4 Unit Maths Complex Numbers

Complex Laws. Let z1 = a + ib, and z2 = c + id, where a, b, c and d are real numbers. ( ( ( )( ) ) )

Square root of a complex number.

Solve for x and y by inspection. If unable to do through inspection use the identity; ( ) ( ) And then perform simultaneous equations. then

Conjugate.

If

. ( ) ( )

Adding vectors.

Complete Parallelogram
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Head to Tail

1 1

Subtracting vectors.

Complete Parallelogram

( ) 1

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4 Unit Maths Complex Numbers

Modulus-Argument form. If equation is not in correct two conditions are met. , (eg, ) use the unit circle just think of when the ( )

Rules of Modulus.

The modulus of a complex number is its length. | | | | | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Rules of Argument.

The argument of a complex number is the angle made with respect to the positive x-axis. ( ) ( ) ( )

Further vector properties.

If tail is at the origin, only one letter is used. . However, if tail is not at origin, two letters are used. Note: goes from A to B. The arrow starts at A and ends at B. .

Angel between two vectors.

( )

Rules Separate the argument like above. Draw vectors z1 and z2. Look at the heads of the vectors. Determine the direction of angle. Note: angle is between the two heads, and the head of the angle is on the head line.

Rotations.

To rotate a complex number, z, by

anticlockwise, multiply z by cis to get zcis .

Reducing/Enlarging.

To reduce/enlarge a complex number, by x, multiply z by x to get xz.

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4 Unit Maths Complex Numbers

Purely real/imaginary. Consider the complex number; z = x + iy. Purely imaginary When x = 0. When Purely real When y = 0. When

. ( ( ) )

De Moivres Theorem.

Trigonometry

Questions such as: Find cosnp in terms of powers of cos. Start off by writing: ( ) = ___ On the left hand side of the equation, use De Moivres theorem, whilst on the right hand side, expand normally using Pascals triangles. Compare the real and imaginary parts, depending on question. Questions such as: Find cos x in terms of multiples of x.
n

1 1

. .

Start off by writing: ( ) Group powers of x with their inverse, and then use the two above equations.

Non-root of unity.

In the form; ( ). Here, ( ) . Turn the complex number into cis form, and then equate the equations.

Root of unity.

In the form; . ( ) . The aim is to find all the possible values of and consequently find all the values of z. Must always represent roots on a unity circle. The roots form a regular polygon, and are conjugate pairs. ( )( | Done geometrically. Circle, centre (a, b), radius c. | ( ( ) | ) ) ( )| ( ) | |

Factorise over complex field.

Locus

Done geometrically. Perpendicular bisector of interval joining (a, b) and (c, d). | ( ( ) | ) ( )

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Done algebraically. Change z into x + iy. [ ( )] Done geometrically. A ray coming from (a, b) Let equation of locus be y = mx + b. (angle with respect to the positive x-axis). Open circle at (a, b). Restrictions do apply.
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4 Unit Maths Complex Numbers

[ ( ( ) ] )

Done geometrically. This is a part of a straight line which passes through (a, b) and (c, d). Restrictions: cant be (a, b) or (c, d). ( ) ] ( ) Draw diagram remember direction of angle. Redraw diagram, where z is the perpendicular bisector of the interval made from (a, b) and (c, d) so that it is easier to find the equation of the circle. Draw triangles to work out radius and centre. Restrictions: above or below the line passing through (a, b) and (c, d), not including (a, b) and (c, d). [

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