Thermofluids Summary

A system is an identified and fixed mass of fluid under study. Features of a System A boundary which separates it from the surrounding and does not allow mass of fluid to cross it. The surrounding or environment is another feature. Fixed mass of fluid enclosed within the boundary Energy Transfers in a System Heat transferred but no work is transferred, Heat is not transferred but work is transferred, both heat and work are transferred, both heat and work are not transferred. A Control Volume is a defined space containing a flowing mass of fluid under study. Physical Features of a Control Volume Defined mass of fluid under study with mass inflow and outflow, there is a control surface which is a boundary in a system which allows fluid inflow and outflow, outside the control surface is the surrounding. Thermo-Fluid Property Property of a system is an observable and measurable characteristic that can be used to define its condition. Examples of properties pressure, volume, temperature, density, velocity, dynamic viscosity, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific heat at constant pressure. Intensive properties values do not depend on mass of system or fluid. Examples are pressure, temperature, specific volume, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific heat at constant pressure Extensive Properties values depend on the mass of the fluid or system. Examples are total volume of a system, internal energy, enthalpy. Mechanical Properties velocity, kinetic energy, momentum State of a System defined by values of the properties of the working fluid Thermodynamic equilibrium is when a system is in isolation from the environment and the value of any thermo property does not change with time.

Two Property Rule the state of a pure fluid is fully defined by values of any two of its properties as long as they vary independently and the system is in equilibrium. A process is a line that connects successive states of a system A cycle is a line connecting successive states of a system with a return path to its initial state. An ideal process is in equilibrium as the state changes and the reverse process follows the same path hence it is referred to as a reversible process. An ideal cycle is one that remains in equilibrium during state change and is a reversible cycle. Real processes and cycles are irreversible. Point function independent of path, Path Function Dependent on path Energy is the capacity of a system or control volume to change the state of its surroundings 2 classes of energy Transitional energy (form that crosses a system boundary, it is a path function) (heat and work), stored energy is a property of a system and is a point function (internal energy, potential energy, kinetic energy and flow work). Heat is the interaction across a system boundary due to a temperature difference btw the system and its surrounding. Work is defined as an interaction across a system boundary that has the effect of lifting a weight. It is driven by pure force. Interaction of sound across system boundary Sound Propagation. What change do you expect in reversible processes between the initial and final values of: (a) point function. (b) Path functions. A fluid is any substance that shears continuously when a shear force is applied to it. 1st Law of Thermo relates heat and work transfer, relates changes in stored and transitional energy and defines internal energy. It applies to systems and cyclic processes. 1st Law - Whenever a system is taken through a cyclic process, the net work output of the system to the surrounding is equal to the net heat taken from the surrounding to the system. U = Q - W Heat Engine is a system that receives heat from the surrounding and uses it to produce work. Eg, engine of a motor cycle. Heat Pump absorbs heat from low temp region and transfers heat to a high temp region.

Q2 -3 - Q4-1 = W3 -4 - W1 -2

Fluids exhibit two main types of motion: translation of the centre of gravity of the bulk of the fluid from one place to another with a finite velocity and diffusion whereby the centre of gravity of the bulk of the fluid remains stationary while small elements of the fluid move in different directions. Pressure due to vertical column of a liquid - p = gh

Total pressure acting at a depth in a fluid - Pt = Ph + P0, ph hydrostatic pressure, Po atmospheric or ambient pressure

Pvacuum = Patm Pabsolute Force on a horizontal surface due to a column of fluid = hg.d.d/4 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Pipes U = V (1 (r/R)^2), r radius of fluid, R- radius of pipe Fully developed Flow Viscosity and wall friction slows down the fluid at the edge of the pipe. Mass flow rate = Area X Mean Velocity X Density Viscosity X Velocity Gradient = Shear Stress Pressure loss in pipe occurs at fittings such as elbows, bends. Major pressure loss due to shear stress in the fluid due to wall friction 2 component of fluid motion diffusion and translation Heat transfer and its application Conduction q = -k(T2- T1)/thickness, Q = Aq Slabs in parallel = Q = Sum of Ai X qi Slabs in series (q is the same) Conduction through cylindrical pipes

Convection by diffusion in pipe Q = h*Pi*d*L (Tw Tc) = h*A(T1 Tamb), Tw = mean wall temp, Tc = centerline temp

Convection by transportation Q = mCp (T2 T1) Heat Exchangers

Parallel Heat Exchanger Effectiveness

Counter Flow HE Effectiveness