Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

UNIT 2: STATISTICS
Definitions of statistics. Before this headline could be written, information, or data, was collected. Households spend 59 per week on transport
Food & non-alcoholic drinks

Recreation &culture

Transport

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

per week Average weekly expenditure by UK households 2002-03

Source: National Statistics website

Statistics is the science of making effective use of data relating to groups of individuals or experiments. It deals with the aspects of this, including not only the collection, organisation, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data, but also the planning of the collection of them, in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. Population and samples. Imagine you have to do a study of the leisure activities in a city. The population of this will be the group of inhabitants of that city. A part of this group is called a sample. Therefore, the population is the whole group of units that you are going to study and a sample is a subset of the population. Each unit of the population is called individual. Example: The owner of a screw factory wants to make a quality control. He picks up 1 out of every 100 produced screws and then he analyses them. The population is the total number of the screws of the factory. The sample is 1% of the population. The individuals are each one of the screws.

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Statistical Variables. Statistical variables are things that we measure, control or manipulate in research. They can be numbers, words, measurements, observations, Statistical variables can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative variable is descriptive information (describes something). Examples: eyes colour, car brands, leisure activities, Quantitative variable is numerical information (numbers). Examples: height, age, number of televisions in each house,

Quantitative variables can be discrete and continuous. Discrete variable can only take exact values. Examples: the number of students in each class in a school, shoe size, Continuous variable can take any value within a given range. Examples: the heights of the students in your class, temperature, ...

For each of the following cases, indicate what are the population, the variable and the type of variable. a) Weight of babies that were born last year in Dublin. b) Favourite subject for the students in school. c) Number of pets in French households. d) Political party that the Spanish electors are going to vote for in the next local elections. e) Weekly time that students from 12 to 16 spend on reading in Italy. Frequency Tables. You can collect data using a data-collection sheet. Example: This one is a tally chart. Coin Face Head Tail Tally Frequency 13 12 =5 The coin was spun 13+12=25 times

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Data can also be shown in a frequency table. Example: The number of televisions in each house of my street is shown in the frequency table: Numbers of TVs 0 1 2 3 4 Number of houses 1 5 12 9 1

a) Calculate the number of houses in my street. b) Calculate the total of number of televisions in my street. The numbers in the table are: 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4. a) 1+5+12+9+1=28 houses. b) 01+15+212+39+41=0+5+24+27+4=60 televisions.

Absolute and Relative Frequency. The absolute frequency is the number of times a determined value of a variable occurs. We will write
f i the absolute frequency of

xi .

We have to know that

f 1 f 2... f n=N , where N is the total number of data.

( n is the number of different data). The relative frequency is the absolute frequency divided by the total number of observations or total number of data. We will write h i the relative frequency of And we have h 1h 2...hn =1 . xi .

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

1. In the list below is shown the qualification in Maths of 20 students in a class: 3 5 6 8 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 4 5 7 9 5 6 7 9

a) Build a table writing the absolute and relative frequencies of this set of data. xi Absolute frequency fi Relative frequency hi

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b) Calculate the sum of all the absolute frequencies and of all relative frequencies.

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

2. Mrs. Parker asked her students about their favourite subject in the school, and the answers were: Maths History English English History English English Maths English Sciences Sciences Music English English Maths English English History English Maths Maths Maths English Maths Sciences

Made a table and show the absolute and relative frequencies of these data.

Cumulative Absolute and Relative Frequency: Cumulative Absolute Frequency of a datum less or equal than it. We write F i . F i= f 1 f 2... f i Cumulative Relative Frequency of a datum x i is the sum of the relative frequencies of values less or equal than it. We write H i . (It is the quotient between the cumulative absolute frequency and the total number of data). H i=h1h2...hi = f1 f2 fi ... N N N x i is the sum of the absolute frequencies of values

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

1. It is shown the number of brothers and sisters of the 25 students: 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 4 1 3 1 3 2

Complete the table with the different frequencies: xi 0 1 2 3 4 2. We asked 20 students of 2nd E.S.O about the age of their fathers. The answers were the following: 40 46 42 44 44 45 47 47 44 42 41 45 43 40 46 43 42 47 fi Fi hi Hi

Complete the table with the different frequencies: xi 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 fi Fi hi Hi

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Displaying Data: Diagrams and Charts. You can use a variety of diagrams and charts to display data. Pictograms use symbols to represent the size of each category

Types of books in a library Adventure

B B

B B B

B B

Horror

Romantic

represents 50 books)

Bar charts use bars to represent frequencies or numerical data: Vowels in a sentence in English
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 A E I O U

(Notice the gaps between the bars!) 7

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Pie charts use sectors of a circle to represent the size of each category. Valencia FC season

Win Draw Lose

(The size of the sector is proportional to the frequency) Example: We ask 240 people to name their favourite fruit. With these results, draw a pie chart to illustrate the information. Fruit Number of people Apple 50 Banana 80 Orange 72 Other 38

First, we calculate the angle for one person: 360:240=1,5 Then, we calculate the angles of each category: Apple: 501,5=75 Banana: 801,5=120 Orange: 721,5=108 Other: 381,5=57 And then, we measure, colour and label the sectors:

Favourite Fruit

Apple Banana Orange Other

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

1. The Manchester United football team plays 36 matches in a season. They win 15 matches, and they draw just 8 matches. a) Calculate the number of matches that they lose. b) Calculate the angle one match represents in a pie chart. c) Calculate the angle of each category in the pie chart. d) Draw a pie chart to show the information.

2. The weather record for 60 days is shown in the frequency table. Weather Sunny Cloudy Rainy Snowy Windy a) Calculate the angle one day represents in a pie chart. b) Calculate the angle of each category in the pie chart. c) Draw a pie chart to show the data. Number of days 15 18 14 3 10

Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

The histogram is used for variables whose values are numerical and measured on an interval scale (usually for continuous variables). A histogram divides up the range of possible values in data set into classes or groups. For each group, a rectangle is constructed with an area proportional to the frequency, (if the bars have equal width the height of each bar corresponds to the frequency). Example: Mario decided to collect data about the height of his classmates in the school. These are the data of 40 children (in cm): 163 165 163 164 167 163 164 164 165 167 170 168 159 165 160 161 164 164 157 164 168 164 167 163 161 168 165 164 164 161 172 155 163 164 165 158
25

164 165 167 162

It is useful to make a group frequency table for this case: Interval [155-160) [160-165) [165-170) [170-175) Tally Frequency 4 21 13 2

20

15

10

0
[155-160) [160-165) [165-170) [170-175)

1. a) Complete the frequency table using these heights of some people: 153 153 173 139 134 144 179 155 163 160 142 140 152 140 160 170 163 172 148 150 157 151 135 136 165 170 160 138 156 134 143 171 154 147 161 176 144 141 154 156

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Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Height (cm) [130,140) [140,150) [150,160) [160,170) [170,180)

Number of people

b) Draw the histogram.

2. This frequency table shows the times for 50 runners in the Badajoz Marathon. Time (hours) [1,2) [2,3) [3,4) [4,5) [5,6) Draw a histogram to show the times. Number of runners 0 15 23 18 8

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Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Measures of Central Tendency: Mean: The average or mean of a list of numbers is the total of all values divided by the number of values. To calculate the mean, we can use the absolute frequencies of values, multiplying every value by its absolute frequency, then adding all these products and finally dividing by the number of values. It is shown in the formula: x = Examples: a) Find the mean of 10, 11, 7 and 8:
x mean= = 101178 36 = =9 4 4

x 1 f 1 x 2 f 2... x n f n x i f i = N N

b) Find the mean of the following values: 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 8 5 8 5 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 10

We can use a frequency table: xi 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x mean= = fi 4 2 5 1 3 4 1

4 45 26 57 18 39 410 1 1610307243610 133 = = =6,65 20 20 20

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Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Median: The median of a list of values is found by ordering them from least to greatest. If the list has an odd number of values, the middle number in this ordering is the median. If there is an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle numbers. Note that there are always as many numbers greater than or equal to the median in the list as there are less than or equal to the median in the list. Examples: a) Find the median of the following values: 8, 7, 5, 6, 9. First, we have to order the number: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The median is 7. Me=7 b) Find the median of the following values: 9, 6, 7, 5, 6 ,7. We order the numbers: 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 9. The two middle numbers are 6 and 7, so we calculate the 67 =6,5 . The median is 6,5. Me=6,5. mean of both numbers: 2 Mode: The mode in a list of numbers is the number (or numbers) that occurs most often. It is the value with the greatest absolute frequency. Example: a) Find the mode of the following values: 2, 3, 3, 6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 6, 3. The mode is 3, because it is the number that appears most often in the list. Mo=3 b) Find the mode of the following values: 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6. We have two modes in this case, 2 and 4, because they appear three times. Both numbers have the greatest absolute frequency. Mo=2,4.

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Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Activities.

1. The tallest 4 trees in a park have heights in meters of 40, 52, 50 and 55. Find the mean and the median of their heights.

2. Find the mean, median and mode for the following data: 10, 12, 13, 12, 13, 10, 14 and 13.

3. Twenty families are asked about how many children they have. These are the answers: 3 3 4 1 2 3 2 5 1 0 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 4 3 a) Complete the table with the frequencies: xi 0 1 2 3 4 5 b) Find the mean, median and mode. fi Fi hi Hi

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Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

3. In my high school there are 200 students. They were asked about their favourite pet. See the 10% figure and answer the questions: a) How many people answer dogs? 30% 15%
Dogs Cats

b) And cats?

Birds Fish Others

25%

20%

4. The teachers of a high school are asked about their favourite film genres. The answers were: Comedy: 27% Horror: 11% Action: 18% Foreign: 8% Romance: 14% Science fiction: 8% Drama: 14%

a) Draw a bar chart and a pie chart with the data.

b) Imagine there are 120 teachers in this high school. How many of them answer Romance?

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Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

3. These are the number of photographic cameras sold the last year in a store: Photographic cameras January February March April May June July August September October November December

= 10 photographic cameras How many cameras has been sold every month? Which one was the best month for the salesman? Why do you think was this month? What is the average of sold cameras per week?

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Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

4. These are the numbers of cars the different families of a street have: 1 3 2 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1

a) Complete the frequency table: xi 0 1 2 3 b) Represent the data using a pie chart and a bar graph. fi Fi hi Hi

c) Calculate the mean, median and mode of the data.

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Unit 2: Statistics. Mathematics 2nd E.S.O.

Teacher: Miguel ngel Hernndez

Keywords: Statistics=Estadstica Population=Poblacin sample=muestra individual=individuo (de una muestra) Statistical Variable=Variable Estadstica Qualitative Variable=Variable Cualitativa Quantitative Variable=Variable Cauntitativa Discrete Variable=Variable discreta Continuous Variable=Variable continua datum/data=dato/datos Frequency Table=Tabla de frecuencias Absolute Frequency=Frecuencia absoluta Relative Frequency=Frecuencia relativa Cumulative Absolute Frequency=Frecuencia Absoluta Acumulada Cumulative Relative Frequency=Frecuencia Relativa Acumulada diagram=diagrama chart=cuadro, grfica Pictogram=Pictograma Bar Chart/Graph=Diagrama de Barras Pie Chart=Diagrama de sectores Histogram=Histograma Measures of Central Tendency=Medidas de Centralizacin Mean/average= media aritmtica/promedio Median=mediana Mode=moda

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