You are on page 1of 53

Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION

1 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

1.0 What is a bandage?


A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support to the body. Bandages are available in a wide range of types, from generic cloth strips, to specialized shaped bandages. In ordinary speech, the word bandage is often used to mean a dressing, which is used directly on a wound, whereas a bandage is technically only used to support a dressing, and not directly on the wound. According to Stedmans bandages are piece of cloth or other material ,of varying shape and size , applied to a body part to make compression, absorbs drainage, prevent motion, retain surgical dressings.

2 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

1.1 STATEMENT OF STUDY


To have an in depth knowledge about bandages and its different aspects like type, manufacturing technique, application, properties etc.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY


The study is an attempt to develop an advanced type of bandages or to add up different aspects to bandages and rectifying its construction. This is done by gaining knowledge about the various types of bandages, their manufacturing techniques, innovations done in different time according to the need and environment and innovating and thinking about the possible procedure that can lead the same. The study gives a proposal for such a model but before that it understand the intricacies of the topic in the form of various aspects as history, type of bandages, different manufacturing techniques and its uses.

3 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY


To study the types of bandages To study the types of materials used and properties To study about the manufacturing process of bandages To study about the application and brands( international brands and domestic brands) To propose a hypothetical model.

1.4 LIMITATIONS
The concerned field of medical textiles is highly technical and specialized field of study. The procedures and sub-procedures used in the working are extremely advanced and high tech. The equipment used in manufacturing and finishing is highly expensive. There was a problem communication with the people working in the industry.

4 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Chapter-2 LITERATURE SURVEY

5 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

2.0 LITERATURE SURVEY


Bandages have been used to treat wounds for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians had a detailed knowledge of human anatomy as a result of their funerary practices, and their medical treatments were relatively advanced by 3000 BCE. Although they did not use compression treatments, they did use infused bandages to protect and treat many different types of wounds. Hippocrates described the process of applying bandages of varying degrees of compression to treat fractures and ulcers in 400 BCE. He also recognized the dangers of high levels of compression causing necrosis, but again did not have a sufficiently complete understanding of the vascular causes of ulceration to provide effective treatment. The first true compression treatments for venous ulcers did not appear until the 17th century. Pierre Dionis recommended the use of lace-up stockings made from linen or animal skin. In the middle of the 19th century, the first elasticized bandages were produced using natural rubber. This improved the effectiveness of compression bandaging, and they were successfully used to treat varicose veins. In 1885, Dr. Paul Unna produced a zinc paste compression bandage which became known as the Unna boot. This treatment is still used today for both venous ulceration and severe burns.

6 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

The 19th century also saw the advent of the circular knitting machine, which allowed the efficient production of seamless compression garments. These, along with three and four-layer compression bandages, are the most commonly used treatments today. In one form or another, bandages and dressings have likely been in use since prehistoric times, with plant materials and strips of animal hide serving the purpose initially and, later, fabrics. Early writings from Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Greece, and Rome describe wound ointments and dressings, and Homer (c. 900-800 b.c.) mentions bandages for battle wounds, as do Hippocrates (c. 460 b.c.) and the Bible. Ancient Egyptian embalmers were highly skilled in the art of bandaging. The great French surgeon Ambroise Par (1510-1590) revived and modernized the treatment of wounds by abandoning cauterization in favor of ointments covered with carefully applied bandages. Three hundred years later, English surgeon Joseph Lister (1827-1912) pioneered the use of bandages and dressings soaked in carbolic acid as an antiseptic. Adhesive plasters the precursors of today's adhesive bandages, were mentioned in an 1830 Philadelphia medical journal, patented in 1845 by Drs. William Shecut and Horace Day of New Jersey, and marketed as Allcock's Porous Plaster by Dr. Thomas Allcock. A German pharmacist, Paul Beiersdorf, patented a plaster-covered bandage called Hansaplast in 1882. The adhesive bandage as we know it was the invention of Earl Dickson, an employee of the Johnson & Johnson medical supply company. Dickson's young bride continually cut and burned herself in the kitchen, and the concerned husband repeatedly bandaged her with pieces of gauze and surgical tape. Dickson saw that his wife needed a prepared supply of these
7 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

dressings she could apply herself, and he began experimenting. He laid out a strip of Johnson & Johnson's surgical tape sticky side up on a table and placed a folded-up gauze pad in the middle of the tape. To keep the gauze clean and the tape sticky, Dickson covered the strip with crinoline. Mrs. Dickson appreciated her husband's invention, and so did Dickson's coworkers and bosses. Johnson & Johnson quickly put the bandages on the market, and, in l920, they became Band-Aids, a name suggested by a Johnson & Johnson mill superintendent, W. Johnson. A modern wound care dressing widely used in health care facilities has no absorbent pad beneath its adhesive surface yet does not adhere to the wound. "SureSkin" is very thin, transparent hydrocolloid dressing in which absorbent materials are built into the adhesive materials. The dressing absorbs excretion from the wound, forming a gel which creates a healing environment for tissue regeneration, and its transparency allows monitoring of the wound without removal. The dressing can remain in place for long periods and, although absorbent and allows penetration of oxygen and water vapor, its protective polyurethane film protects against external bacteria and water, so patients can wear it in the shower or bath without the wound getting wet.

8 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Chapter-3

METHODOLOGY

9 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3. METHODOLOGY
The methodology is defined as the method or manner used to collect the data based on the set of objectives set before the study is done and its analysis. Data collection in any case study is very useful so as to get appropriate learning outcomes. Following are the methods that have been adapted for the successful accomplishment of this project. Following are the methods that have been adapted for the successful accomplishment of the project. First step- Detailed study of topic, its types, usage, principle and procedure. Second step- We use these information for fulfilling the outlined objectives. The assimilation and understanding of this knowledge will help in various ways in which the objectives can successfully be worked to conclusion.

10 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.1

DATA COLLECTION METHOD

3.1.1 Primary method


Primary methods in which we followed are observations and interviews done to know the opinion of the people, for this questionnaire was made and was filled by different people of different age groups and profession, and they gave their opinion regarding the usage of bandage.

3.1.2 Secondary Method


Secondary methods used for data collection were: Books Internet Magazines

3.1.3 Data Analysis


The data is done through simple documentation supported by data sets, pictorial representation. Questionnaire was thoroughly analyzed and results will represented by some concentrated data.

11 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

What is a bandage?
A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support to the body. Bandages are available in a wide range of types, from generic cloth strips, to specialized shaped bandages.

3.2 BANDAGE TYPES and APPLICATION:


3.2.1 Gauze bandage
The most common type of bandage is the gauze bandage, a simple woven strip of material, or a woven strip of material with a Telfa absorbent barrier to prevent adhering to wounds, which can come in any number of widths and lengths. A gauze bandage can be used for almost any bandage application, including holding a dressing in place.

3.2.2 Compression bandage


The term 'compression bandage' describes a wide variety of bandages with many different applications. Short stretch compression bandages are applied to a limb. This type of bandage that is capable of shortening around the limb after application and is therefore not exerting ever-increasing pressure during inactivity. This dynamic is called resting pressure and is considered safe and comfortable for long-term treatment. Conversely, the stability of the bandage creates a very high resistance to stretch when pressure is applied through internal muscle contraction and joint movement. This force is called working pressure.

12 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Long stretch compression bandages have long stretch properties, meaning their high compressive power can be easily adjusted. However, they also have a very high resting pressure and must be removed at night or if the patient is in a resting position.

3.2.3 Triangular bandage


A triangular bandage is a piece of cloth cut into a right-angled triangle, and often provided with safety pins to secure it in place. It can be used fully unrolled as a sling, folded as a normal bandage, or for specialized applications, as on the head. Its primary use is as a sling. But it can be surprisingly handy. The triangular bandage can also be used as a tie for a splint on the arm or leg. It can be used as a wrap to secure a dressing. In a pinch, it can even replace a broken helmet strap.

3.3 Some other types of bandages


3.3.1 Sterile gauze pads
Sterile Gauze Pads can be used for various sizes of wounds, they come in sizes from 2x2 inches, 3x3 inches, 4x4 inches up to 5x9 (shown) or larger. Gauze pads cushion and protect wounds. They also prevent dryness in an open wound. (The gauze pad shouldn't be placed directly on an open wound, because it will stick.) The gauze pads have a loose weave, so blood and fluids can ooze pass through to be absorbed.

13 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.3.2 Strip Bandage


The strip bandage is the most common bandage to first aid kits, used for any small wound on a flat surface. Sample uses of strips bandage include: 1. a small shallow puncture wound that is not bleeding 2. A partial thickness laceration on a finger (not over the knuckle). 3. A tiny abrasion on a non-moving area. Strips are NOT appropriate for wounds where the skin stretches with motion

3.3.3 Finger Tip Bandage


The finger tip bandage is used for just that - a finger tip. It is made to wrap around the finger. The fingertip bandage has a narrow center with wide adhesive flaps. The narrow "waist" allows it to cover a curved surface without wrinkling. Some 1. 2. 3. 4. uses for this bandage are: protecting a shallow laceration of the fingertip or thumb tip. Covering a cut or abrasion between the fingers or toes. Protecting a loose fingernail or toenail (partial nail avulsion). Covering a small chin or nose abrasion.

14 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.3.4 Knuckle Bandage


The knuckle bandage has four adhesive flaps. The flaps allow the bandage to remain secure on a curved or moving area. Some uses for this bandage 1. 2. 3. 4. protecting a shallow laceration on a are: knuckle. Covering an abrasion on a "curve" like the heel or chin. Covering an abrasion or cut on the back of the elbow. Covering any area where the skin stretches or moves.

3.3.5 Butterfly Closure


The butterfly closure is used to pull both sides of a cut back together to promote healing and help prevent infection. 1. A butterfly bandage is used to pull the edges of a short laceration together. 2. Typically, a butterfly is used for a small cut that tends to gape a bit. The edges of the cut must be sharp, not rough or irregular. 3. The strip is placed across the wound (long direction of the strip aiming 90 degrees opposite the long direction of the cut). 4. The butterfly is left in place while the cut heals.

15 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.3.6 Gauze Rolls


Gauze rolls come in various lengths and sizes and can be wrapped around any wound can also be used to hold a gauze pad in place. Roller gauze is used to secure dressings. This type of bandage is called a kling wrap. Pick a size appropriate to the wound, and to the body part you'll be bandaging. For example, a 1 inch roll is appropriate for fingers, while a 3 inch roll is about right for the upper arm.

3.3.7 Steri-Strips
Steri-Strip Closures are pre-cut and reinforced for extra strength. They minimize the risk of superficial wounds opening during healing. Although they should not be used in place of stitches, they are great to close superficial wounds until you can get to a place you can receive stitches. The steris can be left in place while the heals. Steri-Strips may not provide good long-term protection in areas where the skin shifts or stretches (underside of the wrist, back of the elbow). The only disadvantage is: they're not as easy to find as butterfly bandages, and they're more expensive.

16 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.3.8 Pressure Bandages


A pressure bandage is best described as a conforming gauze roll bandage that contains an inner absorbent layer of porous cotton to be applied to a wound site. The rolled gauze is then applied around the cotton pad to hold it in place on the wound.

3.3.9 Tensor Bandages


Tensor bandages are elastic stretch bandages that provide compression and a controlled pressure. Metal clips hold them in place. Great to stop bleeding.

17 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.3.10 Donut Bandage


The Donut Bandage is used to put pressure around an impaled object without putting pressure on the object itself. Attach with roll or gauze or tape.

3.3.11 Tube bandage


A tube bandage is applied using an applicator, and is woven in a continuous circle. It is used to hold dressings or splints on to limbs, or to provide support to sprains and strains, and it stops the bleeding.

18 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.4 BRANDS OF BANDAGES


There are several International and domestic brands manufacturing bandages of different types for different purposes.

3.4.1 International Brands


Band Aid - Adhesive flexible fabric bandages - Adhesive tough strip bandages - Flexible finger tip bandages - Flexible knuckle bandages and many.

Nexcare

Durable cloth first aid tape

- Waterproof clear bandage - Water proof first aid tape roll - Medium adhesive pad and many.

Medicare

- Rolled Bandages - Gauze Ribbon - Crepe Bandages etc.

Kendal Versalone - Absorbent gauze sterile packed - Non Adhering gauze pads etc

Dynarex

- Butterfly closure strip - Sterile gauze pads

19 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.4.2 Domestic Brands


Sontex Rolled Bandage Works -Bandage cloths -Rolled bandages -Crepe bandages Dr. Sabharwal Wounds Care -Surgical cotton Bandage -Crepe bandage -Surgical Washable bandage -Elastic Adhesive bandage -Elastic Tubular bandage Bharti Medical Textiles -Gauze bandage -Crepe bandage -Absorbent gauze bandage Market Report: The plasters & bandages category was valued at INR447.6m ($10.3m) in 2009, representing a CAGR of 8.6% since 2004. By the end of 2014, the plasters & bandages category will be worth INR601.6m ($13.8m), with an expected CAGR of 6.1% between 2009 and 2014. The plasters & bandages market was led by adhesive bandages/plasters (representing 86.8% of the total value) followed by first aid tape and gauze pads/rolled gauze, with a 6.3% and 6.1% market share, respectively. Other tape or bandage accounts for the remaining 0.9% market share. Johnson & Johnson is the market leader with a 58.1% share of the market.

20 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.5 MATERIAL AND PROPERTIES


Basically material used for manufacturing bandages are cotton woven fabric, some bandages too uses nylon in some element. Anti microbial and anti bacterial materials are used for finishing. Elastic elements are used to create pressure. Water repelling elements are too used.

Cotton

Bandage containing viscose and nylon

A knitted bandage containing viscose and nylon

21 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.5.1 Some basic Properties


A bandage holds a dressing in place over an open wound. A well padded bandage is almost always comfortable to wearer As primary dressing,open weave design provide fast wicking action, superior aeration and excellent absorbency. As secondary dressing, it provides bulk, cushioning and ultimate comfortibility. Contains no latex, will not melt, harden or dry out from heat or cold Easier removal Excellent extensibility High elasticity , washable , sterilizable Made of a lining that is perforated and tough Non irritating adhesive Not to stick to the wound Provides softness ,conformability ,low lint ,high absorbency Reduce bacterial penetration through the dressing Resists bacterial colonization within the dressing Stays in place with minimal taping Water resistant yet breathable

22 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.5.2 APPLICATION
The purpose of using dressing like bandage is to Control bleeding Prevent infection and contamination Absorbs blood and wound drainage Protect the wound from further injury Treatment of lymph edema or venous ulcers Provide support to strain and sprain Avoid pressure sores Utilized for shoulder and scapular fractures and injuries Useful for short term stabilization in wounds The types of wounds for which they are used include: Skin flaps Leg ulcers Foot ulcers Diabetic wounds Burns Lacerations Toe amputations

23 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.5.3 Materials used in some specific bandages: Adhesive bandages


-Covered by Woven skin colored cotton fabric. -Plastic or latex rubber has an adhesive. -Absorbent pad medicated with antiseptic. Properties- Medical adhesive & Suture material.

Crepe bandages
-Cotton, Viscose or Spandex fibers are used to weave. -Warp threads are cotton. -Weft threads are cotton or viscose or blend of cotton and viscose. -For elasticity Urethane elastic fiber is used. Properties- Pressure creating Stretchable

Gauze Bandages
-Made by Bleached Cotton Yarn of 21s, 32s, 40s etc. -Bias cut out of Weaves in tubular rolls. Properties- Soft and breathable.

24 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.6 MANUFACTURING METHODS


Most of the medical textiles are prefabricated ready-to-use products. They are made from various bio-compatible skin-friendly fibers with some inherent properties and added functionalities. The added functionalities may be imparted during the production of the fibers or applied as a specialty finish to the fiber, yarn, fabric or the product itself. Yarn is prepared from the cotton fiber after going through a lot of preparatory processes like ginning, opening, blending, carding, combing, spinning, folding, gassing etc Prepared yarn is used for weaving. The weaving process uses a loom. The lengthways threads are known as the warp, and the cross way threads are known as the weft. The grey cloth, woven cotton fabric in its loom-state, not only contains impurities, including warp size, but requires further treatment in order to develop its full textile potential. Furthermore, it may receive considerable added value by applying one or more finishing processes.

3.6.1

SCOURING

Scouring, is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities (eg the remains of seed fragments) from the fibers and any added soiling or dirt. Scouring is usually carried in iron vessels called kiers. The fabric is boiled in an alkali which forms soap with free fatty acids.

25 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

A kier is usually enclosed, so the solution of sodium hydroxide can be boiled under pressure, excluding oxygen which would degrade the cellulose in the fiber. If the appropriate reagents are used, scouring will also remove size from the fabric although desizing often precedes scouring and is considered to be a separate process known as fabric preparation. Preparation and scouring are prerequisites to most of the other finishing processes. At this stage even the most naturally white cotton fibers are yellowish, and bleaching, the next process, is required.

3.6.2

BLEACHING

Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and remaining trace impurities from the cotton; the degree of bleaching necessary is determined by the required whiteness and absorbency. Cotton being a vegetable fiber will be bleached using an oxidizing agent, such as dilute sodium hypochlorite or dilute hydrogen peroxide. If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable, for example. However, for white bed sheeting and medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are essential.

3.6.3

CALENDERING

Calendaring is the third important mechanical process, in which the fabric is passed between heated rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects depending on roller surface properties and relative speeds.
26 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

The purpose of calendaring is to upgrade the fabric hand and impart smooth, silky touch to the fabric and to compress the fabric and reduce its thickness The pressure and heat applied in calendaring depends on the type of finish required.

3.6.4 SOFTENING
Some fabric needs to be softened to give a more pleasant hand. Finishes to make fabric softer are used for this purpose. Prior to being finished by softening process, the fabrics may have been harsh and stiff because of their construction i.e tightly twisted yarns, dense woven plain weave or possibly due to some prior finishing process. Fabric softening may be accomplished by either mechanical or chemical finishing procedures. Simple calendaring produces a softer hand, but is merely a temporary finish. Chemical finishes for softening involve treatment of fabric with various chemicals. The most effective and most widely used silicone compounds which are durable. Cotton and cotton polyester blend are examples of fabric having softener finishes.

27 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

FUNCTIONAL FINISHING
Various techniques of application are required for finishing of medical textiles with specific finish that may include: coating spraying padding Such finishes must be applied in infection-free environment or the finished product may be required to be sterilized before use. The finish to be applied may have an auxiliary function or may be an integral part of the whole product.

3.6.5

COATING

Standard products for coating on the field of medical application are self adhesive plaster, wound dressing and compresses, plaster and bandage materials, collagen and siliconised tissues, and operation and post-operative textiles such as clothing and covers. The properties required may be hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, alcohol repellency, water density, and medicine release and nano porosity.

3.6.6

SPRAYING METHODS

Method of wet application of finishes on fabrics is mostly either by exhaustion techniques or by padding concentrated solution and depend on the substrate and the feasibility of adopting either of the processes. Applications by foam applicator by spray techniques are common in the case of made up garments.

28 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.6.7

PADDING

Application of finish by padding is more convenient and many of the problems related to exhaust techniques can be avoided. Primarily padding technique is most suited for finishes that are none / less substantive, at least at the padding stage. (Subsequent post treatments may impart fixation / bonding). Where the finish mix is likely to sediment / separate, continuous agitation is necessary. Where substantively is involved care need to be taken to take this factor into consideration and provide safeguards against preferential exhaustion in the pad bath.

3.6.8 HYGIENE FINISHING


In the hygiene and hospital sector, antibacterial, antifungal, or fungicide finishes are required, but care must be taken in their use that they do have any negative effect on the human body (skin inflammation, diffusion effect) Also commonly found are non woven finishes with collagen (naturin), tea tree oil, witch hazel, aloevera comomile or beeswax for covering wounds and skin regeneration, sometimes in laminates with aluminum foil In addition to the use of these chemicals and remedies, laminates are also well known in the hospital sector in which micro porous membrane are adhered to non woven and other textile fabrics to ensure long lasting protection against germs, but also against blood.

29 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.6.8

FLAMERETARDENT FINISH

Although flame retardant properties are determined primarily by the fibers and binders used, additional effects can be achieved by supplementary finishing There are a range of nitrogen /phosphorous compounds the simplest being for example, diammonium hydrogen phosphate which impart good flame resistance to cellulosic fibers. Other aqueous inorganic substances such as aluminum trihydrate often demonstrate good effects. Organic bromine and chlorine derivatives reduce the flammability of synthetic fibers. However they often have the disadvantage that the gases produced on thermal degradation are more harmful to people than the open flames.

30 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.7 HYPOTHETICAL MODEL


Present Gauze Bandage

31 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.7.1 HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE FRICTION OF FABRIC USED FOR BANDAGES?
The friction of the human body on textiles, generally connected with irritation of the epidermis by the rough woven fabric surface (which is often additionally covered with pilling), causes the beginning of bedsores wounds, or worsening of those which already exist. A woven fabric should be manufactured by a weave which guarantees a smooth surface with distinctly differentiated friction coefficients in the longitudinal and transversal directions.

Cotton and viscose fibers were chosen as raw material, considering their physical and mechanical properties and their generally accepted maintenance procedure. A low friction fabric can be constructed by using different weave pattern. A woven fabric is composed of two yarns ,interlocking from two directions .As you look at a piece of cloth , the fiber that are running the length of the cloth , are known as the warp yarns and the fibers running perpendicular to these are known as the weft yarns. The long side of the fabric is selvage ends.

32 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

There are different pattern to weaving and different combinations of yarn types to make a specific fabric. The reduced friction fabric uses different weave and two different types of yarns to achieve its smooth and rough side. The material used is comprised of cotton and viscose rayon fibers, though other material compositions would be suitable and substitution of other materials is obvious to those skilled in art. The warp being very straight yarn and the weft yarn being a low twists yarn. The weft travels over four and less than one in the weaving pattern, though again, different weaves are possible and the use of other weaves would be obvious to those skilled in art. This weave allows for much more surface area of the filling yarn to be exposed. The orientation of this surface is what produces the different properties. When the material is placed back upon itself or aligned so the weft fibers are parallel to each other material has a high coefficient of friction. When the fibers are placed orthogonal to each other the coefficient of friction is much lower. Weft sateen weave was chosen for the upper fabric while the honeycomb weave was chosen for the bottom layer. The woven fabric can be joined by over bonds, with two over bond points per report.

33 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

ADVANTAGES
Frictionless bandaging system reduces the level of mechanical stress on the superficial skin structure. A frictionless system would allow the patient greater mobility by allowing movement, even adjacent to bony prominences and joints. Low friction bandages can protect the slowly healing wound from deeper injuries by eliminating the shearing of the layers of the skin. As we have the two layers of the fabric to get over bonded, the first layer of fabric can be given a antimicrobial finishing using neem oil, the side of composite fabric which is in touch with the skin. The second layer is given a water repellent finish using fluro resin compounds. Now both the layers can be bonded to get a reduced friction fabric with antimicrobial as well as water repellent finish.

34 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.7.2

ANTI MICROBIAL FINISHING:

In the present scenario of environmental consciousness, the new quality requirements, not only emphasize on the intrinsic functionality and long service life of the product but also a production process that is environment friendly. Therefore ,antimicrobial textile s with improved functionality find a variety of applications such as health and hygiene products, specially the garments worn close to the skin and several medical applications , such as infection control and barrier material. There are vast source of medicinal plants with active antimicrobial ingredients. The relatively lower incidence of adverse reactions of herbal products as compared to modern synthetic pharmaceuticals, coupled with their reduced cost, can be exploited as an attractive eco friendly alternative to synthetic

NEEM EXTRACTS (Antimicrobial Aid)


Neem (azadirachta indica) , an evergreen tree of India, belongs to the plant family meliaceae (mohagany). It has been recognized as one of the most promising sources of compounds with insect control, antimicrobial and medicinal properties. Neem has been used as a traditional medicine against various human ailments from ancient times in India and about 700 herbal preparations based on neem are found in ayurveda. Siddha, unani,amchi and other local health prescriptions. The active ingredients of neem are found in all parts of the tree but in general, seed , bark , leaves and roots are used for extraction process. The
35 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

neem extracts have been widely used in the herbal pesticides formulation because of its pest repellent properties has a potential to inhibit growth of bacteria both gram positive and gram negative. Neem oil is generally red as blood, bitter and has rather strong odors that is said to combine the odors of peanut and garlic. It comprises mainly triglycerides and large amounts of triterpenoid compounds, which are responsible for the bitter taste. It is hydrophobic in nature and in order to emulsify it in water for application purposes, it must be formulated with appropriate surfactants. Neem oil also contains steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol) and many triterpenoids of which azadirachtin is the most well known and studied. The azadirachtin content of neem oil varies from 300ppm to over 2500ppm depending on the extraction technology and quality of the neem seeds crushed.
Average composition of neem oil fatty acids Common Name Omega-6 Omega-9 Palmitic acid Stearic acid Omega-3 Acid Name Linoleic acid Oleic acid Hexadecanoic acid Octadecanoic acid Alpha-linoleic acid Composition range 6-16% 25-54% 16-33% 9-24% ?% ?%

Palmitoleic acid 9-Hexadecenoic acid

36 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF AZADIRACHTIN

MATERIALS
Scoured and bleached 100% cotton bed linen fabric (satin weave)is used for the application of antimicrobial finish. The leaves and oil of neem (azadirchta indica) and leave of Mexican daisy were used for the antimicrobial finish.

METHODS
EXTRACTION PROCESS The collected herbs were shadow died within a temperature range of 37-40 degree C. the moisture content of the herb collected was reduced to less than 14% with proper drying since most of the herbs have moisture content of 60-80 % and cannot be stored. Without drying, proper drying has to be carried out otherwise important compounds may get contaminated. After drying, the grinding was carried out to break down the leaves of the plant into very small units tanging from coarse fabric to fine powder.
37 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Extraction refers to separating the desired material by physical or chemical means with the aid of a solvent. Antimicrobial active were extracted from the plant material was extracted from the plant by methanol extraction method. The powered plant material was extracted with methanol by adding 20 g of herbal powder in 100ml of methanol for 24 hr to separate the alkaloids.

APPLICATION
The fabric samples were treated with herbal extracts using citric acid as cross- linking agent .Methanolic extracts of neem and Mexican daisy were applied onto the fabric by pad-dry cure method with material to liquor ratio of 1:20 at 50 degree C using 8% citric acid concentration . after padding for 30 min , the samples were taken and dried at 100-120 degree C for 5 min and cured 180degree C for 3 mins.

38 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.7.3 WATER REPELLANT FINISHING (Hydrophobic)


Water repellant finishes achieve their properties by reducing free energy at the fiber surface. If the force of adhesion between fiber and the liquid are less than internal cohesive force between the liquid then the drop neither will nor spread on the fabric. Surface that exhibit low interaction with liquid are referred as low energy surface. To develop a more durable, hydrophobic and oleo phobic finish which do not block the pores and breathability of the fabric by forming films Many multifunctional nano molecules were patented that were capable to attach to cellulosic and protein fibers. These multifunctional molecules have functional groups such as binding groups, hydrophobic groups, hydrophilic groups and oleophobic groups. It is claimed that the attached multifunctional molecule can impart wrinkle, resistance by cross linking with cellulosic chains. The molecules can also modify the surfaces properties of the treated fabric and impart water repellency, soil resistance. Without affecting the air permeability or breathability of the fabric. Due to diffuse easily into the fibers due to its nano size, the conventional fluorocarbon based finish. The purpose of using nano technology in textiles and apparel applications are low chemical usage, low energy costs and less change in physical and chemical, air permeability and wetting. Fluoro carbons are a class of organic chemicals that contains a perfluoroalkyl residue in which all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine. These chemicals have very high thermal stability and low reactivity.
39 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Fluoro carbon finishes are dispersions of perfluoronated acrylates having co monomers . Scientists all over the globe are working in the area and a few of them reported to have used antimicrobial finishes and fluoro chemicals to make the fabric having antimicrobial as well as blood repellant properties. Chitosan and fluro polymer are reported to be most suitable finishing agents for medical wears with barrier against micro organism and blood. To carve a nich for textiles materials the kind of value adding finishes are the need of the hour.
Polysiloxane emulsions are used when, in addition to the water repellency, a softer and smoother hand is also required The fluorocarbon resin emulsion already mentioned give a rather dry, dull hand, but in addition to good water repellency, also offers excellent oil repellency and good protection against acids. Both products classes are often processed in conjunction with precondensates , so called extenders and require sufficiently high drying temperatures to develop their good and permanent properties. CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUROCARBON RESINS The following characteristics contribute to the unique properties of fluorocarbon resins: InsolubilityThere is no known solvent for fluorocarbon resins under ordinary conditions. Low coefficient of frictionThe low coefficient of friction of results from low interfacial forces between its surface and another material and the comparatively low force to deform. High thermal stabilityDue to the strength of the carbon-fluorine and carbon-carbon single bonds

40 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Change In weave

Natural Anti-Microbial finish

Water repellant finishing

41 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Over bonding of two fabric layers

According to:

42 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

3.7.4 PACKAGING OF THE BANDAGES


A new form of paper with the built in ability to fight disease causing bacterial could have applications that range from anti bacterial bandages to food packaging that keeps food fresher longer to shoes that ward off foot odor Sheets of paper were made from graphene oxide and tried to grow bacteria and human cells on top .bacteria were unable to grow on the paper and it had little adverse effect on human cells. Given the superior antibacterial effect of graphene oxide and the fact that it can be mass produced and easily processed to make free standing and flexible paper with low cost, we expect this new carbon nanomaterial to find important environmental and clinical applications.
PACKAGING SHAPE The general gauge bandages come in paper packing with no special or added feature, as bandage is used for dressing the wound, their safe and hygienic packaging is also of much importance. Thus to overcome this problem bandages can be packed in such a manner that they can be safely kept in them after opening the package. A cylindrical package is proposed with a coating of clay, which is again covered with a non woven fabric which is porous in nature. This coating of clay protects the content of package from microbes and the nonwoven material protects the clay particles to come in contact with the bandage. The upper covering of the package is also made of thick paper with a circular protruding lining which gets fixed in the mouth of cylindrical package , hence making it air tight.
43 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Chapter-4 RESULT

44 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

4.RESULT
We studied about the Medical bandages in our project. Through this we came to know about the history, types, brands, materials used and their properties. We conclude that Medical bandages are an integral part of our life. Medical bandages are commonly used in hospitals as well as house hold or outdoor first aid. There is a wide use of bandage in medical treatment. Like simple wounds to big fracture of bones.

Different types of bandages have different uses. A market survey report shows that the most consumed bandage is strip bandages. 4.1 Some major types: Gauze Rolls Steri strips Butterfly Closure Triangular Bandage Finger Tip Bandage Crepe bandage Pressure bandages We studied various famous brands of bandages in India and abroad, some of them are: AbroadBand Aid, NexCare, Medicare, Kendal Verasalone
45 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Domestic- Sontex Rolled Bandage Works, Dr. Sabharwals wounds care, Bharti Medical Textiles. 4.2 Materials and properties

Mostly used materials for manufacturing bandages are: -Cotton yarn for weaving fabric because of soft, durable and absorbent properties. - Sometimes viscose due to its softness -Spandex fibers are used due to its elastic nature. -Elasticity Urethane elastic fiber is used. 4.3 Manufacturing Technique Yarn is prepared from the cotton fiber after going through a lot of preparatory processes like ginning, opening, blending, carding, combing, spinning, folding, gassing etc
Furthermore, considerable values are added by applying one or more finishing processes like:

Scouring-

Scouring, is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities.

Bleaching- Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration


and remaining trace impurities from the cotton.

Calendaring- Calendaring is the third important mechanical process, to


generate smooth, polished or embossed effects.

Softening- The fabrics may have been harsh and stiff because of their
construction, some fabric need to be softened to give a more pleasant hand.
46 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Finishes to make fabric softer are used for medical purpose. Cotton and cotton polyester blend are examples of fabric having softener finishes.

4.4 FINISHING TECHNIQUES


Coating- Standard products for coating on the field of medical application
are self adhesive plaster, wound dressing and compresses, plaster and bandage materials. Spraying- Method of wet application of finishes on fabrics. Padding- Application of finish by padding is more convenient and many of the problems related to exhaust techniques can be avoided.

Functional Finishing Hygiene Finish Flame Retardant Finish 4.5 Hypothetical Model A woven fabric can be manufactured by a weave which guarantees a smooth surface with distinctly differentiated friction coefficients in the longitudinal and transversal directions. Our antimicrobial finish is natural and eco friendly and can last for long time. Fluoro resin are green labeled compounds, hence suited for eco friendly water repellant finish. Packaging in the proposed hypothetical model is safe and hygienic and protects the gauge roll from external factor.

47 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

4.6 Comparison between Present and Hypothetical bandage: Existing Gauze Bandage Plain Open weave Moderate Friction Skinny Hypothetical Model Satin weave (4up 1 down) Low Friction A composite fabric made by over bonding of two fabric layers No Anti Microbial Finishing No Water repellant finish used Low fluid absorption Natural Anti Microbial Finish by Neem oil Water repellant finish done by fluoro resin compound Moderate fluid absorption

48 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Chapter-5

CONCLUSION

49 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

5.0 CONCLUSION
-Bandages have been used to treat wounds for thousands of years.

-In one form or another, bandages and dressings have likely been in use since
prehistoric times, with plant materials and strips of animal hide serving the purpose initially and, later, fabrics. -In the middle of the 19th century, the first elasticized bandages were produced using natural rubber.

-The 19th century also saw the advent of the circular knitting machine, which
allowed the efficient production of seamless compression garments.

Use: -A gauze bandage can be used for almost any bandage application, including holding a dressing in place. -Adhesive bandages are second most consumed bandage by either first aid or medical treatment.

Material- Majority of people prefer to use cotton bandages over other material bandages because of its softness and high absorbency. Manufacturing Technique- Mostly scoured and half bleached cotton fabric is used for manufacturing bandages. Finishing- Water repellant finish, Flame retardant finish and hygiene finish are the most popular finishing are used in bandage industry.
50 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

Market research on share and Brand of bandage:


The plasters & bandages category was valued at INR447.6m ($10.3m) in 2009, representing a CAGR of 8.6% since 2004. By the end of 2014, the plasters & bandages category will be worth INR601.6m ($13.8m), with an expected CAGR of 6.1% between 2009 and 2014.

Adhesive Bandages 86.8%

First aid Tape 6.3%

Gauze Pads/Rolled Gauze 6.1%

Other Tapes and Bandages 0.9%

*Johnson & Johnson is the market leader with a 58.1% share of the market.

A frictionless bandage system would allow the patient greater mobility by allowing movement. Low friction bandages can protect the slowly healing wound from deeper injuries. Use of fluoro resins for finishing impart water repellency and soil resistance. Without affecting the air permeability or breathability of the fabric. Neem oil finishing imparts insect control, antimicrobial and medicinal properties to the bandage.

51 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

INTEGRATION OF SUBJECTS
Material Science- We learnt about material used for bandages and their properties. We came to know about the materials to be used for our hypothetical model. Fabric Science- It helped us in understanding properties of different fibers, yarns, weaves, fabrics used in manufacturing of bandages and textile finishing of yarns and fabrics used for bandages. Geometry- It helped us in understanding geometrical aspects of bandages and their packaging. It helped us in surface development of the proposed packaging in the hypothetical model. Field Study- It helped in having a scientific and systematic approach toward our study. We made a survey through questionnaire, asking medical shop retailers view regarding bandage types and usage. Professional Practices- It helped us in making presentation and document in a professional way. Organizational Behavior- It helped us in communicating to various people during our project. Computer- It helped us in making visual representation of our hypothetical model and compiling our document. Elements of Technology- It helped us in understanding the working of various machines used in manufacturing and finishing of bandages.

52 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

53 National Institute Of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, FP-Tech(2010-14), Apurv-Arunima

You might also like