Abstract

The enterprise network is the lifeblood of any Small to Medium Enterprise (SME) with more than one site or supply chain partner. It enables access to business information and allows for profitable and effective communication flows between employees in different enterprise sites. Network enterprise network equipment is mature and ubiquitous, but the quality of services provided by similar networks varies from city to city and from country to country. In particular, the quality variation gap between most of the cities in some developing nations and their counterparts in advanced nations is very wide. This is due to the lack in developing nations of an adequate IT infrastructure, which is taken for granted in developed nations. Planning an enterprise network in a developing nation is almost like planning it in the middle of a desert. This report briefly discusses the architecture of an enterprise network. It examines the barriers to planning, designing and implementing an enterprise network. This report also covers the methods to implement enterprise level networks. In this report we will start from working basic router configuration then covering the Routing technologies required to route data between branches. After that we have implement WAN and Frame-relay is considered a good choice because it connects multiple location using single interface of router and reduce the hardware costs. For Internet connectivity we are also using frame relay. In this setup NAT is very essential in which we have translate live IP into local and vice-versa. In short we can say a lot of technologies are studied and implemented for the successful completion of the report.

Following is the list of technologies that are used in this report: Administration of router Routing Types of routing Benefits of static and dynamic routing Scalability of networks

LIST OF USED DEVICES & TECHNOLOGIES CONFIGURED

Cisco router Core layer switch Distribution layer switch Access layer switches

TECHNOLOGIES TO CREATE NETWORK

Router IP Addressing Routing Core Switch VTP server VLAN database Trunk Links Spanning Tree Configuration Configuring IP & Gateway VLAN Port Membership Distribution Switches VTP Client Configuring IP & Gateway Trunk Link Configuration VLAN Port Membership

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanking and feeling obliged indicates that we believe in someone elses existence rather than in the Divine who rules everything. When we feel obliged, then we are not honoring the principles of the Divine karma. We should appreciate people for what they are and not thank them for what they do We should be grateful to people for what they are and not for their acts. Now, it is really a long journey, going back in the past times and making a big list of names for appreciation and gratitude. Industrial Training is an important aspect of engineering. Through this training the student learns to conduct himself/herself in environment of the industry. This training is also helpful in acquiring the required technical knowledge. I am pursued my training at DUCAT-INDIA, NOIDA. I learned a lot at this place. I really feel the deepest gratitude towards my trainer, Mr. Pankaj (Consultant and trainer, DUCAT). His immense love has been of great value to me. Without his unrivalled guidance, constant encouragement, painstaking efforts, keen observance, benevolent attention the present dissertation work would have remained futile. He really has the ability to make a laidback person the foremost one. I am deeply grateful to all my respected teachers of Shanti Devi Institute of Technology and Management, Israna for their smile, support, calm and soothing attitude, which yielded peace of mind during my busy work hours. The biggest appreciation and gratitude is towards my seniors, who were brave enough to share their views, keep a vision on my work and who made the task of compiling the dissertation an easy way out for me. I salute these grand masters, filled with knowledge, patience and above all love. They were tolerant and uncomplaining all the times and calmed and supported me, when I needed them the most. They never retraced their steps in the hour of need and were ready with their helping hands for all the times. I offer appreciation to all these great people of my life, for what they are. May they all win laurels and their names are glorified and honored. Needless to say, the more I direct my thoughts positively and feel genuinely thankful, I find that the more I get to experience good results.

PREFACE

Practical training constitutes an integral part of engineering studies. The training gives an opportunity to the students to express themselves to the industrial environment which is quite different from the teaching classroom. The training enables the student to work in the future. It enables the student to undergo those experiences which help them later when they join an organization. Industrial training is a major part of course. It is period in which we are introduced to the industrial environment or in other words we can say that industrial training is provided for the familiarization with the industrial environment, with the advancement in computer technologies and increased automation in the industries for increasing their production. In organization where Making Things Right in the first instance is the driving motto, perfection and accuracy are inevitable. Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. A well planned, properly executed and evaluated industrial training helps a lot in inculcating a professional attitude. It provides a linkage between the student and industry to develop an awareness of industrial approach to problem solving, based on a broad understanding of process and mode of operation of organization. The objective of training is to raise the level of performance on one or more of its aspects and this may be achieved by providing new knowledge and information relevant to a job. During this period, the students get the real, firsthand experience for working in the actual environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. It covers all the remains uncovered in the classroom i.e. without it our studies remains ineffective and incomplete. Apart from this, the students get an opportunity to learn the latest technology, which immensely helps them in building their carrier. I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures, which increased my sphere of knowledge to a great extent. I was entrusted with a real life project, working on which had finally made me step into the ongoing technology and gradually become a part of it. And all the credit goes to DUCAT-INDIA, NOIDA for providing me the opportunity and facility for the making of this dissertation.
4

I availed this instance in a very satisfactory manner and think it will be very beneficial for me in building my future.

COMPANY PROFILE
DUCAT-INDIA, NOIDA is an organization which is established in the field of Network Support, Network training, Software training and Embedded systems. In Education Ducat has strategic alliance with Pearson VUE and Parametric. Ducat is authorized Testing Partner of REDHAT & Cisco and also NOVELL EDUCATION PARTNER with which it provides NOVELL and SUSE LINUX courses. DUCAT, NOIDA also conducts courses in CADENCE based design tools. DUCAT-INDIA, NOIDA also provides Technical Research & Development support and consultancy to some Electronics companies.

Clients for R&D support in field of embedded systems: Recorders and Medicare ltd Chandigarh. TELEBOX India ltd. Lotus Machines Pvt. Ltd. Chandigarh. Impearl Electronics Pvt. Ltd. Chandigarh. KANTA Electrical Ltd. Mohali.

The partial list of its clients for network field is as below: CEDTI, Mohali Premier ISP, Chandigarh Innovative Solutions Emmet ISP NIPER Navik Technologies Software Technology Parks India Glide Internet Services Rana Group IDS HFCL Infotel Ltd.

DUCAT TEAM

Presently DUCAT has a strong technical team of certified professionals for catering to these solutions and has presence in noida, greater noida, gurgaon, Allahabad, Faridabad etc. Ducat had skilled team of engineers who are experienced in design, programming. They are having more than 150 engineers who are having prestigious certifications like CCNA, CCNP, CCSP, CCSA, MCSE, RHCE, C, C++, JAVA and PhP MySql Programming. Support Area (network solutions) a. LINUX / UNIX networks b. SUN networks c. CISCO devices (Routers, Switches, Firewalls, Cache Engine, RAS etc) d. Bandwidth Manager software and hardware e. Radio Links f. Security Solutions DUCAT-INDIA provides the following Courses in IT & Embedded Systems given below: Network Training a. CISCO CCNA, CCNP, CCSP, CCIE b. RED HAT LINUX c. SUN SOLARIS d. WINDOWS 2000, 2003 (MCP, MCSA & MCSE) e. SUSE LINUX Software Training a. C,C++ b. JAVA c. PhP My Sql Programming d. 1 year Diploma in System administration & Networking. Design Services (Embedded systems) a) AVR family b) MCS 51 c) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN
6

Contents

Page No

Abstract .. 1 Acknowledgement ..........3 Preface 4 Company Profile .5 List of Figures ...11 Abbreviations ... 12 1. Networking ..13-20 1.1 Network ..13 1.2 LAN ....13 1.3 WAN ...13 1.4 Devices ....14 1.4.1 Hub ...14 1.4.2 Switch ...15 1.4.3 Bridge ...16 1.4.4 Router ...16 1.4.5 Lan Card ...17 1.5 UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair) .......18 1.6 Administrator model for networking ...20

2.

OSI

(Open

Systems

Interconnection)

Model.21-26

2.1 OSI Model....21 2.1.1 Layer 1: The Physical Layer..21 2.1.2 Layer 2: The Data Link Layer...22 2.1.3 Layer 3: The Network Layer.....22 2.1.4 Layer 4: Transport Layer...23 2.1.5 Layer 5:.Session Layer..24 2.1.6 Layer 6: The Presentation Layer...26 2.1.7 Layer 7: The Application Layer....26
7

2.1.8 Data Encapsulation........26

3.

TCP/IP Model.....27-29 3.1 TCP/IP MODEL.......27 3.1.1 LAYER 1:- Application Layer..28 3.1.2 LAYER 2:- Transport Layer..28 3.1.3 LAYER 3 Internet Layer......29

4.

IP Routing..30-40 4.1 ROUTER......30 4.2 Routing.....30 4.3 IP Addressing...31 4.3.1 Class A Addresses.31 4.3.2 Class B Addresses.32 4.3.3 Class C Addresses.32 4.3.4 Class D Addresses.33 4.3.5 Class E Addresses.34 4.4 IP Routing....34 4.5 Routing Process............35 4.6 Router Access Modes 36 4.6.1 User mode....,.36 4.6.2 Privileged mode.36 4.6.3 Global configuration..37 4.6.4 Line configuration mode...37 4.6.5 Interface configuration mode....37 4.6.6 Routing configuration mode. 37 4.7 Configuring Password..37 4.7.1 Console Password......37 4.7.2 Vty Password.....37 4.7.3 Auxiliary Password38 4.7.4 Enable Password38 4.7.5 Enable Secret Password.38 4.7.6 Encryption all passwords...38 4.8 Managing Configuration...39
8

Types of Routing.41-58 5.1 Static Routing...41 5.1.1 Steps to perform static routing..41 5.1.2 Advantages of static routing.41 5.1.3 Disadvantages of static routing.42 5.1.4 Alternate command to specify static route....42 5.1.5 Backup route or loading static route..43 5.2 Default Routing....44 5.3 Dynamic Routing..45 5.3.1 Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols....46 5.3.2 Autonomous system..55 5.3.3 Open Shortest Path First........56 5.3.4 OSPF Hierarchical Model......58 5.3.5 LSA Flooding in OSPF.58

Access Control List.61-64 6.1 ACL......61 6.2 Classification Access Control List....61 6.3Flow chart of Inbound ACL..62 6.4 IP Standard ACL (Numbered).63 6.5 IP Standard ACL (Named)......64 6.6 IP Extended ACL (Numbered) ...64

LAN Switching...65-68 7.1LAN Switching..65 7.2VLAN (Virtual LAN)........66

Wide Area network.....69-70 7.1 Defining WAN Terms..69 7.2 WAN Connection Types..70

Conclusion..72 References and Bibliography..73

10

List of Figures
1.1. 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 6.1 6.2 PCS CONNECTED VIA HUB.18 PCS CONNECTED VIA SWITCH..19 PCS CONNECTED VIA BRIDGE..20 DIFFERENT N/Ws CONNECTED VIA ROUTER.20 Internal Network Interface Card21 PCMCIA Network Interface Card.21 UTP.21 Cross & Straight Cable...22 RJ 45 Connector.22 Networking Model.23 OSI MODEL..24 Windowing.26 3 Way hand shaking....27 Connection Oriented Communication....28 TCP/IP MODEL.....30 TCP Header.31 Routing Process...............38 Router access modes...38 Static routing...45 Default routing....46 Distance vector routing...47 Flash updates..50 Split horizon...50 Configuring RIP.52 Autonomous system...59 Router ID...60 Autonomous system...60 OSPF Hierarchical Model..61 LSA Flooding in OSPF......62 OSPF..63 Flow chart of Inbound ACL..66 Configuring ACL...........................67
11

ABBREVIATIONS
N/w LAN WAN CSMA/CD CSMA/CA ISDN OSI TCP/IP NIC MAC IETF EXEC VTY VLAN BGP EIGRP IGRP OSPF RIP MTU VLSM IOS CLI Network Local Area Network Wide Area Network Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Open Systems Interconnection Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Network Interface Card Media Access Control Internet Engineering Task Force EXECUTION (Virtual Telnet Type) VIRTUAL Local Area Network Border Gateway Protocol Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Open Shortest Path First Routing Information Protocol Maximum Transmission Unit Variable Length Subnet Mask Internetwork Operating System Command-Line Interface

12

Chapter 1 NETWORKING 1.1 Network

In one network more than one computer connected with each other through centralized device. They can share files and resources with each other. Networks are the method to share hardware resources and software resources. We can share the resources with the help of operating system like windows, Linux, UNIX etc. To connect multiple networks we have to use internetworking devices like router, bridge, layer 3 switches etc.

1.2

LAN

LAN stands for Local Area Network. The scope of the LAN is within one building, one school or within one lab. In LAN (Hub), media access method is used CSMA/CD in which each computer sense the carrier before sending the data over the n/w. If carrier is free then you can transmit otherwise you have to wait or you have to listen. In multiple accesses each computer has right that they can access each other. If two computers sense the carrier on same time then the collision occur. Each computer in the network aware about the collision. Now this stop transmitting and they will use back off algorithm. In which random number is generated. This number or algorithm is used by each computer. Who has short number or small number, he has first priority to transmit the data over the network and other computers will wait for their turn.

1.3

WAN

WAN stands for Wide Area Network, in which two local area networks are connected through public n/w. it may be through telecommunication infrastructure or dedicated lines. For e.g.: - ISDN lines, Leased lines etc. In which we can use WAN devices and WAN technology. You can also connect with your remote area through existing Internetwork called Internet.

13

1.4

Devices 1.4.1 Hub

Hub is centralized device, which is used to connect multiple workstations. There are two types of Hub: (i) Active Hub (ii) Passive Hub

Fig 1.1 PCS CONNECTED VIA HUB

It has no special kind of memory. It simply receives the frame (data) and forwards it to all its nodes except the receiving node. It always performs broadcasting. In case of hub, there is one collision domain and one broadcast domain. In case of hub, the media access method is used CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection). Active Hub In Active hub, it receives the frame regenerate and then forward to all its nodes. Passive Hub In Passive hub, it simply receives the frame and forward to all its connected nodes. We cannot perform LAN segmentation using hub.
14

1.4.2 Switch
Switch is also used to connect multiple workstations. Switch is more intelligent than hub. It has special kind of memory called mac address/filter/lookup table. Switch reads mac addresses. Switch stores mac addresses in its filter address table. Switch when receives frame, it reads the destination mac address and consult with its filter table. If he has entry in its filter table then he forwards the frame to that particular mac address, if not found then it performs broadcasting to all its connected nodes. Every port has its own buffer memory. A port has two queues one is input queue and second is output queue. When switch receives the frame, the frame is received in input queue and forward from output queue. So in case of switch there is no chance or place for collisions. In case of switch, the media access method is used CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance). Switches provide more efficiency, more speed and security.

Fig. 1.2 PCS CONNECTED VIA SWITCH

There are two types of switches: I. II. Manageable switches (can be configured with console cable). Non-manageable switches.

We can perform LAN segmentation by using switches.

15

1.4.3 Bridge
Bridge is a hardware device, which is used to provide LAN segmentation means it is used for break the collision domain. It has same functionality as performed by switch. We can use bridge between two different topologies. It has fewer ports. Each port has a own buffer memory. It works on Data Link Layer of OSI model. It also read mac address and stores it in its filter table. In case of bridge there is one broadcast domain.

FIG. 1.3 PCS CONNECTED VIA BRIDGE

1.4.4 Router
Router is hardware device, which is used to communicate two different networks. Router performs routing and path determination. It does not perform broadcast information.

FIG. 1.4 DIFFERENT N/Ws CONNECTED VIA ROUTER

16

There are two types of routers: -

I. II.

Hardware Routers are developed by Cisco, HP. Software Routers is configured with the help of routing and remote access. This feature is offered by Microsoft. This feature is by default installed, but you have to enable or configure it. Hardware routers are dedicated routers. They are more efficient. But in case of software routers, it has fewer features, slow performance. They are not very much efficient.

1.4.5 LAN Card

LAN card is media access device. LAN card provide us connectivity in the network. There is a RJ45 (Registered Jack) connector space on the LAN card. RJ45 is used in UTP cable. There is another led which is also called heartbeat of LAN card. When any activity occurs it may be receiving or transmitting any kind of data. This led start blinking and also tells us the status of LAN card.

FIG. 1.5

Internal network interface card

Fig. 1.6 PCMCIA Network interface card

17

1.5

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

FIG. 1.7

UTP

Pin Configuration
Hub/Switch PC/Router/Online Printer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rx+ RxTx+ NC NC Tx NC NC Tx+ Tx Rx+ NC NC Rx NC NC Uplink port(Hub/Switch) Tx+ Tx Rx+ NC NC Rx NC NC

TABLE 1.1

Pin Configurations

18

Fig. 1.8 Cross & Straight Cable

Straight Cable 1 Orange white - Orange white 2 Orange - Orange 3 Green white - Green white 4 Blue - Blue 5 Blue white - Blue white 6 Green - Green 7 Brown white - Brown white 8 Brown Brown

Cross Cable 1 Orange white - Green white 2 Orange - Green 3 Green white - Orange white 4 Blue - Blue 5 Blue white - Blue white 6 Green - Orange 7 Brown white - Brown white 8 Brown - Brown

Fig. 1.9 RJ 45 Connector

19

1.6

Administrator model for networking

Server software: - Software which are used to giving services are server software. Client software: - which gets services.
Server Software Apache, IIS, Exchange 2003, FTP Server Client Software Internet Explorer, Outlook Express, Yahoo messenger Cute FTP

P R O T O C O L Stack

TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk, Netbeui

P R O T O C O L Stack

NIC

NIC

Media

Media

Fig. 1.10 Networking Model

20

Chapter 2 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model 2.1 OSI Model

OSI model is the layer approach to design, develop and implement network. OSI provides following advantages: (i) Designing of network will be standard base. (ii) Development of new technology will be faster. (iii) Devices from multiple vendors can communicate with each other. (iv) Implementation and troubleshooting of network will be easy.
Software

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

Protocol Stack

NIC

Media

Fig. 2.1 OSI MODEL

2.1.1

Layer 1: The Physical Layer

The bottom layer, or Layer 1, of the OSI reference model is called the physical layer. This layer is responsible for the transmission of the bit stream. It accepts frames of data from Layer 2, the data link layer, and transmits their structure and content
21

serially, one bit at a time. Layer 1 is also responsible for the reception of incoming streams of data, one bit at a time. These streams are then passed on to the data link layer. The physical layer, quite literally, operates on only 1s and 0s. It has no mechanism for determining the significance of the bits it transmits or receives. It is solely concerned with the physical characteristics of electrical and/or optical signaling techniques. This includes the voltage of the electrical current used to transport the signal, the media type and impedance characteristics, and even the physical shape of the connector used to terminate the media. Transmission media includes any means of actually transporting signals generated by the OSI's Layer 1 mechanisms. Some examples of transmission media are coaxial cabling, fiber-optic cabling, and twistedpair wiring.

2.1.2

Layer 2: The Data Link Layer

Layer 2 of the OSI reference model is called the data link layer. As all the layers do, it has two sets of responsibilities: transmit and receive. It is responsible for providing end-to-end validity of the data being transmitted. On the transmit side, the data link layer is responsible for packing instructions---data---into frames. A frame is a structure indigenous to the data link layer that contains enough information to make sure that the data can be successfully sent across a LAN to its destination. Implicit in this definition is that the data link layer contains its own address architecture. This addressing is only applicable to other networked devices that reside locally on the same data link layer domain.

2.1.3

Layer 3: The Network Layer

The network layer enables internetworking. The protocols at this layer are responsible for establishing the route to be used between the source and destination computers. This layer lacks any native transmission error detection/correction mechanisms and, consequently, is forced to rely on the end-to-end reliable transmission service of either the data link layer or the transport layer. Although some data link layer technologies support reliable delivery, many others do not. Therefore, Layer 3 protocols (such as IP) assume that Layer 4 protocols (such as TCP) will provide this functionality rather than assume Layer 2 will take care of it.

22

2.1.4

Layer 4: Transport Layer: -

Transport layer is responsible for connection oriented and connection less communication. Transport layer also performs other functions like (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Error checking Flow Control Sequencing Positive Acknowledgement Response

(i) Error checking

Transport layer generates cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and forward the CRC value to destination along with data. The other end will generate CRC according to data and match the CRC value with received value. If both are same, then data is accepted otherwise discard.

(ii) Flow Control

Flow control is used to control the flow of data during communication. For this purpose following methods are used: -

(a) Buffer
Buffer is the temporary storage area. All the data is stored in the buffer memory and when communication ability is available the data is forward to another.

(b) Windowing
Windowing is the maximum amounts of the data that can be send to destination without receiving Acknowledgement. It is limit for buffer to send data without getting Acknowledgement.

23

Fig. 2.2 Windowing

(c) Multiplexing
Multiplexing means combining small data segment, which has same destination IP and same destination service.

(iii) Sequencing
Transport layer add sequence number to data, so that out of sequence data can be detected and rearranged in proper manner.

(iv) Positive acknowledgement and Response

When data is send to destination, the destination will reply with acknowledgement to indicate the positive reception of data. If acknowledgement is not received within a specified time then the data is resend from buffer memory.

2.1.5

Layer 5:.Session Layer: -

This layer initiate, maintain and terminate sessions between different applications. Due to this layer multiple application software can be executed at the same time.

24

1. Connection Oriented Communication

Fig. 2.3 3 Way hand shaking

Fig. 2.4 Connection Oriented Communication

2. Connection less Communication

SEND
SENDER

Receiver

25

2.1.6

Layer 6: The Presentation Layer

Layer 6, the presentation layer, is responsible for managing the way that data is encoded. Not every computer system uses the same data encoding scheme, and the presentation layer is responsible for providing the translation between otherwise incompatible data encoding schemes, such as American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) and Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC). The presentation layer can be used to mediate differences in floating-point formats, as well as to provide encryption and decryption services.

2.1.7

Layer 7: The Application Layer

The top, or seventh, layer in the OSI reference model is the application layer. Despite its name, this layer does not include user applications. Instead, it provides the interface between those applications and the network's services. This layer can be thought of as the reason for initiating the communications session. For example, an email client might generate a request to retrieve new messages from the email server. This client application automatically generates a request to the appropriate Layer 7 protocol(s) and launches a communications session to get the needed files.

2.1.8

Data Encapsulation

26

CHAPTER 3

TCP/IP MODEL

3.1

TCP/IP MODEL

TCP/IP is the most popular protocol stack, which consist of large no of protocol. According to the OSI model TCP/IP consist of only four layers. TCP/IP model is modified form of DOD (Department of Defense) model.

Fig. 3.1 TCP/IP MODEL

27

3.1.1

LAYER 1:- Application Layer

This layer contains a large no. of protocols. Each protocol is designed to act as server & client. Some of protocol will need connection oriented. TCP and others may need connection less UDP for data transfer. Application layer use port no.s to identity each application at Transport layer. This layer performs most of functions, which are specified by the Application, Presentation, and Session layer of OSI model.

3.1.2

LAYER 2:- Transport Layer

Two protocols are available on Transport layer

1) Transmission Control Protocol

2) User Datagram Protocol

Transmission

Control

Protocol:

TCP

performs

connection-oriented

communication. Its responsibilities are:

(i) Error Checking

(ii) Acknowledgement

(iii) Sequencing

(iv) Flow Control

(v) Windowing

28

Fig. 3.2 TCP Header

II) User Datagram Protocol

UDP is connection less protocol, which is responsible for error checking and identifying applications using port numbers.

3.1.3

LAYER 3 Internet Layer

The main function of Internet layer is routing and providing a single network interface to the upper layers protocols. Upper or lower protocols have not any functions relating to routing. To prevent this, IP provides one single network interface for the upper layer protocols. After that it is the job of IP and the various Network Access protocols to get along and work together.

29

CHAPTER 4 IP ROUTING

4.1

ROUTER

Unlike most LAN components, routers are intelligent. More importantly, they can operate at all layers of the OSI reference model rather than just the first two. This enables them to internetwork multiple LANs by using Layer 3 addressing.

A router must have two or more physical interfaces for interconnecting LANs and/or WAN transmission facilities. The router learns about the addresses of machines or networks that are somehow connected via each of its interfaces. The list of these addresses is kept in tables that correlate Layer 3 addresses with the port numbers that they are directly or indirectly connected to.

A router uses two types of networking protocols, both of which operate at Layer 3. These are routable protocols and routing protocols. Routable protocols, also known as routed protocols, are those that encapsulate user information and data into packets. An example of a routed protocol is IP. IP is responsible for encapsulating application data for transport through a network to the appropriate destinations.

Routing protocols are used between routers to determine available routes, communicate what is known about available routes, and forward routed protocol packets along those routes. The purpose of a routing protocol is to provide the router with all the information it needs about the network to route datagrams.

4.2

Routing

Routers are used to forward packets of data between devices that aren't necessarily connected to the same local network. Routing is the cumulative processes that discover paths through the network to specific destinations, compare redundant routes mathematically, and build tables that contain routing information.

30

The router's task is easy: It has only two interfaces. Any packets received by one of its interfaces was either delivered to the other interface or discarded as undeliverable. In this particular case, the router may well have been replaced by a hub, bridge, switch, or any other Layer 2 device. The router's real value lies in determining routes to destinations on nonadjacent networks.

4.3

IP Addressing

IPv4 Address Formats Class A Addresses Class B Addresses Class C Addresses Class D Addresses Class E Addresses IP addressing is accompanied by a two-tiered network address, consisting of the network's address and a host address.

4.3.1

Class A Addresses

The Class A IPv4 address was designed to support extremely large networks. As the need for very large-scale networks was perceived to be minimal, architecture was developed that maximized the possible number of host addresses but severely limited the number of possible Class A networks that could be defined.

A Class A IP address uses only the first octet to indicate the network address. The remaining three octets enumerate host addresses. The first bit of a Class A address is always a 0. This mathematically limits the possible range of the Class A address to 127, which is the sum of 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1. The leftmost bit's decimal value of 128 is absent from this equation. Therefore, there can only ever be 127 possible Class A IP networks.

The last 24 bits (that is, three dotted-decimal numbers) of a Class A address represent possible host addresses. The range of possible Class A network addresses is from 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0. Notice that only the first octet bears a network address number.
31

The remaining three are used to create unique host addresses within each network number. As such, they are set to zeroes when describing the range of network numbers. Note Technically, 127.0.0.0 is also a Class A network address. However, it is reserved for loop-back testing and cannot be assigned to a network.

4.3.2.

Class B Addresses

The Class B addresses were designed to support the needs of moderate- to large-sized networks. The range of possible Class B network addresses is from 128.1.0.0 to 191.254.0.0. The mathematical logic underlying this class is fairly simple. A Class B IP address uses two of the four octets to indicate the network address. The other two octets enumerate host addresses. The first 2 bits of the first octet of a Class B address are 10. The remaining 6 bits may be populated with either 1s or 0s.

This mathematically limits the possible range of the Class B address space to 191, which is the sum of 128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1. The last 16 bits (two octets) identify potential host addresses. Each Class B address can support 65,534 unique host addresses. This number is calculated by multiplying two to the 16th power and subtracting two (values reserved by IP). Mathematically, there can only be 16,382 Class B networks defined.

4.3.3

Class C Addresses

The Class C address space is, by far, the most commonly used of the original IPv4 address classes. This address space was intended to support a lot of small networks. This address class can be thought of as the inverse of the Class A address space. Whereas the Class A space uses just one octet for network numbering, and the remaining three for host numbering, the Class C space uses three octets for networking addressing and just one octet for host numbering.

The first 3 bits of the first octet of a Class C address are 110. The first 2 bits sum to a decimal value of 192 (128 + 64). This forms the lower mathematical boundary of the Class C address space. The third bit equates to a decimal value of 32. Forcing this bit
32

to a value of 0 establishes the upper mathematical boundary of the address space. Lacking the capability to use the third digit limits the maximum value of this octet to 255 - 32, which equals 223. Therefore, the range of possible Class C network addresses is from 192.0.1.0 to 223.255.254.0. The last octet is used for host addressing. Each Class C address can support a theoretical maximum of 256 unique host addresses (0 through 255), but only 254 are usable because 0 and 255 are not valid host numbers. There can be 2,097,150 different Class C network numbers.

Note In the world of IP addressing, 0 and 255 are reserved host address values. IP addresses that have all their host address bits set equal to 0 identify the local network. Similarly, IP addresses that have all their host address bits set equal to 255 are used to broadcast to all end systems within that network number.

4.3.4.

Class D Addresses

The Class D address class was created to enable multicasting in an IP network. The Class D multicasting mechanisms have seen only limited usage. A multicast address is a unique network address that directs packets with that destination address to predefined groups of IP addresses. Therefore, a single station can simultaneously transmit a single stream of datagrams to multiple recipients. The need to create separate streams of datagrams, one for each destination, is eliminated. Routers that support multicasting would duplicate the datagram and forward as needed to the predetermined end systems. Multicasting has long been deemed a desirable feature in an IP network because it can substantially reduce network traffic.

The Class D address space, much like the other address spaces, is mathematically constrained. The first 4 bits of a Class D address must be 1110. Presetting the first 3 bits of the first octet to 1s means that the address space begins at 128 + 64 + 32, which equals 224. Preventing the fourth bit from being used means that the Class D address is limited to a maximum value of 128 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1, or 239. Therefore, the Class D addresses space ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.254.

This range may seem odd because the upper boundary is specified with all four octets.
33

Ordinarily, this would mean that the octets for both host and network numbers are being used to signify a network number. There is a reason for this. The Class D address space isn't used for internetworking to individual end systems or networks. Class D addresses are used for delivering multicast datagrams within a private network to groups of IP-addressed end systems. Therefore, there isn't a need to allocate octets or bits of the address to separate network and host addresses. Instead, the entire address space can be used to identify groups of IP addresses (Classes A, B, or C). Today, numerous other proposals are being developed that would allow IP multicasting without the complexity of a Class D address space.

4.3.5

Class E Addresses

A Class E address has been defined, but is reserved by the IETF for its own research. Therefore, no Class E addresses have been released for use in the Internet. The first 4 bits of a Class E address are always set to 1s; therefore, the range of valid addresses is from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. Given that this class was defined for research purposes, and its use is limited to inside the IETF, it is not necessary to examine it any further.

4.4

IP Routing

When we want to connect two or more networks using different n/w addresses then we have to use IP Routing technique. The router will be used to perform routing between the networks. A router will perform following functions for routing. Path determination Packet forwarding

(1) Path determination The process of obtaining path in routing table is called path determination. There are three different methods to which router can learn path. i) Automatic detection of directly connected n/w. ii) Static & Default routing iii) Dynamic routing

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(2) Packet forwarding It is a process that is by default enable in router. The router will perform packet forwarding only if route is available in the routing table.

4.5

Routing Process
(i) The pc has a packet in which destination address is not same as the local n/w address. (ii) The pc will send an ARP request for default gateway. The router will reply to the ARP address and inform its Mac address to pc. (iii) The pc will encapsulate data, in which source IP is pc itself, destination IP is server, source Mac is pcs LAN interface and destination Mac is routers LAN interface.

Fig. 4.1 Routing Process

S. MAC PC1 D. IP S. IP

D. MAC R1 172.16.0.5 10.0.0.6

The router will receive the frame, store it into the buffer. When obtain packet from
the frame then forward data according to the destination IP of packet. The router will obtain a route from routing table according to which next hop IP and interface is selected (iv) According to the next hop, the packet will encapsulated with new frame and data is send to the output queue of the interface.
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4.6

Router Access Modes

When we access router command prompt the router will display different modes. According to the modes, privileges and rights are assigned to the user.

Fig. 4.2

Router access modes

4.6.1

User mode

In this mode, we can display basic parameter and status of the router we can test connectivity and perform telnet to other devices. In this mode we are not enable to manage & configure router.

4.6.2

Privileged mode

In this mode, we can display all information, configuration, perform administration task, debugging, testing and connectivity with other devices. We are not able to perform here configuration editing of the router. The command to enter in this mode is enable. We have to enter enable password or enable secret password to enter in this mode. Enable secret has more priority than enable password. If both passwords are configured then only enable secret will work.

4.6.3

Global configuration

This mode is used for the configuration of global parameters in the router. Global parameters applied to the entire router. For e.g.: - router hostname or access list of router the command enters in this mode is configure terminal.

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4.6.4

Line configuration mode

This mode is used to configure lines like console, vty and auxiliary. There are main types of line that are configured. * Console router(config)#line console 0 *Auxiliary router(config)#line aux 0 *Telnet or vty router(config)#line vty 0 4

4.6.5

Interface configuration mode

This mode is used to configure router interfaces. For e.g:- Ethernet, Serial, BRI etc. Router(config)#interface <type> <number> Router(config)#interface serial 1

4.6.6

Routing configuration mode

This mode is used to configure routing protocol like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF etc. *Router(config)#router <protocol> [<option>] *Router(config)#router rip *Router(config)#router eigrp 10

4.7

Configuring Password
4.7.1 Console Password

There are six types of password available in a router

router#configure terminal router(config)#line console 0 router(config-line)#password <word> router(config-line)#login router(config-line)#exit 4.7.2 router>enable router#configure terminal router(config)#line vty 0 4 router(config-line)#password <word> router(config-line)#login router(config-line)#exit
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Vty Password

4.7.3

Auxiliary Password

router#configure terminal router(config)#line Aux 0 router(config-line)#password <word> router(config-line)#login router(config-line)#exit

4.7.4 router>enable

Enable Password

router#configure terminal router(config)#enable password <word> router(config)#exit

4.7.5

Enable Secret Password

Enable Password is the clear text password. It is stored as clear text in configuration where as enable secret password is the encrypted password with MD5 (Media Digest 5) algorithm. Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#enable secret <word> Router(config)#exit

4.7.6

Encryption all passwords

All passwords other than enable secret password are clear text password.

We can encrypt all passwords using level 7 algorithms. The command to encrypt all passwords is Router#configure terminal Router(config)#service password-encryption

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4.8

Managing Configuration

There are two types of configuration present in a router (1) Startup Configuration (2) Running Configuration (1) Startup configuration is stored in the NVRAM. Startup configuration is used to save settings in a router. Startup configuration is loaded at the time of booting in to the Primary RAM. (2) Running Configuration is present in the Primary RAM wherever we run a command for configuration; this command is written in the running configuration. To save configuration Router#copy running-configuration startup-configuration Or Router#write To abort configuration Router#copy startup-configuration running-configuration To display running-configuration Router#show running-configuration To display startup configuration Router#show startup-configuration Configuring HostName Router#configure terminal Router#hostname` <name> #exit

Configuring Interfaces

Interfaces configuration is one of the most important part of the router configuration. By default, all interfaces of Cisco router are in disabled mode. We have to use different commands as our requirement to enable and configure the interface.

Configuring IP, Mask and Enabling the Interface

39

Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface <type> <no> Router(config-if)#ip address <ip> <mask> Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#exit Interface Numbers Interface numbers start from 0 for each type of interface some routers will directly used interface number while other router will use slot no/port no addressing technique. To display interface status: Router#show interfaces (to show all interfaces) OR Router#show interface <type> <no>

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CHAPTER 5

TYPES OF ROUTING

5.1 Static Routing

In this routing, we have to use IP route commands through which we can specify routes for different networks. The administrator will analyze whole internetwork topology and then specify the route for each n/w that is not directly connected to the router.

5.1.1 Steps to perform static routing

(1) Create a list of all n/w present in internetwork. (2) Remove the n/w address from list, which is directly connected to n/w. (3) Specify each route for each routing n/w by using IP route command.

Router(config)#ip route <destination n/w> <mask> <next hop ip> Next hop IP: It is the IP address of neighbor router that is directly connected to our router.

Static Routing Example: Router#configure terminal Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.10.2

5.1.2 Advantages of static routing

(1) Fast and efficient. (2) More control over selected path. (3) Less overhead for router. (4) Bandwidth of interfaces is not consumed in routing updates.

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5.1.3 Disadvantages of static routing

(1) More overheads on administrator. (2) Load balancing is not easily possible. (3) In case of topology change routing table has to be change manually.

5.1.4 Alternate command to specify static route

Static route can also specify in following syntax: Router(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.25.0.2 Or Router(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 serial 0

5.1.5 Backup route or loading static route

If more than one path is available from our router to destination then we can specify one route as primary and other route as backup route. Administrator Distance is used to specify one route as primary and other route as backup. Router will select lower AD route to forward the traffic. By default static route has AD value of 1. With backup path, we will specify higher AD so that this route will be used if primary route is unavailable. Protocols Directly Connected Static BGP EIGRP IGRP OSPF RIP AD 0 1 20 90 100 110 120

Syntax: - To set backup path Router(config)#ip route <dest. n/w> <mask> <next hop> <AD> <exit interface>

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Example: Router#configure terminal Router(config)#ip route 150.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 150.20.0.5 Router(config)#ip route 150.10.0.0 25.255.0.0 160.20.1.1 8 (below 20) Router(config)#exit Scenario 1

Fig.5.1 Static routing

To display routing table Router#show ip route

To display static routes only Router#show ip route static

To display connected n/ws only Router#show ip route connected

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To check all the interface of a router Router#show interface brief

5.2

Default Routing

Default routing means a route for any n/w. these routes are specify with the help of following syntax: Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 <next hop>

This type of routing is used in following scenario.

Scenario 2: Stub network A n/w which has only one exit interface is called stub network.

Fig. 5.2 Default routing

(If there is one next hop then we can use default routing)

Internet connectivity On Internet, million of n/ws are present. So we have to specify default routing on our router.
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Default route is also called gateway of last resort. This route will be used when no other routing protocol is available.

If there is one next hop then we can use default routing.

5.3

Dynamic Routing

In dynamic routing, we will enable a routing protocol on router. This protocol will send its routing information to the neighbor router. The neighbors will analyze the information and write new routes to the routing table.

The routers will pass routing information receive from one router to other router also. If there are more than one path available then routes are compared and best path is selected. Some examples of dynamic protocol are: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF

5.3.1 Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

According to the working there are two types of Dynamic Routing Protocols. (1) Distance Vector (2) Link State

According to the type of area in which protocol is used there are again two types of protocol: -

(1) Interior Routing Protocol (2) Exterior Routing Protocol (a) Distance Vector Routing

The Routing, which is based on two parameters, that is distance and direction is called Distance Vector Routing. The example of Distance Vector Routing is RIP & IGRP. Operation: (1) Each Router will send its directly connected information to the neighbor router. This information is send periodically to the neighbors.

45

Fig.5.3 Distance vector routing

(2) The neighbor will receive routing updates and process the route according to following conditions: (i) If update of a new n/w is received then this information is stored in routing table. (ii) If update of a route is received which is already present in routing table then route will be refresh that is route times are reset to zero. (iii) If update is received for a route with lower metric then the route, which is already present in our routing table. The router will discard old route and write the new route in the routing table. (iv) If update is received with higher metric then the route that is already present in routing table, in this case the new update will be discard. (3) A timer is associated with each route. The router will forward routing information on all interfaces and entire routing table is send to the neighbor.

There are three types of timers associated with a router route:

(i) Route update timer. It is the time after which the router will send periodic update to the neighbor. (ii) Route invalid timer. It is the time after which the route is declared invalid, if there are no updates for the route. Invalid route are not forwarded to neighbor routers but it is still used to forward the traffic. (iii) Route flush timer. It is the time after which route is removed from the routing table, if there are no updates about the router.

46

Metric of Dynamic Routing Metric are the measuring unit to calculate the distance of destination n/w. A protocol may use a one or more than one at a time to calculate the distance. Different types of metric are: (1) Hop Count (2) Band Width (3) Load (4) Reliability (5) Delay (6) MTU

Hop Count It is the no. of Hops (Routers) a packet has to travel for a destination n/w. Bandwidth Bandwidth is the speed of link. The path with higher bandwidth is preferred to send the data. Load Load is the amount of traffic present in the interface. Paths with lower load and high throughput are used to send data. Reliability Reliability is up time of interface over a period of time. Delay Delay is the time period b/w a packet is sent and received by the destination. MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) It is the maximum size of packet that can be sent in a frame mostly MTU is set to 1500.

Problems of Distance Vector There are two main problems of distance vector routing: *Bandwidth Consumption *Routing Loops

47

(i) Bandwidth Consumption The problem of excessive bandwidth consumption is solved out with the help of autonomous system. It exchanges b/w different routers. We can also perform route summarization to reduce the traffic.

(ii) Routing Loops It may occur b/w adjacent routers due to wrong routing information. Distance Vector routing is also called routing by Rumor. Due to this the packet may enter in the loop condition until their TTL is expired.

Methods to solve routing loops There are five different methods to solve or reduce the problem of routing loop. (i) Maximum Hop Count

This method limits the maximum no. of hops a packet can travel. This method does not solve loop problem. But it reduces the loop size in the n/w. Due to this method the end to end size of a n/w is also limited.

(ii)

Flash Updates/Triggered Updates

In this method a partial update is send to the all neighbors as soon as there is topology change. The router, which receives flash updates, will also send the flash updates to the neighbor routers.

Fig.5.4 Flash updates

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(iii)

Split Horizon

Split Horizon states routes that update receive from an interface cannot be send back to same interface.

Fig.5.5 Split horizon

(iv)

Poison Reverse

This method is the combination of split Horizon and Flash updates. It implements the rule that information received from the interface can not be sent back to the interface and in case of topology change flash updates will be send to the neighbor.

(v)

Hold Down

If a route changes frequently then the route is declared in Hold Down state and no updates are received until the Hold Down timer expires.
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP):

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a true distance-vector routing protocol.

RIP Features:

Distance Vector Routing Protocol Maximum Reachable hop-count is 15 Hop 16 is considered unreachable Metric is HOP COUNT Administrative distance 120 Sends periodic update every 30 seconds Supports equal path load balancing Works at application layer

RIP Timers:RIP uses different kinds of timers to regulate its performance:

1. Route update timer Sets the interval (typically 30 seconds) between periodic routing updates, in which the router sends a complete copy of its routing table out to all neighbours. 2. Route invalid timer Determines the length of time that must elapse (180 seconds) before a router determines that a route has become invalid. It will come to this conclusion if it hasnt heard any updates about a particular route for that period. When that happens, the router will send out updates to all its neighbours letting them know that the route is invalid. 3. Hold down timer This sets the amount of time during which routing information is suppressed. Routes will enter into the hold down state when an update packet is received that indicated the route is unreachable. This continues until either an update packet is received with a better metric or until the hold down timer expires. The default is 180 seconds.
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4. Route flush timer Sets the time between a route becoming invalid and its removal from the routing table (240 seconds). Before its removed from the table, the router notifies its neighbours of that routes impending demise. The value of the route invalid timer must be less than that of the route flush timer. This gives the router enough time to tell its neighbors about the invalid route before the local routing table is updated. Configuring RIP

Router#confiure terminal Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network <own net address> Router(config-router)#network <own net address> Router(config-router)#exit
RIP advanced configuration

(a)

Passive Interfaces

An interface, which is not able to send routing updates but able to receive routing update only is called Passive Interface. We can declare an interface as passive with following commands: -

Router#configure terminal Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#Passive-interface <type> <no> Router(config-router)#exit

(b)

Configuring Timers

Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#timers basic <update> <invalid> <hold down> <flush> Router(config-router)#exit

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Example: Router(config-router)#timer basic 50 200 210 300 Update 50 sec Invalid 200 sec Hold 210 sec Flush 300 sec (d) To configure Load Balance RIP is able to perform equal path cost Load Balancing. If multiple paths are available with equal Hop Count for the destination then RIP will balance load equally on all paths. Load Balancing is enabled by default 4 paths. We can change the no. of paths. It can use simultaneously by following command: Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#maximum-path <1-6>

(e)

To display RIP parameters Router#show ip protocol

This command displays following parameters: (i) RIP Timers (ii) RIP Version (iii) Route filtering (iv) Route redistribution (v) Interfaces on which update send (vi) And receive (vii) Advertise n/w (viii) Passive interface (ix) Neighbor RIP

RIP version 2 RIP version 2 supports following new features: (1) Support VLSM (send mask in updates) (2) Multicast updates using address 224.0.0.9 (3) Supports authentication
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Commands to enable RIP version 2 We have to change RIP version 1 to RIP version 2. Rest all communication will remain same in RIP version 2.

Router(config)#Router RIP Router(config-router)#version 2 Router(config-router)#exit

To debug RIP routing Router#debug ip rip To disable debug routing Router#no debug ip rip

(b)

Link State Routing

This type of routing is based on link state. Its working is explain as under

(1) Each router will send Hello packets to all neighbors using all interfaces. (2) The router from which Hello reply receive are stored in the neighbor ship table. Hello packets are send periodically to maintain the neighbor table. (3) The router will send link state information to the all neighbors. Link state information from one neighbor is also forwarded to other neighbor. (4) Each router will maintain its link state database created from link state advertisement received from different routers. (5) The router will use best path algorithm to store the path in routing table.

Problems of Link State Routing The main problems of link state routing are: (1) High bandwidth consumption. (2) More hardware resources required that is processor and memory (RAM) The routing protocols, which use link state routing, are:OSPF, EIGRP etc.
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Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol:

EIGRP is sometimes referred to as a hybrid routing protocol because it has characteristics of both distance-vector and link-state protocols

Features of EIGRP: Following are the EIGRP features: Cisco proprietary Hybrid protocol Link state Distance Vector Multicast Updates using Address 224.0.0.10 Support AS Support VLSM Automatic Route Summarization Unequal path cost load balancing Metric (32 bit composite) o Bandwidth o Delay o Load o Reliability o MTU Neighbor Recovery Partial updates Triggered updates Backup Route Multi Protocol Routing Configuring EIGRP Router(config)#router eigrp <as no> Router(config-router)#network <net addr.> Router(config-router)#network <net addr.> Router(config-router)#exit

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EIGRP Timers:-

To control performance, EIGRP includes the following timers with default settings:

1. Update timers:-These specify how frequently routing-update messages should be sent. The default is 90 seconds.

2. Invalid timers:-These specify how long a router should wait before declaring a route invalid if it doesnt receive a specific update about it. The default is three times the update period.

3. Hold down timers:-These specify the hold down period. The default is three times the update timer period plus 10 seconds.

4. Flush timers These indicate how much time should pass before a route should be flushed from the routing table. The default is seven times the routing update period. If the update timer is 90 seconds.

5.3.2

Autonomous system

Autonomous system is the group of contiguous routers and n/w, which will share their routing information directly with each other. If all routers are in single domain and they share their information directly with each other then the size of routing updates will depend on the no. of n/w present in the Internetwork. Update for each n/w may take 150 200 bytes information.

For example: - if there are 1000 n/ws then size of update will be 200*1000 = 200000 bytes.

The routing information is send periodically so it may consume a large amount of bandwidth in our n/w.
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Fig. 5.7 Autonomous system

Protocols used under different conditions:

Interior Routing RIP IGRP EIGRP OSPF

Exterior Routing BGP EXEIGRP

5.3.3 Open Shortest Path First Protocol

Features: Link State Routing Protocol Open standard Multicast updates at 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 Support VLSM Support Area similar to AS Manual Route Summarization Hierarchical model Metric is Bandwidth Support authentication Supports unlimited hop count
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OSPF Terminology

(1) Hello packets (2) LSA (Link State Advertisement) (3) Neighbor (4) Neighbor table (5) Topology table (LSA database)
Router ID

Router ID is the highest IP address of router interfaces. This id is used as the identity of the router. It maintains link state databases. The first preference for selecting router ID is given to the Logical interfaces. If logical interface is not present then highest IP of physical interface is selected as router id. ROUTER ID

Fig. 5.8 Router ID

Area Area is the group of routers & n/ws, which can share their routing information directly with each other. OSPF Area Characteristics:

FIG: 5.9 Autonomous System

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- Minimizes routing table entries. - Localizes impact of a topology change within an area. - Detailed LSA flooding stops at the area boundary. Adjacency A router is called adjacency when neighbor relationship is established. We can also say adjacency relationship is formed between the routers.

5.3.4

OSPF Hierarchical Model

Fig. 5.10 OSPF Hierarchical Model

Area Router (Autonomous System Border Router ASBR) A router, which has all interfaces member of single area, is called area router. Backbone Area Area 0 is called backbone area. All other areas must connect to the backbone area for communication.

58

Backbone Router A router, which has all interfaces members of area 0, is called backbone router.

Area Border Router A router, which connects an area with area 0, is called area border router.

Commands to configure OSPF

Router#configure terminal Router(config)#router ospf <process no> Router(config-router)#network<net address><wild mask>area<areaid> Router(config-router)#exit Wild Mask Complement of subnet mask

OSPF SCENARIO

Fig. 5.12 OSPF

59

COMMANDS: R1 Router(config-router)#network Router(config-router)#network R2 Router(config-router)#network Router(config-router)#network Router(config-router)#network R3 Router(config-router)#network Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 50.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 0.255.255.255 area area 1 1 20.0.0.0 30.0.0.0 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 0.255.255.255 0.255.255.255 area area area 0 1 1 20.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 0.255.255.255 area area 0 0

Command to display OSPF parameter Router#show ip protocol

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CHAPTER 6 Access Control List 6.1 ACL

ACL are the basic security feature that is required in any network to control the flow of traffic. Most of time our network may have servers and clients for which traffic control is required. We can also use ACL to classify the traffic. ACLs are used in features like QOS (Quality of Service), Prioritize traffic and interesting traffic for ISDN.

6.2

Classification Access Control List: Types of ACL based on Protocol: (1) IP Access Control List (2) IPX Access Control List (3) AppleTalk Access Control List

Types of ACL based on Feature: (1) Standard ACL (2) Extended ACL

Types of ACL based on Access mode: (1) Numbered ACL (2) Named ACL

Types of ACL based on Order of rules: (1) Deny, permit (2) Permit, deny

Types of ACL based on direction of implementation: (1) Inbound ACL (2) Outbound ACL

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6.3

Flow chart of Inbound ACL

A Packet is received

Is there any Access list applied on interface in inbound direction?

Yes

N o

The packed is passed to Routing Engine

Is there any matching rule in ACL from topdown order?

Yes Yes The packed is passed to RE Is it permit? N o

N o

The packet is dropped

The packet is dropped

Fig. 6.1 Flow chart of Inbound ACL

6.4
packets.

IP Standard ACL (Numbered)

In Standard ACL, we are only able to specify source address for the filtering of

The syntax to create IP standard ACL are: Router#configure terminal Router(config)#access-list <no> <permit|deny> <source> Router(config)#exit

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Example: - 172.16.0.16 18 should not access Internet; rest of all other pc should access Internet.

Fig. 6.2 Configuring ACL

Router#configure terminal Router(config)#access-list 30 deny 172.16.0.16 Router(config)#access-list 30 deny 172.16.0.17 Router(config)#access-list 30 deny 172.16.0.18 Router(config)#access-list 30 permit any Router(config)#exit

Applying ACL on interface Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface <type> <no> Router(config-if)#ip access-group <ACL no.> <in|out> Router(config-if)#exit

Rule for applying ACL Only one ACL can be applied on each interface, in each direction for each protocol.
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6.5

IP Standard ACL (Named)

In Numbered ACL editing feature is not available that is we are not able to delete single rule from the ACL. In Named ACL editing feature is available. Router#configure terminal Router(config)#ip access-list standard <name> Router(config-std-nacl)#<deny|permit> <source> Router(config-std-nacl)#exit Router#configure terminal Router(config)#ip access-list standard abc Router(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.0.16 Router(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.0.17 Router(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.0.18 Router(config-std-nacl)#permit any To modify the ACL Router#confiue terminal Router(config)#ip access-list standard abc Router(config-std-nacl)#no deny 172.16.0.17 Router(config-std-nacl)#exit To control Telnet access using ACL If we want to control telnet with the help of ACL then we can create a standard ACL and apply this ACL on vty port. The ACL that we will create for vty will be permit deny order.

Example: - suppose we want to allow telnet to our router from 192.168.10.5 & 192.168.10.30 pc. Router#configure terminal Router(config)#access-list 50 permit 192.168.10.5 Router(config)#access-list 50 permit 192.168.10.30 Router(config)#line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)#access-class 50 in Router(config)#exit

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Chapter 7 LAN Switching 7.1 LAN Switching

Ethernet switches are used in LAN to create Ethernet n/ws. Switches forward the traffic on the basis of MAC address. Switches maintain a Mac Addressee table in which mac addresses and port nos used to perform switching decision. Working of bridge and switch is similar to each other. Classification of switches Switches are classified according to the following criteria: Types of switches based on working (1) Store & Forward This switch receives entire frame then perform error checking and start forwarding data to the destination. (2) Cut through this switch starts forwarding frame as soon as first six bytes of the frame are received. (3) Fragment-free this switch receives 64 bytes of the frame, perform error checking and then start forwarding data. (4) Adaptive cut-through it changes its mode according the condition. If it sees there are errors in many frames then it changes to Store & Forward mode from Cut through or Fragment-free. Types of switches based on management (1) Manageable switches (2) Non-Manageable switches (3) Semi-Manageable switches

Types of switches based on OSI layer (1) Layer 2 switches (only switching) (2) Layer 3 switches (switching & routing)

65

Types of switches based on command mode (only in Cisco) (1) IOS based (2) CLI based Type of switches based on hierarchical model (1) Core layer switches (2) Distribution layer switches (3) Access layer switches

Qualities of switch - No. of ports - Speed of ports - Type of media - Switching or wire speed or throughput

Configuring IP and Gateway on switch We can configure IP address on switch for web access or telnet IP address is required for the administration of the switch. If we have to access switch from remote n/w then we will configure default gateway in addition to IP address. IP address is assigned to the logical interface of switch with following command:-

Switch(config)#interface vlan 1 Switch(config)#IP address <ip> <mask> Switch(config)#no sh Switch(config)#exit

7.2

VLAN (Virtual LAN)

VLAN provides Virtual Segmentation of Broadcast Domain in the network. The devices, which are member of same Vlan, are able to communicate with each other. The devices of different Vlan may communicate with each other with routing. So that different Vlan devices will use different n/w addresses.

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Vlan provides following advantages: (1) Logical Segmentation of network (2) Enhance network security Creating port based Vlan In port based Vlan, first we have to create a Vlan on manageable switch then we have to add ports to the Vlan.

Commands to create Vlan Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#vlan <no> [name <word>] Switch(config)#exit optional Or Switch#vlan database Switch(vlan)#vlan <no> [name <word>] Switch(vlan)#exit Commands to configure ports for a Vlan By default, all ports are member of single vlan that is Vlan1. We can change vlan membership according to our requirement. Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#interface <type> <no> Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan <no> Switch(config-if)#exit

Commands to configure multiple ports in a vlan Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#interface range <type> <slot/port no (space)(space) port no> Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan <no> Switch(config-if)#exit
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Example: - Suppose we want to add interface fast Ethernet 0/10 to 0/18 in vlan5 Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#interface range fastethernet 0/10 18 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 5 Switch(config-if)#exit To Disable web access in switch Switch#config ter Switch(config)#no ip http server

To display mac address table Switch#show mac-address-table

To Display Vlan and port membership Switch#show vlan VTP server VTP server is a switch in which we can create, delete or modify Vlans. The server will send periodic updates for VTP clients. VTP client On VTP client, we are not able to create, modify or delete Vlans. The client will receive and forward vtp updates. The client will create same Vlans as defined in vtp update. Commands Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#vtp domain <name> Switch(config)#vtp password <word> Switch(config)#vtp mode <server|client|transparent> Switch(config)#exit By default in cisco switches the VTP mode is set as VTP server with no domain and no password. To display VTP status Switch#show vtp status
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Chapter 8

Wide Area Network (WAN)

8.1 Defining WAN Terms

Before ordering a WAN service type, it would be a good idea to understand the following terms, commonly used by service providers:

Customer premises equipment (CPE) Customer premises equipment (CPE) is equipment thats owned by the subscriber and located on the subscribers premises. Demarcation point The demarcation location is the spot where the service providers responsibility ends and the CPE begins. Its generally a device in a telecommunications closet owned and installed by the telecommunications company. The customer is responsible to cable ) from this box to the CPE, which is usually a connection to a CSU/DSU or ISDN interface. Local loop The local loop connects the demarc to the closest switching office, called a central office. Central office (CO) This point connects the customers to the providers switching network. A central office (CO) is sometimes referred to as a point of presence (POP). Toll network The toll network is a trunk line inside a WAN providers network. This network is a collection of switches and facilities owned by the ISP.

8.2

WAN Connection Types

A WAN can use a number of different connection types and this section will provide you with an introduction to the various types of WAN connections youll find on the market today.

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Figure shows the different WAN connection types that can be used to connect your LANs together (DTE) over a DCE network.

FIG: WAN Connection Types

The following list explains the WAN connection types:

Leased lines Typically, these are referred to as a point-to-point connection or dedicated connection. A leased line is a pre-established WAN communications path from the CPE, through the DCE switch, to the CPE of the remote site, allowing DTE networks to communicate at any time with no setup procedures before transmitting data. When cost is no object, its really the best choice. It uses synchronous serial lines up to 45Mbps. HDLC and PPP encapsulations are frequently used on leased lines, and Ill go over them with you in detail in a bit.
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Circuit switching

When you hear the term circuit switching, think phone call. The big advantage is costyou only pay for the time you actually use. No data can transfer before an endto end connection is established. Circuit switching uses dial-up modems or ISDN, and is used for low-bandwidth data transfers.

Packet switching

This is a WAN switching method that allows you to share bandwidth with other companies to save money. Packet switching can be thought of as a network thats designed to look like a leased line, yet charges you (and costs) more like circuit switching. There is a downside: If you need to transfer data constantly, forget about this option. Just get yourself a leased line. Packet switching will only work well if your data transfers are bursty in nature. Frame Relay and X.25 are packet-switching technologies. Speeds can range from 56Kbps to T3 (45Mbps).

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CONCLUSION

CCNA training has made me learn 21st century skills such as complex problem solving and critical thinking. To conclude one can say that CCNA training was really beneficial for me and making report for such a great training is not being written just for the sake of writing. I am crisply stating the main take away points from my work. I feel that CCNA Security Course help to meet the growing demand for network security skills. It provides the blended curriculum which provides a hands-on and carrier oriented introduction to come security concepts. The course is highly beneficial, as I feel; it helps students differentiate themselves in the marketplace. Develop students for network security carrier opportunities. It enhances specialized security skills.

BHARAT KHANEJA (3409135) ECE-2009 BATCH

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES CCNA TEXTBOOK, BY DUCAT-INDIA CCNA COURSE GUIDE -By Todd Lammle Computer Hardware & Design -By Mouris Mano

Websites www.google.com www.cisco.com www.scribd.com www.wikipedia.org www.faadooengineers.com

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