COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH Errors in the use of nouns

They have received no informations. (information) The sceneries of Ooty are very beautiful. (scenery . .. is) My father gave me many advices. ( many pieces of advice. or advice) My brother gave me an advice. (a piece of advice or ..advice) I have an urgent business to do. (urgent business to do or some urgent business) Two months ago we ordered a lot of machineries for our factory. (machinery)

Errors in the use of verbs He said that he will do it. (would) The teacher said that the earth moved round the sun. (moves) I always walk slowly lest I shall be tired. (should) He works hard lest he will not fail. (should) If you will work hard, you will get first class. (----) If I had money, I will buy a car. (would) If you had worked hard, you would pass the examination. (would have passed) He talks as if he is the master. (were) I am waiting here for the last two hours. (have been waiting) He has returned from London last week. (returned) See that you will come for the meeting in time. (come) Take care that you will not be cheated. (are not) You behave as if you are my only friend. (were) We had gone to the pictures last night. (went) He said that he was suffering from fever for three days. (had been) The doctor concluded that the man was killed twelve hours ago. (had been) He poses as though he is the only scholar. (were) I wish I am as tall as my father. (were) I wish I am a bird. (were) I wish I have not seen him. (had) I have written a letter to my friend yesterday. (wrote) I have seen that film last week. (saw) She has gone to America last month. (went) It is raining since morning. (has been) I am a teacher since 1970. (have been) I live here since 1964. (have lived) I have been a teacher since thirty years. (for) Srinivas went to the store before he went home. (had gone) The train started after he reached the station. (had reached) She finished her home work when I met her. (had finished) The earth is revolving round the sun. (revolves) The sun is rising in the east. (rises) He is going to college everyday by bus. (goes) He is knowing it. (knows) I am having a car. (have) I am hearing the bell. (hear) I am seeing the bus. (see) I am loving you. (love) I am understanding the lesson. (understand) He is resembling the father. (resembles) It is costing me ten rupees. (costs) The jar is containing coffee. (contains) I am disliking you. (disllike) She did not see him since last Sunday. (has not seen) I shall call you when the dinner will be ready. (is) She will come if you will invite her. (invite) See that you will come for the meeting in time. (come) Take care that you will not be cheated. (are) It is time you go to bed. (went) It is time I wash my face. (washed) It is high time that we leave the place. (left) Having bitten the milkmaid, the master decided to shoot the dog. (add The dog as the subject)

Being a rainy day, we had to abandon the match. (It being a rainy./As it was a rainy) Walking along the road, the lorry ran over an old man. (When the old man was walking...)

It is no use to ask her. (asking) There is no use to wait here endlessly. (waiting) He was hung for murder. (hanged) He hanged the lamp on the wall. (hung) I dislike you coming late. (your) He insisted on me coming to the party. (my) He is desirous to make your acquaintance. (of making) We were prevented to enter the room. (from entering) [prevent, desirous, fond, refrain, prohibited, confident etc.] He betted and lost a lot of money at the races. (bet) The Presidents speech was broadcasted over All India Radio. (broadcast) The law suit costed me a great deal of money. (cost) He both won a medal and a scholarship. (won both) The car either dashed against a goat or a donkey. (--------) Neither he would play nor allow us to play. (He would neither) They made me to finish it. (finish) I felt it to move. (move) I watched them to put the tent up. (put) I heard a pin to drop. (drop) They wont let me to go. (go) [make, let feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch take an object and bare infinitive] Hardly the car had started when something went wrong with the engine. (had the car..) No sooner he had received the telegram than he started crying. (had he..) Tell me where is the post office? (the post office is) Although he came but I did not see him. (-----) Japanese cares are superior than those made in India. (to) She is senior than me. (to)

Errors in the use of adjectives This is the most unique occasion in the history of our club. (a unique) He is the elder than the two brothers. (of) This is the eldest tree in the garden. (oldest) He is elder than his sister. (older) She is more cleverer than her sister. (cleverer) He is the most wisest of all. (wisest) It is the best of the two books. (better) The climate of Hyderabad is better than Chennai. (than that of) The roads of Hyderabad are wider than Vizag. (than those of) She and I love one another. (each other) Those three girls love each other. (one another) Neither of the three boys came. (None) The two first pages of the book are torn. (first two) The two last chapters of the book are good. (last two)

Errors in the formation of Question tags Mr. Murty is a carpenter, isnt it? (he) She is not here, isnt it? (she) He became a lawyer, isnt it? (didnt he) She has not done her home work, hasnt she? (has she) There are some books on the table, isnt it? (arent there) Honey tastes sweet, isnt it? (doesnt it)

Errors in agreement of the verb with the subject Slow and steady win the race. (wins) Bread and butter are our daily need. (is) The sound of the bells were heard by everyone. (was) He ,along with his parents, are coming today. (is) The letter together with other documents, were lost. (was) Neither Ravi nor his brother are to blame. (is) Either the cat or the dog have been killed. (has) Many a flowers are born to blush unseen. (a flower is)

Neither of the statements are true. (is) Either he or you is guilty. (are) Neither you nor I are to blame. (am) Neither you nor he are willing to come. (is) Every boy and every girl were given sweets. (was) Two thousand miles are not a long distance these days. (is) Three years are sufficient to complete this project. (is) Five hours are not much for outdoor work. (is) He as well as they are ready to jump. (is) Hard Times have been written by Dickens. (has) The number of students in our college have swelled. (has) A number of children is playing in the field. (are)

Errors in the use of prepositions We are committed by a policy of peaceful co-existence. (to) A blind man cannot distinguish light with darkness. (from) I prefer going for a walk than seeing a film. (to) The patient died from jaundice. (of) He was standing besides her. (beside) I awaited for him. (---- or waited for) He is good in English. (at) I congratulated him for his success in the examination. (on) He is desirous to go there. (of going) She is clever in figure works. (at) I think to do it. (of doing) The boy resembles to his father. (----) The officer will interview the candidates between two to four. (and) He suffered with boils. (from) He fell in the morning of March 10th. (on) I cannot agree to you completely. (with) The workers went into strike. (on) I have written to him from last month. (since) He has been speaking since forty five minutes. (for) She is jealous for my status. (of) The godown is infested by rats. (with) She availed herself for the opportunity. (of) They departed to London. (for) I could not pay to the books. (for) I could not pay for the bill. (----) He translates English to Telugu. (into) He couldnt cope up with his work. (----) In last summer I went to Switzerland. (---) There is no exception for this rule. (to) He is too miserly to part from his money. (with) I cannot part with my parents. (from) We should rely to our own efforts. (on) We discussed about the matter in detail. (----)

Errors in the use of Articles I played the cricket at college. (----) I went to hospital to visit my sick uncle. (the hospital) He reached the home at four. (---) The man is the only creature that can laugh. (---) What beautiful building the library has! (a beautiful) I have never seen such idiot. (an idiot) He can play sitar very well. (the sitar) You can wait for an year or two. (a) Rice that I bought yesterday is bad. (the rice) Copper is an useful metal. (a) Yesterday an European called at my office. (a) How blue sky looks! (the sky) Eskimos make houses of snow and ice. (the Eskimos)

More I hear pop music less I like it. (the more, the less) In few years he became the richest merchant. (---) What kind of a bird is that? (----) Mumbai is Manchester of India. (the Manchester) The Everest is the highest peak in the Himalayas. (----) The commonsense is a great virtue. (---)

DEGREES OF COMPARISON Adverbs and adjectives have three degrees of comparison. POSITIVE Good Bad Clever Rich Hard Large Small Big Tall Wise Strong Great Brilliant Industrious Elegant Beautiful Sincere Helpful Dangerous Popular COMPARATIVE Better Worse Cleverer Richer Harder Larger Smaller Bigger Taller Wiser Stronger Greater More brilliant More Industrious More Elegant More Beautiful More Sincere More Helpful More Dangerous More Popular SUPERLATIVE Best Worst Cleverest Richest Hardest Largest Smallest Biggest Tallest Wisest Strongest Greatest Most brilliant Most Industrious Most Elegant Most Beautiful Most Sincere Most Helpful Most Dangerous Most Popular

Comparison between two things: When comparing two things, there will be no superlative degree. [C- comparative S- superlative P Positive] C : Rama is wiser than Gopal. P : Visakhapatnam is not as big as Hyderabad. P : Gopal is not as wise as Rama. C : Hyderabad is bigger than Visakhapatnam. C : Abdul is stronger than Rahim. P : Rahim is not as strong as Abdul. P : Govind is as bright as Gokul. C : Gokul is not brighter than Govind.

C : You are taller than I. P : A wise man cannot be as much dangerous as a foolish friend. P : I am not as tall as you. C : A foolish friend can be more dangerous than a wise enemy. [Interchange the nouns and add negation] Comparison between more than two things: Model 1 S: Taj Mahal is the most beautiful building in India. C: Taj Mahal is more beautiful than any other building in India. P: No other building in India is as beautiful as Taj Mahal. C: Govind is cleverer than any other boy in the class. S: Govind is the cleverest boy in the class. P: No other boy in the class is as clever as Govind. P: He has never seen such a wonderful picture as this. S: This is the most wonderful picture that he has ever seen. C: This picture is more wonderful than any other picture that he has ever seen. Model 2 S: Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in India. C: Taj Mahal is more beautiful than most other buildings in India. P: Very few buildings in India are as beautiful as Taj mahal. C: Vijayawada is richer than most other cities in AP. S: Vijayawada is one of the richest cities in AP. P: Very few cities in AP are as rich as Vijayawada. P: Very few generals are as brave as Napoleon. C: Napoleon was braver than most other generals. S: Napoleon was one of the bravest soldiers. Exercise

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

St. Pauls is the biggest church in Chennai. Susmita was more beautiful than any other contestant in the competition. Very few books are as interesting as this. Ordinary planes are not as fast as jets. No other monument in this city is as old as this. Lagan is better than most other films of this year. This park is one of the cleanest parks in the city. Lead is the heaviest of all metals. There is no vice so bad as drink. Bill Gates is the richest man in this world. VERB FORMS

1.

Dolphins ______ in water (to live)

2. 3. 4. 5.
6.

The Prime Minister _______ to the victims yesterday. (to speak) He ______ an accident while he was waiting in the bus stop. (to see) The President __________ the public tomorrow. (to address) Rohit _______ sweets on his birthday. (to distribute) My aunt _______ an apple everyday. (to eat) I ________________ in a pent house for the last six months. (to live) Anand __________ a book on health-care.

7.
8.

9.

Varma __________ for his examinations by this time next month. (to prepare) 10. Anitha __________ to school now.

11. It _______ heavily last night. (to rain) 12. Krishna Rao ________ cigarettes every day. (to smoke) 13. The thieves _________ open the door and entered the house. (to break)
14. Ravi ________ the mango just now. (to eat)

15. She __________ a letter when the bell rang. (to write)
16. Every boy and every girl _______ to work hard. (have) 17. Many a flower _____ seen in my garden. (be)

18. With a view to _______ fat he eats well. (grow) 19. He ______ for a walk in the mornings. (to go) 20. If she _______, I would see her. (to come) 21. Many a man ______ spoiled by friends. (be)
22. He ran fast lest he _______ the bus. (miss)

23. He had rice last night and _______ bread the night before. (have)
24. India _____ independence in 1947. (to get)

25. Sunitha _______ to the store before she went home. (to go)
26. Nobody works harder than Rakesh _______. (to do)

27. She ______ the book when I called on her. (to read) 28. Look, somebody _________ to steal that man's wallet. (to try) 29. She __________ here very often. (to not come) 30. They ________ to the office every day. (to drive) 31. The news usually _______ at 6.00 every evening. (to start) 32. Do you usually ______ bacon and eggs for breakfast? (have)
33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

Water ________ at 0 C or 32 F. (to freeze) The Thames ______ through London. (to flow) The plane _______ at 5.00 tomorrow morning. (to leave) She ______ back last Friday. (to come) They ______ in London from Monday to Thursday of last week. (be) When I ___________ in New York, I went to all the art exhibitions I could. (to live) I was walking in the street when I suddenly _____ over. (to fall)

40. It __________ hard when we left the building. (to rain) 41. I was reading the report when you _____. (to ring) 42. He was going out to lunch when I _____ him. (to see) 43. The company _______ well when I last visited it. (to do)
44. She ________ my copy. I don't have one. (to take) 45. We've already talked about that. 46. She ________ yet. (To arrive)

47. I _____ just _____ it. (to do) 48. They ______ already _____. (to meet) 49. _______ you _______ to him yet? (to speak)
50. We ________ to Singapore a lot over the last few years. (to be) 51. She _________ this type of project many times before. (to do)

52. We __________ it to them on several occasions over the last six months. (to mention) 53. They ______ often _______ about it in the past. (to talk)
54. ________ you ever ______ to Argentina? (to be)

55. ______ he ever ______ to you about the problem? (to talk) 56. I _____ never ______ Ram and Lakshman. (to meet) 57. We _____ never ________ investing in mutual funds. (to consider) 5

58. I __________ English for 20 years and I still don't know very much. (to learn)
59. I __________ for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived. (to wait) 60. He _______ telling me about it for days. I wish he would stop. (to tell) 61. He ________ here since 2001. (to work)

62. I ________ a lot since we last talked about it. (to do) 63. See that the patient __________ complete rest. (have) 64. The train _________ by the time we reach the station. (to leave) 65. I shall call you when the guests _________. (to arrive) 66. They usually _____ to Kashmir on a holiday, but this year they ____ to Darjeeling. (to go)
67. Heat _______ and cold _______ . (to expand; to contract) 68. Father usually _______ coffee in the morning, but today he ________ tea. (to drink)

69. If you ______ hard, you will pass. (to work) 70. I ______ you if I had had money. (to help)
Verb: Expressess an action or existence or occurrence or something. She walks. Madhurai is a big city. Rama and Krishna are brothers. Sita has been walking. Main verb: Denotes actions or states. He is reading a poem. Main verbs are of 5 types as Irregular verbs Present Past tense Past 3rd person tense participle singular Take Be Have Bring Give Go Buy Run Wear Took Was/Were Brought Gave Went Bought Run Wore Taken Been Had Brought Given Gone Bought Run Worn Takes Is Has Brings Gives Goes Buys Runs Wears

Present participle taking Being Having bringing giving going Buying Running wearing

Present tense Look Wash Play Open Close Watch Jump Repair Clean

Regular verbs Past Past tense participle

Looked Washed Opened Closed Watched Jumped Repaired Cleaned

Looked Washed Played Opened Closed Watched Jumped Repaired Cleaned

3rd person singular Looks Washes Plays Opens Closes Watches jumps Repairs Cleans

Present participle Looking washing Playing opening closing watching jumping repairing cleaning

Auxiliary Verb: Helps or supports the main verb in the formation of sentences. It indicates certain other details like tense, number, gender etc. He is reading a poem. Primary Auxiliary: Function both as man verbs and as auxiliaries. (is, am are, was, were, has, have, had) I am a student. I am studying I B.A. Modal Auxiliary: Functions only as an auxiliary verb. (Will, shall, can, may, must etc) I will study hard to get good marks. REGULAR / IRREGULAR VERBS Arise arose - arisen - arising awake - awakened - awakened - awaking bear - bore - borne - bearing become - became - become - becoming begin - began - begun - beginning bend - bent - bent - bending bid - bade - bidden - bidding bite - bit - bitten - biting blow - blew - blown - blowing break - broke - broken - breaking bring - brought - brought - bringing burst - burst - burst - bursting buy - bought - bought - buying build - built - built - building can - could - could catch - caught - caught - catching choose - chose - chosen - choosing cling - clung - clung - clinging come - came - come - coming cost - cost - cost - costing creep - crept - crept - creeping dig - dug - dug - digging do - did - done - doing drag - dragged - dragged - dragging drug - drugged - drugged - drugging draw - drew - drawn - drawing drink - drank - drunk - drinking drive - drove - driven - driving eat - ate - eaten - eating fall - fell - fallen - falling

feel - felt - felt - feeling fight - fought - fought - fighting find - found - found - finding fit - fit - fit - fitting forget - forgot - forgotten - forgetting forgive - forgave - forgiven - forgiving forsake - forsook - forsaken - forsaking freeze - froze - frozen - freezing get - got - gotten/got - getting give - gave - given - giving go - went - gone - going grow - grew - grown - growing hang (execute) - hanged - hanged -hanging hang (picture) - hung - hung - hanging have - had - had - having hear - heard - heard - hearing hide - hid - hidden - hiding hold - held - held - holding hurt - hurt - hurt - hurting keep - kept - kept - keeping know - knew - known - knowing lay (put or place) - laid - laid - laying lead - led - led - leading learn - learned - learned - learning leave - left - left - leaving lend - lent - lent - lending let - let - let - letting lie (recline) -lay - lain - lying lose - lost - lost - losing mean - meant - meant - meaning meet - met - met - meeting pay - paid - paid - paying raise (lift) - raised - raised - raising read - read - read - reading ride - rode - ridden - riding ring - rang - rung - ringing rise (move upward) - rose - risen - rising run - ran - run - running say - said - said - saying see - saw - seen - seeing SENTENCES Sentences are of four types on the basis of their function.

sell - sold - sold - selling set - set - set - setting shake - shook - shaken - shaking shine (give light) - shone - shone - shining shine (polish) - shined - shined - shining shoot - shot - shot - shooting show - showed - shown - showing shrink - shrank - shrunk - shrinking sing - sang - sung - singing sink - sank - sunk - sinking sit - sat - sat - sitting slay - slew - slain - slaying sleep - slept - slept - sleeping sneak - sneaked - sneaked - sneaking speak - spoke - spoken - speaking spend - spent - spent - spending spin - spun - spun - spinning stand - stood - stood - standing steal - stole stolen - stealing sting - stung - stung - stinging strew - strewed - strewed - strewing strike - struck - struck - striking strive - strove - striven - striving swear - swore - sworn - swearing swim - swam - swum swimming swing - swung - swung - swinging take - took - taken - taking teach - taught - taught - teaching tear - tore - torn - tearing tell - told - told - telling think - thought - thought - thinking throw - threw - thrown - throwing tread - trod - trodden - treading wake - waked - waked - waking wear - wore - worn - wearing weave - wove - woven - weaving win - won - won - winning wring - wrung - wrung - wringing write - wrote - written - writing

1.

ASSERTIVE: The most common form of the sentence which starts with a subject. India won the world cup in 2011. He was invited to the party. IMPERATIVE: Used to give commands, requests and other where the subject is not mentioned but the pronoun you is noticed in the meaning. Please close the door. Come here. INTERROGATIVE: For asking questions. Where are you going tonight? Are you free now? EXCLAMATORY: When exclaimed these sentences are suitable to express. How rude the lady is! TENSES

2.

3.

4.

Simple Present Tense:

Expresses habitual actions, regular actions, universal truths, present or existing state of affairs, present possessions, and present state of being. I get up at early in the morning. He goes to school every day. The sun rises in the east. Ramas brother works in a bank. Present Continuous: Express actions at the moment of speaking. He is practicing in the nets. They are playing cricket. Present Perfect:

Refer to actions completed in the immediate future and past actions which are connected to the present. He has just had his lunch. They have never listened anything in the class. Present Perfect Continuous: An action that began at sometime in the past and is still going on. I have been working on this project for 5 days. She has been learning music since 2005. Simple Past Tense: Actions or events completed in the past. He was a merit student in the school. He purchased a new camera yesterday. Past Continuous: Action or state continuing at a certain point of time in the past. At nine, I was getting ready for school. They were watching cricket, when I went to his house. Past Perfect: Refer to the earlier of two actions in the past, one is earlier and the other one is the later. When I left the house, I had locked all the rooms. To express unfulfilled wishes relating to the past. I wished I had worked harder. Past Perfect continuous: Actions or happenings which lasted for a period of time in the past and were completed at a point of time in the past. He had been ringing the bell for five minutes. But no one opened the door. Simple Future: Expresses actions for the future to be happened or planned to do. I will go to USA for sure. She shall apply for the course to have bright future. Future Continuous: An activity in progress at a specified time in the future. I will be waiting at the bus stop by this time tomorrow. Future Perfect: Actions or events which are expected to be completely by a certain point of time in the future. By November, we shall have completed five chapters in the book. Future Perfect Continuous:

Actions or predictions which will last for a period of time in the future and will be completed at a point of time in the future. They will have been playing for 5 hours by the time I will go to meet them.

ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE Active voice: A verb is said to be in active voice when the person or thing denoted by the subject acts or active. Cats catch mice. Children like sweets Passive Voice: A verb is said to be in the passive voice when the person or thing denoted by the subject does not act, but suffers the action done by something or by someone. Mice are caught by cats. Sweets are liked by children. How to change the voice of the verb from active to passive: 1. The object in the active voice will become the subject in the passive voice. 2. The subject in the active voice will become the object in the passive voice.

3.
4. 5.

The auxiliary verb otherwise called the helping verb is used before the main verb. The main verb to be changed to past participle. The preposition by is used before the agent in the passive voice.

Note: Proper noun and common noun do not change while changing the subjects and objects but the pronoun does. I me You you She her We us He him They - them Simple Present Tense: 1) Rama kills me. I am killed by Rama 2) Rama kills Ravana. Ravana is being killed by Rama. 3) Rama kills Ravana and his subjects. Ravana and his subjects are killed by Rama. 1) Rama is killing me. I am being killed by Rama.

Present Continuous:

Present Perfect:

1) Rama has killed Ravana. Ravana has been killed by Rama. 1) Rama killed Ravana Ravana was killed by Rama. 2) Rama killed Ravana and his subjects. Ravana and his subjects were killed by Rama. 1) Rama was killing me. I was being killed by Rama. 1) Rama had killed Ravana Ravana had been killed by Rama. 1) Rama will kill Ravana. Ravana will be killed by Rama. 1) Rama will have killed Ravana Ravana will have been killed by Rama.

Simple Past:

Past Continuous:

Past Perfect

Simple Future

Future Perfect

Commands/orders: 1) Bring some water. Let some water be brought.

2) Post this letter. Let this letter be posted. 3) Do not insult the poor. Let the poor be not insulted.

AtTeNtIoN nEeDeD: 1) He was called a fool. 2) His pocket has been picked. They called him a fool. Someone has picked his pocket. 3) He was arrested. 4) Please post the letter. Police arrested him. Let the letter be posted. 5) The teacher explained that the earth revolves round the sun. It was explained that the earth revolves round the sun. Exercises: Look at the door. Heat the pan. He secured 90% marks in science. The president visited Agra Fort. Police opened fire. She is watering plants.

Boil the water. The West Indian team has won the match. The minister planted the tree. Akbar built Fathepur Sikri. The best coach receives Dronacharya Award. Lakshmi was reading the newspaper.

Jeevan had reported the matter to Rajiv, before the manager came. The actor arranged this press meet. One man cannot do this. The actor was felicitated by his fans. The country regards him as a hero. Siva writes poetry. I was troubled by my own people.

The new bridge has been inaugurated by the Transport Minister recently. Let the culprit be punished. Amrita was appointed secretary by the company. By whom was this glass broken? The telescope was invented by Galileo. This letter has been written by my friend.

The building was built within six months by the workers. Our national flag was designed by Sri Pingali Venkaiah. Earth quakes and floods cause a lot of damage every year. Mohan writes novels. They have done their home work. Children are plucking flowers in the park. She has caught a cold.

They have stolen our books. Will you brother pay your fees today? Give the order. Never deceive a friend.

Who has written this letter? Did you abuse her? Keep to the left. People speak English all over the world.

People always admire a courageous person. One uses milk for making butter and cheese. Years ago, people believed that the earth was flat. Someone has stolen my car.

REPORTED SPEECH If the speech of a person is given in the exact words used by him, distinguishing them from our own by inverted commas or quotation marks, it is called the direct speech or the direct form of narration. The teacher said, John, keep quiet. If we report the speech of a person indirectly only by giving the meaning of his speech without using the exact words used by him it is called the indirect speech or the indirect form of narration. The teacher asked John to keep quiet. Rules relating to tenses: 1. If the reporting verb is a past tense, the tense of the verb in the reported speech must be changed to the past tense. He said,Rama shall come. He said that Rama should come. Shall should, will would, can could, may might, is- was, are were, has/ have - had TENSE CHANGE: DIRECT SPEECH Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous INDIRECT SPEECH Simple Past Tense Past continuous Past Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past Perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous

Kumar said, I am ready. Kumar said that he was ready. Sudheer said, I am going to cinema. Sudheer said that he was going to cinema. Giri said, I have gone to Hyderabad. Giri said that he had gone to Hyderabad. Krishna said, She has been working here for 5 years. Krishna said that she had been working there for 5 years. Sanjay said, I went to movie yesterday night. Sanjay said that he had gone to movie the previous night. Pavan said,I was watching movie. Pavan said that he had been watching movie. Jamshed said, I had completed the work. Jamshed said that he had completed the work. Pavan said to Kumar, I will bring you a nice mobile with all the latest features. Pavan told Kumar that he would bring kumar a nice mobile with all the latest features. Suma said to Uma, You can find out the solution to your problem. Suma told Uma that she could find out the solution to her problem. 2. If the reported speech relates to some universal or habitual fact, the simple present tense in the reported speech remains unchanged. The teacher said, The sun rises in the east. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. 3. If the reporting verb is a present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is not changed at all. The servant says, Tea is ready. The servant says that Tea is ready. The teacher will say, The boy was dull. The teacher will say that the boy was dull. 4. Pronouns and possessive adjectives of the first and second persons in direct speech, are not changed into the third person in indirect speech.

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I, you, my, your become he, she, his, her respectively. We, you, our, your become they and their. Govind said, I am a boy. Govind said that he was a boy. Sarala said,you are a bright girl. Sarala said that she was a bright girl. I said to the students,you should do your duty. I told the students that they should do their duty. 5. If the person addressed reports the speech, the second person is changed to first. She said to me, You are the better judge. She told me that I was the better judge. 6. The words expressing nearness are changed in the reported speech in the following manner. Now then, this that, there those, here there, hence thence, then so Today that day, tomorrow the next day, yesterday the day before, last night the previous night, ago before QUESTIONS: Point 1. Words like ask, inquire, demand etc will be used as reporting verb as per the meaning and mood of the question in the direct speech. Point 2. That need not to be included when the sentence is interrogative. Point 3. Direct question will be changed to indirect question with the change in the order of the words. Point 4. For the questions with the answers like yes or no, the reporting verb is followed by whether or if. He said to me, What are you doing? He asked me what I was doing. Mother said to her son Balu, Do you suppose you know better than your own father? Mother asked her son Balu whether he supposed that he knew better than his own father. COMMAND OR REQUEST: He said to me, Get me some water. He asked me to get me some water. He said to the students, Do not make noise. He asked the students not to make noise. The student said to the teacher, please explain this question to me. The student requested the teacher to explain that question to him. He said to the servant, keep all the benches in a proper order immediately. He ordered the servant to keep all the benches in a proper order immediately. WISH OR AN EXCLAMATION: My friend said, what a terrible mind it is! My friend exclaimed that it was a terrible mind. He said, Good bye friends. He said good bye to his friends. Exercise: Anil Kumble took ten wickets, what a wonderful performance by him! the commentator said. The commentator wondered at the performance of Anil Kumble who had taken ten wickets. He said, The government helps people in times of calamity. Sanman has helped me to decorate this house. Pavani said. Keerthi said, I will participate in the inter-collegiate debate competition. The teacher said, We shall make this world better by being good to every-one. Raju said, I have given this money for charity. I was watching cricket yesterday Hari said. Where did you go? father asked him. There were many people in the queue he said to me. I gave the key to my roommate, she said. Please check the money before you leave the bank, the cashier said. Dont touch the door, the paint is wet the painter said.

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Help! Help! I am drowning the boy said to the swimmer. The boy pitifully shouted for help as he was drowning. How many days did you stay there? he said. Dont move, the policeman said to the robber. Amar said,I am so scared. The mother said, I am baking a cake for my sons birthday party. Divya has finished her home work, said Deepak. Amritha has been working on her project for the past one month, her mother said. Do you go for walk every morning? the doctor asked me. Venkat asked, What was she doing? Have you drunk the milk? she asked. How long have you been working on the computer? the manager asked the programmer. Krishna said, I visited Delhi last year. Anupama was working in a bank, said Ramya. Kavitha said, I had been visiting him frequently. Shivender said, I had gone to Office. Did you finish your exercise? asked Hema. Had Laxman been to London earlier? asked Mahesh. The chairman announced, the CM will inaugurate the bridge now. We shall go for a party tonight all our friends said. He will be coming back tomorrow, his father said. I will meet him now, she said. He sat here he said. Bharat came to this place a year ago his friend told. Today is our wedding anniversary, the couple said. Tomorrow is a holiday and all shops will remain closed, the shopkeeper said. Lavanya said, We painted the house yesterday. I was watching television last night, she said. Bring the culprit to me, the police man said. Get out, he said. Please close the door, she asked me. Priya shouted, Let Pratap go. Priya shouted that Pratap should be let to go. Dont get emotional, she said. Tell the truth! she said to him. Alas! She met with an accident! his friend said. What a beautiful scenery it is, kriti said. We can complete this work within no time, they said. I may return the cassette to her, he said.

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