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Buoyancy Factor

Directional Drilling
Bottom Hole Assemblies

BF =1 M W 65.4

BF = 1 MW 7.85

where : MW (lb/gal) or (SG) mud weight 65.4 (lb/gal) density of steel

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7.85 (SG)

- -

--

Weight Correction
Buoyancy factor

Force Components

BF = 1 MW 65.4
W =W x BF buoy air Fa = Lx W xcos IN buoy

DC axial normal Fn normal force

Fa Fn

WOB torque and drag

Buoyed unit weight

Axial weight force

Fa weight on bit

Normal weight force

Fn =Lx W x sinIN buoy

weight of DC

Notes : IN hole inclination, degrees wair from pipe tables, lb/ft

MW mud weight, lb/gal L length, ft

Use only the 75-80% of the available BHA weight for WOB for keeping the neutral point of tension within the DC column

Effect of Hole Inclination

Note !

The weight of the DC DC Fnormal= 0 Fnormal= W buoy x sin IN Fnormal= W buoy Fn Faxial = W buoy x cos IN Axial weight force Fa Normal weight force Fn Faxial= 0

F = L x W buoy

Fa F

Faxial= W buoy Friction Force : Ff = Fnormal x ff

F=

(F

2 a

2 + Fn [lb]

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Basic Rotary Assembly Types

Slick Angle Dropping Assembly

Dropping Assembly (Pendulum) Building Assembly (Fulcrum) Holding Assembly (Packed Hole)
tangency length

wellbore contact

To increase drop rate : negative side force Increase stiffness Increase bit/DC size ratio Increase DC weight Decrease WOB Increase rotary speed

Problems ?

The Pendulum Principle Generic Angle Dropping (Pendulum) Assembly

Pendulum assemblies drop angle as a pendulum creates negative side force Bit Drill collar, 30-90ft String stabilizer, full gauge Drill collar, 30ft String stabilizer, full gauge Drill collar,90ft HWDP, 90ft min. Drill pipe

Fs = W c x BF x TL x sin IN
Fs Side force on bit (lbs) Wc Weight below tangency point (lbs/ft) TL Length of pendulum (ft) IN Inclination at tangency point (deg) BF Buoyancy factor (-)

tangency point Fs

Pendulum Assembly - Tally

Drilling Parameters Used in BHA Analysis

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Pendulum Assembly - Performance

The Fulcrum Principle

The fulcrum uses a near-bit stabilizer WOB (if sufficient) will cause the bottom DC to bend In holes with inclination > 5, DC will bend towards the low side of the hole This bend will cause bit to exert a side force against the high side of the hole, resulting in a build-up of angle as drilling progresses WOB

Generic Angle Building (Fulcrum) Assembly

Fulcrum Assembly - Tally

Bit Near-bit Stabilizer, full gauge Drill collar, 30-90ft String stabilizer, full gauge Drill collar, 30-60ft String stabilizer, full gauge Drill collar,90ft HWDP, 90ft min. Drill pipe, as required

Fulcrum Assembly - Performance

Packed Hole Assembly

The packed hole assembly is used to maintain angle or build/drop at mild rates 3 or more stabilizers are placed at specified points to control the deflection of the drill collar string The increased straightness of the drill collars reduces or eliminates the bit tilt

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Packed Hole Assembly - Tally Generic Packed Hole Assembly

Bit Near-bit Stabilizer, full gauge Short Drill collar, 6-20ft String stabilizer, full gauge Drill collar, 30ft String stabilizer, full gauge Drill collar,90ft HWDP, 90ft min. Drill pipe, as required

Packed Hole Assembly - Performance

Packed Hole Assembly - Performance

Typical Configurations - Summary

Directional Assemblies

pendulum

30 90 ft dropping 9 27 m as close as possible building 9 27 m

30 ft 9m

Traditional Assemblies :
straight motors or turbines with bent subs

30 90 ft 30 ft fulcrum 9m

Steerable Assemblies :
bent housing motors or turbines Stabilized Slick

5-20 ft holding 1.5 6 m 9m 9 - 18 m 30 ft 30 - 60 ft packed hole

Rotary Steerable Systems :

Indirect side force (Appleton, DDD) Direct side force (Camco, BHI) Bit pointing (SSDS, Amoco,Precision Drilling/Computalog)

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Three point Geometry

Theoretical DLS

Top stabilizer 3 points, which are not on the same straight line
Top stabilizer

R T Bend angle
200 (o / 100 ft) L1 + L 2

R
L2

DLS =

defines only 1 circle Motor stabilizer or bend

Motor stabilizer Curved borehole L1 Bit

Based on the assumption that the stabilizers are full gauge, and the bend is at the motor stabilizer

Bit

3-p Geometry Calculation vs. PLANIT BHA Analysis

3-p Geometry Calculation vs. PLANIT BHA Analysis

(7.94 vs. 7.20 8.40 /100 ft)

9-5/8 SperryDrill 6/7 5.0 From 3- p calculations the build rate is 7.94/100 ft

IN = 5 For comparison, these data were used in PLANIT

IN = 35

Traditional Straight Mud Motor / Bent Sub

SteerableMotor Assembly with Bent Housing Motor

Conventional (straight) motor (turbine) BHA Usable with single shot orientations Smoothest curvature Must be tripped when EOB reached or correction finished The BHA must not be rotated

Stabilizers, bend and bit provides 3 contact points

Slick assembly cannot be properly analyzed, behaviour is sensitive of WOB

Sliding and rotating are possible Bend might be adjusted on site More tortuous hole

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Generic Slick Steerable Assembly

Bit Mud motor with bent housing, without sleeve stabilizer Drill collar, or MWD hang-off collar, 30-40ft Drill collar, 90ft HWDP 30-90ft Drill pipe, as required

Generic Stabilized Steerable Assembly

Bit Mud motor with bent housing, w/ sleeve stabilizer, 1/16-1/4 undergauge String stabilizer on top of motor, 1/8 -1/2 undergauge Drill collar, or MWD hang-off collar, 30-40ft String stabilizer, full gauge to undergauge Drill collar, 90ft HWDP 30-90ft Drill pipe, as required

Questions :
Why want we use a slick assembly ? How can we model its directional behaviour ? What is the problem with using it in practice ?

Steerable Assembly - Tally

Steerable Assembly Performance

MWD

PDM bend

control stabilizer optional

Steerable Assembly with AGS

Steerable Assembly with AGS

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Double Bend Assembly

Bent Sub Alignment

The motor toolface and bent sub scribeline has to be lined up

Increased dogleg capability If bent sub is used, it must be correctly aligned to the motor toolface

cut off direction of bend on bent sub

direction of bend on motor

SteerableMotor Assembly with Offset Pad

Increased dogleg capability with same bend angle Behaviour is sensitive of WOB Improved sliding performance (does not hang up) Rotation is limited to lower bend angles

Kick Pad Alignment

Correct alignment to HS and LS is critical !

contact point HS PAD

LS PAD

pad must be aligned to low side

Practical Bottom Hole Assemblies

12 1/4" rotary assembly (RHX1214)

12-1/4 rotary assembly 12-1/4 steerable assembly 12-1/4 wiper trip assembly 8-1/2 steerable assembly 8-1/2 wiper trip assembly AGS application examples

12 12 8" 12 8" 12 8" 8" 8" 5" 5"

1/4" 1/4" 1/4" 1/4"

Bit Integral Blade Near-bit Stabilizer Short Drill Collar Integral Blade String Stabilizer Non-magnetic Drill Collar (for ESS) Integral Blade String Stabilizer Drill Coll ar, 2-4 jts HMD Drilling Jar Drill Collar, 2 jts Crossover Sub Hevi-Wate Drill Pipe, 3-15 jts Drill Pipe

Note : these assemblies are actual BHAs used for drilling a North Sea directional well

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12 1/4" steerable assembly (SXX1214) 12 1/4" 9 5/8" 11 3/4" 8" 12 " 8" 8" 8" 5" 5" Bit Crossover Sub SPERRY -DRILL Mud Motor w/12 sleeve stabilizer Integral Blade Stabilizer Non-magnetic Hang-off Collar for DWD Integral Blade String Stabilizer Drill Collar, 2-4 jts HMD Drilling Jar Drill Collar, 2 jts Crossover Sub Hevi -Wate Drill Pipe, 3-15 jts Drill Pipe

12 1/4" wiper trip assembly ( RWX1214) 12 1/4" 12 1/4" 8" 12 1/4" 8" 8" 8" 5" 5" Bit (milled tooth) Integral Blade Near-bit Stabilizer Non-magnetic Drill Collar (for ESS) Integral Blade String Stabilizer Drill Collar, 2-4 jts HMD Drilling Jar Drill Collar, 2 jts Crossover Sub Hevi-Wate Drill Pipe, 3-15 jts Drill Pipe

8 1/2" steerable assembly (SXX0812) 8 1/2" 6 3/4" 8 1/4" 6 1/2" 6 1/2" 8 1/4" 6 1/2" 6 1/2" 6 1/2" 5" 5" Bit SPERRY-DRILL Mud Motor w/ 8- 1/8 sleeve stabilizer Integral Blade String Stabilizer Non-magnetic Drill Collar, 1 jt Non-magnetic Hang- off Sub - DWD Integral Blade String Stabilizer Drill Collar, 4 jts HMD Drilling Jar Drill Collar, 1 jt Hevi -Wate Drill Pipe, 3-10 jts Drill Pipe

8 1/2" wiper assembly (RWX 0812) 8 1/2" 8 1/2" 6 1/2" 8 1/2" 6 1/2" 5" 5" 5" 6 1/2" 5" 5" Bit Integral Blade Near-bit Stabilizer Non-magnetic Drill Collar, 1 jt (for ESS) Integral Blade String Stabilizer Drill Collar, 1 jt Hevi-Wate Drill Pipe, 3 jts Drill Pipe, 1000m Hevi-Wate Drill Pipe, 2 jts HMD Drilling Jar Hevi-Wate Drill Pipe, 1-8 jts Drill Pipe

Note The above steerable assembly would be modified as hole angle increases, in order to keep the drill collars and the jar inside the 9 5/8" casing when drilling in the horizontal section. Drill pipe and Hevi-Wate drill pipe would be used in the open hole as push-pipes.

Drillstring Design Issues

Design Goals
Enough tension capacity for 100 klbs MOP (margin of overpull) Select torsional strength limit as 80% of the tj make -up torque Adequate buckling resistance (to avoid lock-up) Minimize torque and drag (stay within drillstring strength limits) Maintain satisfactory weight on bit Provide low pressure loss piping for flow

Functions of the drillstring Loads, stresses and material strength Design goals Effects of gravity and inclination Friction, buckling and pipe rotation Drillstring configurations

N Use pre-defined, tabulated constant drilling parameter values in the design calculation for consistent, comparable results
Note : the PLANIT TDRAG program module is used for drillstring design

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Drillstring Sections Effects of Gravity and Inclination

Normal drillstring - vertical and inclined wells (<60)
6

1. - Bottom Hole Assembly 2. - Horizontal Section

KOP

at 0 inclination : axial weight force = W buoy normal -------------- = 0 at 60 inclination : axial ---------------- = 0.50 W buoy normal ------------- = 0.87 W buoy
5

3. - Lower Build Section 4.- Tangent Section 5. - Upper Build Section

Inverted drillstring - above 60 inclination

3 2 1

6. - Vertical Above KOP

at 90 inclination : axial weight force = 0 normal ------------- = W buoy

Drillstring Configurations
NORMAL
bit PDM MWD drill collars HWDP drillpipe

References
bit PDM MWD drillpipe HWDP drill collars HWDP drillpipe API Spec 5D Specification for Drill Pipe API Spec 7 Specification for Rotary Drill Stem Elements Std DS-1 (TH Hill Associates, DEA Project #74) Drill Stem Design and Inspection API Rp 7G Recommended Practice for Drill Stem Design and Operating Limits PLANIT program modules : BHA Analysis, TDRAG

INVERTED

Questions : When should we invert the drillstring ? Where to put the drill collars and HWDP ?

Directional Drilling BH Assemblies

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