H64APC FACTs and Distributed Power Systems

STATCOM A Power Electronic System

STATCOM

Power converter connected via a coupling inductor to the power system Behaves as a current controlled source

Injects current with leading or lagging power factor onto the power system If Vpcc (Voltage at point of common coupling) remains reasonably constant, the STATCOM can be considered as a source of leading or lagging reactive power

Has very fast current control loops and can react quickly to maintain system voltage

STATCOM

V pwm
Vdc

V pcc

Controlled Current Source

Control Vpwm with respect to Vpcc to control the current in the inductor (and injected into the supply)

Identical structure to Sinusoidal (PWM) Rectifier

Principle of Operation
Istat

controlled to lead Vpcc (phase) by 90o

Magnitude of Istat determined by

1.

Specific reactive power demand from system wide controller Locally controlled to regulate Vpcc

2.

We consider the application where it is used to control Vpcc Consider behaviour of a simple system in the presence of a load change

Phasor Diagrams

Control

Nested control system normally employed Outer loop measures and controls Vpcc to match a reference value Vpcc*

Outer loop provides reference for the magnitude of Istat

Inner loop provides fast control of the current.

Control Design

Assume ideal inner current loop

E.g. vector control or hysteresis control

Need model of the system to design outer voltage controller

Consider steady state

Control Design

Controlled Voltage Source

V pwm
Vdc

V pcc

Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

Converts DC to AC (for simplicity assume Vdc is an ideal voltage source Uses pulsewidth modulation (PWM) Vpwm approximates a sinewave with large carrier harmonics Inductor reduces the effect of the carrier harmonics
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PWM
Consider one leg only care must be taken not to switch Q1
and Q2 simultaneously a lockout delay is introduced between the switching off of 1 device and the switching on of its partner

Sa 1 1 0 0

Sb 0 0 1 1

Ia + + -

Vax Vdc/2 Vdc/2 -Vdc/2 -Vdc/2

Conducting Device Q1 D1 D2 Q2

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PWM
Vax, Vbx and Vcx are switched between Vdc/2 and Vdc/2
and have pulse widths which vary sinusoidally at the desired frequency pulsewidth modulation (PWM)

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PWM
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

Modulation and Carrierwaves for PWM

0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

1.5

PWM Output

0.5

-0.5 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

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PWM Spectrum
A typical spectrum of VAX would look like:
output voltage spectrum 0.45 0.4 fundamental 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 carrier and sidebands 0.15 second carrier and sidebands 0.1 0.05 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 harmonic 70 80 90 100

harmonic amplitude

Would probably employ a passive shunt bandpass filter tuned to the switching frequency

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ABB Statcom

STATCOM connected to 32kV secondary bus 95MVA Series connection of IGBTs Diode Clamped Converters
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