You are on page 1of 22

Nominal size [inches]

Outside diameter [inches]

Outside Wall thickness Wall thickness Weight [lb/ft] Weight [kg/m] diameter [mm] [inches] [mm]

1/8

0,405

10,3

0,068

1,73

0,24

0,37

1/4

0,540

13,7

0,088

2,24

0,42

0,84

1/2

0,840

21,3

0,109

2,77

0,85

1,27

3/4

1,050

26,7

0,113

2,87

1,13

1,69

1,315

33,4

0,133

3,38

1,68

2,50

1 1/4

1,660

42,2

0,140

3,56

2,27

3,39

1 1/2

1,900

48,3

0,145

3,68

2,72

4,05

2,375

60,3

0,154

3,91

3,65

5,44

2 1/2

2,875

73,0

0,203

5,16

5,79

8,63

Nominal size [inches]

Outside diameter [inches]

Outside Wall thickness Wall thickness Weight [lb/ft] Weight [kg/m] diameter [mm] [inches] [mm]

3,500

88,9

0,216

5,49

7,58

11,29

3 1/2

4,000

101,6

0,226

5,74

9,11

13,57

4,500

114,3

0,237

6,02

10,79

16,07

5,563

141,3

0,258

6,55

14,62

21,77

6,625

168,3

0,280

7,11

18,97

28,26

8,625

219,1

0,322

8,18

28,55

42,55

10

10,750

273,0

0,365

9,27

40,48

60,31

12

12,750

323,8

0,406

10,31

53,52

79,73

14

14

355,6

0,375

11,13

54,57

94,55

Nominal size [inches]

Outside diameter [inches]

Outside Wall thickness Wall thickness Weight [lb/ft] Weight [kg/m] diameter [mm] [inches] [mm]

16

16

406,4

0,500

12,70

82,77

123,30

18

18

457,0

0,562

14,27

104,67

155,80

20

20

508,0

0,594

15,09

123,11

183,42

24

24

610,0

0,688

17,48

171,29

255,41

32

32

813,0

0,688

17,48

230,08

34

SCH40 UPWARDS SCH20 DOWNWARDS

Nominal size [inches]

Outside diameter [inches]

Outside Wall thickness Wall thickness Weight [lb/ft] Weight [kg/m] diameter [mm] [inches] [mm]

8,625

219,1

0,250

6,35

22,36

33,31

Nominal size [inches]

Outside diameter [inches]

Outside Wall thickness Wall thickness Weight [lb/ft] Weight [kg/m] diameter [mm] [inches] [mm]

10

10,750

273,0

0,250

6,35

28,04

41,77

12

12,750

323,8

0,250

6,35

33,38

49,73

14

14,000

355,6

0,312

7,92

45,61

67,90

16

16,000

406,4

0,312

7,92

52,27

77,83

18

18,000

457,0

0,312

7,92

58,94

87,71

20

20,000

508,0

0,375

9,53

78,60

117,15

22

22,000

559,0

0,375

9,53

86,61

129,13

24

24,000

610,0

0,375

9,53

94,62

141,12

26

26,000

660,0

0,500

12,70

136,17

202,72

Nominal size [inches]

Outside diameter [inches]

Outside Wall thickness Wall thickness Weight [lb/ft] Weight [kg/m] diameter [mm] [inches] [mm]

28

28,000

711,0

0,500

12,70

146,85

218,69

30

30,000

762,0

0,500

12,70

157,53

234,67

32

32,000

813,0

0,500

12,70

168,21

250,64

34

34,000

864,0

0,750

19,05

266,33

396,93

36

36,000

914,0

0,500

12,70

189,57

282,

This table is for flue gases. It gives values of some physical properties - density and viscosity in relation to the temperature of gases. It is for following chemical composition: carbon dioxide CO2 - 13% water vapour H2O - 11% nitrogen N2 - 76% Abbreviations: t - temperature - density cp - specific heat - dynamic viscosity - kinematic viscosity

cp

*106

*106

[O C]

[kg/m3]

[kJ/kgK]

[Pas]

[m2/s]

1.295

1.042

15.8

12.2

100

0.95

1.068

20.4

21.54

200

0.748

1.097

24.5

32.8

300

0.617

1.122

28.2

45.81

400

0.525

1.151

31.7

60.38

500

0.457

1.185

34.8

76.3

600

0.405

1.214

37.9

93.61

700

0.363

1.239

40.7

112.1

cp

*106

*106

[O C]

[kg/m3]

[kJ/kgK]

[Pas]

[m2/s]

800

0.33

1.264

43.4

131.8

900

0.301

1.29

45.9

152.5

1000

0.275

1.306

48.4

174.3

1100

0.257

1.323

50.7

197.1

1200

0.24

1.34

53

221

This table gives values of some dry air physical properties - density, specific heat and viscosity in relation to temperature and pressure. Abbreviations: t - temperature - density cp - specific heat - dynamic viscosity

ic viscosity

t [O C]

-50

50

100

150

200

300

400

[kg/m3]

1 bar

1.563

1.275

1.078

0.932

0.8226

0.7356

0.6072

0.517

50 bar

83.79

65.20

53.96

46.25

40.57

36.18

29.80

25.37

100 bar

175.6

131.4

107.1

91.13

79.66

70.92

58.37

49.71

200 bar

340.3

253.7

205.4

174.3

152.2

135.6

111.8

95.41

300 bar

449.3

350.8

288.6

246.7

216.4

193.4

160.3

137.4

cp [kJ/kgK]

1 bar

1.007

1.006

1.008

1.012

1.018

1.026

1.046

1.69

50 bar

1.212

1.112

1.085

1.075

1.055

1.049

1.061

1.08

t [O C]

-50

50

100

150

200

300

400

100 bar

1.43

1.216

1.133

1.096

1.078

1.072

1.075

1.09

200 bar

1.623

1.361

1.229

1.161

1.126

1.108

1.099

1.107

300 bar

1.604

1.409

1.282

1.204

1.16

1.135

1.117

1.12

*106[Pas]

1 bar

14.65

17.2

19.61

21.82

23.92

25.85

29.47

32.76

50 bar

16.7

19.42

20.57

22.59

24.4

26.4

29.9

33.1

100 bar

18.3

20.2

21.7

23.4

25.1

26.9

30.4

33.5

200 bar

22.8

23.6

24.4

25.6

26.8

28.5

31.5

34.7

t [O C]

-50

50

100

150

200

300

400

300 bar

28.7

27.8

27.5

28.1

28.8

30.1

33.1

36.1

This table gives values of water properties - density, viscosity and specific heat in relation to temperature. For temperatures higher than 100OC, values are for water at boiling conditions. t - temperature p - pressure - density cp - specific heat - dynamic viscosity - kinematic viscosity

cp

*106

*106

[O C]

[bar]

[kg/m3]

[kJ/kgK]

[Pas]

[m2/s]

1.013

999.9

4.212

1788

1.789

10

1.013

999.7

4.191

1306

1.306

20

1.013

998.2

4.183

1004

1.006

cp

*106

*106

[O C]

[bar]

[kg/m3]

[kJ/kgK]

[Pas]

[m2/s]

30

1.013

995.7

4.174

801.5

0.805

40

1.013

992.2

4.174

653.3

0.659

50

1.013

988.1

4.174

549.4

0.556

60

1.013

983.1

4.179

469.9

0.478

70

1.013

977.8

4.187

406.1

0.415

80

1.013

971.8

4.195

355.1

0.365

90

1.013

965.3

4.208

314.9

0.326

100

1.013

958.4

4.220

282.5

0.295

cp

*106

*106

[O C]

[bar]

[kg/m3]

[kJ/kgK]

[Pas]

[m2/s]

110

1.43

951.0

4.233

259.0

0.272

120

1.98

943.1

4.250

237.4

0.252

130

2.70

934.8

4.266

217.8

0.233

140

3.61

926.1

4.287

201.1

0.217

150

4.76

917.0

4.313

186.4

0.203

160

6.18

907.4

4.346

173.6

0.191

170

7.92

897.3

4.380

162.8

0.181

180

10.03

886.9

4.417

153.0

0.173

cp

*106

*106

[O C]

[bar]

[kg/m3]

[kJ/kgK]

[Pas]

[m2/s]

190

12.55

876.0

4.459

144.2

0.165

200

15.55

863.0

4.505

136.4

0.158

210

19.08

852.8

4.555

130.5

0.153

220

23.20

840.3

4.614

124.6

0.148

230

27.98

827.3

4.681

119.7

0.145

240

33.48

813.6

4.756

114.8

0.141

250

39.78

799.0

4.844

109.9

0.137

260

46.94

784.0

4.949

105.9

0.135

cp

*106

*106

[O C]

[bar]

[kg/m3]

[kJ/kgK]

[Pas]

[m2/s]

270

55.05

767.9

5.070

102.0

0.133

280

64.19

750.7

5.230

98.1

0.131

290

74.45

732.3

5.485

94.2

0.129

300

85.92

712.5

5.736

91.2

0.128

310

98.70

691.1

6.071

88.3

0.128

320

112.9

667.1

6.574

85.3

0.128

330

128.65

640.2

7.244

81.4

0.127

340

146.08

610.1

8.165

77.5

0.127

cp

*106

*106

[O C]

[bar]

[kg/m3]

[kJ/kgK]

[Pas]

[m2/s]

350

165.37

574.4

9.504

72.6

0.126

360

186.74

528.0

13.984

66.7

0.126

370

210.53

450.5

40.321

56.9

0.126

Fluid flow mean velocity and pipe diameter for known flow rate
Velocity of fluid in pipe is not uniform across section area. Therefore a mean velocity is used and it is calculated by the continuity equation for the steady flow as:

Pipe diameter calculator Calculate pipe diameter for known flow rate and velocity. Calculate flow velocity for known pipe diameter and flow rate. Convert from volumetric to mass flow rate. Calculate volumetric flow rate of ideal gas at different conditions of pressure and temperature. Pipe diameter can be calculated when volumetric flow rate and velocity is known as:

where is: D - internal pipe diameter; q - volumetric flow rate; v - velocity; A - pipe cross section area.

If mass flow rate is known than diameter can be calculated as:

where is: D - internal pipe diameter; w - mass flow rate; - fluid density; v - velocity.

Laminar and turbulent fluid flow regime in pipe, critical velocity


If the velocity of fluid inside the pipe is small, streamlines will be in straight parallel lines. As the velocity of fluid inside the pipe gradually increase, streamlines will continue to be straight and parallel with the pipe wall until velocity is reached when the streamlines will waver and suddenly break into diffused patterns. The velocity at which this occurs is called "critical velocity". At velocities higher than "critical", the streamlines are dispersed at random throughout the pipe. The regime of flow when velocity is lower than "critical" is called laminar flow (or viscous or streamline flow). At laminar regime of flow the velocity is highest on the pipe axis, and on the wall the velocity is equal to zero. When the velocity is greater than "critical", the regime of flow is turbulent. In turbulent regime of flow there is irregular random motion of fluid particles in directions transverse to the direction on main flow. Velocity change in turbulent flow is more uniform than in laminar. In the turbulent regime of flow, there is always a thin layer of fluid at pipe wall which is moving in laminar flow. That layer is known as the boundary layer or laminar sub-layer. To determine flow regime useReynolds number calculator.

Reynolds number, turbulent and laminar flow, pipe flow velocity and viscosity
The nature of flow in pipe, by the work of Osborne Reynolds, is depending on the pipe diameter, the density and viscosity of the flowing fluid and the velocity of the flow. Dimensionless Reynolds number is used, and is combination of these four variables and may be considered to be ratio of dynamic forces of mass flow to the shear stress due to viscosity. Reynolds number is:

where is: D - internal pipe diameter; v - velocity; - density; - kinematic viscosity; - dynamic viscosity; Reynolds number calculator Calculate Reynolds number with this easy to use calculator. Determine if flow is laminar or turbulent. Applicable for liquids and gases. This equation can be solved using and fluid flow regime calculator.

Flow in pipes is considered to be laminar if Reynolds number is less than 2320, and turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than 4000. Between these two values is "critical" zone where the flow can be laminar or turbulent or in the process of change and is mainly unpredictable. When calculating Reynolds number for non-circular cross section equivalent diameter (four time hydraulic radius d=4xRh) is used and hydraulic radius can be calculated as: Rh = cross section flow area / wetted perimeter It applies to square, rectangular, oval or circular conduit when not flowing with full section. Because of great variety of fluids being handled in modern industrial processes, a single equation which can be used for the flow of any fluid in pipe offers big advantages. That equation is Darcy formula, but one factor - the friction factor has to be determined experimentally. This formula has a wide application in the field of fluid mechanics and is used extensively throughout on this web site.

Bernoulli equation - fluid flow head conservation


If friction losses are neglected and no energy is added to, or taken from a piping system, the total head, H, which is the sum of the elevation head, the pressure head and the velocity head will be constant for any point of fluid streamline. This is the expression of law of head conservation to the flow of fluid in a conduit or streamline and is known as Bernoulli equation:

where is: Z1,2 - elevation above reference level; p1,2 - absolute pressure; v1,2 - velocity; 1,2 - density; g acceleration of gravity Bernoulli equation equation is used in several calculators on this site like pressure drop and flow rate calculator, Venturi tube flow rate meter and Venturi effect calculator and orifice plate sizing and flow rate calculator.

Pipe flow and friction pressure drop, head energy loss | Darcy formula
From Bernoulli equation all other practical formulas are derived, with modifications due to energy losses and gains. As in real piping system, losses of energy are existing and energy is being added to or taken from the fluid (using pumps and turbines) these must be included in the Bernoulli equation. For two points of one streamline in a fluid flow, equation may be written as follows:

where is: Z1,2 - elevation above reference level; p1,2 - absolute pressure; v1,2 - velocity; 1,2 - density; hL head loss due to friction in the pipe; Hp - pump head; HT - turbine head; g - acceleration of gravity; Flow in pipe is always creating energy loss due to friction. Energy loss can be measured like static pressure drop in the direction of fluid flow with two gauges. General equation for pressure drop, known as Darcy's formula expressed in meters of fluid is:

where is: hL - head loss due to friction in the pipe; f - friction coefficient; L - pipe length; v - velocity; D internal pipe diameter; g - acceleration of gravity; To express this equation like pressure drop in newtons per square meter (Pascals) substitution of proper units leads to:

Pressure drop calculator Calculator based on Darcy equation. Calculate pressure drop for known flow rate or calculate flow rate for known pressure drop. Friction factor calculation included. Applicable for laminar and turbulent flow, circular or rectangle pipe. where is: p - pressure drop due to friction in the pipe; - density; f - friction coefficient; L - pipe length; vvelocity; D - internal pipe diameter; Q - volumetric flow rate; The Darcy equation can be used for both laminar and turbulent flow regime and for any liquid in a pipe. With some restrictions, Darcy equation can be used for gases and vapors. Darcy formula applies when pipe diameter and fluid density is constant and the pipe is relatively straight.

Friction factor for pipe roughness and Reynolds number in laminar and turbulent flow
Physical values in Darcy formula are very obvious and can be easily obtained when pipe properties are known like D - pipe internal diameter, L - pipe length and when flow rate is known, velocity can be easily calculated using continuity equation. The only value that needs to be determined experimentally is friction factor. For laminar flow regime Re < 2000, friction factor can be calculated, but for turbulent flow regime where is Re > 4000 experimentally obtained results are used. In the critical zone, where is Reynolds number between 2000 and 4000, both laminar and turbulent flow regime might occur, so friction factor is indeterminate and has lower limits for laminar flow, and upper limits based on turbulent flow conditions. If the flow is laminar and Reynolds number is smaller than 2000, the friction factor may be determined from the equation:

where is: f - friction factor; Re - Reynolds number; When flow is turbulent and Reynolds number is higher than 4000, the friction factor depends on pipe relative roughness as well as on the Reynolds number. Relative pipe roughness is the roughness of the pipe wall compared to pipe diameter e/D. Since the internal pipe roughness is actually independent of pipe diameter, pipes with smaller pipe diameter will have higher relative roughness than pipes with bigger diameter and therefore pipes with smaller diameters will have higher friction factors than pipes with bigger diameters of the same material. Most widely accepted and used data for friction factor in Darcy formula is the Moody diagram. On Moody diagram friction factor can be determined based on the value of Reynolds number and relative roughness. The pressure drop is the function of internal diameter with the fifth power. With time in service, the interior of the pipe becomes encrusted with dirt, scale, tubercles and it is often prudent to make allowance for expected diameter changes. Also roughness may be expected to increase with use due to corrosion or incrustation at a rate determined by the pipe material and nature of the fluid. When the thickness of laminar sub layer (laminar boundary layer ) is bigger than the pipe roughness e the flow is called flow in hydraulically smooth pipe and Blasius equation can be used:

where is: f - friction factor; Re - Reynolds number; The boundary layer thickness can be calculated based on the Prandtl equation as:

where is: - boundary layer thickness; D - internal pipe diameter; Re- Reynolds number; For turbulent flow with Re < 100 000 (Prandtl equation) can be used:

For turbulent flow with Re > 100 000 (Karman equation) can be used:

where is: f - friction factor; Re - Reynolds number; D - internal pipe diameter; kr - pipe roughness;

Above equations are used for pressure drop and flow rate calculator.

Static, dynamic and total pressure, flow velocity and Mach number
Static pressure is pressure of fluid in flow stream. Total pressure is pressure of fluid when it is brought to rest, i.e. velocity is reduced to 0. Total pressure can be calculated using Bernoulli theorem. Imagining that flow is in one point of stream line stopped without any energy loss Bernoulli theorem can be written as:

If velocity at point 2 v2=0, pressure at point 2 is than total p2=pt:

where is: p - pressure; pt - total pressure; v - velocity; - density; The difference between total and static pressure represents fluid kinetic energy and it is called dynamic pressure. Dynamic pressure for liquids and incompressible flow where the density is constant can be calculated as:

where is: p - pressure; pt - total pressure; pd - dynamic pressure; v - velocity; - density; If dynamic pressure is measured using instruments like Prandtl probe or Pitot tube velocity can be calculated in one point of stream line as:

where is: p - pressure; pt - total pressure; pd - dynamic pressure; v - velocity; - density; For gases and larger Mach numbers than 0.1 effects of compressibility are not negligible. For compressible flow calculation gas state equation can be used. For ideal gases, velocity for Mach number M < 1 is calculated using following equation:

where is: M - Mach number M=v/c - relation between local fluid and local sound velocity; - isentropic coefficient; It should be said that for M > 0.7 given equation is not totally accurate. If Mach number M > 1, than normal shock wave will occur. Equation for velocity in front of the wave is given bellow:

where is: p - pressure; pti - total pressure; v - velocity; M - Mach number; - isentropic coefficient; Above equations are used for Prandtl probe and Pitot tube flow velocity calculator. Note: You can download complete derivation of given equations

Fluid flow rate for the thermal - heat power transfer, boiler power and temperature
The flow rate of fluid required for the thermal energy - heat power transfer can be calculated as:

where is: q - flow rate [m3/h]; - density of fluid [kg/m3]; c - specific heat of fluid [kJ/kgK]; T - temperature difference [K]; P - power [kW]; Thermal energy calculator Calculate heat energy and thermal power for known flow rate. Calculate flow rate for known heat energy or thermal power. Applicable for boilers, heat exchangers, radiators, chillers, air heaters. This relation can be used to calculate required flow rate of, for example, water heated in the boiler, if the power of boiler is known. In that case temperature difference in above equation is the change of temperature of fluid in front and after the boiler. It should be said that efficiency coefficient should be included in above equation, for precise calculation.

Above expression is used and can be solved using calculator for thermal energy, heat power and flow rate calculation

You might also like