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its noble ideals, and Destiny itself will lead it to its place of glory in the affairs
of the world, and make it immortal in the annals of humanity. Sir, this people
has traditions of great achievement to its credit; its history is replete with deeds
of glory; in every sphere of life it has contributed its full measure of
achievement; its heroism adorns the pages of military chronicles; its
administrators created traditions which have withstood the ravages of time; in
creative art, its poverty, architecture and sense of beauty have won their tribute
of appreciation; in the matter of spiritual greatness it has few parallels. It is this
people which is again on the march, and, given the necessary opportunities, it
will surpass its previous record of glorious achievement. This Objectives
Resolution is the first step in the direction of the creation of an environment
which will again awaken the spirit of the nation. We, whom Destiny has
chosen to play a part, howsoever humble and insignificant, in this great drama
of national resurrection, are overwhelmed with the magnitude of the
opportunities which are before us. Let us use these opportunities with wisdom
and foresight, and I have not the least doubt that these humble efforts will bear
fruit far in excess of our wildest expectations, through the help of a Providence
which has brought Pakistan into existence. It is not every day that great nations
come into their own; it is not every day that peoples stand on the threshold of
renaissance; it is not every day that Destiny beckons the down-trodden and the
subjugated to rise and greet the dawn of a great future. It is the narrow streak
of light heralding the brilliance of the full day, that we salute in the form of this
Resolution.

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base our polity upon freedom, progress and social justice. We want to do away
with social distinctions, but we want to achieve this without causing suffering
or putting fetters upon the human mind and lawful inclinations.
Sir, there are a large number of interests for which the minorities legitimately
desire protection. This protection the Resolution seeks to provide. The
backward and depressed classes are our special charge. We are fully conscious
of the fact that they do not find themselves in their present plight for any fault
of their own. It is also true that we are not responsible by any means for their
present position. But now that they are our citizens, it will be our special effort
to bring them up to the level of other citizens, so that they may bear the
responsibilities imposed by their being citizens of a free and progressive State,
and share them with others who have been more fortunate than themselves. We
know that so long as any sections amongst our people are backward, they will
be a drag upon society and, therefore, for the purpose of building up our State
we must necessarily took to the interests of these sections.
Mr. President, in the end we firmly believe that by laying the foundations of
our constitution on the principles enunciated in this Resolution, we shall be
able to put Pakistan on the path of progress, and the day is not far distant when
Pakistan will become a country of which its citizens, without distinction of
class or creed, will be proud. I am confident that our people have great
potentialities. Through their unparalleled sacrifices and commendable sense of
discipline, displayed at the time of a grave disaster and crisis, they have earned
the admiration of the world. Such a people, I am sure, not only deserves to live,
but is destined to make a contribution to the welfare and progress of humanity.
It is essential that it should keep alive its spirit of sacrifice, and its adherence to

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sections of our population than exists today. For this purpose the Constituent
Assembly will have to think a new as to what will be the best method for the
distribution of subjects between the Centre and the units, and how the units
should be defined in our new setup.
Mr. President, it has become fashionable to guarantee certain fundamental
rights, but I assure you that it is not our intention to give these rights with one
hand and take them away with the other. I have said enough to show that we
want to build up a truly liberal Government where the greatest amount of
freedom will be given to all its members. Everyone will be equal before the
law, but this does not mean that his personal law will not be protected. We
believe in the equality of status and justice. It is our firm belief and we have
said this from many a platform that Pakistan does not stand for vested interests
or the wealthy classes.
It is our intention to build up an economy on the basic principles of Islam
which seeks a better distribution of wealth and the removal of want. Poverty
and backwardness - all that stands in the way of the achievement of his fullest
stature by man - must be eradicated from Pakistan. At present our masses are
poor and illiterate. We must raise their standards of life, and free them from the
shackles of poverty and ignorance. So far as political rights are concerned,
everyone will have a voice in the determination of the policy pursued by the
Government and in electing those who will run the State, so that they may do
so in the interests of the people. We believe that no shackles can be put on
thought and, therefore, we do not intend to hinder any person from the
expression of his views. Nor do we intend to deprive anyone of his right of
forming associations for all lawful and moral purposes. In short, we want to

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In our desire to build up an Islamic society we have not ignored the rights of
the non-Muslims. Indeed, it would have been un-Islamic to do so, and we
would have been guilty of transgressing the dictates of our religion if we had
tried to impinge upon the freedom of the minorities. In no way will they be
hindered from professing or protecting their religion or developing their
cultures. The history of the development of Islamic culture itself shows that
cultures of the minorities, who lived under the protection of Muslim States and
Empires contributed to the richness of the heritage which the Muslims built up
for themselves. I assure the minorities that we are fully conscious of the fact
that if the minorities are able to make a contribution to the sum total of human
knowledge and thought, it will redound to the credit of Pakistan and will enrich
the life of the nation. Therefore, the minorities may look forward, not only to a
period of the fullest freedom, but also to an understanding and appreciation on
the part of the majority which has always been such a marked characteristic of
Muslims throughout history.
Sir, the Resolution envisages a federal form of government because such is the
dictate of geography. It would be idle to think of a unitary form of Government
when the two parts of our country are separated by more than a thousand miles.
I, however, hope that the Constituent Assembly will make every effort to
integrate the units closer and forge such ties as would make us a well-integrated
nation. I have always advocated the suppression of provincial feelings, but I
want to make it clear that I am not an advocate of dull uniformity. I believe that
all the areas and units, which form Pakistan, should contribute to the richness of
our national life. I do, however, want to make it clear that nothing should be
permitted which, in any sense, tends to weaken national unity, and provision
should be made for bringing about a closer relationship amongst the various

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the teachings of Islam as embodied in the Quran and the Sunnah. There can be
no Muslim who does not believe that the word of God and the life of the
Prophet are the basic sources of his inspiration. In these there is no difference
of opinion amongst the Muslims and there is no sect in Islam which does not
believe in their validity. Therefore, there should be no misconception in the
mind of any sect which may be in a minority in Pakistan about the intentions of
the State. The State will seek to create an Islamic society free from dissensions,
but this does not mean that it would curb the freedom of any section of the
Muslims in the matter of their beliefs. No sect, whether the majority or a
minority, will be permitted to dictate to the others and, in their own internal
matters and sectional beliefs, all sects shall be given the fullest possible latitude
and freedom. Actually we hope that the various sects will act in accordance
with the desire of the Prophet who said that the differences of opinion amongst
his followers are a blessing. It is for us to make our differences a source of
strength to Islam and Pakistan, not to exploit them for narrow interests which
will weaken both Pakistan and Islam.
Differences of opinion very often lead to cogent thinking and progress, but this
happens only when they are not permitted to obscure our vision of the real
goal, which is the service of Islam and the furtherance of its objects. It is,
therefore, clear that this clause seeks to give the Muslims the opportunity that
they have been seeking, throughout these long decades of decadence and
subjection, of finding freedom to set up a polity, which may prove to be a
laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating to the world that Islam is not only
a progressive force in the world, but it also provides remedies for many of the
ills from which humanity has been suffering.

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Sunnah. It is quite obvious that no non-Muslim should have any objection if

the Muslims are enabled to order their lives in accordance with the dictates of
their religion. You would also notice, Sir, that the State is not to play the part
of a neutral observer, wherein the Muslims may be merely free to profess and
practice their religion, because such an attitude on the part of the State would
be the very negation of the ideals which prompted the demand of Pakistan, and
it is these ideals which should be the corner-stone of the State which we want
to build. The State will create such conditions as are conductive to the building
up of a truly Islamic society, which means that the State will have to play a
positive part in this effort.
You would remember, Sir, that the Quaid-I-Azam and other leaders of the
Muslim League always made unequivocal declarations that the Muslim demand
for Pakistan was based upon the fact that the Muslims had a way of life and a
code of conduct. They also reiterated the fact that Islam is not merely a
relationship between the individual and his God, which should not, in any way,
affect the working of the State. Indeed, Islam lays down specific directions for
social behaviour, and seeks to guide society in its attitude towards the problems
which confront it from day to day. Islam is not just a matter of private beliefs
and conduct. It expects its followers to build up a society for the purpose of
good life - as the Greeks would have called it, with this difference, that Islamic
"good-life" is essentially based upon spiritual values. For the purpose of
emphasizing these values and to give them validity, it will be necessary for the
State to direct and guide the activities of the Muslims in such a manner as to
bring about a new social order based upon the essential principles of Islam,
including the principles of democracy, freedom, tolerance and social justice.
These I mention merely by wayof illustration; because they do not exhaust

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a haven for all who were persecuted and who fled from tyranny. It is a
well-known fact of history that, when anti-Semitism turned the Jews out of
many a European country, it was the Ottoman Empire which gave them shelter.
The greatest proof of the tolerance of Muslim peoples lies in the fact that there
is no Muslim country where strong minorities do not exist, and where they
have not been able to preserve their religion and culture. Most of all, in this
sub-continent of India, where the Muslims wielded unlimited authority, the
rights of non-Muslims were cherished and protected. I may point out, Sir, that
it was under Muslim patronage that manyan indigenous language developed in
India. My friends, from Bengal would remember that it was under the
encouragement of Muslim rulers that the first translations of the Hindu
scriptures were made from Sanskrit into Bengali. It is this tolerance which is
envisaged by Islam, wherein a minority does not live on sufferance, but is
respected and given every opportunity to develop its own thought and culture,
so that it may contribute to the greater glory of the entire nation. In the matter
of social justice as well, Sir, I would point out that Islam has a distinct
contribution to make. Islam envisages a society in which social justice means
neither charity nor regimentation. Islamic social justice is based upon
fundamental laws and concepts which guarantee to man a life free from want
and rich in freedom. It is for this reason that the principles of democracy,
freedom, equality,tolerance and social justice have been further defined by
giving to them a meaning which, in our view, is deeper and wider than the
usual connotation of these words.
The next clause of the Resolution lays down that Muslims shall be enabled to
order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the
teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and the

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fact that such an idea is absolutely foreign to Islam. Islam does not recognize
either priesthood or any sacerdotal authority; and, therefore, the question of a
theocracy simply does not arise in Islam. If there are any who still use the word
theocracy in the same breath as the polity of Pakistan, they are either labouring
under a grave misapprehension, or indulging in mischievous propaganda.
You would notice, Sir, that the Objectives Resolution lays emphasis on the
principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, and
further defines them by saying that these principles should be observed in the
constitution as they have been enunciated by Islam. It has been necessary to
qualify these terms because they are generally used in a loose sense. For
instance, the Western Powers and Soviet Russia alike claim that their systems
are based upon democracy, and, yet, it is common knowledge that their polities
are inherently different. It has, therefore, been found necessary to define these
terms further in order to give them a well-understood meaning. When we use
the word democracy in the Islamic sense, it pervades all aspects of our life; it
relates to our system of Government and to our society with equal validity,
because one of the greatest contributions of Islam has been the idea of the
equality of all men. Islam recognizes no distinctions based upon race, colour or
birth. Even in the days of its decadence, Islamic society has been remarkably
free from the prejudices which vitiated human relations in many other parts of
the world. Similarly, we have a great record in tolerance, for under no system
of Government, even in the Middle Ages, have the minorities received the
same consideration and freedom as they did in Muslim countries. When
Christian dissentients and Muslims were being tortured and driven out of their
homes, when they were being hunted as animals and burnt as criminals - even
criminals have never been burnt in Islamic society - Islam provided

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in the governance of the people and, therefore, it is also perhaps a little out of
fashion to remind ourselves of the fact that the State should be an instrument of
beneficence and not of evil. But we, the people of Pakistan, have the courage
to believe firmly that all authority should be exercised in accordance with the
standards laid down byIslam so that it may not be misused. All authority is a
sacred trust, entrusted to us by God for the purpose of being exercised in the
service of man, so that it does not become an agency for tyranny or selfishness.
I would, however, point out that this is not a resuscitation of the dead theory of
Divine Right of Kings or rulers, because, in accordance with the spirit of
Islam, the Preamble fully recognizes the truth that authority has been delegated
to the people, and to none else, and that it is for the people to decide who will
exercise that authority.
For this reason it has been made clear in the Resolution that the State shall
exercise all its powers and authority through the chosen representatives of the
people. This is the very essence of democracy, because the people have been
recognized as the recipients of all authority and it is in them that the power to
wield it has been vested.
Sir, I just now said that the people are the real recipients of power. This
naturally eliminates any danger of the establishment of a theocracy. It is true
that in its literal sense, theocracy means the Government of God; in this sense,
however, it is patent that the entire universe is a theocracy, for is there any
corner in the entire creation where His authority does not exist? But in the
technical sense, theocracy has come to mean a Government by ordained priests,
who wield authority as being specially appointed by those who claim to derive
their rights from their sacerdotal position. I cannot over-emphasise the

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and its polity in accordance with our ideals. I would like to remind the House
that the Father of the Nation, Quaid-I-Azam, gave expression to his feelings on
this matter on many an occasion, and his views were endorsed by the nation in
unmistakable terms. Pakistan was founded because the Muslims of this
subcontinent wanted to build up their lives in accordance with the teachings
and traditions of Islam, because they wanted to demonstrate to the world that
Islam provides a panacea to the many diseases which have crept into the life of
humanity today. It is universally recognized that the source of these evils is that
humanity has not been able to keep pace with its material development, that the
Frankenstein Monster which human genius has produced in the form of
scientific inventions, now threatens to destroy not only the fabric of human
society but its material environment as well, the very habitat in which it dwells.
It is universally recognized that if man had not chosen to ignore the spiritual
values of life and if his faith in God had not been weakened, this scientific
development would not have endangered his very existence. It is
God-consciousness alone which can save humanity, which means that all
power that humanity possesses must be used in accordance with ethical
standards which have been laid down by inspired teachers known to us as the
great Prophets of different religions.
We, as Pakistanis, are not ashamed of the fact that we are overwhelmingly
Muslims and we believe that it is by adhering to our faith and ideals that we
can make a genuine contribution to the welfare of the world. Therefore, Sir,
you would notice that the Preamble of the Resolution deals with a frank and
unequivocal recognitionof the fact that all authority must be subservient to
God. It is quite true that this is in direct contradiction to the Machiavellian
ideas regarding a polity where spiritual and ethical values should play no part

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WHEREIN adequate provision shall be made for the minorities freely to

profess and practise their religions and develop their cultures;
WHEREBY the territories now included in or in accession with Pakistan and
such other territories as may hereafter be included in or accede to Pakistan
shall form a Federation wherein the units will be autonomous with such
boundaries and limitations on their powers and authority as may be prescribed;
WHEREIN shall be guaranteed fundamental rights including equality of status,
of opportunity and beforelaw, social, economic and political justice, and
freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and association, subject
to law and public morality;
WHEREIN adequate provision shall be made to safeguard the legitimate
interests of minorities and backward and depressed classes;
WHEREIN the independence of the judiciary shall be fully secured;
WHEREIN the integrity of the territories of the Federation, its independence
and all its rights including its sovereign rights on land, sea and air shall be
safeguarded;
So that the people of Pakistan may prosper and attain their rightful and
honoured place amongst the nations of the World and make their full
contribution towards international peace and progress and happiness of
humanity."
Sir, I consider this to be a most important occasion in the life of this country,
next in importance only to the achievement of independence, because by
achieving independence we only won an opportunity of building up a country

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269

24

Speech of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan

On the occasion of passing of Objectives Resolution, March 9, 1949

This historic speech, by one of the founding fathers, defines the spiritual and
ideological direction of the Islamic State of Pakistan.

"In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful;

WHEREAS sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty
alone and the authority which Hehas delegated to the State of Pakistan through
its people for being exercised within the limit prescribed by Him is a sacred
trust;
This Constituent Assembly representing the people of Pakistan resolves to
frame a constitution for the sovereign independent State of Pakistan;
WHEREIN the State shall exercise its powers and authority through the chosen
representatives of the people;
WHEREIN the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and
social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed;
WHEREIN the Muslim shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual
and collective spheres in accord with the teachings and requirements of Islam
as set out in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah;

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