Chapter 20 Study Guide Vocabulary Sewards Folly- 1876; with the support of Congress, Seward purchased Alaska for

$7.2 million; Americans however saw no value in the Alaska and referred to it as Sewards Folly and Sewards Icebox Pan-Americanism- efforts to establish closer ties between the US and its southern neighbors; 1889, the meeting of the first Pan-American Conference in Washington; brought on hemispheric cooperation on both economic and political issues Venezualean crisis- boundary dispute between Venezuela and a neighboring territorythe British colony of Guiana; in 1895 and 1896, President Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that GB agree to arbitrate and while GB said the matter was not the business of the US, Cleveland and Olney argued that the Monroe Doctrine appliedif GB did not arbitrate, the US stood ready to back up its argument with military force; GB, although favored themselves, agreed to US demands; shift in US-GB relations Jingoism- an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy Yellow journalism- sensationalistic newspapers with bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal; Pulitzers New York World and Hearsts New York Journal De Lome letter- Spanish diplomats letter (which criticized President McKinley) that was leaked to the press and printed in Hearsts Journal; caused a storm of outrage and many considered it an official Spanish insult against US national honor Maine- Febuary 15, 1898, the US battleship Maine suddenly exploded while in Havana, Cuba, killing 260 Americans on board; the yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship Teller Amendment- Part of the resolution authorizing war, the Teller Amendment declared that the US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that, once peace was restored to the island, the Cuban people would control their own government Rough Riders- a regiment of volunteers led by Roosevelt who participated in a victorious charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba; Spanish-American War Treaty of Paris- Dec 10, 1898; provided for the (1) recognition of Cuban independence, (2) US acquisition of the two Spanish islandsPuerto Rico and Guam, and (3) US acquisition of the Philippines in return for payment of Spain of $20 million; the Philippine question Insular Cases- Supreme Court cases that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the powers to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress Anti-Imperialist League- William Jennings Bryan; rallied opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific Platt Amendment- 1901; Congress made the withdrawal of troops conditional upon Cubas acceptance of certain terms; required Cuba to agree (1) never to sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, (2) never to build up an excessive public debt, (3) to permit the US to intervene in Cubas affairs to preserve

its independence and maintain law and order, (4) to allow to US to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including one at Guantanamo Bay Open Door Policy- all nations would have equal trading privileges in China; John Hay Boxer Rebellion- 1900; with nationalism and xenophobia were on the rise in China, a secret society of Chinese nationalists, these Boxers, attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries Big stick policy- Republican Theodore Roosevelt, who replaced McKinley, described his foreign policy, saying it was his motto to speak softly and carry a big stick; aggressive foreign policy; applauded by imperialists, but criticized by those who opposed the tradition of noninvolvement in global politics Hay-Pauncefote Treaty- 1901; the US could dig a canal without British involvement Roosevelt Corollary- 1904; rather than let Europeans intervene in Latin Americaa blatant violation of the Monroe DoctrineRoosevelt declared that the US would intervene instead; US would send gunboats to a Latin American country that was delinquent in paying its debts Gentlemens Agreement- President Roosevelt arranged a compromise by means or an informal understanding, or gentlemens agreement; the Japanese govt secretly agreed to restrict the migration of Japanese workers to the US in return for Roosevelt persuading California to repeal its discriminatory laws Great white fleet- 1907-1909; Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-theworld cruise to demonstrate US naval power to Japan and other nations Root-Takahira Agreement- 1908; Secretary of State Elihu and Japanese Ambassador Takahira exchanged notes pledging the following: (1) mutual respect for each nations Pacific possessions and (2) support for the Open Door policy in China Dollar diplomacy- Roosevelts successor Taft adopted a foreign policy that was only mildly expansionist but depended more on investors dollars than on the navys battleships; promote US trade by supporting American enterprises abroad Moral diplomacy- Wilson opposed imperialism and the big-stick and dollardiplomacy policies of his Republican predecessors; demonstrated that he and his Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan respected other nations rights and would support the spread of democracy Jones Act- 1916; moral diplomacy; (1) granted full territorial status to the Philippines, (2) guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens, and (3) promised Philippine independence as soon as a stable govt was established Names to Remember William H. Seward- NY Republican; served as secretary of state to both Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; achieved more as secretary than anyone since the time of JQA; the French in Mexico and the Monroe Doctrine; Sewards Folly Josiah Strong- wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis (1885); wrote that Anglo-Saxons were fittest to survive and thus had a duty as missionaries to spread Christianity and Western civilization Alfred Mahan- US Navy Captain; wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890); argued that a strong navy was critical to a countrys becoming a world

power; persuaded Congress to finance the construction of modern steel ships, acquire oversea islands Richard Olney- secretary of state under Cleveland; played large role in the Venezualean crisis to convince GB to arbitrate in a dispute over boundary; the Monroe Doctrine Joseph Pulitzer- publisher of the New York World newspaper, a yellow journal William Hearst- publisher of the New York Journal newspaper, a yellow journal; printed the De Lome letter William McKinley-Republican; became president 1896; assassinated shortly after being elected for a second term Theodore Roosevelt- McKinleys successor and earlier had been his secretary of the navy; rough riders; Big Stick Policy; Panama Canal; the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine George Dewey- led a successful fleet to the Philippines at Manila Bay against the Spanish Queen Liliuokalani- Hawaiian monarch until in 1893 when American settlers aided to overthrow her Emilio Aguinaldo- Filipino nationalist leader who had fought alongside US troops during the Spanish-American War; however, later he led bands of guerilla fighters in a war against US control John Hay- McKinleys secretary of state; to prevent the US from losing access from the lucrative China trade, Hay dispatched a diplomatic note in 1899; asked to accept the concept of Open Door Policy, which was hailed as a diplomatic triumph Pancho Villa- led a band of revolutionaries in Mexico; hoping to destabilize his opponents govt, Villa led raids across the US-Mexican border and murdered a number of people in Texas and New mexico