Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.4 LIMITATIONS
The concerned field of medical textiles is highly technical and specialized field of study. The procedures and sub-procedures used in the working are extremely advanced and high tech. The equipment used in manufacturing and finishing is highly expensive. There was a problem communication with the people working in the industry.
The 19th century also saw the advent of the circular knitting machine, which allowed the efficient production of seamless compression garments. These, along with three and four-layer compression bandages, are the most commonly used treatments today. In one form or another, bandages and dressings have likely been in use since prehistoric times, with plant materials and strips of animal hide serving the purpose initially and, later, fabrics. Early writings from Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Greece, and Rome describe wound ointments and dressings, and Homer (c. 900-800 b.c.) mentions bandages for battle wounds, as do Hippocrates (c. 460 b.c.) and the Bible. Ancient Egyptian embalmers were highly skilled in the art of bandaging. The great French surgeon Ambroise Par (1510-1590) revived and modernized the treatment of wounds by abandoning cauterization in favor of ointments covered with carefully applied bandages. Three hundred years later, English surgeon Joseph Lister (1827-1912) pioneered the use of bandages and dressings soaked in carbolic acid as an antiseptic. Adhesive plasters the precursors of today's adhesive bandages, were mentioned in an 1830 Philadelphia medical journal, patented in 1845 by Drs. William Shecut and Horace Day of New Jersey, and marketed as Allcock's Porous Plaster by Dr. Thomas Allcock. A German pharmacist, Paul Beiersdorf, patented a plaster-covered bandage called Hansaplast in 1882. The adhesive bandage as we know it was the invention of Earl Dickson, an employee of the Johnson & Johnson medical supply company. Dickson's young bride continually cut and burned herself in the kitchen, and the concerned husband repeatedly bandaged her with pieces of gauze and surgical tape. Dickson saw that his wife needed a prepared supply of these
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dressings she could apply herself, and he began experimenting. He laid out a strip of Johnson & Johnson's surgical tape sticky side up on a table and placed a folded-up gauze pad in the middle of the tape. To keep the gauze clean and the tape sticky, Dickson covered the strip with crinoline. Mrs. Dickson appreciated her husband's invention, and so did Dickson's coworkers and bosses. Johnson & Johnson quickly put the bandages on the market, and, in l920, they became Band-Aids, a name suggested by a Johnson & Johnson mill superintendent, W. Johnson. A modern wound care dressing widely used in health care facilities has no absorbent pad beneath its adhesive surface yet does not adhere to the wound. "SureSkin" is very thin, transparent hydrocolloid dressing in which absorbent materials are built into the adhesive materials. The dressing absorbs excretion from the wound, forming a gel which creates a healing environment for tissue regeneration, and its transparency allows monitoring of the wound without removal. The dressing can remain in place for long periods and, although absorbent and allows penetration of oxygen and water vapor, its protective polyurethane film protects against external bacteria and water, so patients can wear it in the shower or bath without the wound getting wet.
Chapter-3
METHODOLOGY
3. METHODOLOGY
The methodology is defined as the method or manner used to collect the data based on the set of objectives set before the study is done and its analysis. Data collection in any case study is very useful so as to get appropriate learning outcomes. Following are the methods that have been adapted for the successful accomplishment of this project. Following are the methods that have been adapted for the successful accomplishment of the project. First step- Detailed study of topic, its types, usage, principle and procedure. Second step- We use these information for fulfilling the outlined objectives. The assimilation and understanding of this knowledge will help in various ways in which the objectives can successfully be worked to conclusion.
3.1
What is a bandage?
A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support to the body. Bandages are available in a wide range of types, from generic cloth strips, to specialized shaped bandages.
Long stretch compression bandages have long stretch properties, meaning their high compressive power can be easily adjusted. However, they also have a very high resting pressure and must be removed at night or if the patient is in a resting position.
3.3.7 Steri-Strips
Steri-Strip Closures are pre-cut and reinforced for extra strength. They minimize the risk of superficial wounds opening during healing. Although they should not be used in place of stitches, they are great to close superficial wounds until you can get to a place you can receive stitches. The steris can be left in place while the heals. Steri-Strips may not provide good long-term protection in areas where the skin shifts or stretches (underside of the wrist, back of the elbow). The only disadvantage is: they're not as easy to find as butterfly bandages, and they're more expensive.
Nexcare
- Waterproof clear bandage - Water proof first aid tape roll - Medium adhesive pad and many.
Medicare
Kendal Versalone - Absorbent gauze sterile packed - Non Adhering gauze pads etc
Dynarex
Cotton
3.5.2 APPLICATION
The purpose of using dressing like bandage is to Control bleeding Prevent infection and contamination Absorbs blood and wound drainage Protect the wound from further injury Treatment of lymph edema or venous ulcers Provide support to strain and sprain Avoid pressure sores Utilized for shoulder and scapular fractures and injuries Useful for short term stabilization in wounds The types of wounds for which they are used include: Skin flaps Leg ulcers Foot ulcers Diabetic wounds Burns Lacerations Toe amputations
Crepe bandages
-Cotton, Viscose or Spandex fibers are used to weave. -Warp threads are cotton. -Weft threads are cotton or viscose or blend of cotton and viscose. -For elasticity Urethane elastic fiber is used. Properties- Pressure creating Stretchable
Gauze Bandages
-Made by Bleached Cotton Yarn of 21s, 32s, 40s etc. -Bias cut out of Weaves in tubular rolls. Properties- Soft and breathable.
3.6.1
SCOURING
Scouring, is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities (eg the remains of seed fragments) from the fibers and any added soiling or dirt. Scouring is usually carried in iron vessels called kiers. The fabric is boiled in an alkali which forms soap with free fatty acids.
A kier is usually enclosed, so the solution of sodium hydroxide can be boiled under pressure, excluding oxygen which would degrade the cellulose in the fiber. If the appropriate reagents are used, scouring will also remove size from the fabric although desizing often precedes scouring and is considered to be a separate process known as fabric preparation. Preparation and scouring are prerequisites to most of the other finishing processes. At this stage even the most naturally white cotton fibers are yellowish, and bleaching, the next process, is required.
3.6.2
BLEACHING
Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and remaining trace impurities from the cotton; the degree of bleaching necessary is determined by the required whiteness and absorbency. Cotton being a vegetable fiber will be bleached using an oxidizing agent, such as dilute sodium hypochlorite or dilute hydrogen peroxide. If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable, for example. However, for white bed sheeting and medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are essential.
3.6.3
CALENDERING
Calendaring is the third important mechanical process, in which the fabric is passed between heated rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects depending on roller surface properties and relative speeds.
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The purpose of calendaring is to upgrade the fabric hand and impart smooth, silky touch to the fabric and to compress the fabric and reduce its thickness The pressure and heat applied in calendaring depends on the type of finish required.
3.6.4 SOFTENING
Some fabric needs to be softened to give a more pleasant hand. Finishes to make fabric softer are used for this purpose. Prior to being finished by softening process, the fabrics may have been harsh and stiff because of their construction i.e tightly twisted yarns, dense woven plain weave or possibly due to some prior finishing process. Fabric softening may be accomplished by either mechanical or chemical finishing procedures. Simple calendaring produces a softer hand, but is merely a temporary finish. Chemical finishes for softening involve treatment of fabric with various chemicals. The most effective and most widely used silicone compounds which are durable. Cotton and cotton polyester blend are examples of fabric having softener finishes.
FUNCTIONAL FINISHING
Various techniques of application are required for finishing of medical textiles with specific finish that may include: coating spraying padding Such finishes must be applied in infection-free environment or the finished product may be required to be sterilized before use. The finish to be applied may have an auxiliary function or may be an integral part of the whole product.
3.6.5
COATING
Standard products for coating on the field of medical application are self adhesive plaster, wound dressing and compresses, plaster and bandage materials, collagen and siliconised tissues, and operation and post-operative textiles such as clothing and covers. The properties required may be hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, alcohol repellency, water density, and medicine release and nano porosity.
3.6.6
SPRAYING METHODS
Method of wet application of finishes on fabrics is mostly either by exhaustion techniques or by padding concentrated solution and depend on the substrate and the feasibility of adopting either of the processes. Applications by foam applicator by spray techniques are common in the case of made up garments.
3.6.7
PADDING
Application of finish by padding is more convenient and many of the problems related to exhaust techniques can be avoided. Primarily padding technique is most suited for finishes that are none / less substantive, at least at the padding stage. (Subsequent post treatments may impart fixation / bonding). Where the finish mix is likely to sediment / separate, continuous agitation is necessary. Where substantively is involved care need to be taken to take this factor into consideration and provide safeguards against preferential exhaustion in the pad bath.
3.6.8
FLAMERETARDENT FINISH
Although flame retardant properties are determined primarily by the fibers and binders used, additional effects can be achieved by supplementary finishing There are a range of nitrogen /phosphorous compounds the simplest being for example, diammonium hydrogen phosphate which impart good flame resistance to cellulosic fibers. Other aqueous inorganic substances such as aluminum trihydrate often demonstrate good effects. Organic bromine and chlorine derivatives reduce the flammability of synthetic fibers. However they often have the disadvantage that the gases produced on thermal degradation are more harmful to people than the open flames.
3.7.1 HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE FRICTION OF FABRIC USED FOR BANDAGES?
The friction of the human body on textiles, generally connected with irritation of the epidermis by the rough woven fabric surface (which is often additionally covered with pilling), causes the beginning of bedsores wounds, or worsening of those which already exist. A woven fabric should be manufactured by a weave which guarantees a smooth surface with distinctly differentiated friction coefficients in the longitudinal and transversal directions.
Cotton and viscose fibers were chosen as raw material, considering their physical and mechanical properties and their generally accepted maintenance procedure. A low friction fabric can be constructed by using different weave pattern. A woven fabric is composed of two yarns ,interlocking from two directions .As you look at a piece of cloth , the fiber that are running the length of the cloth , are known as the warp yarns and the fibers running perpendicular to these are known as the weft yarns. The long side of the fabric is selvage ends.
There are different pattern to weaving and different combinations of yarn types to make a specific fabric. The reduced friction fabric uses different weave and two different types of yarns to achieve its smooth and rough side. The material used is comprised of cotton and viscose rayon fibers, though other material compositions would be suitable and substitution of other materials is obvious to those skilled in art. The warp being very straight yarn and the weft yarn being a low twists yarn. The weft travels over four and less than one in the weaving pattern, though again, different weaves are possible and the use of other weaves would be obvious to those skilled in art. This weave allows for much more surface area of the filling yarn to be exposed. The orientation of this surface is what produces the different properties. When the material is placed back upon itself or aligned so the weft fibers are parallel to each other material has a high coefficient of friction. When the fibers are placed orthogonal to each other the coefficient of friction is much lower. Weft sateen weave was chosen for the upper fabric while the honeycomb weave was chosen for the bottom layer. The woven fabric can be joined by over bonds, with two over bond points per report.
ADVANTAGES
Frictionless bandaging system reduces the level of mechanical stress on the superficial skin structure. A frictionless system would allow the patient greater mobility by allowing movement, even adjacent to bony prominences and joints. Low friction bandages can protect the slowly healing wound from deeper injuries by eliminating the shearing of the layers of the skin. As we have the two layers of the fabric to get over bonded, the first layer of fabric can be given a antimicrobial finishing using neem oil, the side of composite fabric which is in touch with the skin. The second layer is given a water repellent finish using fluro resin compounds. Now both the layers can be bonded to get a reduced friction fabric with antimicrobial as well as water repellent finish.
3.7.2
In the present scenario of environmental consciousness, the new quality requirements, not only emphasize on the intrinsic functionality and long service life of the product but also a production process that is environment friendly. Therefore ,antimicrobial textile s with improved functionality find a variety of applications such as health and hygiene products, specially the garments worn close to the skin and several medical applications , such as infection control and barrier material. There are vast source of medicinal plants with active antimicrobial ingredients. The relatively lower incidence of adverse reactions of herbal products as compared to modern synthetic pharmaceuticals, coupled with their reduced cost, can be exploited as an attractive eco friendly alternative to synthetic
neem extracts have been widely used in the herbal pesticides formulation because of its pest repellent properties has a potential to inhibit growth of bacteria both gram positive and gram negative. Neem oil is generally red as blood, bitter and has rather strong odors that is said to combine the odors of peanut and garlic. It comprises mainly triglycerides and large amounts of triterpenoid compounds, which are responsible for the bitter taste. It is hydrophobic in nature and in order to emulsify it in water for application purposes, it must be formulated with appropriate surfactants. Neem oil also contains steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol) and many triterpenoids of which azadirachtin is the most well known and studied. The azadirachtin content of neem oil varies from 300ppm to over 2500ppm depending on the extraction technology and quality of the neem seeds crushed.
Average composition of neem oil fatty acids Common Name Omega-6 Omega-9 Palmitic acid Stearic acid Omega-3 Acid Name Linoleic acid Oleic acid Hexadecanoic acid Octadecanoic acid Alpha-linoleic acid Composition range 6-16% 25-54% 16-33% 9-24% ?% ?%
MATERIALS
Scoured and bleached 100% cotton bed linen fabric (satin weave)is used for the application of antimicrobial finish. The leaves and oil of neem (azadirchta indica) and leave of Mexican daisy were used for the antimicrobial finish.
METHODS
EXTRACTION PROCESS The collected herbs were shadow died within a temperature range of 37-40 degree C. the moisture content of the herb collected was reduced to less than 14% with proper drying since most of the herbs have moisture content of 60-80 % and cannot be stored. Without drying, proper drying has to be carried out otherwise important compounds may get contaminated. After drying, the grinding was carried out to break down the leaves of the plant into very small units tanging from coarse fabric to fine powder.
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Extraction refers to separating the desired material by physical or chemical means with the aid of a solvent. Antimicrobial active were extracted from the plant material was extracted from the plant by methanol extraction method. The powered plant material was extracted with methanol by adding 20 g of herbal powder in 100ml of methanol for 24 hr to separate the alkaloids.
APPLICATION
The fabric samples were treated with herbal extracts using citric acid as cross- linking agent .Methanolic extracts of neem and Mexican daisy were applied onto the fabric by pad-dry cure method with material to liquor ratio of 1:20 at 50 degree C using 8% citric acid concentration . after padding for 30 min , the samples were taken and dried at 100-120 degree C for 5 min and cured 180degree C for 3 mins.
Fluoro carbon finishes are dispersions of perfluoronated acrylates having co monomers . Scientists all over the globe are working in the area and a few of them reported to have used antimicrobial finishes and fluoro chemicals to make the fabric having antimicrobial as well as blood repellant properties. Chitosan and fluro polymer are reported to be most suitable finishing agents for medical wears with barrier against micro organism and blood. To carve a nich for textiles materials the kind of value adding finishes are the need of the hour.
Polysiloxane emulsions are used when, in addition to the water repellency, a softer and smoother hand is also required The fluorocarbon resin emulsion already mentioned give a rather dry, dull hand, but in addition to good water repellency, also offers excellent oil repellency and good protection against acids. Both products classes are often processed in conjunction with precondensates , so called extenders and require sufficiently high drying temperatures to develop their good and permanent properties. CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUROCARBON RESINS The following characteristics contribute to the unique properties of fluorocarbon resins: InsolubilityThere is no known solvent for fluorocarbon resins under ordinary conditions. Low coefficient of frictionThe low coefficient of friction of results from low interfacial forces between its surface and another material and the comparatively low force to deform. High thermal stabilityDue to the strength of the carbon-fluorine and carbon-carbon single bonds
Change In weave
According to:
Chapter-4 RESULT
4.RESULT
We studied about the Medical bandages in our project. Through this we came to know about the history, types, brands, materials used and their properties. We conclude that Medical bandages are an integral part of our life. Medical bandages are commonly used in hospitals as well as house hold or outdoor first aid. There is a wide use of bandage in medical treatment. Like simple wounds to big fracture of bones.
Different types of bandages have different uses. A market survey report shows that the most consumed bandage is strip bandages. 4.1 Some major types: Gauze Rolls Steri strips Butterfly Closure Triangular Bandage Finger Tip Bandage Crepe bandage Pressure bandages We studied various famous brands of bandages in India and abroad, some of them are: AbroadBand Aid, NexCare, Medicare, Kendal Verasalone
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Domestic- Sontex Rolled Bandage Works, Dr. Sabharwals wounds care, Bharti Medical Textiles. 4.2 Materials and properties
Mostly used materials for manufacturing bandages are: -Cotton yarn for weaving fabric because of soft, durable and absorbent properties. - Sometimes viscose due to its softness -Spandex fibers are used due to its elastic nature. -Elasticity Urethane elastic fiber is used. 4.3 Manufacturing Technique Yarn is prepared from the cotton fiber after going through a lot of preparatory processes like ginning, opening, blending, carding, combing, spinning, folding, gassing etc
Furthermore, considerable values are added by applying one or more finishing processes like:
Scouring-
Scouring, is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities.
Softening- The fabrics may have been harsh and stiff because of their
construction, some fabric need to be softened to give a more pleasant hand.
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Finishes to make fabric softer are used for medical purpose. Cotton and cotton polyester blend are examples of fabric having softener finishes.
Functional Finishing Hygiene Finish Flame Retardant Finish 4.5 Hypothetical Model A woven fabric can be manufactured by a weave which guarantees a smooth surface with distinctly differentiated friction coefficients in the longitudinal and transversal directions. Our antimicrobial finish is natural and eco friendly and can last for long time. Fluoro resin are green labeled compounds, hence suited for eco friendly water repellant finish. Packaging in the proposed hypothetical model is safe and hygienic and protects the gauge roll from external factor.
4.6 Comparison between Present and Hypothetical bandage: Existing Gauze Bandage Plain Open weave Moderate Friction Skinny Hypothetical Model Satin weave (4up 1 down) Low Friction A composite fabric made by over bonding of two fabric layers No Anti Microbial Finishing No Water repellant finish used Low fluid absorption Natural Anti Microbial Finish by Neem oil Water repellant finish done by fluoro resin compound Moderate fluid absorption
Chapter-5
CONCLUSION
5.0 CONCLUSION
-Bandages have been used to treat wounds for thousands of years.
-In one form or another, bandages and dressings have likely been in use since
prehistoric times, with plant materials and strips of animal hide serving the purpose initially and, later, fabrics. -In the middle of the 19th century, the first elasticized bandages were produced using natural rubber.
-The 19th century also saw the advent of the circular knitting machine, which
allowed the efficient production of seamless compression garments.
Use: -A gauze bandage can be used for almost any bandage application, including holding a dressing in place. -Adhesive bandages are second most consumed bandage by either first aid or medical treatment.
Material- Majority of people prefer to use cotton bandages over other material bandages because of its softness and high absorbency. Manufacturing Technique- Mostly scoured and half bleached cotton fabric is used for manufacturing bandages. Finishing- Water repellant finish, Flame retardant finish and hygiene finish are the most popular finishing are used in bandage industry.
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*Johnson & Johnson is the market leader with a 58.1% share of the market.
A frictionless bandage system would allow the patient greater mobility by allowing movement. Low friction bandages can protect the slowly healing wound from deeper injuries. Use of fluoro resins for finishing impart water repellency and soil resistance. Without affecting the air permeability or breathability of the fabric. Neem oil finishing imparts insect control, antimicrobial and medicinal properties to the bandage.
INTEGRATION OF SUBJECTS
Material Science- We learnt about material used for bandages and their properties. We came to know about the materials to be used for our hypothetical model. Fabric Science- It helped us in understanding properties of different fibers, yarns, weaves, fabrics used in manufacturing of bandages and textile finishing of yarns and fabrics used for bandages. Geometry- It helped us in understanding geometrical aspects of bandages and their packaging. It helped us in surface development of the proposed packaging in the hypothetical model. Field Study- It helped in having a scientific and systematic approach toward our study. We made a survey through questionnaire, asking medical shop retailers view regarding bandage types and usage. Professional Practices- It helped us in making presentation and document in a professional way. Organizational Behavior- It helped us in communicating to various people during our project. Computer- It helped us in making visual representation of our hypothetical model and compiling our document. Elements of Technology- It helped us in understanding the working of various machines used in manufacturing and finishing of bandages.