62. :
. 2008
.
,
, ,
, 2008 , 2
88
- ,
, , .
.
(
,
,
)
.
.
,
,
.
1990
. (1990-2007)-
:
1)
(1990.3-1992.2);
2)
(1992.7-1997.7);
3)
(1998.1-2007.12)
.
:
1.
.
1990
3
1992 2
.
.
-
.
1990 3
23- - 1960
,
,
.
,
.
1990 3 23 -
,
.
5
10- -
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
-
()
, 2008 , 2
(),
(),
.
:
(1991--1-4);
(1991-1-);
(1991-14);
(1990-9-27
).
:
(1990-12-06);
(1991-1-18);
x
(1991-5-22);
(1991-5-17);
(1991-4-04);
(1991-12-03);
(1991-127);
(1991-603).
:
(19916-21);
(199111-12);
(19911-24);
(19914-15);
(1991-622);
(19914-25);
(1991-4-19)
.
-
.
2.
.
2
1992 2
1997
.
.
-
1
.
- 1992 1
16-
2- 2
12-
.
1992 2
12- -
(1960 ),
3
. ,
(1990.3-1992.2)
.
,
.
,
. .
, ,
?
.
()- , 1997
.
*
() .
-
9
,
4
.
4
1992 1 16-
,
.
-
:
1992 6
. ,
,
()
;
1993
;
,
1993
.
-
1992
(,
)
,
, ,
5;
1996
;
1
1993
,
,
;
(1992.2.12)
-
;
;
-
-
.
,
,
.
1996
6,
(,
)
-
1993
- -
.
,
ll
- 1992
2 2-
, ., ., ., 2004 , 487
9 1 .
2
3
9 3 .
, . (, , ,
).
.
4
(1992.2.16) 9 1 .
, , ,
(- 4.3;) .
6
. 1992 . 4, , 1992,
1.
, 2008 , 2
1100
. 1991
1 16-
-
1991-1992 , 1993
.
,
37 ; 30
,
.
1993
-
-
. - -
1992 6 29-
5
3
,
- .
1990 9
1992 7
18
,
30
.
:
-
/1992-4-4/;
/1992-7-6/;
/1992-5-8/;
/1992-5-13/;
/1992-4-10/;
/1992-5-29/
.
,
.
1992
7 20-
-
1996 VII
.
(1996.7-1998.1 )
66 , 111
.
3.
. 1996 Vl
2
1998
-
1998 1
22- 18
7
.
3
1998
.
,
,
. 2
.
-
(1992 )
19921997
,
;
-1998 -
.
.
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
8 .
7
4
.
,
.
-:
1). , ,
(14);
2).
(51);
3).
(35);
4).
(18),
98
(14+51+35+18)
.
50-
.
(47.3 )
.
,
.
1998-2000
1
2000
-
.
2001-2004
27; 5
23.7
, 76.3
.
. 1998 4
8
(- 1998 18 l . )
7
, 2008 , 2
17; 3 20
16.1 83.9 .
, .
,
(1999-01-22), (2000-01-28),
(2000-01-28), (2000-02-03),
(2000-12-07), (200004-20) , .
- . :
2001-2004, 2005-2008
2 .
:
2001-2004
,
,
, 15
9
, 13 13
28
, ,
9
8
14
14
23
11
10
3
2
14
12
,
12
8
5
5
17
33
21
18
17
51
38
3
1
8
6
11
11 11
3
4
4
15
11
24
23
35
34
21
15
20
17
41
4
4
18
15
14 11
44
64
59
135
69
53 71
49
46
118
99
22
22
13
7
7
32
103
2005-2008
, ,
7
2
28
11
18
16
14
44
23
16
13
23
16
10
11
10
13
46
14
79
55
125
69
111
1
2005-2008
.
.
1998
,
2001
,
2005
2006
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
1.
. ,
,
,
, ,
-
()
.
()
, 2008 , 2
1122
,
-
( ,
)
. ,
,
.
.
10 ,
,
,
, , ,
.
(
, ),
,
,
. -
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
,
.
, ,
!
1993-2006 10-13
:
- 11;
- ,
20;
-
-18;
-
- 23;
-
-13 ,
5 85 ,
.
,
,
.
.
2.
,
- ()-
,
.
.
1993
12 30
.
,
,
2004
. ,
,
,
.
, 1993
,
(
)
,
.
- 9,
.
, -8- 4
.
(
)
!
, , ,
.
, ,
,
,
, ,
. 1992 . .
, 2008 , 2
.
:
(1994-2007 14 ) 13 ;
18 ;
16 ;
8 ,
.
-
,
2000 12
(
) ,
10.
,
11
.
.
,
(
)
?
,
.
,
, -
,
,
.
3. ,
,
, ,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
()
(,
-
)
.
,
, , ,
,
.
?
.
,
.
,
,
1
.
.
,
,
!
.
4. ,
133
1
,
-
.
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
3-10
.
()
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
5.
.
() ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
,
,
?
,
. 1992 . 1
.. , ...
.
10
11
, 2008 , 2
1144
(
,
)
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
? .
,
, ,
?
?,
.
; ,
,
?
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
, ,
,
.
,
.
6.
,
.
, ,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
!
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
8-10
.
,
,
?
,
12
(,
, .)
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
12
.
,
.
7. ,
.
.
,
* ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
, 2008 , 2
.
-
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
.
,
.
,
700
-
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
10-
30-40
.
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
.
8.
,
()
. ,
,
()
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
!
*
155
1
,
, ?
,
,
2007 11 28-
377
13 ,
1-2
,
.
. ,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
. 4
-
. .-
:
,
14 .
1998
,
(
) , - 2007
. l , ., 2005 , .
13
14
www.legalinfo.mn ( . )
-8 . ( ), ., 2003 . 91
, 2008 , 2
1166
( )-
(2007 9 )
,
.
,
,
,
.
1990
.
.
.
.
2
*
.
. :
1.
.
, ,
- ,
, ,
!
,
,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
.
2.
? .
,
,
. ,
()
?
, ,
( ),
,
, ,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
()
,
.
() ,
.
()
,
,
.
.
3.
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
, .
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
()
()
, () ;
()- .
, 2008 , 2
.
,
,
.
-
.
-
.
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
.
.
4.
.
* .
,
,
,
,
- ,
, ,
.
,
,
7 ,
15
.
5.
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
, .
,
,
. 1926
1990
, ,
,
, , ,
, - ,
, -,
1990
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
. 1979
-
( )
1980- -
- 7
*
177
1
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
,
.
1206 2006
-
.
4
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
.
2007 03, 06 .
15
, 2008 , 2
1188
,
. ,
!
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
6. .
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
!
, , ,
.
/, , / .
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, .
, 2008 , 2
199
1
,
,
, .
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
, 2008 , 2
2200
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
(1992 )
.
, ,
,
; ,
.
, ,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
,
, -
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
16
.
.
, 2008 , 2
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
.
.
, ,
. , ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
, ,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
( ),
(
)
.
.
,
; ,
,
,
( 64.2),
, ,
, .
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ,
;
5.
;
211
2
6. ;
7.
.
.
.
,
.
:
1. ,
;
2. ,
;
3. ;
4.
;
5.
,
, ,
,
.
:
1. ;
2. ,
;
3. ,
;
4.
;
5.
.
,
,
,
.
, 2008 , 2
2222
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
2 1.2-
64
.
3.4-
.
.
,
,
, 2008 , 2
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
. 2006
2007
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
,
. ,
(
)
233
2
.
,
.
15
.
.
.
, ,
,
, .
,
,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
, 2008 , 2
2244
- ,
, .
,
.
.1
,
6
,
2
.
,
6 :
-
2;
-
3
.
( 5
1-4, 6
1-5);
-,
( 7
1);
-
( 11
1);
-
( 16
1-3, 6, 7);
-
( 6
2);
-
,
( 11
, 25
1- 7 );
-
- (
25 1-
7);
- ,
,
( 35
2- 4);
- ,
()-
(58
1);
-- ,
(58
1);
--
(58
1);
-,
(57 2);
-
(64
1).
2
,
.
6
.
6
1.
,
6 ,
(
()
) . :
-
( 1 ,
. , ,
, 1 1);
- . .
( , , ,
. . ,
4 1);
, , ,
- . -..
2
.
, 2008 , 2
,
,
.
:
,
;
,
,
.3
,
,
,
,
.4
. 5
,
2010
2002 103
80
,
.6 2
,
.
. :
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
- ,
.
,
.7
.
,
!
2.
255
2
8
.
,
,
,
,
.9
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.10
.
- - 12 II . (
). 46 . 1992 1 2- , 75-76 . -
, . 46.
4
.
5
2005 . 2005
. /
/ .
6
, , .
2002. 30.
7
100
2004 -
2.7 .
.
8
- - 12 II . (
). 44 . 1991 12 30- 92-93 .
- . .. 46.
9
. 4, 8 .
10
,
, .
3
, 2008 , 2
2266
.11
,
.12
,
.
3
,
.
.
.
. ,
.
(
, )
( , )
.
.
.
,
,
. 5
,
20 , 100
,
?
.
-
,
,
.13
,
,
.
--.
1994 , 12 .
1997 , 17,18 ; 2006
, 21, 23, 24 .
13
1994 6 .
11
12
, 2008 , 2
277
2
1
,
.
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, .
( )
, , -
()
.
2.
, ,
,
2
,
,
.
.
.
, ,
2000 181
, 2005 12
,
.
, -
, ,
,
,
,
, - ,
,
.
2
25, 33, 38, 47, 58, 62, 64
.
1
, 2008 , 2
2288
1 ,
,
, ,
.
?,
?,
, ,
.
. ,
(
) .
4
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
?
.
.
, :
- (,
,
);
- (
);
- (
);
- (,
);
(,
);
- (
);
- (,
);
-
(
)
- ,
152
430 .
430
- 242 56.3%
- 9
2.1%
- 17
3.95%
- 20 4.65%
- 6
16.4%
- 50
11.6%
- 18
4.2
- 41
9.59
- ,
27 6.3%-
.
,
,
3
.
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
93.9
.
.
.
,
, ,
, ,
,
22 ,
2000
213
(
).
- ;
- ,
;
- ,
,
,
;
-
;
- ,
, ,
, ,
,
;
- ,
, ;
- ,
;
- , ;
- ,
, ;
- ,
;
- , ;
.
.
,
,
.
.
- , - , - , - , -
, - , -
, - , - ,
- , - , , - , - , -
, - , - , - , -
, - , -, ,
, - , - , -
, - ,- , -
1
, - . - , 13 .
, 2008 , 2
()
, ,
,
.
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
:1 -
-
,
-
-
,
. (- 1- 3)
:
,
,
, , ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
-
.
(- .1.1. )
: -
,
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
, -
. ( -
. 1.1.)
:2
-
,
,
,
.
(- 1- .)
.
:
,
,
-
.
(- .
1
:
- ,
- , ,
- - , ( 1.1.)
: - - ,
, , - - , , ,
- (), , - -
. (- . 1- .)
2
: - , ,
- , - - , -
- - , ,
299
2
, 2008 , 2
3300
, 2008 , 2
311
3
-
., .
16 .
.
/
. 1
.
. ,
..
:
;
;
,
2
.
.., ..,
.., ..
.
. (
)
.:
;
,
;
(
, );
;
;
;
.
:
1.
( ,
constitutional law)3
,
;
;
:
1810
,
1974 .
2.
( ,
constitutional customs, conventions)4
,
.
.
3. ,
,
constitutional agreement. 5
( ,
)
,
.
,
.
.
, ,
1990 5 5-
6- .
4. :
: 1970-1980
. 7
.
. 8
5.
. 9
.. :
., , ., 2001 , 110 .
..
. :. . .,1980, .12.
1
, ., , ., 2007 .
3
.
4
., , 2007 . 479
5
.: , , ,
(1921-2000) ., 2004 , 166 .
6
, .. . ., 2007 .
7
.
8
., , ., 2004 .
9
. .448
1
2
, 2008 , 2
3322
10.
.
: 1922
, 1964
1965
. 1995
,
.
1996
.
.
.
,
. 1922
.
1993 -
.
-
/,
/
,
.
.
;
;
<-
, , constitutional law
contract>
. :
,
,
,
1995
.
<
,
constitutional ntract>
. ,
.
.
1921 11 1-
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
9
.
9
,
,
,
.
.
2
.
1. -
(
12)
.
2.
( )
,
,
.
. :
13
4.1-
,
.
. 4.2-
.
.
(
)
., , , ,
(1921-2000), ., 2004 , 17 .
12
, 2005 12 29- , 25
.
13
2004 -
- - -
. 70
.
11
, 2008 , 2
-
:
.
-
(
,
) 2
.
-
.
.
:
,
14.
.
.
. :
,
. 2005 12 29- .
25 8 .
14
333
3
,
. , ,
, ,
.
- ,
.
,
,
;
/ /
. 1995
.
, 2008 , 2
3344
- - ,
(Ph.D) .
,
,
.
?
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
?
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
//,
1.
( )
( )
2.
.
.
.
.
.
() .
?
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
?
.
.
,
.
,
.
1
.., , ,
.2002. 12. . 93
2
, 2008 , 2
.
?
:
.
3 .
.
,
:
:
,
,
,
,
.
,
4 .
: ...
.
,
...
.
.
.
:
.
:
,
,
,
,
.
,
5
:
1. -
/ /
2. -
/ /
.
, .:
...
,
.
.
.
6 .
:
,
.
. :
1. ,
,
;
2.
,
.7
,
?
- .
,
//
.
.
.
355
3
. ,
.
,
.
:
,
8 .
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
, .
...
,
, 9
.
,
,
. . . 1955. . 288
.. , .1990. 44-48.
5
:
1.
- / /
2.
- / /
.
:
- - /
/
- - / , ,
, , , /
- - , , .
- - , .
6
. .. . .1995. - 325
7
.. .. . . .2005. - 266-267
8
. .. . -3. . 1997. - 241
9
.. . .1988.-3. ..293
3
4
, 2008 , 2
3366
.
.
-
,
, 90
,
.
,
, ,
,
, -
2005-2006
,
2708 , 12393
.
,
, ,
,
-
;
-
,
, 90
.
, 95
-
, -
-
.
.
,
,
.
2005
,
,
.
.
,
.
12
,
,
,
.
1
25 . 90 2
70 3 25
.
- ,
.
.
2
90 - 10 .
3
70 - 30 .
1
, 2008 , 2
377
3
2005 90 43
, 64
, - 38
635-1172 .
2005
90
70
1389
40
114
63
819
37
110
61
371
33
80
53
3
.
90 ,
70 60
. 3
90 80-114 70 53-63
.
2006
, 90
25 , 70
.
90 38-72 70 22-37
.
469
468
1563
15
90
70
2006
38
22
72
39
37
90
23
23
19
1389
35
124
63
2601
29
100
55
421
25
82
48
70
2005-2006
60
90
124
, 100
, - 82
. 3
70 48-63
.
3 2006
70
90
.
, -
8, 9
. 10
8, 9
.
2
.
85.8
105.9 ,
95.5
103 , -
94.4 106.5
.
2005-2006
, 2008 , 2
3388
,
.
I. ,
,
,
.
.
,
,
. :
1.
-
,
;
2.
;
,
.
,
;
- -
,
.
3.
:
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
4.
.
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
,
...
, 2008 , 2
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
-
.
,
399
3
:
.1 2007 6
212,101 6
185 .
2002 3
18 .
2003 4 27 .
.
-
2006 62
.
,
.
.
1200 2
. :
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1200
:
,
.
.
,
.3
1990
/Computer Misuse Act 1990/ -
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
45
.
5
.
.
.
, ,
,
,
.
2007
45.7
.
.
, 2008 , 2
4400
?
,
, ,
.
2007
.
6 - 150, 226
150.3, 226.2
, , ,
............ : 2002-2003
...-
,
, ,
//
,
.
; ... ,
,
, ,
,
,
. ,
.
,
,
,
226
226.2
, , - 3 6
.
120
. 7
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1200
:
-
.
2008 2
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
online-lotterei.
- .
.
4
.
, /888
.
/
/. 8
5
15-
www.uildverjilt.mn
,
.
,
,
. www.uildverjilt.mn
.9
2007 .
/2008 3
12 ./
8
.
9
2008 5 16- /118/, 5 .
6
7
, 2008 , 2
, ,
,
,
,
.
II.
/1990 /
.
,
,
3
.
/1998/
. 55
.
.
,
,
. 2008
2005
. , :
6 2 ;
5-10
;
411
4
;
,
,
.
25
.
226
,
, , ,
227 .
,
228 .
,
,
229 .
,
, .
,
:
.
,
.
/SOCA/;
. /
CEOP/:
/CESG/
.
/NISCC/
III.
,
.
.
,
ADSL
, 30
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
/
/-
.
.
A. ,
,
.
.
,
.
, 2008 , 2
4422
.
,
.
,
. :
;
;
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
:
,
.
,
. :
, 2008 , 2
. :
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
433
4
-
, ,
.-
Susan W. Brenner2
I. :
1.
.
.
2. ?
?
,
?
3.
,
. ,
,
.
. ,
,
,
,
.
4.
.
.
.
(
)
,
.
,
.
5.
.
.
,
.
6.
(,
)
.
,
.
III
.
7. -
,
, ,
()- .
.
8.
. II, III
.
,
.
.
9.
,
,
http://www.boalt.org/CCLR/v4/v4brenner.htm
Associate Dean and Professor of Law, University of Dayton School of Law.
J.D. Indiana University, 1981.Professor at the University of Dayton School
of Law since 1988.
1
2
, 2008 , 2
4444
.
.
10.
- .
,
,
,
.
,
, (,
, .)
.
(
)-
,
.
11.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
12.
.
. , ,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
homicide
. ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.
.
13.
. II
. III
, 2008 , 2
. IV
,
.
II. :
14.
.
,
.
.
.
15. ,
. , 1351
, ,
-
.
-
, ,
. 1351
.
.
16. -
.
(the mens rea),
(the actus reus),
-
, ()
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
17.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
(1)
(Burglary
and Criminal Trespass)
18.
,
,
,
.
.
:
,
,
,
455
4
.
, ,
.
.
.
(2)
(Forgery)
19.
,
: ()
; ()
,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ; ()
, -
. , ,
, , , ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
.
:
, , ,
, ,
,
,
,
.
(3) (Fraud)
20.
.
.
:
,
,
,
.
(4)
(Pornography and
Obscenity)
21.
,
.
.
:
,
, 2008 , 2
4466
18-
,
,
,
,
,
.
:
, ,
, ,
;
)
,
, , ,
;
,
,
,
.
,
.
(6)
(Theft and
Embezzlement)
25.
,
,
.
:
,
,
,
,
.
(5) (Stalking)
23.
,
.
:
,
,
,
,
.
22.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
:
,
,
,
24.
.
()
,
,
,
.
:
,
,
()
, 2008 , 2
(7)
,
(Vandalism)
(8)
(Inchoate Offenses)
26.
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
(
)
,
. ,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
(9)
(Vigilantism and Terrorism)
27.
.
.
477
4
28.
.
,
.
-
,
. ,
,
.
29.
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
-
,
-
.
: (a)
,
, ()
,
, ()
,
30.
.
( )
, 2008 , 2
4488
,
.
.
.
.
2.6
688 , 245
45.3
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
:
2007 10
19- 252
215
215.3
2
,
17.319.000
18 ,
,
,
,
1990 17 ,
10
2007 10 1-
259
99
99.1
3.450.000
. .
, ,
,
, .
, 2008 , 2
90
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
/,
/
2007 1
23- 160
,
2007 9
26- 369
7530.000
.
,
,
,
. :
2007 2
8- 44
215
215.3
3
, 13.303.000
.
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
499
4
-
.
.
,
/ 76
3
/
. :
2007 3
13- 98
155
155.2
3519.0
, 4
,
, 2007 7
,
.
5000
50
.
, 2008 , 2
5500
-
.
-
3
.
1. ,
2.
3.
, , ,
(
) .
,
3
.
-
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
. , .
.
1.-
()
.
-
-
-
.
1940
.
.
, 2008 , 2
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
:
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
511
5
, ,
,
,
,
.
.
, ,
.
4
,
.
,
,
.
.
2. -
( )
.
1969
.
,
,
.
.
,
, , ,
. ,
.
:
;
;
;
.
4
.
,
,
, 2008 , 2
5522
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
, 2008 , 2
(1985)
1-2
,
.
(1987)
.
,
-
.
,
,
.
533
5
-
.
.
,
,
,
1.
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
2002
.
1.
,
, ,
, ,
1976 12
-
, 1977 4 1-
.
-
, 2002
.
-
() 1994
2 -
2 1 19
, 2
1 20
, 2
1 21
, 2 1
22
.
,
.
.
3. ,
, , , , ,
4.
,
,
.
,
.
,
. , -
, ,
5.
200
, 201
, 202
, 2008 , 2
5544
.
,
.
, ,
.
2.
2.1.
200
200.1
,
, ,
- 2 1
2.1.19.2
,
.
:
6.
, ,
.
, ,
7.
8.
9.
:
1. ;
2. ;
3.
;
4.
.
,
,
10.
(
)
11
.
,
, , ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
12 .
.
,
,
,
.
2.2.
,
()-
.
( ), ., 2005 , 810 .
.
8
., : , ., 2003 , , 132 .
9
.133 .
10
. M, : , .,2003, , 142 .
11
Musaballi, A. Tuketici Sozlesmelerinde Genel Islem Sartlari, http://www.turkhukuksitesi.com/
makale_270.htm /2006, Aralik/
12
OGUZMAN, K, Borclar Hukuku, Genel Hukumler, Istanbul 1998, p. 20.
6
7
, 2008 , 2
,
.
.
13.
,
?
.
,
14.
,
.
.
()
,
.
,
15.
//
. ,
16.
- 17
18 .
. ,
,
,
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
.
555
5
,
19.
.
.
.
20.
.
.
.
,
21.
22 .
:
1.
.
2. -
,
.
3. ,
.
4.
, 2008 , 2
5566
,
/- 200.2 /.
5.
.
3.
201
201.1
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
. :
1. , ,
;
2.
;
3.
;
4.
;
5.
;
6.
.
.
4.
,
. 13
13.1
,
, 13.3
,
,
,
, 56 56.1.1
,
23
24
,
,
.
,
.
202
.
,
.
202
.
,
,
202 2
23 .
,
.
24
. , ( ), ., 2003 , 163 .
.
, 2008 , 2
.
25.
.
.
,
.
2.1.21
:
.
.
26. ,
,
.
. ,
.
27
, ...
,
,
,
.
.
2002
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
577
5
,
.
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
.
.
202
.
202 2
.
BGH-Bundesgerichtshof
-
-
-
-
-
-
s-Sayfa
, 2008 , 2
5588
1.
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
, .
2.
.
,
,
.
-
1803
(Marbury
v.Madison)
,
()
.
,
.
(, 1911
)- -
, 2008 , 2
1920
.
II
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
1988
,
, 1990-
, ,
(
1995
).
3. -
,
a. (
)
.
, 6
.
18
1 , 24
1
- 9 1
.1
.
1960
( 2
)
1960
.
9 , ,
,
3
6 .
,
,
, ,
-
1 5 16-
.
. 1962
( 3
)
1962
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
2 1
59 1
2
.
. 1972
( )
1972
.
, ,
599
5
.
. 1980
( 5
)
1980
3- ,
1972
.
.
6
- 1987
,
4 .
111
,
,
,
,
.
1)
.
1970
6 7-
.
2
1970
6 7- , 59 1
,
, ,
2/6- ,
2/6
.
3
.
4
8
.
.
, 6
.
,
.
1
2
, 2008 , 2
6600
,
. ( 111
1 1 ,
41 ).
.
. - 4 , 5
,
.
( )
. ( 68 )
2)
,
,
.
65 1
-
, 111 1 2-
.
- 1
.
.
3)
. 8
4
,
.
, ,
.
, 2008 , 2
4)
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
5)
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
4.
.
.
,
,
, ,
,
,
.
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
( ,
)-
.
.
,
.
.
,
-
611
6
.
,
-
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
-
.
5.
A.
,
,
-
, 2008 , 2
6622
. (
40
1 ).
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
1)
.
2)
.
.
(- 41 5
)
.
.
.
,
, 2008 , 2
.
. (
68
2 )
3)
.
(- 42 1
).
(
92
1, 2 ,
132
1, 2 )
(-
199 )
(- 42 2
).
4)
(- 27
2 ).
,
(- 44 ,
56
).
,
,
(
10
).
(
55 ).
5) ,
( 32 ).
(
55 ).
6)
30
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
.
7)
.
.
.
633
6
.
.
,
.
.
.
8)
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
9)
,
,
, 2008 , 2
6644
,
,
,
,
(
. )
.
.
-
.
(-
45 ).
.
,
.
.
.
B.
.
,
.
68
1-
.
.
(
- 37 1
). ,
.
-
-
( 37 1 ).
(- 37 2
).
,
, ,
, 2008 , 2
,
(- 37
3 ).
.
180
.
,
7
(- 38 ).
(- 28
4 , 72
5 ).
38
,
, , ,
,
,
,
,
199
.
.
655
6
,
.
,
1992
,
.
.
,
1
, ,
, -
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
-6
1994 2,
3
4
5 , -
.
,
,
1
2
,
,
5.
1947 -
/National
Security Act/- -
,
-
6 .
,
.
.
1992
, . , . 2005.
. GCHQ
3
7
.
4
5 , -
. 1994.
5
., .. , ., 2000.
6
. , , ., 2007.
, 2008 , 2
6666
,
-
.
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
7
.
:
.
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
:
.
.
(
),
,
,
.
:
,
,
.
.
:
(,
)
,
(
)
.
22.3-
,
- ,
(15.1.7),
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
.
(15.1.7),
(22.3)-
(
).
(
- 70 , -
- ., ..
. 1992 . 58
, 2008 , 2
,
)
,
.
15.1.3. 15.1.10-
-
.
. 8
.
,
,
.
.
,
.9
22
, - ,
,
,
.
:
(16.1-)
,
-
(
1 6 . 2 - )
,
,
,
,
(
16.3-)
,
,
,
,
.
677
6
.
,
.
. ,
(
) 10 ,
( )11
,
. 12
13
.
.14
.15
- 1979
, 1984
.16
, 2003 , 5. 79 .
1978 4 11-
.
10
Intelligence Service Act, 1994., 10.
11
Intelligence Service Act, 2001., p 14.
.
12
Law of the Parliamentary Control of Activities of the Federal intelligence Service (PKGrG), (1978;
1992; 1999 and 2001., amended version)
13
Instructions for Monitoring of Intelligence, Survilliance and Security Service, (EOS) 19958 Section 1.
14
Leigh. J. Three Decades of Oversight, in Born, H.Johnson, I., leigh.J. (eds) Who is Watching
Spies? Establishing Intelligence Service Accountablity (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books. Inc., 2005).
15
, , 70-
. Act 1984.
16
Australian security intelligence organization Act 1979; Canadian inteligence security service Act
1984.
8
9
, 2008 , 2
6688
,
(
1989
)
19801990 .
1988 ,
1991 , 1993
, 1994 ,
1996 , 1997
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
17
.
.
.
,
.18
1995 3 27
(7.1-)
-
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
17
18
,
,
.
(7.1. 2-)
(15.3-)
.
11
,
(11.2) ,
,
(11.3);
12.1-
,
.,
79.3-
.
, 2003 , 5. 163 .
, 2008 , 2
,
,
,
., 193.1.5 ,
,
13
,
,
23
,
,
,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
699
6
,
.
, ,
,
,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
,
,
.
, 2008 , 2
7700
,
.
,
, , ,
.
- 1985 -
1
,
, ,
.
1983
1988
.
.
-
29
1964
.
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
.
-
,
,
,
.
- 50
.
-
-
1984
(Victims of
Crime Act (VOCA) 2
1988,
1993-1997, 1999-2002 ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
. 1884
-
. :
1
21 ,
, .
2
1984 Victim compensation and assistant
act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-473, Title II, Chapter XIV,as amended, Title 42 The Public Health and
Welfare, Chapter 112 Victim Compensation and Assistance. 7 ,
10601 ,
, , 10602
, , , 10603
, 10604
, 10605 , 10606
, 10607 , 10608
.
, 2008 , 2
,
3. -
. -
.
. :
.
72
,
,
,
4.
.
.
- ,
,
,
-
,
.
1
.
.
,
.
.
. -
10,000 .
25,000
.
5
.
.
.
:
- ,
,
,
, .
. :
- ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
.
.
.
6
,
7,
,
.
.
711
7
.
-
-
1976
,
.
.
8
,
, ,
,
,
,
.
9.
,
.
.
1
.
.
. 2005
, , : 1. , 2. , 3.
, 4. , 5.
, 6. , , 7. , 8.
, 9. , 10. .
4
1 .
5
- .
6
47.5 , 47.5
, 5 ,
, , , , ,
.
7
- 5 . 125 .
, 100 . 400 . ,
, 500,000 .,
200,000 . .
8
1993 7 21- , .
9
- 3
, 2008 , 2
7722
,
.
.
.
-
-
3
. -
3
,
.
, ,
,
.
(the
Versorgungsamt)
.
(the
Weisser Ring)
.
.
10.
,
.
11 .
.
.
12
, , ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
-
.
13
(Criminal Injuries Compensation Act
1995) 1995 .
.
,
, ,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
2
(Criminal Injuries
Compensation Authority (CICA)),
,
,
.
Criminal Injuries Compensation
Authority (CICA)
.
12
,
28
.
.
,
.
.
250,000
1,000
.
.
,
.
- 4
11
.
12
7 .
13
13 , .
.
10
, 2008 , 2
,
11,000
.
5,500
.
12,000
.
,
,
14 1-25
.
.
. :
-
,
,
(
),
(
),
,
,
, ,
(
),
,
, 18
.
.
. ,
.
.
,
.
1980
.
.
.
.
.
. 2
7
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
733
7
5
2
.
.
10,179,000
12,730,000
.
.
10,790,000 (2001 7
1-
15,730,000 ) .
12,730,000 (2001
7 1-
18,492,000 )
.
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
-
2004 ,
, 2005 1
. 2006
14
2.2
.
, 2008 , 2
7744
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
16
.
:
- ,
,
,
.
.
17
.
1.
,
,
.
.
2.
,
.
3.
,
,
.
4.
,
,
,
,
.
5.
.
16
17
6.
, ,
.
7.
.
8.
.
9.
.
10.
,
, ,
,
,
15 .
64,86 .
2005-2006 .
-
,
25.000
. .
25.000
..
, 10.000
.,
3500 .,
,
1000
. .
60 .
.
,
400
.
5.000
.
, 2008 , 2
25.000
.
-
45
.
.
.
755
7
-
.
,
,
II
.
1947 1948
.
,
( ,
)
1
.
,
.
.
. , -
.
.
.
.
:
,
;
;
-
.
?
?
. :
.
,
.
, -
1 2004
2 61-
,
,
,
,
,
.2
jus cogens
. -
, ,
,
,
. 3
(, lex posterior derogate
.
2
I. Kant, The metaphysics of morals, in I.Kant (n 3), 133 ,
.
3
J.Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law. How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law
(2003)
1
, 2008 , 2
7766
,
legi priori, lex specialis derogat legi
generali)
.
- , -
,
-
-
,
.4
-
. (, -
,
50
).
,
()
. 5
-
-
,
-
.6 -
, -
-
-
.
-
-
.
,
.7
.
?
, .
.
- ,
( , , ,
)
-
.
- XX
, - XIV
, - 8
.
-
.8
-
.
.
,
9
.
,
,
. ,
, , ,
-
-
. , ,
,
, , ,
,
,
2004 -
-
. -
, ,
,
- -
.
. ,
;
The United Nations and Human Rights, UN (1995).I.Seiderman, Hierarchy in International law(2001).
E.U. Petersmann, Constitutional Primacy and Indivisibility of Human Rights in International Law? In S.Griller (ed), International
Economic Governance and Non Economic Concerns (2003) 211-266.
6
E.U.Petersmann, How to Reform the UN System? Constitutionalism, International Law and International Organizations,
Leiden Journal of International Law 1997, 421-474;
7
B Kingsbury/N Krisch/ R Stewart, The Emergence of Global Administrative Law, Institute for International Law and Justcie,
new York University, Working Paper (2004)1.
8
E.U.Petersmann, Human Rights and the Law of the World Trade Organization, Journal of World Trade (2003), 242-281.
9
M Hilfe/E. U. Petersmann (eds), National Constitutions and International Economic Law (1991).
4
5
, 2008 , 2
,
,
-
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
, (
- 4
), ,
(-
), ,
(1789
),
, ,
(-
)
.
,
.10
(
),
(
,
),
(, ,
,
) .11
,
,
, ,
,
,
.12
.13
(, ,
)
777
7
.14
-
,
,
,
. 15
-
, , , ,
,
.16 -
,
.
.
;
XVIII
, ,
,
(lex mercatoria)
, ,
, ,
.
,
.17
A.Sen, Rationality and Freedom (2002), eg ch 17 on markets and freedoms. F A Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty(1960),
35: Economic considerations are merely those by which we reconcile and adjust our different purposes, none of which, in
the last resort, are economic (except those of the miser or the man for whom making money has become an end in itself).
11
P.Pettit, Republicanism. A Theory of Freedom and Government (1997). J B Davis, The Theory of the Individual in
Economics (2003).
12
D.Hildebrand, The Role of Economic Analysis in the EC Competition Rules, 2 nd edn (2002), 99-101.
13
G.Amato, Antitrust and the Bounds of Power. The Dilemma of Liberal Democracy in the History of the Market, 1997; E
U Petersmann, Theories of Justice and the Constitution of International Markets, in Symposium on the emerging Transnational
Constitution, Loyola Law Review (2003) 407-459.
14
A Sen, Development as Freedom(1999) eg chs 6 and 7 on the importance of democracy for preventing famines and other
market failures.
15
2000: , - (2000).
16
Development and Human Rights, The Role of the World Bank, World Bank (1982) 2.
17
Cf Petersmann (n 9).
10
, 2008 , 2
7788
,
.
- ;
-
-
,
.18
,
.
,
.
( -)
.19
-
-
(2004
-
1-3 )
, ,
,
. 20
,
,
.
II.
?
.
, , ,
,
- .(
).
A.
, ,
,
,
.
( ,
.) ,
.21
( ,
)
. 22
, ,
, ,
,
,
.23
.
.
;
.24
B.
;
( 29 )
(
1 )
. -
( ,
)
(
, , ,
)
. ,
M Hilf/ E U Petersmann (n 20) and eg E J Eberle, Diginity and Liberty, Constitutional Visions in Germany and United States
(2001); R Alexy, A Theory of Constitional Rights (2002) ch 7.
19
G Monti, Article 81 EC and public Policy, Common Market Law Review (2002) 1057-1099; G Amato (n 33).
20
E U Petersmann, Constitional Economics, Human Rights, and the Future of the WTO, Aussenwirtschaft (Swiss Review
of International Economic Relations) (2003) 49-91; A Sen, Development as Freedom (1999).
21
R Posner, The Economics of Justice (1981); E U Petersmann, Morality, Human Rights and International Economic law:
Towards Cosmopolitan Market Integration Law? In H D Assmann/ R Sethe (eds), Recht und Ethos in Zeitalter der Globalisierung
(2004) 53-86.
22
The essay concerning the true origin, extent and end of civil government in J Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
Paras 27-41.
23
G W F Hegel, The Philosophy of Right (translated by Knox) (1965); J E Penner, The idea of Property in Law(1997).
24
F A von Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (1960); id, Law, Legislation and Liberty (1980).
18
, 2008 , 2
,
.
(
)
( )
.
,
.
(
, ,
,
(,
) .
.
.
,
,
. 2004
-
, , ,
(1-4
) .
,
.25
,
28
.
.
,
,
?
,
,
,
26 .
. 27
,
,
28
,
,
-
.
-
,
,
,
.
799
7
III.
-
-
29, 30,
31 -
,
32
33
.
-
:
i. ,
;
ii.
;
iii.
;
iv.
26
, 2008 , 2
8800
,
;
v.
;
vi.
.
(
), (
), (
, , ,
)
. ,
-
-
. , , ,
,
, .
IV. -
,
- , -
3
.
1)
2)
(- 103
, -
16 3 4
)
3)
.
5
:
1. ;
2.
;
3. ;
4.
, (
);
5.
.34
-
3
. :
(- IX
) -
,
(X, XIV )
.
(16
3)
-
-
(XVI
4) -
(IX, X
).
-
, ,
( II, Xi , - XVI
),
(- I
, - II ,
- 4 ),
(- III ,
- XVII , ),
(
),
(- XVIII-XXI ,
- XIV, - 6-8, 30-31,
40 ) .
,
,
.
:
-
- ;
-
;
,
,
-
.
-
-
.
,
34
E U Petersmann, European and International Constitutional Law: Time for Promoting Cosmopolitan
Democracy in the WTO, in G de Burca/J Scott (eds), The EU and WTO (2001) 81-110.
, 2008 , 2
811
8
- ,
.
.
.
100
1992
, 2002
.
,
.
,
. 1992
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
1 .
,
,
.
, , ,
.
.
,
2.
.
.
.
-
/1995
/,
/1995 /
.
1.
1974 4 1-
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
, , ,
.
.
, , ,
.
,
imission
3.
,
.
906
1994
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
12
,
1
2
3
, 2008 , 2
8822
,
,
.
,
,
.
. Imission
1. -
Imission
imissio
. ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
, , ,
/
3
/.
.
2.
.
135
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
135
906
906
,
2002
135
.
1. - - 906
- - 135
,
906
,
.
903
.
,
1004
.
,
.
- 135
,
, 2008 , 2
. ,
...135
4
.
.
- 101
101.1
,
, ,
.
,
- 101
101.1- 106 106.2-
.
,
. ,
- 92 92.1-
.
2. - 135 -
- 906
,
4
, 534 .
,
,
.
1911
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
, , , , ,
, , ,
.
.
135
135.1-
.
5.
,
, , ,
,
.
,
,
.
- 135
.
,
,
,
.
3.
. -
.
-
906
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
.
135
.
.
. - 106.1 1004
- - 1004
833
8
actio negotoria
.
.
;
;
.
- 1004
.
106 106.2-
.
. :
;
;
6
-
106.2-
. 106.2
.
92 92.1-;
.
,
.
1.
imission
.
, 535 .
, 427-436 .
, 2008 , 2
8844
,
- - 906
1004
.
- 906 ,
,
.
,
.
/906 1.2.
.
.
- 135
135.1-
.
.
.
135
135.2-
.
8
.
- - 1004
1
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
7.
8.
.
,
7
8
. ,
7
...
,
,
,
.
,
/
7
7.3/
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
, 2008 , 2
/906 2
1 /.
.
/906 2
2 /.
135
.
. ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
-
9
,
,
.
2.
-
906 2
,
.
.
135.2
,
,
.
.
,
.
3.
,
.
- 1004
823
. ,
855
8
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
- 106.2
- 497.1 .
- 497
.
.
,
.
2002
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
, 537 .
, 2008 , 2
8866
-
.
149
.
1963
4
24 1967
3 19-
1988 .
5
5.- /
5.-
. 14
.
.
/2002 /,
/1997 /
2001 70
.
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
,
,
,
,
.
18
, 2008 , 2
- .
.
?,
?
.
.
.
.
.
.
877
8
-
.
,
.
,
.
- ,
-
?
/
, ,
,
/
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
-
.
.
,
,
.
/
,
,
/
-
,
.
,
,
/,
/,
/
, ,
/ ,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
.
, 2008 , 2
8888
.
, ,
,
.
. ,
.
:
,
. ,
1500
.
5000
,
10000
. ,
20000 .
100
50
, ,
200 .
2
200
/
-
/ ,
2.0-4.0
/
/
4-5 ,
10
2003 213
.
-
.
,
-
, ,
,
.
2
, 2003 192
.
, -
15000 ,
5000
2000
,
400
7-10
.
.
,
2007
1300 ,
,
.
,
,
18
.
70-80
, 2008 , 2
. ,
, ,
, , , ,
.
,
,
,
?
,
.
-
,
,
, ,
,
.
172 172.2, 109
109.2, 156
156.2
,
. -
80
899
8
. 2008 , 1 /20/-
,
.
1935
,
.
-
1944 1
14-
5
,
.
,
1944
.
:
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
. (
-284. 1 / 392-
.)
1944
1952
1-2
.
.
<<
34 (1944)
1,
5>> .
1945 3, 1948, 1949,
1953 ,
2
.
,
. ( 284)
,
:
34 (1944) 2
. ,
36 (1946) 5, 6
36 (1946) 6-12
37 (1947) 1
1949 12
1953 5-12
.
(
.) 1951-1952
,
,
1950, 1951
.
, 2008 , 2
9900
80
,
. 1968
,
.
,
1952
.
1952
7 25- 253
-
.
<<
66
,
.>>
,
,
.
.
:
,
,
,
.
.
-
1953
.
.
.
1957 9
9-
II 1954 3
29-
3
.
.
<< I
10
16 ,
22
.
II
,
,
,
,
, 2008 , 2
.
(
II
331
01- .)
II
1958
: ,
,
,
.
(
-331. / 02)
.
III 1959 6
29-
.,
.
1959 5
25-
.
VI
,
,
50
70
(, ) 50
,
150,
100 (
)
80
.
.,
.
(
) ,
, ,
.
IV 1961
12 27-
.
V
1963 9 14-
27
.
-
, ,
, ,
(
.), ,
.
18
,
, ,
-,
.
-
1952
253
.
1967 10 25-
VI
.
,
.
.
38
4
.
-
1965 6
30- 243
, ,
2
.
,
18
, 4 100
,
,
,
.
,
,
( )-
.
,
, -
,
, ,
, ,
.
911
9
VII
VI
,
.
VII 1971
12 29- ,
-
1965 243
.
.
.
,
, ,
, -
,
,
,
,
,
.,
.
-
1972
12 7- 247
,
.
-
.
, 2008 , 2
9922
80
.
VII
.
VIII 1974
12 13-
.
-
, ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
,
IX
50
1978 6
28-
.
, -
,
.
.
, ,
3
96.3-98.5
,
73
, ,
,
, ., .,
,
.,
.,
., .
.
X 1981
.
.
3
,
.
1979 4
20
,
.
100
,
,
, ,
,
,
, 2008 , 2
.
.
1984 12
17- .
143
132
.
- ,
- ,
,
20
.
-
,
.
.
16.3 ,
57.1- .
(19781980 )
99.7
,
510
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
80
,
7
,
.
,
, -
.
-
1978
10 30- 256
14,15
3
1988
1988 6
27- .
60
.
,
101
100
.
,
,
XI
. ,
.
.
.
:
-
60.4
200
40
.
100
,
.
3.5
.
600-
.
6
130
.
23.5 95.5
:
,
,
933
9
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
,
,
,
7
.
,
,
.
.,
.
.
.
.
-
, 2008 , 2
9944
-
-
,
.
.
/
/,
/
/
,
2007 9
10-19-
.
:
-
;
;
.
34
, 2 65
.
48 .
.
, ,
.
2
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
, 2008 , 2
.
, , ,
,
.
2 500 ,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
, -
.
,
955
9
?
?
,
,
.
2000
65
1
3
10
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
.
.
1994
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.
2007 9
11-16 6
.
3,
3, , ,
,
10
,
48
.
/
/
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
,
.
3
,
,
.
.
.
,
2008 1
21-26- .
, 2008 , 2
9966
.
.
.
.
3 ,
.
. ,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
, 2008 , 2
-
.
.
.
300
.
.
.
,
,
977
9
,
,
,
. ,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
2008 1
23-24-
2, 3,
1
,
25 ,
2 , ,
3
.
.
.
,
?
,
.
(
,
)
.
.
4
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
, 2008 , 2