RvZxq wkvg I cvVcy K evWKZK 2013 wkvel _K

mg kwYi cvVcyKi ~c wbavwi Z

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mg kwY




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cdmi W. Awbi Kvnvwj
c dmi W. `jIqvi gwdR
MZg Mv^vgx






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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW
69- 70 gwZwSj evwYwRK Gj vKv, XvKv- 1000
KZK cKvwkZ|

[cKvkK KZK me^Zmsi wZ]
ci xvg~j K msi Y

c_g cKvk : Avei , 2012





KwDUvi KvR
Kvj vi MvwdK




cQ`
my`kb evQvi
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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

mi Kvi KZK webvg~j weZi Yi Rb
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=|+<
-t
| |<|-|+ |
:. |<| 1-9
>. <i|<< 10-11
. <|- < < 12-17
s. |+ 18-26
c. < - 27
5.1 KviK I wefw 27-34
5.2 m^ I m^vab c` 34-38
5.3 kic 39-40
5.4 weklYi Zi I
Zg
41-42
e. - 42-45
6.1 DcmMhvM kMVb 45-52
6.2 cZqhvM kMVb 52-57
. <|<i 58-62
. |<<|+|t> 63-67
o. <|-|- 68-73
:. | 74
10.1 GKB ki wewfb
A_i cqvM
74-78
10.2 wecixZv_K k w`q
evK iPbv
78-82
10.3 mgvPvwiZ wfbv_K
k w`q evK iPbv
82-85
10.4 GK K_vq cKvk 85-88
10.5 evM&aviv 88-90
::. -<|<- -+| 91





=|+<
-t
| |<|-|+ |
:>. |-|+|+ <t-| 92-110

1. Avgv`i RvZxq
cZvKv
92
2. Avgv`i Mvg 93
3. `kbxq vb 94
4. evsjv`ki b`b`x 96
5. RvZxq Kwe KvRx
bRij Bmjvg
97
6. Kx aibi eB
Avgvi coZ
fvjvjvM
99
7. Avgvi Pvicvki
cKwZ
100
8. Avgvi `Lv GKwU
gjv
102
9 . GKwU w`bi
w`bwjwc
103
10. kwn` wgbvi 105
11. Uwjwfkb 106
12. kLjveva 108
13. my`ieb 110
:>.: |<++ /|<|t 111-114
:>.> |<-1|< 114-120
:>. |<-- < |t| 121-128



cm- K_v
wkv RvZxq Rxebi meZvgyLx Dbqbi c~ekZ| Avi `Z cwieZbkxj weki Pvj gvKvejv Ki
evsjv`kK Dbqb I mgwi w`K wbq hvIqvi Rb cqvRb mywkwZ Rbkw| fvlv Av`vjb I gyw hyi
PZbvq `k Movi Rb wkv_xi AwbwnZ gav I mvebvi cwic~Y weKvk mvnvh Kiv gvawgK wkvi
AbZg j| GQvov cv_wgK i AwRZ wkvi gwjK vb I `Zv mc mvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gvag
DPZi wkvi hvM Ki ZvjvI G ii wkvi Dk| vbvRbi GB cwqvi wfZi w`q wkv_xK
`ki A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK I cwiekMZ cUf~wgi cwZ ` I hvM bvMwiK Ki ZvjvI
gvawgK wkvi AbZg weeP welq|
RvZxq wkvbxwZ-2010 Gi j I DkK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ nqQ gvawgK ii wkvg|
cwigvwRZ GB wkvg RvZxq Av`k, j, Dk I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cwZdjb NUvbv nqQ, mB mv_
wkv_x`i eqm, gav I MnY gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wbaviY Kiv nqQ| GQvov wkv_ xi bwZK I gvbweK
g~jeva _K i Ki BwZnvm I HwZn PZbv, gnvb gyw hyi PZbv, wk-mvwnZ-mswZeva,
`kcgeva, cKwZ-PZbv Ges ag-eY-Mv I bvix-cyil wbwekl mevi cwZ mgghv`veva RvMZ Kivi
Pv Kiv nqQ| GKwU wevbgb RvwZ MVbi Rb Rxebi cwZwU wevbi ^Zt~Z c qvM I
wWwRUvj evsjv`ki i~cK-2021 Gi j evevqb wkv_x`i mg Ki Zvjvi Pv Kiv nqQ|
bZzb GB wkvgi AvjvK cYxZ nqQ gvawgK ii cvq mKj cvVcyK| D cvVcyK cYqb
wkv_x`i mvg_, ceYZv I c~e AwfZvK i Zi mweePbv Kiv nqQ| cvVcyKjvi welq
wbevPb I Dcvcbi wkv_xi mRbkxj cwZfvi weKvk mvabi w`K weklfve i Z `Iqv nqQ|
<|t| <i|<< < |-|++ cvVcyKwU GKwesk kZKi m~PbvjM cwiewZZ mgqi cvcU wkv_x`i Pvwn`v
I `wfwi evcK cwieZbi cUf~wgZ cwigvwRZ KvwiKzjvgi AvjvK mg kwYi Rb iPbv Kiv nqQ|
GKwesk kZKi AxKvi I cZqK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ wkvgi AvjvK cvVcyKwU iwPZ
nqQ| KvRB cvVcyKwUi AviI mgwmvabi Rb hKvbv MVbg~jK I hywmZ civgk i Zi m
weewPZ ne| cvVcyK c Yqbi wecyj Kghi ga AwZ ^ mgq cyKwU iwPZ nqQ| dj wKQz
fyj wU _K hZ cvi| cieZx msiYjvZ cvVcyKwUK AviI my`i, kvfb I wUgy Kivi Pv
AevnZ, _vKe| evbvbi AbymZ nqQ evsjv GKvWgx KZK cYxZ evbvbixwZ|
cvVcyKwU iPbv, mv`bv, bgybv ckvw` cYqb I cKvkbvi KvR hviv AvwiKfve gav I kg w`qQb
Zuv`i abev` vcb KiwQ| cvVcyKwU wkv_x`i Avbw`Z cvV I cZvwkZ `Zv ARb wbwZ Kie
ej Avkv Kwi|

< +|t +|| <|+|<|+-
Pqvigvb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv
:. |<|
gvbyl fvlv-m`i AwaKvix| fve cKvki cqvRb _KB fvlvi De| gvbyli DPvwiZ A_en
eRbeva awb mgwB fvlv| cii fve-wewbgqi Rb GK-GK mgvRi gvbyl Mo ZzjQ GK-
GK iKg awbeev| fvlv nQ A_en cYvwje awb-cZxK| gvbyl Zvi KwbtmZ h awb ev
awbmgwi gvag fve I Abyf~wZK Abi KvQ evaMgfve cuQ `q, Zv-B fvlv
(Language)| fvlv gvbeMvxi mePq iZc~Y I g~jevb m`| mgvRe gvbyli cviwiK
fve wewbgq fvlv GKwU DbZ gvag|
gvbemfZvi weKvk fvlvi f~wgKv Acwimxg| Avw`g Kvj gvbyl hLb nvevmx, eb I Afe wQj,
ZLbI gvbyl wbR`i ga fvei Av`vb-c`vb KiZ| ZLb fve-wewbgqi gvag wQj Bkviv-BwZ-
Afw BZvw`| Gjv fvlv-weKvki cv_wgK i~c wnme weeP| eZ Avw`Kvj gvbyl cviwiK
fve-wewbgqi Rb hme gvag eenvi KiZ mjv njv :
(K) Bkviv-BwZ, (L) A-cZi eenvi, (M) bvP, (N) wP BZvw`|
mwi c_g hyM mfZvi mvcvb c_g c`c njv msNe nq KvR Kiv| Avi G _KB Zwi
njv mgvR| Kvji hvvq gvbyl hLb msNefve emevm KiZ iy Kij ZLb m eySZ cvij h
Kej Bkviv-BwZ, A-fwi gvag gbi fve m~Y i~c cKvk Kiv hvq bv| wbii cPv, eyw
Ges mvabvi gvag Kvjg gvbyl awbi cYvwje DPviY I eenvi mg njv|
gvbyli KwbtmZ evM&awbB fvlv wnme MnxZ| ejv evj, BwZi gvagI fvei Av`vb-c`vb
Kiv hvq, wK z Kawb nQ gvbyli AbyfwZ cKvki mevg cwqv| Kawbi gvag gvbyl
m~vwZm~ fve cKvk mg| ZvB Avgiv fvlv ejZ eywS evM&h-m me Rbeva awbmgwK|
A_vr gvbyl Zvi gbi fve cKvk Kivi Rb K, wRnv, I, `, bvwmKv, gyLweei c fwZ evM&hi
mvnvh evaMg h awb ev awbmgw DPviY Ki _vK, mB awb ev awbmgwB fvlv|
:.: |<|< t| < <|?i
t| gbi fve cKvk Kivi Rb gbylRvwZ Acii evaMg h awb ev awbmgw DPviY Ki
_vK, ZvK fvlv ej|
fvlvwevbxMY wewfbfve fvlvK msvwqZ KiQb| G cm KqKRb cLvZ fvlvcwZi fvlv-
mwKZ wPvm~ DZ Kiv njv :
Wi gyn` knx`yjvn&i gZ, gbylRvwZ h awb ev awbmKj viv gbi fve cKvk Ki Zvi bvg
fvlv|
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

2
fvlv mK Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq ejQb, gbi fve cKvki Rb evM&hi mvnvh
DPvwiZ, awbi viv wbb, Kvbv wekl mgvR eeZ, ^Zfve AewZ, Z_v evK chy k-
mgwK fvlv ej|
g~jZ gvbyli gbvfve-cKvkK KwbtmZ A_en awbmgwB fvlv|
|<|< <|?i
1. fvlv KwbtmZ awbi mvnvh MwVZ;
2. fvlvi A_`vZKZv Y we`gvb;
3. fvlv GKwU wekl m`vqi ga cPwjZ I eeZ;
4. fvlv gvbyli ^QvKZ AvPiY I Afvmi mgw;
`k, Kvj I cwiekf` fvlvi cv_K I cwieZb NU| Avw` gvbei h fvlv wQj, Kvj cevn Zv
cwiewZZ nq e fvlvi Rb w`qQ| G Rb Avgiv wewfb `k wewfb fvlvi eenvi `LZ cvB|
hgb : evsjv`k evsjv fvlv, Bsjv BsiwR fvlv, Rvcvb Rvcvwb fvlv, ivwkqvq iyk fvlv
BZvw`| eZgvb cw_exZ mvo wZb nvRvii Ici fvlv cPwjZ AvQ|
:.> <|t| |<|< << < =+|<<|
evsjv fvlv nvRvi eQii cyibv| evsjv fvlvi Drmg~j h fvlvi mvb cvIqv hvq, Zvi bvg B`v-
BDivcxq g~j fvlv| AvR _K cvq 5000 nvRvi eQi c~e BDivci ga fvM nZ `wY-c~e vsk
f~fvM B`v-BDivcxq g~j fvlv cPwjZ wQj| G B`v-BDivcxq g~j fvlvB njv evsjv fvlvi Avw`
Drm| Ze G Avw` Drm _K weeZbi cieZx avcB evsjv fvlvi Rb nqwb| fvlvi ^vfvweK
cwieZb I weeZbi avivq AbK Kvj ai AbKjv i cwiq mg kZK evsjv fvlvi D e
NUQ| Ze evsjv fvlvi DeKvj wbYq cwZMYi ga gZcv_K iqQ| Wi gyn` knx`yjvn&i
gZ, evsjv fvlvi DeKvj 650 wLv| Avi Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq 950 wLvK evsjv
fvlvi DeKvj ej gb Kib|
:. |< < t|+ <||+ <-|+ < |=<|-< |<i
evsjv`ki gvbyl Zv`i gbi fve c Kvki Rb h fvlv eenvi Ki, Zvi bvg evsjv fvlv|
evsjv`ki evBi fviZi cwge Ges SvoL, wenvi, Dwolv, wcyiv, Avmvgi KwigM I
KvQvoi Awaevmx`i GKwU Aski gvZfvlv evsjv| eZ, `k-RvwZ-ag wbwekl evOvwj RbmgvR
eeZ k wbq evsjv fvlv MwVZ| evsjv fvlv cvq `o nvRvi eQii cyibv| `xNw`b ai eenvii
dj evsjv fvlvq wewfb i~ci mw nqQ| DjL, cw_exi me fvlvZB `yUv i~c `Lv hvq| GKwU
3
jL fvlv| AbwU gyLi fvlv| fvlvixwZi w`K _K evsjv fvlvq `ywU i~c ev ixwZ j Kiv hvq|
GKwU mvay fvlv Ges AciwU PwjZ fvlv|
|< |<|
mvay fvlv evsjv fvlvi GKwU cvPxb wjwLZ i~c| evsjv mvwnZi cvPxb I gahyM c`B wQj
fvecKvki cavb evnb| gahyM KwZcq wPwVc, `wjj-`veR M`i eenvi `Lv MjI
Zv wQj LyeB mxwgZ| BsiR kvmb cwZwZ nIqvi ci _K evsjv M` M cYqbi cqvRb `Lv
`q| 1800 wLv KjKvZvq cwZwZ dvU DBwjqvg KjRK K` Ki M`PPv iy nq|
mw`bKvi M` jLKMY M`M iPbv KiZ wMq Zuviv g~jZ wbfi Kijb mvayRbi ga eeZ
msZ fvlvi Ici| Gfve Dwbk kZK evsjv M`i h wjwLZ i~c Mo IV, Zvi bvg `Iqv nq
|< |<| mvay fvlv mK fvlvPvh mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq wjLQb, mvay fvlv mgM e`ki
mw| Gi PPv me cPwjZ _vKvZ evOvwji c BnvZ jLv mnR nBqvQ|
eZ evsjv M`i cv_wgK chvq gZzq we`vjvi, ivggvnb ivq, CkiP` we`vmvMi, AqKzgvi
` cgyL cwZ msZ fvlvi AbymiY Zrmg kej h mvwnwZK M`ixwZ Mo Zvjb, Zv-B |<
|<| wnme ^xKZ|
|< |<|< |+|i t|
mvaviY M`-mvwnZ eeZ evvjv fvlvK mvay fvlv ej| Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq
evsjv fvlvi msZ k-m` wqv I mebvg c`i c~Y i~c Ges evKiYwm Dcv`vb eenvi
Kwiqv BsiwR M`-mvwnZi c`webvm cYvwji AbymiY cwiKwZ h bZzb meRbxb M`ixwZ
evsjv mvwnZ cewZZ nq, ZvnvK evsjv mvay fvlv ej| Wi gyn` Gbvgyj nK
g~jZ h fvlvixwZZ wqvc` I mebvg c` c~Yic eZgvb _vK, Zv-B mvay fvlv| hgb : Zvnviv
LwjZQ| Dnviv NygvBqv iwnqvQ|
t|+ |<|
Kvbv GKwU cavb fvlvi AvIZvfz mgM f Li wewfb Aj wewfb K_i~c ev gwLK fvlv
eeZ nq| gyLi fvlvK wjwLZ fvlvq eenvi Kivi Dk PwjZ fvlvi cPjb nq| Ze mevi
gyLi fvlvB PwjZ fvlv bq, KviY gyLi fvlv Ajf` cwieZb nq| ZvB wbw` Aj GKwU
wbw` GjvKvi wkwZ I wkRbi gwLK fvlvK gvb PwjZ fvlv wnme ^xKwZ `Iqv nq| DjL
fvMxi_x b`xi ZxieZx GjvKv I KjKvZvi f` I wkwZ mgvR eeZ gwLK fvlvwUK A-wei
cwigvwRZ Ki GKwU meRbeva Av`k K_ fvlv Mo Zvjv nq| GUvB njv evsjvi Av`k PwjZ
fvlv| evsjv fvlvfvlx wkwZ RbMY G Av`k fvlvZB cviwiK fvei Av`vb-c`vb Ki _vKb|
PwjZ fvlv eZgvb GKvavi jLvi fvlv I gyLi fvlv|
fvlv
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

4
t|+ |<|< |+|i t|
`wY-cwge fvMxi_x b`xi ZxieZx vbi f` I wkwZ mgvR eeZ gwLK fvlv, mgM
evsjv`ki wkwZ mgvR KZK k gwLK fvlv ej MnxZ nBqvQ| GB gwLK fvlvK
weklfve PwjZ fvlv ejv nq| Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq
Ze k, msKzwPZ wqv, n^xKZ mebvg c` Ges jLKi gbvfve Abymvix c`webvm cYvjxi
eenvimn h ^Q`, PUzj I meRbxb mvwnwZK M`ixwZ KwjKvZv I fvMxi_x ZxieZx Aji
gyLi fvlvi Av`j Mwoqv DwVqvQ, Zvnvi bvg PwjZ fvlv| Wi gyn` Gbvgyj nK
g~jZ h fvlvixwZZ wqvc` I mebvg c` msw AvKvi eeZ nq, ZvK PwjZ fvlv ej| hgb
: Zviv LjQ| Iiv Nywgq iqQ|
cavbZ wqvc` I mebvg c`i cv_K weePbv KiB mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlv wbi~cY Kiv nq|
D`vniY^i~c ejv hvq : Zvnviv cwoZQ evKwUZ `ywU c` AvQ| Zvnviv mebvg c` Ges
cwoZQ wqvc`| mvay fvlvi DwjwLZ c` `yUvZ mebvg c` I wqvc` c~Yi~c eeZ nqQ|
Gevi evKwUK PwjZ fvlvq i~cvi Kij Zvi i~c `uvove Zviv coQ| G evKwUZ Zviv
mebvg c` Ges coQ wqvc` msw AvKvi eeZ nqQ|
|< |<|< |=<|- KwiZwQ, LvBqvwQ, ewjZwQ, hvBZwQ, cwoZwQ, `wLZwQ BZvw`|
t|+ |<|< |=<|- KiwQ, LqwQ, ejwQ, hvwQ, cowQ, `LwQ BZvw`|
|< |<|< < -|+ - Zvnvi, Zvnviv, Zvnv`i, Dnv`i BZvw`|
t|+ |<|< <-|+ - Zvi, Zviv, Zv`i, I`i BZvw`|
|< |<| < t|+ |<|< |=<|-< <|+< <
|< |<| t|+ |<|
Kwie Kie
cwoe coe
wjwLe wjLe
KwiZwQjvg KiwQjvg
cwoZwQjvg cowQjvg
wjwLqvwQ wjLwQ
KwiqvwQ KiwQ
cwoqvwQ cowQ
cwoZ _vwKe coZ _vKe
5
KwiZwQ KiwQ
Kwijvg Kijvg
LvBZQ LvQ
nBZ nZv
LvBe Lve
hvBe hve
ewje eje
Kwij Kij
hvBI hqv/hI
LvBI Lqv/ LI
jBe be
KwiZvg KiZvg
nBqv nq
|< |<| < t|+ |<|< <-|+ -< <|+< <
|< |<| t|+ |<|
Zvnvi Zvi
Zvnv`i Zv`i
ZvnvZ ZvZ
Zvnviv Zviv
ZvnvK ZvK
Bnviv Giv
Bnv`i G`i
Dnviv Div
Dnv`i I`i
Dnv I
GB G
Bnv GwU
BnvK GK
Kvnvi Kvi
hvnv hv
fvlv
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

6
hvnviv hviv
Bnvi Gi
KvnvK KvK
hvnvK hvK
|< |<| < t|+ |<|< <|?i
mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlv bvbv w`K _K ^vZgwZ| G Dfq fvlvixwZi ewk chvqg AvjvPbv
Kiv njv :
|< |<|< <|?i
1. mvay fvlvq wqvc`i i~c c~Yv| hgb : KwiqvwQ, wMqvwQ|
2. mvay fvlvq mebvg c`i i~c c~Yv| hgb : Zvnvi, Zvnviv, Zvnv`i|
3. mvay fvlvq AbymM i c~Yi~c eeZ nq| hgb : nBZ, w`qv|
4. mvay fvlvq Zrmg ki (msZ k) cqvM ewk| hgb : n, gK, NZ, aZ|
5. mvay fvlvi DPviY iMxi|
6. mvay fvlv mywbavwiZ evKiYi Abymvix| Gi KvVvgv mvaviYZ AcwieZbxq|
7. mvay fvlv eZv I bvU msjvci AbychvMx|
t|+ |<|< <|?i
1. PwjZ fvlvq wqvc`i i~c msw| hgb : KiwQ, wMqwQ|
2. PwjZ fvlvq mebvg c`i ic msw| hgb : Zviv, Zv`i|
3. PwjZ fvlvq AbymM i msw i~c eeZ nq| hgb : nZ, w`q|
4. PwjZ fvlvq Ze, Aa-Zrmg, `wk I we`wk ki eenvi ewk| hgb : nvZ, gv_v, wN,
avqv|
5. PwjZ fvlvi DPviY nvjKv I MwZkxj|
6. PwjZ fvlv cwieZbkxj|
7. PwjZ fvlv PUzj, Rxe I jvKvqZ|

7
|< < t|+ <||+< | <i
mvay I PwjZ fvlvi ewk _K G fvlvixwZi cv_K mnRB Abyaveb Kiv hvq| wbP mvay I PwjZ
fvlvi cv_K DjL Kiv njv :
|< |<| t|+ |<|
mvay fvlvq wqvc`i i~c c~Yv| hgb : KwiqvwQ,
wMqvwQ|
PwjZ fvlvq wqvc`i i~c msw| hgb:
KiwQ, wMqwQ|
mvay fvlvq me bvg c`i i~cv c~Yv| hgb: Zvnvi,
Zvnviv, Zvnv`i|
PwjZ fvlvq mebvg c`i i~c msw| hgb
: Zvi, Zviv, Zv`i|
mvay fvlvq Zrmg ki (msZ k) cqvM ewk|
hgb : n, gK, NZ, aZ|
PwjZ fvlvq Ze, Aa-Zrmg, `wk I
we`wk ki eenvi ewk| hgb : nvZ,
gv_v, wN, avqv|
mvay fvlvq AbymM i c~Yi~c eeZ nq| hgb :
nBZ, w`qv|
PwjZ fvlvq AbymM i msw i~c eeZ
nq| hgb : nZ, w`q|
mvay fvlv e Zv I bvU msjvci AbychvMx| PwjZ fvlv eZv I bvU msjvci
DchvMx|
mvay fvlv gvwR Z| PwjZ fvlv PUzj, Rxe I jvKvqZ|
|< < t|+ |<|< -+-|
|< |<|< -+-|
1. evjKMYi DwPZ, evjKvj Aewa cwikg KwiZ Afvm Kiv, Zvnv nBj eo nBqv Abvqvm
mKj Kg KwiZ cvwie, ^qs Ab ei Kk cvBe bv Ges e wcZvgvZvi cwZcvjb
KwiZI cviM nBe| [ evav`q : CkiP` we`vmvMi
2. hvnv vbi K_v Zvnv cPvi nBqv MjB Zvnvi Dk mdj nBqv kl nBqv hvq| gvbyli
vb m^ b~Zb Avwevii viv cyivZb Avwevi AvQb nBqv hvBZQ| Kvj hvnv cwZi
AMg wQj AvR Zvnv AevPxb evjKi KvQI b~Zb bn| [mvwnZi mvgMx : iex`bv_ VvKyi]
t|+ |<|< -+-|
1. Avgv`i gb nq G `k jvBewii mv_KZv nvmcvZvji PvBZ wKQy Kg bq Ges zj-
KjRi PvBZ GKUz ewk| G K_v b AbK PgK DVeb| KD KD Avevi nmI
DVeb; wK z Avwg Rvwb, Avwg iwmKZvI KiwQb; hw`I G welq jvKgZ h Avgvi gZi
mgiLvq Pj bv, m welq Avwg m~Y mPZb| [eB cov : cg_ Payix]
2. ei w`K ZvKvj Rxebi Zvrch Dcjw mnR nq| ZvB, evievi mw`K ZvKvbv
cqvRb| gvwUi im Ub wbq wbRK gvUvmvUv Ki ZvjvZB ei KvRi mgvw bq|
fvlv
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

8
ZvK dzj dvUvZ nq, dj aivZ nq| bBj Zvi Rxeb Am~Y nq hve| ZvB eK
mv_KZvi cZxK wnme MnY Kivi cqvRbxqZv mRxeZv I mv_KZvi Ggb `v Avi bB|
[Rxeb I e : gvZvni nvmb Payix]
|<|<||+< |<<+-
(<) |< < t|+
|< <||+ t|+ <||+
c_ GK hyeKi mwnZ Zvnvi mvvr nBj| c_ GK hyeKi m Zvi `Lv njv|
Mdzi Pzc Kwiqv iwnj| Mdzi Pzc Ki iBj|
cvKv `yB vk c_ nuvwUqv zj we`v ARb
KwiZ hvB|
cvKv `yvk c_ nuU zj we`v ARb KiZ
hvB|
Avwg evcviwU eywSqv Avgvi weQvbv UvBqv
jBqv Zvnv`i vb Kwiqv w`jvg|
Avwg evcviUv eyS Avgvi weQvbv wUq wbq
Zv`i RvqMv Ki w`jvg|
Avwgbv Ni nBZ `yqvi Avwmqv `uvovBj| Avwgbv Ni nZ `yqvi Gm `uvovj|
() t|+ < |<
t|+ <||+ |< <||+
Pq `wL, Avgv`i ingZK `y cvnvivIqvjv
eua wbq AvmQ|
Pvwnqv `wL, Avgv`i ingZK `yB
cvnvivIqvjv euvwaqv jBqv AvwmZQ|
nvRvi eQi ai gvbyl G`i `LQ| nvRvi eQi awiqv gvbyl Bnv`i `wLZQ|
cvkB wKQz `~i GKUv kvjyK `LZ cvq
Imgvb|
cvkB wKQz `~i GKwU kvjyK `wLZ cvq
Imgvb|
Avgv`i G fxiZv wK wPiw`bB _K hve? Avgv`i GB fxiZv wK wPiw`bB _vwKqv
hvBe?
G K_v b AbK PgK DVeb| GB K_v wbqv AbK PgwKqv DwVeb|

9
-|-|
1| fvlv KvK ej?
2| evsjv fvlv KvK ej? evsjv fvlvi Drcwi GKwU cwiPq `vI|
3| mvay I PwjZ fvlv KvK ej? mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi ewkmg~n DjL Ki|
4| mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi cv_K jL|
5| wbgwjwLZ kjvi PwjZi~c jL|
GB, Bnv`i, GKwU, Zvnvi, Dnvi, KwiqvwQjvg, wMqv, KwiZvg, nBe|
6| wbgwjwLZ kjvi mvayi~c jL|
Zvi, Zviv, G`i, Zv`i, Div, I`i, KBj, PvBj, KiZvg, be, WvKjvg|
<+--|-
1| fve cKvk, A_enZv, evM-hG welqjv Afz Ki fvlvi GKwU msv Zwi Ki|





4| c` kjvi cwiewZZ i~c Wvb cvki mwVK Ni emvI : KvnvK, hvi, Dnv`i, Kwijvg, Pbv,
M vg, c~Rv, eis, Z_vwc, nQ|
c` k mvay PwjZ






fvlv
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

10
>. <i|<<
>.: <i|<<
evKiY fvlvi wevbmZ weklYi kv| fvlv wewfb Dcv`vb MwVZ nq Ges wewfb ixwZZ eeZ
nq| MVb I eenvii cZK fvlviB wbR^ wKQz wbqg-kLjv AvQ| G wbqg-kLjv mK
h_vh_ vb jvf KiZ nj fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vb Ges Zv`i cviwiK mK I hvMvhvM cYvwji
^ i~c weklY cqvRb| fvlvi G ^i~c weklYB evKiY bvg AwfwnZ|
evKiY kwUK weklY Kij Avgiv cvB we (wekl) + Av (mgK) + K+ Ab (Y) (KiY)| G
wewk A_ _K Avgiv eySZ cvwi h evKiY nQ k eyrcv`K I fvlv wbqvgK kv|
evcKfve ejv hvq, evKiY nQ fvlvi DQLjv wbeviK, ki eyrcw I eyrcwMZ A_-
wbaviK, c`-mvaK Ges evK iPbv cYvwj wba viK kv| evKiYi KvR fvlvi AfixY kLjv
Avwevi Kiv| fvlvi MVb I eenvii cZK fvlvi wbR^ wKQz wbqgixwZ AvQ| Gme
wbqgixwZ mK mgK vbjvf KiZ nj fvlvK fO Zvi Dcv`vbmg~ni wePvi-weklY Ges
Zv`i cviwiK mK I hvMvhvM cYvwj wbYq Kiv cqvRb| myZivs '< |"< |<| |<|<
|<< << =< |<|- t< |<"1|<< -+ |-< <<| <|< +|< -|+ <i|<<| G chvq evKiY
mK KqKRb LvZbvgv fvlvcwZi ge wbP DZ njv :
Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavqi gZ, h we`vi viv KvbI fvlvK weklY Kwiqv Zvnvi ^i~cwU
AvjvwPZ nq Ges mB fvlvi MVb I wjLb Ges ZvnvZ K_vcK_b -i~c Zvnvi cqvM Kiv
hvq, mB we`vK mB fvlvi evKiY ej| fvlv mK Wi myKzgvi mb : h eBq fvlvi wePvi I
weklY AvQ Zv-B evKiY| gybxi Payix ejQb : h kv Kvbv fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vbi cKwZ I
^ i~ci wePvi-weklY Kiv nq Ges wewfb Dcv`vbi mK wbYq I cqvMwewa wek`fve AvjvwPZ
nq, ZvK evKiY ej|
<|t| <i|<<
evsjv fvlv GKwU mg fvlv| G fvlvi awbZvwK, i~cZvwK ev MVbMZ wbqgkLjv iqQ| myZivs
< "< <|t| |<|< |<|- <|-|-< <|+ < "<< |<t|<-|<< <<| < =<t |<|- <|-|-<
-1< |-< < <||<|< |<-|< |||t+ <, +|-# <|t| |<|< <i|<<|
<|t| <i|<<< |+|i t|
h kv Rvwbj evvjv fvlv i~c wjwLZ, cwoZ I ewjZ cviv hvq, Zvnvi bvg evvjv
evKiY (Bengali Grammar)| Wi gyn` knx`yjvn&
h kv evsjv fvlvi ^i~c I cKwZ mew`K w`q AvjvPbv Ki eywSq `Iqv nq, ZvK ej
evsjv fvlvi evKiY ev evsjv evKiY| Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq
h evKiY evsjv fvlvi awb, k, c`, evK BZvw` weklY Ki fvlvi ^i~cwUK Zzj ai,
ZvK evsjv evKiY ej| RvwZflY PvKx

11
>.> <i|<< |< <|-|<+|
fvlvK weklY Ki `Lvevi Pv _KB evKiYi De| jYxq h AvM fvlvi mw nqQ, ci
fvlv weklY Ki evKiYi mw nqQ| fvlvi m evKiYi mK IZcvZfve RwoZ| fvlv
enZv b`xi gZv MwZkxj| wbRi Lqvj-LywkgZv Avcb MwZZ fvlv GwMq Pj| dj wfb wfb
mgq fvlvi ga bvbv cwieZb mvwaZ nq| evKiYi KvR nQ fvlvi MwZwewaK j Kiv Ges
fvlvK weklY Kiv| fvlvi gwjK Dcv`vb awb, k, evKGjvi AfixY kLjv Avwevii
Rb evKiYi mw nqQ| evKiYK fvlvi msweavb ejv nq| evKiY fvlvK wbqY Ki bv, Zey
evKiY cvVi cqvRbxqZvK A^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| evKiY cvV G Rb cqvRb h
1. evKiY fvlvK weklY Ki Zvi ^i~c I ewkK wbi~cY Ki|
2. evKiY cvV Ki fvlvi wewfb Dcv`vbi MVb cKwZ I m mei myz eenvi-wewa mK Rvbv
hvq|
3. evKiY cvV Ki jLvq I K_vq fvlv cqvM Zv iv Kiv hvq|
4. evKiY cvV fvlvi m`h Abyaveb gZv ew cvq|
5. evKiY mvwnZi im Av^v`b mnvqK fwgKv cvjb Ki|
6. evKiY cvVi gvag Q`-Ajvi welq vb jvf Kiv hvq|
7. fvlvi cwieZbi aviv, wbqg-kLjvi eYbv I weklY evKiY cvV AewnZ nIqv hvq|
myZivs fvlvi AfixY kLjv mK vb jvf Ges fvlvi cqvMi evKiY cvVi
cqvRbxqZv Ab^xKvh|
<|t| <i|<<< ||ti |<<<
awb, k, evK, A_ fvlvi PviwU gwjK Dcv`vb| GB Dcv`vbjvi Ici wfw KiB me fvlvi
evKiY wbgwjwLZ PviwU welq AvjvPbv Kiv nq| evsjv evKiYI Gi ewZg bq|
1. <|-+ (Phonetics)
2. + <| <+ (Morphology)
3. <|<i+ <| -=+ (Syntax)
4. + (Semantics)|
-|-|
1| evKiY KvK ej? evKiY cvVi cqvRbxqZv AvjvPbv Ki|
2| evsjv evKiY KvK ej?
3| evsjv evKiYi AvjvP welqjv DjL Ki|
evKiY
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

12
. <|- < <
<|-
fvlvi z`Zg GKK awb| Kvbv fvlvi DPvwiZ kK m~fve weklY Kij Zvi h AwefvR
z`Zg Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv-B awb| gvbyli evM&hi mnvqZvq DPvwiZ awb _KB fvlvi mw|
eZ fvlvK weklY Kij PviwU gwjK Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq| GB Dcv`vbjv njvawb, k,
evK I A_| gvbyl Zvi gbi fve cKvk Kivi Rb K_v ej| gvbyli K_v njv A_hy wKQy
awb| evKiY kv gvbyli KwbtmZ k ev AvIqvRKB awb ejv nq| eZ A_evaK awbmg~nB
gvbyli wewfb fvlvi evM&awb| awbB fvlvi g~j wfw|
Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavqi gZ, Kvbv fvlvi DPvwiZ kK weklY Kij Avgiv KZKjv
awb cvB| ejv evj, cwZwU gvbefvlvq _vK GKQ awb| Gi msLv mvaviYZ evivwUi ewk I
lvUwUi Kg| GB gywgq msLK awbi wewfb webvm Mo IV fvlvi wecyj cwigvY k| cwZwU
fvlvi wbR^ awbivwki Zvrchc~Y ewk iqQ| A_vr cZK fvlvi awbivwk ciii m
mnvevb Ki mykLj awbZvwK wbqg-Kvbyb gb Pj| g~jZ cwZwU fvlvB GKwU mywbw`
awbkLjv ev awb-msMVbi Aaxb| awb wbMZ nq gyL w`q| awb Drcv`b gyL, bvwmKv, K cfwZ
evK&-cZ eeZ njI awb Drcv`bi g~j Drm njv dzmdzm| dzmdzmi mvnvh Avgiv kvm MnY
I ZvM Kwi| dzmdzm _K evZvm ewiq Avmvi mgq wewfb evK&-cZi msk Avm| dzmdzm
_K evZvm ^ihi ga w`q ewiq Avmvi mgq gyLi wewfb RvqMvq Nlv Lvq| GB NlYi dj
gyL bvbv aibi awbi mw nq| jYxq awb Drcv`b dzmdzm GKwU gyL Drcv`K h njI
dzmdzm _K awb Drcb nq bvdzmdzm _K Kej wbMZ nq evZvm| Avi GB evZvmi m bvbv
evK&-cZi msNl awbi mw nq| A_vr dzmdzm wbMZ evZvm ^ihi ga w`q gyLMni ceki
ci wewfb evK&-cZi msk AvNvZ jvMvi `ib awb MwVZ ev Zwi nq| awb MVb wewfb evK&-
cZi fwgKv AZ iZc~Y |
.: <|-< ||<|
awbi mvaviY A_ hKvbv aibi AvIqvR| wKz evKiY I fvlvZi cvwifvwlK A_ gvbyli
evM&hi mvnvh Zwi AvIqvRK awb ej| awb `yB cKvi| hgb : K. " <<|- I L. <ia-<|-|
<
Kvbv fvlvi awbjvK wjL cKvk Kivi Rb h cZxK ev wP eeZ nq, ZvK eY ej| A,
Av, K, L cfwZ evsjv fvlvi GKKwU awb-cZxK ev eY|
<+||
Kvbv fvlvi eYmgwi mywbw` mvRvbv gK < +|| ej| awb hgb `yB cKvi^ iawb I
ebawb; Zgwb G`i wjwLZ cZxKI `yB cKvi| h_v : ^ieY I ebeY|

13
"<<|- < "<<
hme awb Ab awbi mvnvh Qvov wbR wbR c~Y I i~c DPvwiZ nq, ZvK " <<|- ej| Avi
GB ^iawbi cZxK ev wjwLZ i~cB nQ ^ieY| hgb : A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|
^ieYi msLv gvU 11wU|
<ia-<|- < <ia-<
hme awb ^iawbi mvnvh Qvov wbR wbR c~Y ev i~c DPvwiZ nZ cvi bv, ZvK ebawb
ej| Avi GB ebawbi wjwLZ i~cB nQ ebeY| hgb : K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V,
W, X, Y, Z, _, `, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, X, q, r, s, t, u| ebeY i msLv
gvU 39wU|
" <<|-< ||<| < <t|< <|?i
DPviYi mgqi ZviZg Abymvi ^iawbjvK `ywU fvM wef Kiv nq| hgb: K. n^^i I L.
`xN^i|
<. " " < hme ^iawb DPviY Kg mgq jvM, Zv`iK nm^i ej| A, B, D, F nm^i|
. -| " < hme ^iawb DPviY AcvKZ ewk mgq jvM, Zv`iK `xN^i ej| Av, C,
E, G, H, I, J `xN^i|
" <<|-< <t|< " |- < <|?i
<|- <t|< "|- <t|< "|- -|< -|+
A, Av K Kawb
B, C Zvjy Zvje awb
D, E VuvU ev I I awb
F g~av g~ab awb
G, H K I Zvjy KZvje awb
I, J K I I Kv awb
<ia-<|-< ||<| < <t|< <|?i
DPviY ewk Abymvi ebawb cavbZ wZb fvM wef| h_v :
K. kawb, L. At awb Ges M. Dawb|
awb I eY
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

14
<. "1<|-
hme ebawbi DPviY wRf gyLi fZi K, Zvjy, g~a v, ` , ` g~j cfwZ Kvbv bv Kvbv vb
k Ki DPvwiZ nq, Zv`iK kawb ej| K _K g ch GB cuwPkwU awbK kawb ejv
nq| GB kawb cuvP iKgi nZ cvi| hgb : Keb, Zvjeeb, g~abeb, `eb I
Ieb|
. t" <|-
h, q, i, j Ges At-e GB awbjvi Aevb k awb I Dawbi gvSvgvwS ej G`iK A
t awb ej|
. <'<|-
hme ebawbi DPviY awbjvi ik Ub ivLv hvq, Zv`iK Dawb ej| k, l, m, n
Dawb| k, l, m GB wZbwU awbK wkm awbI ejv nq| KviY wkm `Iqvi m G awbjvi
mv`k iqQ|
DPviY vb Abymvi kawbi cuvPwU wefvM iqQ| g~jZ K, Zvjy, g~av, `uvZ I VuvU GB
cuvPwU DPviY vbi Rb kawbjvK cuvPwU kwYZ fvM Kiv nqQ| GB wefvMjvK eM
ej| c_g awbi bvg Abymvi eMi bvg wb`k Kiv nq| hgb :
K eM K L M N O
P eM P Q R S T
U eM U V W X Y
Z eM Z _ ` a b
c eM c d e f g
<ia-<|-< <t|< "|- < <|?i
<|- <t|< "|- <t|< "|- -|< -|+
K, L, M, N, O, n K ev wRnvg~j K ev wRnvg~jxq awb
P, Q, R, S, T, q, k Zvjy Zvje awb
U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p, l g~av g~ab awb
Z, _, `, a, b, j, m `uvZ ev ` ` awb
c, d, e, f, g VuvU ev I I awb
15
<i<|-
hme awbi DPviY Kbvwji DcwifvM ev wRnvg~j, Zv`iK <i<|- ej| A, Av, K, L, M, N,
O, n Kawb|
+|<i <|-
hme awbi DPviYvb Zvjy, Zv`iK +|<i <|- ej| B, C, P, Q, R, S, T, q, k Zvje awb|
+<-i <|-
hme awbi DPviYvb g~av ev Zvjyi AMfvM, Zv`iK +<-i <|- ej| F, U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p,
l g~ab awb |
-i<|-
hme awbi DPviYvb `g~j, Zv`iK - i<|- ej| Z, _, `, a, b, j, m `awb |
<i<|-
hme awbi DPviYvb I, Zv`iK <i<|- ej| D, E, c, d, e, f, g Iawb |
<i+|<i <|-
hme awbi DPviYvb K Ges Zvjy DfqB, Zv`iK <i+|<i <|- ej| G, H KZvje
awb|
<|i <|-
hme awbi DPviYvb K I I, Zv`iK <|i <|- ej| I, J Kv awb|
- i <|-
hme awbi DPviYvb ` Ges I, Zv`iK -i <|- ej| At-e ` awb|
"1? <|-
K-eM Ges c-eMi c_g, wZxq, ZZxq I PZz_ awbjvi DPviYKvj gyLweeii wekl vb
nq ej GjvK "1? <|- ej|
? <|-
P, Q, R, S GB awbjvi DPviYKvj wRnv ev Zvjyi ki ci ciB Dfqi ga evqyi
NlYRvZ awb mw nq ej, GjvK ?<|- ej|
-||<i <| --||< <|-
O, T, Y, g Gjvi DPviYKvj gyLweeii evZvm bvK w`q ei nq ej GjvK -||<i ev
--||< <|- ej|
|< <|-
cZK eMi c_g `ywU awb Ges k, l, m Gjvi DPviYKvj AvNvZRwbZ Nvl ev k mw nq bv
ej, GjvK |< <|- ej| G`iK kvmawbI ejv nq|
awb I eY
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

16
|< <|-
eMi wZxq, ZZxq, PZz_ I cg awb Ges n Gjvi DPviYKvj AvNvZRwbZ Nvl ev k mw
nq ej, GjvK |< <|- ej| Nvl awbK bv`awbI ejv nq|
| <|-
cZK eMi c_g, ZZxq I cg awbi DPviYKvj evZvmi Pvci ^Zv _vK ej, G`iK
| <|- ej| hgb : K, M, O; P, R, T BZvw`|
+| | <|-
cZK eMi wZxq I PZz_ awbi DPviYKvj evZvmi Pvci AvwaK _vK ej, G`iK gnvcvY
awb ej| hgb : L, N; Q, S BZvw`|
<|-- <|+ | <|- +|| <|-
ANvl K P U Z c L Q V _ d
Nvl M R W ` e O T Y b g N S X a f
<| <| <|-
s ( Aby^vi) Ges t (wemM) GB awb `ywU ^Zfve DPvwiZ nZ cvi bv ej G`iK <| <|
<|- ej| G`iK AhvMen awbI ej|
.> i| <|-< <t|<
DPviY GKwU evPwbK cwqv| fvlvq DPviYi Zv iwZ bv nj g~j Dk evnZ nq| gbi
fve cKvki Dk DPvwiZ A_evaK awb mgwB fvlv| `yfve awb ev fvlvK cKvk Kiv hvq|
GK. gyL w`q DPviY Ki; `yB. wjL| gbi fve wjL wKsev DPviY Ki hfveB cKvk Kiv nvK
bv Kb, mswk h_v_ evbvb I we DPviY Acwinvh| DPviY mwVK gbvfve cKvki
mnvqK| cvi, A DPviY ki A_wevw I weKwZ NUvq| ZvB DPviYi iyZ
Acwimxg| DPviYi cwgZ K_ fvlvi evnbfwi AbymiY cqvRb| GQvov ^iawb I
ebawbi h_vh_ DPviY mK mwVK aviYv _vKv AvekK| G QvovI fvlv eenvi AvwjKZv
cwinvi Kiv Ges DPviYm~ mK mgK aviYv ARb Kiv `iKvi|
gb ivLv cqvRb cwZwU awb-cZxKi wbR^ DPviY I awbMvxh iqQ| DjL GKvwaK awb
wgj hLb k Zwi nq, ZLb awb-cZxKi DPviY Kv_vI AcwiewZZ _vK Avevi Kv_vI
cwiewZZ ev weKZ nq hvq| wbP Av awbi DPviYixwZ DjL Kiv njv|
evsjv eYgvjvq eZgvb eeZ eYi msLv 11wU| Gjv njv : A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|
cwgZ evsjv DPviY gwjK ^iawbi msLv 7wU| Gjv njv : B, G, Av, Av, A, I, D| evsjv
gyLi fvlvq ^iawb A-evcKfve eeZ njI GB eYwUi Rb c_K Kvbv eYwP evsjv
eYgvjvq bB|
17
i| <|-< <t|<
c~eB DjL Kiv nqQ h Av awbi Kvbv ^Z awb-wP bB| KqKwU Av awbi
DPviY Av nq|
1. ki iyZ hy ebi Av-Kvi _vKj : vZ [MuvZv] vb [Muvb/Mvb] vcb [Muvcb]|
2. h-djv hy ebi m Av-Kvi ev Av-awbi DPviY cvq B Av nq| hgb :
LvwZ [LvwZ] evcvi [evcvi]
ZvM [ZvM&] evKiY [evKivb&]
jYxq ki ga v _vKj Avawb KLbv Av, KLbv Av DPvwiZ nq| hgb : wevb
[weM&Muvb/weM&Mu vb&]
-|-|
1| awb KvK ej? awb Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
2| eY KvK ej? eY Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
3| ^iawbi DPviYvb I ewk DjL Ki|
4| ebawbi DPviYvb I ewkmg~n DjL Ki|
5| D`vniYmn msv jL :
k awb, N awb, bvwmK awb, ANvl awb, Nvlawb, AcvY awb, gnvcvY awb,
civkqx awb|
<+--|-
wbPi ebawbi DPviY vb I ewk DjL Ki|
<|- <t|< "|- <t|< "|- -|< -|+
K, L, M, N, O, n
P, Q, R, S, T, q, k
U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p, l
Z, _, `, a, b, j, m
c, d, e, f, g


awb I eY
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

18
s. |+
wbPi evKwU j Ki
Mvg-evsjvq GLb Pvwl`i Ni Ni -<|- |
Dcii evKi bevb kwU gbvhvM w`q j Kij `Lv hve h cvkvcvwk AewZ be Ges
Ab G `ywU k ` yZ DPviYi dj Zwi nqQ bevb kwU| G be ki kl wbwnZ A
awb Ges Ab ki c_g AewZ A awb Dfq wgj Av awb nqQ| hgb :
be + Ab = bevb| (A + A = Av)
jYxq h Avgiv hLb K_v ewj, ZLb AbK `Z DPviYi dj cvkvcvwk AewZ `ywU ki
awb wgj GK nq hvq, wKsev GKwU awbi cfve Ab awb e`j hvq ev jvc cvq| `yZ DPviYi
dj cvkvcvwk AewZ awbi GB wgjb, cwieZb ev wejvcB mw bvg cwiwPZ|
eZ, mw ki A_ wgjb| GwU awb cwieZbi GKwU wekl cwqvawbi m awbi
wgjbRvZ cwqv|
mw ev awbi wgjb bvbvfve nZ cvi| hgb :
1. `ywU awbi AvswkK ev c~Ywgjb| hgb : kZ + AwaK = kZvwaK [A + A = Av]
2. c~eawb ev ciawb jvc| hgb : wbt + Pq = wbq [t + P = ]
t| cvkvcvwk AewZ `ywU awbi wgjbK mw ej|
<|, cii mwbwnZ `ywU awbi wgjb, cwieZb ev wejywK mw ej|
Wi gyn` GbvgyjnKi gZ, GKvwaK awbi wgjb, jvc ev cwieZbi bvg mw|
|+< <|-|<+|
cvkvcvwk AewZ `ywU awb `Z DPviYi mgq mwi dj DPviY ^vQ` Avm Ges DPviY
mnRZi nq| mw fvlvK msw Ki| hgb : be Ab DPviY h mgq cqvRb bevb
DPviY Zvi Pq Kg mgq jvM| GQvov be Ab ejZ h aibi DPviY-kg cqvRb, bevb
Zvi Pq mnR DPvwiZ nq| Kej ZvB bq Avjv`vfve be Ab DPviYi Pq GKm
bevb DPviY AbK ewk kwZgayi| A_vr mw fvlvi awbMZ gvayhI mv`b Ki| mwi dj
bZzb bZzb kI Zwi nq| evbvb wjLZI mw mnvqZv Ki| myZivs DwjwLZ w`Kjv weePbvq
evsjv fvlvq mwi cqvRbxqZv Acwimxg|
|+< <|<-
mw `yB cKvi| h_v : 1. ^imw I 2. ebmw|

19
:. "<|+ ^ iawbi m ^ iawbi wgjb h mw nq, ZvK " <|+ ej| hgb :
be + Ab = bevb A + A = Av
wng + Avjq = wngvjq A + Av = Av
>. <ia-|+ ^iawbi m ebawbi, ebawbi m ^iawbi wKsev ebawbi m
ebawbi wgjb h mw nq, ZvK <ia-|+ ej| hgb :
Dr + PviY = DPviY (Z& + P = P)
mr + Rb = mb (Z& + R = )
|<|+ wemMmw ej ebmwi GKwU cKvif` AvQ| wemM (t) nQ i Ges m-Gi msw
i~c| wemMi m ^iawb ev ebawbi wgjbK wemMmw ej| hgb :
Avwet + Kvi = Avwevi [t + K = ]
KLbv KLbv wemMmwK wfb GKwU kwYZ dj mwK wZb cKvi ejv nq| hnZz t (wemM )
ebawbi AMZ, mnZz wemMmw ebmwiB Afz |
cmZ DjL Kiv cqvRb h evsjv fvlvq bvbv RvZi k iqQ| ki Drm wePvi mwK Avevi
`yfvM fvM Kiv nqQ :
<. ++ <| t"+|+ |+
. || <|t| |+
<. ++ <| t"+|+ |+ evsjv fvlvq eeZ Zrmg ki mw nj ZvK Zrmg ev msZvMZ
mw ej| Zrmg mw ^i I eb f` `yB cKvi :
<. ++ <| t"+|+ "<|+
. ++ <| t"+|+ <ia-|+
. || <|t| |+ LuvwU ev PwjZ evsjv k cvkvcvwk DPviYi mgq h mw nq, ZvK || <|t|
|+ ejv nq| Ze LuvwU evsjv mwi wbqg msZ mwi m gj bv| wKQz wKQz Zrmg mwi
wbqg cqvM Ki wfb wbqg G mw Kiv nq| hgb : cuvP + mi = cuvPmi, KuvPv + Kjv =
KuvPKjv| g~jZ G cKvii mwB LuvwU evsjv mw| LuvwU evsjv mw `yB cKvi| h_v :
:. || <|t| "<|+
>. || <|t| <ia-|+
mw
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

20
wbP QKvKvi mwi wefvRb `Lvbv njv :
|+

^i^w ebmw


Zrmg ev ms ZvMZ ^ imw LuvwU evsjv ^imw Zrmg ev msZvMZ ebmw LuvwU evsjv ebmw
s.: <ia-|+ |-<+ < <-|<
wbP Kej Zrmg ev msZvMZ ebmwi DjLhvM KqwU m~ mK AvjvPbv Kiv njv :
++ <| t"+|+ <ia-|+
<ia--"< |+
|-<+-: < < + <ia-< (< / t / / + / ) < "<<|- |< << + <ia- " ++|<
<ia- ( / / < / - / < ) < hgb :
< + "<<|- = + "<<|- w`K& + A = w`M
evK& + A_ = evM_
cvK& + D = cv
evK& + Ck = evMxk
t + "<<|- = + "<<|- wYP& + A = wYR
AP& + Av = ARv
+ "<<|- = < ($) + "<<|- lU& + Avbb = lovbb
lU& + avZz = loavZz
+ + " <<|- = - + " <<|- Zr + A = Z`
Kr + A = K`
mr + BQv = mw`Qv
+ " <<|- = < + "<<|- myc& + A = mye
21
" <~<ia- |+
|-<+-> "<<|-< < v |< v "|- v < hgb :
+ v = v GK + Q = GKQ ^ + Q` = ^ Q`
A+Q` = AQ` c + Q` = cQ`
gyL + Qwe = gyQwe e+Qvqv = eQvqv
| + v = |v Av + Qb = AvQb K_v + Qj = K_vQj
Av + Qv`b = AvQv`b cixv + Qj = cixvQj
# + v = #v cwi + Q` = cwiQ` cwZ + Qwe = cwZQwe
cwi + Qb = cwiQb
<ia--<ia- |+
|-<+- + ` |<t<| --=< < t |<t<| v |< + <| - "|- t < hgb :
+ + t = t Dr + PviY = DPviY Pjr + wP = PjwP
- + t = t wec`& + wPv = wecwPv Z`& + wP = ZwP
+ + v = v Dr + Q` = DQ` Pjr + Qwe = PjQwe
- + v = v Z`& + Qwe = ZQwe D`& + Q` = DQ`
|-<+-s + ` |<t<| - -=< < |<t<| |< |++ -< |+ <| y < hgb :
+ + = Dr + Rxeb = Dxeb Dr + Rj = Dj
mr + Rb = mb Zr + Rb = Zb
-< DxweZ, hvexeb, Kj, RMxeb|
- + = wec`& + RbK = wecbK
Z`& + RvZxq = ZvZxq
+ + = y Kzr + SwUKv = KzwUKv
|-<+-e + ` |<t<| - -=< < < |<t<| |< + <| - "|- < < hgb :
+ + < = Dr + Wxb = Dxb Dr + Wxqgvb = Dxqgvb
- + = < GZ`& + Xv = GZW&Xv
mw
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

22
|-<+- Z& [r] |<t<| - -=< < - |< |++ -< |+ - < hgb :
+ + - = - Dr + bZ = Db Z Dr + bqb = Db qb
|-<+- + ` |<t<| --=< < + |< |++ + <| --=< "|- - < hgb :
+ + + = -, gr + gq = g bq Clr + gv = Clbv
- + + = -, Z`& + ga = Zba
|-<+~o + ` |<t<| --=< < |< |++ -< |+ < hgb :
+ + = Dr + jvm = Djvm Dr + jL = DjL
- + = Z`& + wjwLZ = ZwjwLZ m`& + jvf = mjvf
|-<+-: + ` |<t<| - -=< < |< + < - "|- t =<t "|- v < =<t -< |+ v
< hgb :
+ + = v Dr + k vm = DQ vm Dr + kLj = DQLj Dr + kj = DQj
|-<+-:: + ` |<t<| - -=< < |< + < - "|- - < =<t "|- < < =<t -< |+ +
(- + <) < hgb :
+ + = - + < = + Dr + nvi = Dvi Dr + nZ = DZ Dr + Z = DZ
- + = + Z`& + wnZ = ZwZ c` + nwZ = cwZ
|-<+-:> - |<t<| + < |< << + <|- |++ ++ <|-+ |<+ < hgb :
< > w`K& + wbYq = w`O&wbYq evK + gq = evgq
> - lU& + gvm = lbvm
+ > - Dr + bqb = Dbqb wPr + gq = wPbq g r + gq = gbq
|-<+~: | + =<t < < / / / -=< < <|-|| |< |++ + "|- -"|< (t) <|
<<| () < hgb :
+ + < = t < / <
Ajg& + Kvi = AjsKvi/ Ajvi Ang& + Kvi = AnsKvi/Anvi
mg& + Kjb = msKjb/ mjb mg& + KxY = msKxY /mxY
+ + = t / mg& + MZ = msMZ/ mZ mg& + MxZ = msMxZ/ mxZ
+ + = t/ mg& + N = msN / mN mg& + NvZ = msNvZ /mNvZ
23
|-<+~:s | + =<t < t < + < <|< <|-< <<|-|| |< <-< + "|-
<<+| <|< <|-< ++ <|- < hgb :
+ + t = + mg& + Pq = mq wKg& + wPr = wKwr
+ + + = mg& + Zvc = mvc mg& + vm = mvm
Mg& + Ze = M e wKg& + Zz = wK
+ + - = - mg& + `kb = m`kb
+ + < = + mg& + avb = mvb mg& + wa = mw
+ + - = - mg& + wbwnZ = mwbwnZ mg& + wbek = mwbek
wKg& + bi = wKbi mg& + bvm = mbvm
+ + = -1 mg& + c` = m` mg& + cxwZ = mcxwZ mg& + cwZ = mcwZ
mg& + c~Y = m~Y mg& + c~iK = m~iK
+ + < = - mg& + ej = m^j mg& + evab = m^vab
|+<i <-| <-| + -=< < < |< + "|- t < hgb :
+ + < = t mg& + ev` = msev` mg& + wer = mswer mg& + eiY = mseiY
mg& + weavb = msweavb mg& + eabv = msea bv wKg& + ev = wKsev
|-<+-:c | + =<t < t" <ia- (< /< / / < ) |<t<| <'<|-< ( / /) < <|-|
|< <-< + "|- t (-"|<) < hgb :
+ + < = t< mg& + hZ = mshZ mg& + hy = mshy
+ + < = t< mg& + iY = msiY mg& + iwZ = msiwZ
+ + = t mg& + jvc = msjvc mg& + jM = msjM
+ + < = t< mg& + eiY = mseiY mg& + eabv = msea bv
mg& + ev` = msev` mg& + weavb = msweavb
+ + = t mg& + kq = mskq mg& + kl = mskl
mg& + kvab = mskvab mg& + wk = mswk
+ + = t mg& + mvi = msmvi meg& + mnv = mesmnv
+ + = t mg& + nZ = msnZ mg& + nvi = msnvi
mg& + nwZ = msnwZ mg& + wnZv = mswnZv
mw
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

24
|-<+~:e t << <|-< < - |< |++ --=< " < hgb :
t + - = t hvP& + bv = hvv
+ - = ivR& + bx = ivx
|-<+-: < ~=< < + |<t<| |< +-=< " =<t -=< " < hgb :
< + + = + > bl& + Z = b el& + wZ = ew
ml + wZ = mw Kl& + wZ = K w
< + = > ll& + _ = l wbl& + _v = wbv
|-<+~: +-=< < < <|+ |-1- '<+', '<|<', '<<', '<|+' #+i||- |< + "|- t <,
=<t <|-< |+ < hgb :
+ + <+ = t + mg& + KZ = msZ
+ + <|< = t + mg& + Kvi = msvi
+ + << = t + mg& + KiY = msiY
+ + <|+ = t + mg& + KwZ = mswZ
|-<+-:o <'< ( ) < |< <-< < <|"+ - <|- t-= |<<|++ < hgb:
- + = t wnb& + mv = wnsmv `b& + kb = `skb
wmb& + n = wmsn
<ia-|+ |+ < <-|<
<ia-|+
AbyQ` = Aby + Q` AnsKvi = Ang& + Kvi Djvm = Dr + jvm
Dvi = Dr + nvi DPviY = Dr + PviY Dj = Dr + Rj
DQvm = Dr + kvm DQLj = Dr + kLj DjL = Dr + jL
DNvUb = Dr + NvUb D`vM = Dr + hvM D`g = Dr + `g
DbZ = Dr + bZ Dbqb = Dr + bqb Kw = Kl& + wZ
KzR&SwUKv = Kzr + SwUKv PjQwe = Pjr + Qwe wPbq = wPr + gq
RM`xk = RMr + Ck RMbv_ = RMr + bv_ RMbq = RMr + gq
25
wYR = wYP& + A ZrKvj = Z`& + Kvj Zrmg = Z`& + mg
ZwZ = Z`& + wnZ Zba = Zr + ga w`M = w`K& + A
w`M&MR = w`K& + MR `yjvK = w`e + jvK cwiQ` = cwi + Q`
cwZ = c`& + nwZ cwZQwe = cwZ + Qwe cwiQ` = cwi + Q`
evgq = evK& + gq ebwZ = eb + cwZ gbq = gr + gq
hv&Tv = hvP& + bv ivx = ivR& + bx l = ll& + _
loFZz = lU& + FZz loh = lU & + h lYvm = lU& + gvm
lvok = lU& + `k mPwi = mr + Pwi mb = mr + Rb
mq = mg& + Pq msev` = mg& + ev` msMxZ = mg& + MxZ

-|-|
1. mw KvK ej? D`vniYmn jL|
2. mw Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn jL|
3. mwi cqvRbxqZv Kx? D`vniY w`q eywSq `vI|
4. ebmw KvK ej? D`vniYmn jL|
5. mwe k Avjv`v Ki `LvI :
KzR&SwUKv, PjQwe, RM`xk, ZrKvj, Zrmg, w`M, cwiQ`, cwZ, ebwZ, msev`, msMxZ
e. |+ <<
RMr + bv_ = RMr + gq = Z`& + wnZ =
w`K& + A = w`K& + MR = w`e + jvK =
cwi + Q` = c`& + nwZ = eb + cwZ =
gr + gq = lU& + FZz = lU& + `k =
mr + Rb = mg& + ev` = mg& + MxZ =

mw
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

26
<+--|-
1| mwi msv Ges mwi c Kvif` DjLc~eK wewfb cKvi mwi cwiPq GKwU cvvi ccvi
my`i Ki mvwRq jL|




2| QK Abyhvqx wbPi kjvi mw wek lY Ki Ges mwi wbqg jL :
|+-|<< |+< |-<+
bevb
fQv
`e`
bxjvrcj
gnvrme
kxZvZ
wnZlx
BZvw`


27
c. < -
c.: <|<< < |<|
evsjv evKiY KviK GKwU mycwiwPZ cm| KviK kwUi A_, h Kvbv KvR ev wqv mv`b
Ki| evK KZvB wqv mv`b Ki| myZivs KZvB KviK GB iKg gb nZ cvi| wK z evKiY
ay KZvB KviK bq| KZv Kx KiQ, Kvi mvnvh KiQ, Kv_vq KiQ A_vr wqv mv`bi
Aej^b, DcKiY, nZz, vb, Kvj BZvw` mewKQyB G weeP| wqv mv`b wqvi m Hme
ew, e, vb, Kvj BZvw`i h mK iqQ, evKiY Zv KviK bvg AwfwnZ|
<|<<< t|
evKi AMZ wqvc`i m wekl I mebvg c`i h mK, ZvK KviK ej|
<|<<< <|<-
evKwZ wqvc`i m wekl ev mebvg c`i Qq cKvii mK nq _vK| GB mKi
wfwZ KviK Qq cKvi| hgb :
1. KZ KviK, 2. KgKviK, 3. KiY KviK,
4. m`vb KviK, 5. Acv`vb KviK I 6. AwaKiY KviK
wbP GKwU evKi mvnvh GB mKi m~mg~n `Lvbv njv :
ev`kv bvwmi Dwb cZn mKvj ivRKvl nZ ^n `wi``iK ab `vb KiZb|
1. K `vb KiZb ? ev`kv bvwmi Dwb (KZKviK)
2. Kx `vb KiZb? ab (KgKviK)
3. Kx viv `vb KiZb? ^n (KiY KviK)
4. Kv`iK `vb KiZb? `wi``iK (m`vb KviK)
5. Kv_v nZ `vb KiZb? ivRKvl nZ (Acv`vb KviK)
6. KLb `vb KiZb? cZn mKvj (AwaKiY KviK)
<|<< |- << |< +|+
1. wqvK K viv cki Di cvIqv hve KZ KviK|
2. wqvK Kx ev KvK viv cki Di cvIqv hve KgKviK|
3. wqvK Kx viv cki Di cvIqv hve KiY KviK|
4. wqvK KvK (^ZZvM Ki c`vb) viv cki Di cvIqv hve m`vb KviK|

evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

28
5. wqvK Kv_v nZ cki Di cvIqv hve Acv`vb KviK|
6. wqvK Kv_vq, KLb viv cki Di cvIqv hve AwaKiY KviK|
|<|
evKi kjvi wbw` webvm _vK| webvmB mgM evKi A_ Ki `q| `Lv hvq, evKi
h_vh_ A_ vcbi Rb evKwZ bvg kjvi m KLbv KLbv eY ev eYmgw hy nq _vK|
GB eY ev eYmgwi bvg wefw| evsjv evKi c`jvi cviwiK mKi wfwZ KviK wb`ki
Rb GB wefwjvi mwekl iZ iqQ| AbK mgq wefwi cqvRb co bv| wefw bv _vKj
k~b wefw (0) ai wbZ nq| hgb :
mvq AvKvk Puv` DVQ|
GB evK wZbwU bvg k AvQ mv, AvKvk, Puv`| Avi DVQ njv wqvc`| mgM evKwUi
A_MvnZvi Rb mv ki m q, AvKvk ki m G hy nqQ| q, G njv wefw|
Puv`-Gi m Kvbv eY hy nqwb cqvRb bB ej| wK z evKiYgZ, mLvbI wefw AvQ, Ze
Zv k~b (0) wefw| k~b (0) wefwK A-wefwI ejv nq| mgM evKwUi webvm GB iKg :
mvq AvKvk Puv` DVQ|
mv+q AvKvk+G Puv`+0 IVQ|
GB evKi wef AskjvB (q, G, 0) wefw|
t|
evK eeZ h eY ev eYmgw evKi A_MvnZvq mvnvh Ki, Zv`i wefw ejv nq|
|<|< <|-|<+|
evsjvq Ggb AbK evK iqQ, hjvZ wqvc` bB| hgb :
gvV gvV ARm dmj|
QvU QvU wWwO bKvjv b`xZ fvmgvb|
GB RvZxq wqvnxb AbK evK evsjvq iqQ| wqv bB ej GB evKjvi AMZ bvg
kjvi KviKI bB| mRb ejv nq evsjv evK KviK-cavb bq| wK z wefw Qvov evsjv evK
wVKfve MwVZ nZ cvi bv Ges evKI A_Mvn nq bv| Icii `ywU evKi wefw Zzj wbj
evKjv h_vh_ A_ cKvk Kie bv| gvV gvV ARm dmj wKsev QvU QvU wWwO bKvjv b`x
fvmgvb evK wnme ywUc~Y| c_g evK G wefw (gvV+G), wZxq evK Z wefw (b`x+Z)
evK `ywUi webvm I A_ wVK Ki w`qQ| MvQi cvZvq ivZi wkwki jM AvQ GB evKI
Avgiv `LwQ Gi wefw [MvQ+Gi, ivZ+Gi] I q wefw [cvZv+q] evKwUK m~Y A_Mvn
29
KiQ| bZzev MvQ cvZv ivZ wkwki Kvbv evK bq| Zvnj evSv hvQ, wefw evKi AMZ
k A_vr c`jvi ga mK mw Ki Ges evKi A_ wbw` Ki| mRb evsjv evK wefw-
cavb| Gi _K evsjv evK wefwi cqvRbxqZv Abyaveb Kiv hvq| Aek me mgq wefw w`q
evsjv fvlv fve cKvk KiZ cvi bv, mme wefwi vb wefw-vbxq wKQzk hgb viv,
w`q, KZK, nZ, _K, Pq BZvw` eeZ nq|
|<|< <|<-
wefw `yB cKvi| h_v :
1. k wefw ev bvg wefw I 2. wqv wefw|
:. |<| <| -|+ |<|
k ev bvg c`i m hme wefw hy nq, ZvK k wefw ev bvg wefw ej| hgb :
|<< wfv `vI| (wfzK + K)
>. |=<| |<|
avZz ev wqvc`i m hme wefw hy nq, ZvK wqv wefw ej| hgb :
wZwb evwo hveb (hv + Be& + Gb = hvBeb > hveb)|
k wefwi m KviKi Ges wqv wefwi m Kvj I cyili cZ m^ iqQ|
k wefw ev bvg wefw KviK wb`k Ki ej GjvK KviK wefwI ejv nq| KviKf`
k wefw mvZ cKvi| hgb : c_gv, wZxqv, ZZxqv, PZz_x, cgx, lx I mgx|
evsjvq AbK B wefwnxb c` cvIqv hvq| GB AbycwZ wefwK ejv nq k~b (0)
wefw|
GKePb I eePb KviK wefwi i~c :
|<| =<<t- <<t-
c_gv k~b (0), A, G, (q), Z iv, Giv, wj (jv), MY
wZxqv K, i, Gi w`MK, w`Mi, `i
ZZxqv viv, w`qv, KZ K w`Mi viv, `i viv, w`M KZK
PZz_x K, i, Gi w`MK, w`Mi, `i
cgx nZ, _K, Pq w`Mi nZ, `i nZ, w`Mi Pq
lx i, Gi w`Mi, `i, wji, MYi
mgx G, q, Z, GZ w`M, w`MZ, wjZ
k I c`
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

30
:. <+ <|<<
|| WvK|
hvq|
<<|+ avb LqQ|
DwjwLZ evK wZbwUZ <|<, <|< Ges <v wqvc`| GB wqvjv mv`b KiQ h_vg
||, Ges <<| myZivs ||, Ges <<| KZ KviK|
h wqv mv`b Ki ZvK KZv ej Ges wqvi m KZ m^ hy c`B KZKviK|
t|
evKwZ h wekl ev me bvg c` wqv mb Ki, ZvK KZKviK ej|
<+<|<<< <|<-
wqv mv`bi ewP ev ewk Abyhvqx KZKviK Qq cKvi| hgb :
<. +i<+| h wbRB wqv mv`b Ki, m-B gyLKZv| hgb :
|$| Mvwo Uvb|
gyljavi <|? coQ|
. <|< <+| g~j KZv hLb AbK Kvbv KvR wbqvwRZ Ki wqv mb Kivq, ZLb ZvK
chvRK KZv ej| hgb : +| wkK Puv` `LvQb|
GLvb gv chvRK KZv |
. <|i <+| g~j KZvi KiYxq KvR hvi viv mvw`Z nq, ZvK chvR KZv ej| hgb :
gv |< Puv` `LvQb|
wkK v|< covQb|
GLvb wk Ges QvMY chvR KZv |
. <i|+|< <+| evKi ga `ywU KZv hLb GK GKRvZxq wqv mv`b Ki, ZLb Zv`i
ewZnvi KZv ej| hgb :
<|- <|- jovB|
<|-+|< GK NvU Rj Lvq|

31
<+<|<< |<|- |<|< <|
c_gv wefw : ||< eB co|
wZxqv wefw : |+< hZ ne|
ZZxqv wefw : -< <+ < AwMexYv iwPZ nqQ|
lx wefw : |+|< LvIqv nqwb|
mgx wefw : v| wKbv Lvq|
>. <+<|<<
Nvov ||$ Uvb| kvn` <# co|
t| hvK Avkq Ki KZv wqv mb Ki, ZvK KgKviK ej|
DwjwLZ evK `ywUZ Nvov Ges kvn` h_vg Mvwo Ges eB-K Avkq Ki Uvbv Ges
cov wqv mb Ki| myZivs Mvwo Ges eB KgKviK|
<+<|<< |<|- |<|< <|
c_gv wefw | WvK|
wZxqv wefw Avwg +|< wPwb|
lx wefw -< mev Ki|
mgx wefw wRvwme - -
. << <|<<
KiY kwUi A_ h, mnvq ev Dcvq| A_vr wqv wbwi evcvi hv cavb mnvq Zv-B KiY|
t| KZv hvi mvnvh wqv mv`b Ki, ZvK KiY KviK ej| hgb :
Qjiv < Lj| <-i|< `k cvweZ njv| KjgwU |-|< gvov|
KiY KviK mvaviYZ ZZxqv wefw nq|
<< <|<< |<|- |<|< <|
c_gv wefw Qjiv < Lj|
ZZxqv wefw Avgiv <|- |<| wb|
cgx wefw G |- + `ki gyL Dj ne|
lx wefw Zvi gv_vq ||< AvNvZ Kiv bv|
mgx wefw AvKvk + XvKv|
k I c`
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

32
s. -1-|- <|<<
m`vb A_ ^Qvq `vb|
t| hvK ^Z ZvM Ki Kvbv wKQy `vb Kiv nq, mB `vb-MnxZvK m`vb KviK ej|
hgb :
|<< wfv `vI| +- `n Avjv| <"|- e `vI|
wK z ^Z ZvM bv evSvj m`vb KviK ne bv| hgb : <||< Kvco `vI|
G avcv m`vb KviK bq KviY avcvK Kvco KLbvB ^Z ZvM Ki `Iqv nq bv|
|+<i msZ evKiYi AbymiY evsjv fvlvq m`vb KviKi eenvi Pj AvmQ| wK z m`vb
KviK Ges Kg KviKi wefw wP GK| Kej `vbi cm AbK evKiY-wekl m`vb
KviKi c_K AwZ ^xKvi A^xKwZ vcb KiQb|
m`vb KviK mvaviYZ PZz_x wefw nq|
-1-|- <|<< |<|- |<|< <|
c_gv wefw : < `wYv `vI|
PZz_x wefw : -|<-< `vb Ki|
lx wefw : |<-< wfv `vI|
mgx wefw : -|- `qv Ki|
c. |-|- <|<<
t| hv _K Kvbv wKQy wePyZ, cwZZ, MnxZ, RvZ, iwZ, weiZ, `~ixfZ I Drcb Ges hv
`L KD fxZ nq, ZvK Acv`vb KviK ej| hgb :
wePyZ : e < cvZv Si|
cwZZ : + ew nq|
MnxZ : |-< < gyv gj|
RvZ : |+ < dmj cvB|
iwZ : |<- gvi iv Ki|
weiZ : | weiZ nI|
`~ixfZ : - < |<- Pj MQ|
Drcb : |+ Zj nq|
fxZ : -<<- evNi fq AvQ|
33
Acv`vb KviK mvaviYZ cgx wefw nq|
|-|- <|<< |<|- |<|< <|
c_gv wefw : UbwU |<| Qvoj|
wZxqv wefw : <|<|< e fq cvB|
ZZxqv wefw : Zvi t| |-< cvwb coQ|
cgx wefw : Rjiv --| < gvQ aiQ|
lx wefw : <|< fq mKj fxZ|
mgx wefw : -< `B nq|
e. |<<< <|<<
t| h vb, h Kvj ev h welq wqv mb nq, ZvK wqvi Avavi ej| wqvi AvaviK
AwaKiY KviK ej| hgb :
<- evN _vK| < KvwKj WvK| wZwb <i|<< cwZ|
<|<-
A_f` AwaKiY KviK Pvi cKvi| hgb :
K. vbvwaKiY; L. KvjvwaKiY; M. welqvwaKiY I N. fvevwaKiY|
<. "|-||<<< h vb wqv mb nq, ZvK vbvwaKiY KviK ej| hgb : Kzwgi _vK|
. <|||<<< h Kvj wqv mb nq, ZvK KvjvwaKiY KviK ej| hgb : <+ kvcjv
dvU|
. |<<<||<<< Kvbv welq `Zv ev AgZv cKvk wqv wbb nj, ZvK welqvwaKiY KviK
ej| hgb : wZwb #t<|+ fvjv| kwdK |+ KuvPv|
. |<||<<< GKwU wqv Ab wqvi Ici wbfi Kij wbfikxj wqvc`wU fveevPK cwiYZ
nq AwaKiY nj, ZvK fvevwaKiY KviK ej| hgb : < |-< AKvi `~ixfZ nq|
G AKvi `~ixfZ nIqv m~hv`qi Ici wbfikxj| AZGe m~hv`q fvevwaKiY KviK|
-< ||+ gyv Si|
AwaKiY KviK mvaviYZ mgx wefw nq|

k I c`
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

34
|<<< <|<< |<|- |<|< <|
c_gv wefw : Avwg ||+| <| evwo hve|
wZxqv wefw : gb Avgvi bvPi ||<
ZZxqv wefw : |||- |-< JlaUv Lq wbI|
cgx wefw : v|- < b`x `Lv hvq|
mgx wefw : <- evN _vK|
c.> -+ < -|<- -
evK wqvi m Abvb c`i h m^, ZvK KviK ej| wKz wqvc`i m mK bv
iL h bvgc` evKwZ Ab c`i m mKhy nq, ZvK m^ c` ej| hgb : <|+<
fvB XvKv hve|
GLvb ivgi m fvBqi mK AvQ wK z hve wqvc`i m Kvbv m^ bB|
myZivs wqvi m m^ c`i Kvbv mK bB ej m^ c` KviK bq|
-+ -< |<|
K. m^ c` lx (i ev Gi) wefw nq| hgb : mvbv + i = mvbvi (_vjv)| ZviK + Gi
= ZviKi (fvB)|
L. mgqevPK A_ m^ c` Kvi > Ki wefw hy nq| hgb : AvwR + Kvi = AvwRKvi >
AvRKi (Lei)| c~e + Kvi = c~eKvi (NUbv)|
-|<- -
m^vab A_ Avnvb| hvK m^vab ev Avnvb Ki wKQy ejv nq, ZvK m^vab c` ej| hgb :
< #<<|, Gw`K Gmv|
+|<<|, GLvb Gmv|
GLvb BKevj I gvaex m^vab c`| KviY Zv`iK Avnvb ev m^vab Ki wKQy ejv nqQ|
m^vab c` evKi Ask wKz GB m^vab c`i m evKi wqvc`i Kvbv mK bB|
evKwZ wqvc`i m Kvbv m^ _vK bv ej m^vab c` KviK bq|
|<|- <|<< =<# |<|< <|
< <|<< '-i' |<|< <|
KZKviK k~b wefw : - zj hvq|
35
KgKviK k~b wefw : Nvov ||$ Uvb|
KiY KviK k~b wefw : Qjiv < Lj|
m`vb KviK k~b wefw : wfv `vI `wLj |<
Acv`vb KviK k~b wefw : UbwU |<| Qvoj|
AwaKiY KviK k~b wefw : Avgiv -| hve|
< <|<< '=' <| '+|' |<|< <|
KZKviK G wefw : | wKbv ej|
KgKviK G wefw : wRvwme - -
KiY KviK G wefw : |- wegj Avb` jvf nq|
m`vb KviK G wefw : -|- `qv Ki|
Acv`vb KviK G wefw : |+ Zj nq|
AwaKiY KviK G wefw : <- evN _vK|
+|| << -|< <|<< < |<| |-<
A_ - NUvq| Kg k~b|
+- `n Avjv| m`vb mgx
-|- Ab `vI| m`vb mgx
|<| gN XvKv| AwaKiY k~b
Avgvi |+ LvIqv njv bv| Kg k~b
|+|< LvIqv njv bv| KZKviK lx
|<| Puv` IVQ| AwaKiY mgx
#-|<< evwo ek k| KiY lx
#< evwo mnR fv bv| KiY lx
G <+ fvjv jLv nq| KiY mgx
G |++ mvbv dj| AwaKiY mgx
G <+ ek jLv hvq| KiY mgx
k I c`
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

36
<|- |< kvK g`xfZ nq| AwaKiY mgx
<|t< wRwbm mnR fvO| KiY lx
<|-- Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj| AwaKiY mgx
KlK | PlQ| KiY k~b
<||< `vM mnR IV bv| m^ lx
<| gb `vI| Kg mgx
Mvwo - Qvoj| Acv`vb k~b
- MiR gN Nb eilv| AwaKiY mgx
|< gvb bv Avcwb gvoj| KZKviK mgx
<+ Mvwo Uvb| KZ KviK mgx
<- Ki fw/bwZ| Kg mgx
|- Mn `vI| m`vb mgx
MMb MiR + KZ KviK k~b
|$|< Mvwo Uvb| KZKviK mgx
<+ gi Gjv bwbq| AwaKiY mgx
t|<< fq Nyg Avm bv| Acv`vb lx
v|- < b`x `Lv hvq| AwaKiY cgx
v|- ew co| AwaKiY mgx
QjwU KuvPv| AwaKiY mgx
v| wKbv Lvq| KZ KviK mgx
< Pj| wbwgv_ PZz_x
co cvZv bo| KZKviK k~b
|++ mvbv dj| AwaKiY mgx
< wjLb _vK bv| KiY lx
wRvwme - - Kg mgx
37
|< `qv Ki mvayRb| m`vb mgx
|- wegj Avb` nq| KiY mgx
gvQ ai| KZKviK mgx
Kzwgi Wvvq evN| AwaKiY mgx
|-< gyv AvQ| AwaKiY mgx
|<|< wKbv nq| KiY mgx
UbwU |<| QoQ| Acv`vb k~b
|<|< jvf fvjv bq| m^ lx
<||< WvK| Kg k~b
wZwb <i|<< cwZ| AwaKiY mgx
|+ Zj nq| Acv`vb mgx
wZwb MQb| wbwgv_ mgx
wZwb <||$ bB| AwaKiY k~b
Zviv < Lj| KiY k~b
Zvi <+ gwZ AvQ| AwaKiY mgx
- |+ Kwi KvR| KZKviK mgx
-< Qvbv nq| Acv`vb mgx
-|<-< ab `vI| m`vb PZz_x
<||< Kvco `vI| Kg wZxqv
<|- < PvDj nq| Acv`vb cgx
abx -|<-< NYv Ki| Kg wZxqv
-< Rb cvY `vI| m`vb lx
w`e +|+| kv fw| m`vb k~b
-+- <|-i ne bevb| KiY mgx
wbRi t?|< eo nI| KiY mgx
k I c`
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

38
-< <+< AwMexYv iwPZ nq| KZKviK 3qv
--|+ gvQ AvQ| AwaKiY mgx
|<< kv KwiI| KgKviK wZxqv
wkKvwi weovj | Pbv hvq| KiY mgx
+|<|- jf vb Ab Kfz bq| KZKviK k~b
< |<i vb `b i gnvkq| Kg mgx
<|<< c Rb| AwaKiY mgx
me |-< gyv wgj bv| AwaKiY mgx
m~h DVj +<|< `~i nq| Kg k~b
<| e_v Jla `e Kv_v | AwaKiY mgx
|$ mvc Ljvq| KZKviK k~b
+- jeY AvQ| AwaKiY mgx
< + `vb Ki| m`vb mgx
m <||$ bB| AwaKiY k~b
|+ KvR Ki| KiY mgx
`q Avgvi bvPi ||< AwaKiY wZxqv
-|-|
1| KviK KvK ej? KviK Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn cZK cKvi KviKi cwiPq `vI|
2| KviK-wefw ejZ Kx evS? GKePb I eePbi KviK-wefwi wPjv jL|
3| KZKviK KvK ej? KZ KviKi cKvif`jv D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
4| AwaKiY KviK KvK ej? AwaKiY KviK Kq c Kvi I Kx Kx? c ZK c Kvii `ywU Ki D`vniY
`vI|
5| m^ Ges m^vab c` KviK bq Kb? D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
6| mKj KviK G ev mgx wefwi cqvM `LvI|
7| mKj KviK k~b wefwi cqvM `LvI|
39
c. <
GKwU kK wewfb KviK, m^ c` wnme Ges m^vab eenvi KiZ nj, wefw I AbymM
hvM Ki mswk ki hi~c nq, ZvK ejv nq <| hgb :
evjK + K = evjKK, evjK + Gi = evjKi|
wbP wekl k gvbyl Ges mebvg k Avwg, Zzwg I m Gi GKePbi I eePbi ki~c
`Lvbv njv :
(<) |<<i < < +|-<
+|-<
<|<< =<<t- <<t-
KZv gvbyl, gvbyl (gvbyl+G) gvbyliv (gvbyl + Giv) gvbylwj-jv,
gvbylMY, gvbylmKj gvbyl`i|
Kg gvbylK (gvbyl+K) gvbylw`MK, gvbyl`iK (w`M+K)
(`i+K)
KiY gvbyl viv, gvbyl w`qv > w`q
gvbylK w`q
gvbylwj viv, gvbylwjK w`q
mc`vb gvbylK (gvbyl + K)
Acv`vb gvbyl nBZ, gvbyl nZ, gvbyl _K,
gvbyli KvQ _K
gvbylw`M nBZ, gvbyl`i KvQ _K;
gvbylwji KvQ _K
m^ c` gvbyli gvbylw`Mi, gvbyl`i, gvbylwji
AwaKiY gvbyli gvbylw`Mi, gvbylMYi gvbylwji,
gvbyl`i
m^vab n gvbyl! n gvbylMY, gvbylme
() <-|+ < < ||+, +|+,
||+
<|<< =<<t- <<t-
KZv Avwg Avgiv, Avgiv-me, Avgiv-mKj
Kg I
mc`vb
AvgvK Avgvw`MK > Avgv`i, Avgv`iK
KiY Avgv viv, Avgvi viv AvgvK w`qv
> w`q
Avgvw`Mi viv, Avgv`i viv, Avgv`iK
w`q

evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

40
Acv`vb Avgv nBZ > nZ Avgvi KvQ _K Avgvw`M nBZ, Avgvw`Mi wbKU nBZ,
Avgv`i KvQ _K
m^ Avgvi, gvi (c`) Avgvw`Mi > Avgv`i, gv`i (c`)
Avgv mevKvi (c`)
AwaKiY AvgvZ, Avgvi ga Avgvw`MZ, Avgvw`Mi ga > Avgv`i
ga
+|+
<|<< =<<t- <<t-
KZv Zzwg Zvgiv, Zvgiv me
Kg I
mc`vb
ZvgvK Zvgvw`MK, Zvgv`K, Zvgv`iK
KiY Zvgvi viv, ZvgvK w`qv > w`q Zvgvw`Mi viv, Zvgv`i viv,
Zvgvw`MK w`qv, Zvgv`i w`q
Avcv`vb Zvgv nBZ > nZ, Zvgvi wbKU
nBZ, Zvgvi KvQ _K
Zvgvw`M nBZ, Zvgvw`Mi wbKU nBZ,
Zvgv`i KvQ _K, Zvgvw`Mi >
Zvgv`i Zvgv mevKvi
m^ Zvgvi Ze (c`) Zvgvw`Mi > Zvgv`i, Zvgv mevKvi
(c`)
AwaKiY Zvgvw`MZ, Zvgvw`Mi ga,
Zvgv`i ga
Zvgvw`MZ, Zvgvw`Mi ga,
Zvgv`i ga

<|<< =<<t- <<t-
KZv m Zvnviv > Zviv, Zviv me
Kg I
mc`vb
ZvnvK > ZvK Zvnvw`MK > Zv`K, Zv`iK
KiY Zvnv viv, Zvnvi viv, ZvnvK w`q,
ZvK w`q
Zvnvw`M viv, Zvnv`i viv, Zv`i w`q
Acv`vb Zvnv nBZ, Zvnvi wbKU nBZ, Zvi
KvQ _K, Zvi KvQ _K
Zvnvw`M nBZ, Zvnvw`Mi wbKU nBZ
m^ Zvnvi, Zvi, Zm Zv`i KvQ _K, Zvnvw`Mi, Zvnv`i >
Zv`i
AwaKiY ZvnvZ, Zvnvi ga > ZvZ, Zvi
ga
Zvnvw`MZ, Zvnvw`Mi ga
41
c.s |<<< '+<' < '++'
Zi AvcwK DrKlevPK ev AcKlevPK cZq Ges Zg e e ev ewi ga GKRbi
mevwaK DrKl ev AcKlevaK cZq|
`yywU e ev ewi ga Zzjbv KiZ msZi wbqgvbymvi weklYi m Zi cZq hy nq Ges
`yqi ewk ew ev ei ga Zzjbv evSvZ weklYi m hy nq Zg cZq| gvUK_v, msZ
wbqg Abyhvqx `yqi ga Zzjbv KiZ nj weklYi m Zi Ges ei m Zzjbv KiZ nj
Zg hvM nq|
Zi Ges Zg G `ywU cZqK GK Ki nqQ ZiZg hvi A_ Kg-ewk|
jYxq ZviZg kwUI ZiZg _K Zwi| hgb : ZiZg + h = ZviZg|
'+<' =<t '++' -=< <|
+ |<< +<-<| ++-<|
enr eni eng
y` y`Zi y`Zg
gnr gni gng
KwVb KwVbZi KwVbZg
RwUj RwUjZi RwUjZg
`xN `xNZi `xNZg
ck ckZi ckZg
'~+<' '~++' =< <|<i <|
1. P` cw_ex Acv - +<|
2. wngvjq cw_exi <t++ ceZ|
3. mvnviv weki -|++ mgy` mKZ|
4. KevRvi weki -|++ mgy`mKZ|
5. gvjxc evsjv`ki Pq - +<|
6. MxZv wgZv Acv |<<+< gavex|
7. gNbv evsjv`ki -|++ b`x|
ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

42
(L) ZviZvg evSvZ msZ Cqm& (`yBqi ga) I B (ei ga) cZq eeZ nq| hgb :
+ |<< *<-<| #-<|
i Mixqm& > Mixqvb Mwi
e elxqm& > elxqvb R
ejer ejxqm& > ejxqvb ewj
weklYi ZviZg evSvbvi Rb msZ ixwZ LuvwU evsjvZI cPwjZ| Ze evsjv fvlvi wKQz wbR^
ixwZI AvQ| `yqi ga Zzjbvq Pq, PvBZ, Acv cfwZ AbymMi eenvi nq| hgb:
Rg& mi t< hvmd ewk ejevb|
ivg | kvg eywgvb|
ei m Zzjbvq mevcv, mePq, mePvBZ, mKji ga, mevi PvBZ cfwZ eeZ
nq| hgb:
ci ga nx <|| enr|
MvQi ga eUMvQ <t< wekvj|
<t|#+ fvjv LRyi im Avi kxZi wcVv|
e. -

GK ev GKvwaK awbi mg^ q Zwi A_evaK I DPviYhvM GKKK ejv nq k| A_vr awbi
A_c~Y wgjb NUj ZvK k ej| hgb : K, j Ges g wZbwU awb| G awb wZbwUi wgwjZ i~c
njv Kjg| Kjg Ggb GKwU eK evSvQ, hv w`q jLv hvq| Kjg K, j, g
awbmgwi wgwjZ i~c, hv A_c~Y | myZivs Kjg < GKwU `v|
< -
MVbMZ w`K _K k `ywU kwYZ wef : K. +|< I L. ||<+ |
<. +|< hme k weklY Kiv hvq bv ev fO Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv, mjvK +|<
ej| hgb :
Avg, eB, Kjg BZvw`|
gwjK k MVbi c_g Dcvq eYi m eY hvM| hgb :
43
Av + g = Avg
e + B = eB
K + j + g = Kjg BZvw`|
cmZ DjL ^ ieY i msw i~cK Kvi Ges ebeYi msw i~cK djv ejv nq| mij
eYi m Kvi ev djv hvM Ki k MVb Kiv hvq| wbP Kvi I djv hvM k MVbi
D`vniY c` njv :
'<|<' <| <<
K& + A = K, j& + Av = jv `yUvi wgjb K + jv = Kjv
Dchy D`vniY K&-Gi m A hy nq c_g K nqQ Ges j&-Gi m Av hy nq jv
nqQ| K I jv wgwjZ nq Kjv kwU MwVZ nqQ|
DjL A-Gi Kvbv msw i~c bB| Aebi m Ajxb nq hvq| hgb : K& + A = K, L& +
A = L|
'|' <| <<
hdjv () : K& + h = K| D`vniY : evK, HK, AvwaK|
idjv ( ) : K& + i = | D`vniY : P, e|
g-djv ( ) : Z& + g = Z| D`vniY : AvZ|
`& + g = | D`vniY : c|
n& + g = | D`vniY : evY|
edjv ( ) : m& + e = ^| D`vniY : wbt^|
k& + e = k| D`vniY : Ak, wek|
i-Gi AviKwU msw i~c nQ id [ ]| id eYi kxl hy nq| hgb : K| D`vniY : AK, ZK,
mZK|
. ||<+ hme kK weklY Kij Avjv`v A_evaK k cvIqv hvq, mjvK ||<+
ej|
mvaviYZ Kvbv gwjK ev wfw ki m wewfb evKiwYK Dcv`vb hy nq mvwaZ k MwVZ nq|
ki A_-ewPi Rb bvbvfve ki i~c-i~cvi mvab Kiv nq| wewfb A_ eenvivchvMx Ki
Kvbv k ev kvski m Ab k ev kvski wgjb bZzb bZzb k MwVZ nq _vK|
ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

44
kMVb ejZ mvaviYfve Avgiv k mwi cwqvK eyS _vwK| evsjv fvlv GKwU MwZkxj fvlv|
weki HkhgwZ Acivci fvlvi gZv evsjv fvlvi kmvi Kvji MwZavivq wewfb Dcvq MwVZ
bZzb bZzb k viv mg nqQ| bZzb kMVbi ixwZwm GB cwqvK - ejv nq| DcmM ,
cZq, mw, mgvm cfwZ Dcvq k MwVZ nq| hgb :
:. <<| - ki c~e DcmM hy nq bZzb A_evaK k MwVZ nq| hgb :
A + Pbv = APbv Abv + ew = Abvew
c + fvZ = cfvZ cwZ + ev` = cwZev`
Kvi + Lvbv = KviLvbv Mi + wgj = Miwgj
>. |+< ||<i - cii mwbwnZ `ywU awbi wgjb ev cwieZb bZyb k MwVZ nq|
hgb :
we`v + Avjq = we`vjq iwe + B` = iex`
BwZ + Avw` = BZvw` w`K& + A = w`M
b + BK = bvweK cwi + Q` = cwiQ`
. +i<<| - k ev avZzi ci cZq hy nq bZzb k MwVZ nq| hgb :
wgVv + AvB = wgVvB Kzmyg + BZ = KzmywgZ
Pj& + A = Pj K + Ze = KZe
wegvb + BK = egvwbK gby + A = gvbe
s. +|< ||<i - cii mKhy `yB ev ZZvwaK c`i GKc` cwiYZ nIqvi
gvag bZzb k MwVZ nq| hgb :
gvZv I wcZv = gvZv-wcZv wmsn wPwZ Avmb = wmsnvmb
w`b w`b = cwZw`b welv` i~c wmz = welv`wmz
c. - |<<+-< ||<i - c` cwieZbi gvagI bZzb k MwVZ nq| hgb :
A (wekl) > AvwK (weklY)| ceZ (wekl) > cveZ (weklY)|
G Qvov kZ Ges cev`-cePbi mvnvhI k MVb Kiv hvq| evsjv fvlvq k MVbi wbqg Rvbv
_vKj Kvb k evKiYMZ Kvb k wYZ co m mK aviYv jvf Kiv hvq Ges ej cPwjZ
ki e`j bZzb bZzb k MVb Ki fve cKvki ewP mw Kiv hvq| mevcwi fvlvK
fve ejZ, coZ, wjLZ Ges fvlvi kfvviK mg KiZ kMVb mK my aviYv
45
_vKv cqvRb|
|<<< +|<++i
Kvbv ew ev ei m Aci ew ev ei wekl Y, Aev BZvw` Zzjbv Kiv hvq| Gfve
Zzjbvq fvjv-g`, Kg-ewk ev DrKl-AcKl evSvbv nq _vK| G aibi Zzjbv KivK weklYi
ZviZg ej| weklYi ZviZg cKvki Rb evsjv I msZ `ywU ixwZ AvQ|
<|t| <||+
(K) `yBqi ga Zzjbvq, hvi m Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvi ci Acv, Pq cfwZ AbymM hy nq|
hgb: PvUMuvi t< XvKv eo kni| icv | mvbv `vwg BZvw`|
(L) ei ga Zzjbvq GKwUi DrKl ev AcKl RvbZ nj mevcv, mePq, mKji Pq
BZvw` c` ev evKvsk eeZ nq| hgb : G QvwU <t< fvjv| m << t< fvjv
jL BZvw`|
t"+ <||+
(K) `yBqi gvS Zzjbvq weklY ki kl Zi cZq Ges `yBqi ewki gvS Zzjbvq Zg
cZq hy nq| hgb : evN Acv nvwZ eni| Muvq wZwbB weZg| KqKwU `v :
+ |<<< +<-<| ++-<|
z` z`Zi z`Zg
`xN `xNZi `xNZg
gnr gni gng
enr eni eng
ck ckZi ckZg
e.: <<| -
evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZKjv Aeqm~PK kvsk AvQ, hjv KLbvB ^vaxb c` wnme evK
eeZ nZ cvi bv| eZ, hme Aeq-k avZz ev bvg ki c~e em kjvi A_i mvPb,
mcmviY ev Ab Kvbv cwieZb mvab Ki, H me Aeq kB DcmMbvg cwiwPZ|
D`vniY wnme DjL Kiv hvq : hgb fvZ GKwU k| Gi c~e c AeqwU hy nj nq
cfvZhvi A_ c Zyl ev cvZtKvj| bvg ki c~e c hvM Kij nq cYvg hvi A_
Awfev`b ev bgvi| MwZ ki c~e c hvM Kij nq cMwZ hvi A_ mvgvwRK
AMMwZ ev mgw| GLvb GKB DcmM GKvwaK A_`vZbvi mw KiQ| Avevi DcmMf`
ki A_ m~Y e`j hZ cvi| hgb : bvg ki c~e my DcmM hy nj nq mybvg| e`
ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

46
DcmM hy nj nq e`bvg| jYxq h mybvg I e`bvg G k `yUvi A_ m~Y Avjv`v|
Gfve wewfb k ev avZzi c~e wewfb Aeqm~PK kvsk hy nq bZzb bZzb k Zwi Ki|
t| << <i<t< |t <|+ <| < < < < -+- -<< < -1|<,
t<|t- <| |<<+- |<- <<, +|-<< < <
|+|i t|
k ev avZzi Avw`Z hv hvM nq ZvK ej DcmM| Wi ivgki k
wbP bvg g~j ki m wewfb DcmMhvM kMVbi GKwU jLwP c` njv :
DcmM (bvg) g~jk DcmMhvM MwVZ k
c cYvg
cwi cwiYvg
my mybvg
e` e`bvg
<< <|<|<| DcmM GKaibi Dcmw| DcmMhvM ki h aibi cwieZb NU Zv
cavbZ wbgi~c :
1. bZzb A_evaK k Zwi nq
2. ki A_i c~YZv mvwaZ nq
3. ki A_i mmviY NU
4. ki A_i msKvPb NU Ges
5. ki A_i cwieZb mvwaZ nq|
<< -i|+<+|
DcmMi wbR^ Kvbv A_ bB wK z Giv A_i `vZK| DcmM Ab k ev avZzi c~e hy nq
bZzb k Zwi ev ki A_i mmviY, msKvPb ev cwieZb NUvZ cvi| hgb :
nv + fvZ = nvfvZ (bZzb k)
cwi + c~Y = cwic~Y (A_i mmviY)
A + fve = Afve (A_i msKvPb)
Dc + K_v = DcK_v ( A_i cwieZb)
wK z nv, cwi, A, Dc Gjvi Avjv`v Kvbv A_ bB| <| <|+< < -| <
-|+
47
<|-| <| <<+ |< -| A_vr DcmM ^vaxbfve eeZ nq A_`vZbv mw KiZ
Ag| wK z hLbB Giv avZz ev ki c~e em, ZLbB G`i A_`vZKZv kw mw nq| hgb :
nvi kwUi c~e wewfb DcmM hvM AbKjv A_`vZK k MwVZ nZ cvi :

DcmM g~j k DcmMhvM MwVZ k
Av Avnvi (fvRb)
Abv Abvnvi (Dcevm)
c cnvi (wbMn)
cwi cwinvi (eRb)
Dc Dcnvi (DcXKb)
we wenvi (gY)
Dcii jLwP Av, Abv, c, cwi, Dc, we DcmMjvi ^vaxb Kvbv A_ bB| wK G DcmMjv
nvi ki c~e hy nq A_evaK GKvwaK k Zwi KiQ| myZivs ejv hvq << "|<|-
<|-| -# |< -i|+<+| |v
<< <|-|<+|
evsjv fvlvq DcmM LyeB iZc~Y Dcv`vb| DcmM k ev avZzi c~e em bZzb k MVb Ki Ges
A_i msKvPb, mmviY ev cwieZb NUvq| DcmM bZzb k mw Ki fvlvi kfvviK mg
Ki| eZ kMVb I A_i w`K _K ewP mw KivB DcmMi KvR| DcmM A_nxb njI
G`i mv_K cqvM fvlvi AfixY kw I Hkh ew cvq|
<< ||<|
DcmM wZb cKvi| hgb :
:. <|t| <,
>. ++ (t"+) < <
. |<-| (<||<<) <
:. <|t| <
evsjv DcmM gvU GKzkwU : A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, Ave, BwZ, Dbv (Dbv), K`, Kz,
wb, cvwZ, we, fi, ivg, m, mv, my, nv|

nvi
ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

48
<|t| <<| -
< <-|<
AKvR, AwPb, ARvbv, ALywk, APbv, Awgj, AKvj, Aejv, Abo|
| ANvPx, ANvivg|
ARcvovMuv, ARg~L , ARcyKz i|
-| Abvew, Abv`i, Abv`vq, Abvmw, AbvPvi, AbvgyLv, Abv`i, Abv`vq|
| AvKuvov, Avavqv, Avjywb, Avgvcv, AvNvUv, AvKvU, AvKvj, AvKvVv|
|$ AvoPvL, Avobqb, Avocvjv, Avo vcv, AvoKvjv, AvoMov|
|- AvbKviv, AvbPvb, Avbgbv|
|< AveQvqv, AveWvj|
#|+ BwZKZe, BwZc~e, BwZK_v, BwZnvm|
<- (<-|) DbcuvRyi, Dwbk, Dbelv|
<- K`ej, K`h, K`vKvi|
< KzAfvm, KzK_v, Kzm, KzbRi, KzKvg, Kzhk|
|- wbLuyZ, wbLuvR, wbLiPv, wbfvu R, wbiU, wbjvR, wbUvj, wbiU|
||+ cvwZKvK, cvwZnuvm, cvwZjey, cvZKzqv|
|< wef~uB, wedj, wec_, we`k, weRvo|
< ficyi, ficU, fi`ycyi, fimv, fiw`b, fimuvS|
<|+ ivgQvMj, ivg`v|
mwVK, mie, mjvR, mUvb, mRvi, mL`, mvb|
| mvRvqvb, mvwRiv|
myLei, myw`b, mybRi, mybvg, myWj|
| nvwcZk, nvfvZ, nvNi, nvZvk|


49
<|<i <|t| << < <|
1. A : jvKwU Avgvi t-||
2. ANv : |<|+ ejB m Ggb Kv Ki emQ|
3. AR : |$||< wkvi Avjv Qwoq w`Z ne|
4. Abv : -|<|?+ G eQi dmji wei wZ nqQ|
5. Av : |<|<| cU Lvevi LZ bB|
6. Avo : wgZv wiZvi w`K |$t| ZvwKq AvQ|
7. Avb : mvbi Rb gvqi gb memgqB |-t|- Ki|
8. Ave : Avovj |<<| Kviv mgvjvPbv KiZ bB|
9. BwZ : #|+| _K mKjiB wkv bIqv DwPZ|
10. Db/Dbv : '<-||+ `ybv ej|
11. K`& : <-< cPzi wfUvwgb AvQ|
12. Kz : < < eq Avb|
13. wb : gqwUi m~wPKg LyeB |-+|
14. cvwZ : wSji Rj ||+| fm eovQ|
15. we : mvabv KLbv |< hvq bv|
16. fi : GLb <-<, GKUz ci ei nI|
17. ivg : <|+v|< evPvUv wZwos wewos Ki jvdvQ|
18. m : |< Di wUKwP `vI|
19. mv : jovBq wRZZ nj ||<|- jvKB cqvRb|
20. my : mrKg -|+ eq Avb|
21. nv : ||+ QjUvi Rb gvqi KZ ||+i|
>. ++ <| t"+ <
evsjv fvlvq e msZ k AweKZfve eeZ nQ| mB m Zrmg DcmMI msZ ki c~e
em bZzb k Zwi Ki A_i msKvPb ev m mviY NUvQ| DjL LuvwU evsjv DcmM hgb LuvwU
ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

50
evsjv ki c~e em, Zgwb Zrmg DcmM I Zrmg (msZ) ki c~e em| Zrmg ev msZ
DcmMi msLv wekwU :
c, civ, Ac, mg, wb, Aby, Ae, wbi, `yi, we, Awa, my, Dr, cwi, cwZ, AwZ, Awc, Awf, Dc, Av|
Zrmg ev msZ DcmMhvM kMVb :
< <-|<
c : cKvk, cfvZ, cPjb, cMwZ, cnvi, cZvc, cfve, cPv, cek, cPvi, ckvLv, c`vb|
civ : civgk, civaxb, civg, civKvv, civqY, civRq, civfe|
Ac : Acgvb, AcKvi, AcPq, Acev`, AcKg, Aceq, Achk, AcevLv, AcmviY,
AcgZz|
mg& : mgv`i, mgvMZ, myL, m~Y, msev`, mshg, mvb, mgwaK|
wb : wb_i, wbevm, wbMg, wbPq, wbew, wbeviY, wb`vN, wbM~p, wbjyl, wbvg|
Aby : AbyZvc, AbyMn, AbyMvgx, AbyR, AbyPi, Abyev`, Abyi~c, AbyKiY, AbymiY, AbyY|
Ae : AeKvk, Aemi, Aev, Aegvbbv, AeMZ, AeMvnb, Aeiva, AeZiY, AeivnY|
wbi& : wbii, wbRxe, wbinvi, wbaviY, wb`k, wbYq, wbfq, wbMZ, wbevmb, wbixY, wbizk|
`yi& : `yf vM, `y`kv, `ybvg, `yj f, `yM g, `yRq, `yNUbv, `yw`b, `ybxwZ, `ye j, `yhvM|
we : weRq, wec, wevb, we, we, weeY, wekLj, wedj, wePiY, wec, weKvi,
wechq|
Awa : AwaKvi, AwacwZ, Awaevmx, AwaKZv, Awaekb, Awael , AwabvqK, AwaKZv, Awavb|
my : myK, myKwZ, mybxj, myMg, myjf, myKwVb, myaxi, myPZzi, myig, mywbcyY, my`~i, myPwi|
Dr : Drme, Drw, D`Mxe, Dvjb, D, Drdzj, DrmyK, Drcv`b, DPviY, Dk|
cwi : cwicK, cwic~Y, cwigvY, cwikl, cwimxgv, cwikg, cwiZvc, cwiPvjK, cwi`kb|
cwZ : cwZ`vb, cwZKvi, cwZwqv, cwZev`, cwZekx, cZxv, cwZg~wZ, cwZawb, cwZw`b|
Awf : Awfew, Awf, AwffZ, Awfavb, Awfbq, Awfhvb, Awfmvi, AwfgyL, Awfev`b|
AwZ : AwZKvq, AZvPvi (AwZ + AvPvi), AwZkq, AwZg, AwZwi, AZ (AwZ + A)|
Awc : AwcwbwnZ, AwcwbwnwZ, Awcavb|
Dc : DcKvi, DcK~j, DcK, Dcxc, Dceb, DcMn, DcmvMi, DcbZv, Dcbqb (cZv)|
Av : AvK, AvgiY, Avmgy`, Avi, Avfvm, Av`vb, AvMgb, AvMn, Avnvi, Avi|
51
<|<i ++ <| t"+ << < <|
c : '|+ DwVj iwe jvwnZ eiY|
civ : '<|< Wi bv exi|
Ac : <i< `vwi` WK Avb|
mg& : AwZw_ +|-< KvcY AbywPZ|
wb : GLbB ew bvge, ZvK hZ |-<|< Ki|
Ae : mgvRi KjvY cZKiB <-|- ivLv DwPZ |
Aby : - Ki GKUz evBi Avmyb|
wbi : iyRbi |-- Agvb Kiv bv|
`yi : - - wevb njI cwiZvR|
we : j cvYi wewbgq Avgiv |<< wQwbq GbwQ|
my : |-| km-kvgjv Avgv`i GB evsjv`k|
Dr : Pvwl`i Ni Ni bevbi <<|
Awa : wbRi |<<|< wbRKB eyS wbZ ne|
cwi : wnsmvi |<|+ KLbvB fvjv nq bv|
cwZ : Abvqi |+<|- KiZ ne|
Dc : <<|<|< <<|< ^xKvi Kiv DwPZ|
Awf : dinv` mvne GKRb | wkK|
Awc : ||-||+ awb cwieZbi GKwU DjLhvM wbqg|
AwZ : elvKvj |+|< ewcvZ nIqvB ^vfvweK|
Av : |< fvRb ^vnvwb NU|
-|-|
1| DcmM KvK ej? D`vniY `vI|
2| DcmMi cqvRbxqZv Kx? DjL Ki|
3| DcmM Kq cKvi I Kx Kx|
4| evsjv DcmM KqwU? hKvbv cuvPwU evsjv DcmM viv wZbwU Ki k Zwi Ki|
ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

52
5| Zrmg ev msZ DcmM ejZ Kx evS? Zrmg ev msZ DcmM KqwU I Kx Kx?
6| cuvPwU we`wk DcmMi cqvM `wLq evK iPbv Ki|
7| cuvPwU Aviwe I cuvPwU dviwm DcmMi viv GKwU Ki k Zwi Ki|
<+--|-
1| c, Kvi, cwZ, Ae, Av, Awf, Aby, wd, A, Abv, ei, ivg, nv, Kg DcmMjv wbPi QK mwVK
kwYZ web Ki|
<|t| < ++ (t"+) < |<-| <



e.> +i<<| -
Kr I ZwZ `yaibi cZqB k MVbi mnvqK| hv ci hy nq Zv-B cZq| myZivs < < <|
< +|? <|+ <| ||+|-<< < < -+- - << +|-# +i<
fvlvi mgw ki Dci wbfikxj| h fvlvq hZ ewk k AvQ, m fvlv ZZ ewk mg| evsjv
fvlvq k MVbi GKwU AbZg ixwZ nQ cZq| wK z cZqi wbRi Kvbv ^vaxb A_ bB|
t| h < <| <+|? <|+ <| < < < < -+- <|<< - <<, +|< +i<
<
Wi gyn` knx`yjvn&i gZ, avZz ev ki Di wfb wfb A_ h eY ev eYmg~n hy nBqv k cz Z
nq, Zvnvw`MK cZq ej|
hgb :
nvZ + Av = nvZv; gby + A = gvbe; Pj& + A = Pj; K + AK = KviK|
GLvb, Av, A, A, Ges AK -Gjv cZq| nvZ, gby -|+- <|+ Ges Pj&, K |=<|-
<|+
+i<< ||<| cZq cavbZ `yB cKvi| h_v : 1. < +i< I 2. +|++ +i<
< +i< <|+< < < +i< < < -+- - <<, +|< < +i< < hgb :
ai& + Av = aiv Wze& + Dix = Wzeyix `k& + h = `k BZvw`|
53
+|++ +i< < < < +i< < < -+- - << +|< +|++ +i< < hgb :
evN + Av = evNv mvbv + Avwj = mvbvwj mvn + BK = mvvwnK BZvw`|
< +i< =<t +|++ +i<< +<i |<|< | <<v
< +i< -<|< <| K. t"+ < +i< <
L. <|t| < +i<
+|++ +i< |+- <|< <| K. t"+ +|++ +i<
L. <|t| +|++ +i< <
M. |<-| +|++ +i<
<. t"+ < +i< msZ wbqgvbyhvqx H fvlvi avZzi m hme msZ c Zq hy nq bZzb
k MwVZ nq, Zv`i t"+ < +i< ej| hgb : K + Ze = KZ e; `k& + Ab =
`kb BZvw`|
. <|t| < +i< msZ ev Zrmg avZz weewRZ evsjv avZzi m cvKZ fvlv _K AvMZ hme
cZq hy nq bZzb k MwVZ nq, Zv`i <|t| < +i< ej| hgb : bvP& + Ab = bvPb;
Wze& + A = Wze BZvw`|
<. t"+ +|++ +i< h ZwZ cZq msZ ev Zrmg ki m hy nq bZzb k MVb Ki,
ZvK t"+ +|++ +i< ej| hgb : gby + = gvbe; jvK + wK = jwKK BZvw`|
. <|t| +|++ +i< evsjv fvlvq eeZ msZ I we`wk cZq eZxZ evwK cZqjvK
<|t| +|++ +i< ej| hgb : evN + Av = evNv; Ni + Avwg = Nivwg BZvw`|
. |<-| +|++ +i< ki kl hme we`wk cZq hy nq bZzb k MVb Ki, Zv`i
|<-| +|++ +i< ej| hgb : Wvvi + Lvbv = WvviLvbv, awo + evR = awoevR
BZvw`|
+i<< +|<i+ -< '<|+' < '||+|-<' = -| |<<< -1< <|<| |<| <|-
<|+ k ev avZzi g~jB nQ cKwZ| A_vr '+|< < < t< |< <|-||<# |<<
<<| -< -<, +|< <| < <|+' A_ev, fvlvq <|< |<< -< -<, =+- +|< < <|+
< k wKsev c` _K cZq I wefw AcmviY Kij cKwZ Ask cvIqv hvq|
<|+ -<|< h_v : (K) |=<|-<|+ <| avZz ,
(L) -|+-<|+ <| t| cKwZ|
ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

54
(<) |=<|-<|+ cZq-wbb ki weklY gwjK fve-`vZK h Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv hw`
Aevb, MwZ ev Ab Kvbv cKvii wqv evSvq, ZvK |=<|-<|+ ej| hgb : Pj& ,
co&, ivL&, `k&, K cfwZ wqv-cKwZ| [Pj = Pj& (wqv-cKwZ) + A (cZq)]
() -|+-<|+ cZq-wbb ki weklY gwjK fve-`vZK h Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv hw`
Kvbv `e, RvwZ, Y ev Kvbv c`v_K evSvq, ZvK -|+ -<|+ ej| hgb : gv, Puv`, MvQ,
cfwZ bvg-cKwZ|
nvZj = nvZ ( bvg-cKwZ) + Aj (cZq) ]
||+|-< |<||- -|+ < ||+|-< < hgb : nvZ, eB, Kjg, gvQ BZvw`|
+i< -1< |+<i
:. |=<|<|t< +< <|+ |t> () <i<+ < hgb : Pj& + A = Pj; cV& + AK
= cvVK|
>. '<|+' < '+i<'~<<< =< <t|< <<|< +< <|+< i<|- =<t +i<< ||-<|-
-< <"1<< |< ++| | < hgb : Kuv`& + bv = Kvb v; iuva& + bv = ivbv|
DwwLZ D`vniY avZzi Aawb `& I a& cZqi Avw`awb b-Gi mgZv cv nqQ|
< =<t +|++ +i<< ti| -< |-t <|-|< |<vti< +i<< +|<i+ -<
<-|< - |
<. t"+ < +i<<| -
1. (t)
cV& + A = cvV wR + A = Rq
2. -|< (-|<<)
K + Abxq = KiYxq cv + Abxq = cvbxq
+ Abxq = iYxq ` k& + Abxq = `kbxq
3. |+ (|)
K + wZ = KwZ KZ& + wZ = KxwZ Kl& + wZ = Kw `k& + wZ = `w
. <|t| < +i<
1. Kuv`& + A = Kuv` ai& + A = ai Pj& + A = Pj co& + A = co
2. - > <- bvP& + Ab = bvPb Kuv`& + Ab = Kuv`b
55
3. |#+ WvK& + AvBZ = WvKvBZ > WvKvZ me& + AvBZ = mevBZ > mevqZ
4. ||- Rvj& + Avwb = Rvjvwb SuvK& + Avwb = SuvKvwb wbo& + Avwb = wbovwb
5. <<, <<| wgk& + DK = wgK Lv + DKv = LvDKv > LKv
6. |+ DV& + wZ = DVwZ NvU& + wZ = NvUwZ KvU& + wZ = KvUwZ
<. t"+ +|++ +i<
1. (, ) gby + A = gvbe `by + A = `vbe gay + A = gvae
2. |<- (|<-, <) bi + Avqb = bvivqY xc + Avqb = cvqb ivg + Avqb = ivgvqY
4. #< (|<, <) Ai + BK = AvwiK BwZnvm + BK = HwZnvwmK el + BK = evwlK
5. * (#-, #-|) ab + C = abx myL + C = myLx n + C = nx
6. *< (|<, v)
Rj + Cq = Rjxq AvZb& + Cq = AvZxq gvbe + Cq = gvbexq iv + Cq = ivxq
7. + gvZ + Z = gvZZ gbyl + Z = gbylZ vZ + Z = vZZ
8. <|- (<+) ab + evb = abevb vb + evb = vbevb i~c + evb = i~cevb
9. +|- (+, ++ )
eyw + gvb& = eywgvb ax + gvb& = axgvb kw + gvb& = kwgvb
. <|t| +|++ +i<
1. < Xvj + AK = XvjK bvj + AK = bvjK Mvj + AK = MvjK
2. nvZ + Aj = nvZj `xN + Aj = `xNj kxZ + Aj = kxZj
3. | KuvP + Av = KuvPv Pvi + Av = Pviv MvQ + Av = MvQv
4. |# wbg + AvB = wbgvB Kvb + AvB = KvbvB evb + AvB = evbvB
5. |#+ > |+ mev + AvBZ = mevBZ m + AvBZ = mvvBZ>mvvZ
6. ||t eO& + AvwP = eOvwP Nvg + AvwP = NvgvwP aybv + AvwP = aybvwP
7. |- > |-| RyZv + Avb& = RyZvb > RyZvbv eZ + Avb& = eZvb > eZvbv
8. ||- Zj + Avwb = Zjvwb bvK + Avwb = bvKvwb Pve + Avwb = Pvevwb
ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

56
9. ||+ cvKv + Avwg = cvKvwg Qj + Avwg = Qjwg BZi + Avwg = BZivwg
10. |< Kvg + Avi = Kvgvi Kzg + Avi = Kzgvi Pvg + Avi = Pvgvi
11. |<| ||< Kuvmv + Avix = Kuvmvix; Kuvmvwi Kv + Avix = Kvvix ; Kvvwi
12. <<| > < MvQ + Dqv = MvQyqv > MQv Muv + Dqv = MuvDqv > Muqv
13. +< Kv`v + gq = Kv`vgq Ni + gq = Nigq Rj + gq = Rjgq
. |<-| +|++ +i<
1. |-|, ||- evey + Avbv = eveyqvbv mvnwe + Avbv = mvnweqvbv bRi + Avbv = bRivbv
2. |-| gyw` + Lvbv = gyw`Lvbv Qvcv + Lvbv = QvcvLvbv
3. |< Nyl + Lvi = NylLvi bkv + Lvi = bkvLvi nvivg + Lvi = nvivgLvi
4. < > << Kvwi + Mi = KvwiMi, KvwiKi Rv`y + Mi = Rv`yMi, Rv`yKi
5. ||< evey + wMwi = eveywMwi gyU + wMwi = gyUwMwi Kivwb + wMwi = KivwbwMwi
57
-|-|
1| cZq KvK ej? cZq Kq cKvi I Kx Kx ? cZK cKvii `ywU Ki D`vniY `vI|
2| Kr cZq I ZwZ cZq KvK ej? cZKwUi `ywU Ki D`vniY `vI|
3| cKwZ KvK ej? cKwZ Kq cKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn eywSq `vI|
4| wbPi kjvi cKwZ I cZq wbYq Ki :
Avaywj, Dw, Do, HwZnvwmK, IKvjZbvgv, KZe, KviK, KlK, Ljbv, LKv, Qjwg, Rv,
Rj, Rwg`vi, `kb, cvVK, cvbmv, evgvi, eveyqvbv, fMvwjK, wgZvwj, wgK, gwLK, iuvaywb,
ikgx, jVj, jwKK, mI`vMi, muvZvi, mvcyo, nj`, nvUzi|
<+--|-
1. GKwU cvvi ccvi wbPi msvjv mvBb cb viv wjwce Ki|
cZq :
Kr cZq :
ZwZ cZq :
cKwZ :
wqv-cKwZ :
bvg-cKwZ :
2. c` kjvi cZqi bvgmn cKwZ I cZq wbYq Ki wb`kgZv wbPi QK mvRvI :
- <|+ + +i< +i<< -|+
`kbxq
`kxq
Me
DPZi
bxwjgv


ki~ c
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

58
. <|<i
.: <|<i< |<|< - Dk I weaq
nvcx GKwU cyZzj evbvZ Pvq|
KvwKgv ejvBK Lye fvjvevmZb|
jvBewi RvwZi mfZv I DbwZi gvb`|
ZLb Avgvi eqm Ziv eQii ewk bq|
Zzwg wK wjLZ PvI dzji gZv KweZv?
fvlvi g~j DcKiY evK| Dcii evKjvZ c~Yv I A_c~Y ee c Kvk cqQ| cii
mKhy GKvwaK c` GK wgwjZ nIqvi KviYB ee I cwic~Yfve cKvwkZ nqQ|
DjL cwZwU evKi wewfb c`i ga cviwiK m^ ev A^q hgb AvQ, Zgwb AvQ MVbMZ
^qsm~YZv Ges eei A_enZv| myZivs Kvbv fvlvq h Dwi mv_KZv AvQ Ges MVbi w`K
_K hv ^qsmc~Y, m aibi GKK DwB evKiY kv evK wnme cwiwPZ|
t| < |<-i" -+|? |<| <|-| |<<< <|< +-||< -1 < <||+ <, +|< <|<i
<
hw` ejv nq
1. gwj GKwU ... |
2. PvI gZv KweZv dzji wK wjLZ Zzwg?
3. gvQjv AvKvk Do eovQ|
Gjv evKi ga co bv| KviY gwj GKwU ejj gbi fve Am~Y _K hvq| PvI gZv
KweZv dzji wK wjLZ Zzwg? G Aw^ Z c`jv LyeB wehy| Avi gvQjv AvKvk Do
eovQ| ejj A_MZ I fveMZ mg^qi Afve cwijwZ nq| KviY, gvQ KLbv AvKvk
DoZ cvi bv| D`vniYjv evK wnme mv_K ne hLb ejv ne
1. gwj GKwU cyZzj evbvZ Pvq|
2. Zzwg wK dzji gZv KweZv wjLZ PvI?
3. cvwLjv AvKvk Do eovQ|
evKK m~Y Kivi Rb cqvRb AvKvvi wbew| Avi mymsnZ Kivi Rb cqvRb hvMZv I
Avmw| myZivs GKwU mv_K evKi wfw AvKvv, hvMZv I Avmwi Ici cwZwZ| GB wZbwU

59
welqi Kvbv GKUvi Afve NUj evK wbi_K nq co| myZivs mv_K evKi wZbwU Y _vKv
AvekK| hgb :
:. |<||
>. <|i+|
. ||
:. |<|| <|<i< |<|<|< <||< -i =< -< < -i - |-|< < #v| +|-#
|<|| hgb : Avwg wMq `Ljvg GZ AvKvvi wbew nq bv| hLb ejv nq Avwg
wMq `Ljvg Zviv Pj MQ| GLb GwU GKwU evK njv| Kbbv G K_v ejvi ci Avi wKQz
Rvbvi AvKvv _vK bv|
>. <|i+| <|<i< +<i<|< -+< + =<t |<+ |+<+-< -|+ <|i+| elvKvj
AwZwi ewcvZ ebv nq| GwU GKwU hvMZvmb evK| wK MxKvj cLi i` ebv
nq| ejj evKwU AmsjM gb ne Ges fve c Kvki hvMZv nvive| KviY cLi i`
KLbv ebv nq bv|
. || <|<i< -|< |< |<|< |- |<? <<|< -|+ || A_ev, evKi A_ mwZ
ivi Rb mykLj c`webvmB Avmw|
QzwUZ XvKv Zviv cyRvq hveb GZ GKwU m~Y evKi mejv c`B AvQ, wK Avmwi
Afve evK nqwb| c`wj A_mwZ iv Ki wVKgZv mvRvjB evK ne| Zviv cyRvi QzwUZ
XvKv hveb|
mvaviYZ cwZwU evKi `ywU cavb Ask _vK : 1. Dk I 2. weaq
:. <+i evKi h Ask hvi mK wKQy ejv nq, ZvK Dk ej|
>. |<<< evK Dk mK hv ejv nq, ZvK weaq ej| hgb : kvgv zj hvq|
GLvb kvgv Dk Ges zj hvq weaq| KviY evKwUZ kvgv mK ejv nqQ| ZvB
kvgv c`wU Dk| weaq nQ evKi zj hvq AskwU| KviY zj hvq K_vwU kvgv mK
ejv nqQ| weaq Ask AekB GKwU mgvwcKv wqv _vK|
fvlvi m`h eab wKsev eei Zvi Rb evK mmviYi cqvRb nq| evKK mmvwiZ
KiZ nj Zvi Dk I weaqi c~e Ges ci mjvi cwicvlK wnme bvbviKg k hvM
KiZ nq| Ze Dk I weaq mmviYi iqQ KwZcq wbqg|
mvaviYZ evKi KZKviKB g~j Dk nq| DkwU wekl c` nj weklY ev Ab Kvbv c` ev
c`mgw viv Dki mmviY Kiv hvq| cvi, mgvwcKv wqvB weaq Aski g~j|
evK
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

60
<+i < |<<<< -1|<
evK Dk c_g I weaq ci em| evK `xN nj Dk I weaq mmvwiZ nq| hgb:
<+i< -1|<
-1|< <+i |<<<
iwKei fvB GmQ
AZvPvix ivRv wbnZ nqQ

|<<<< -1|<
<+i -1|< |<<<
gqbv fvjv Rvgjv Lq djQ
wZwb hfveB nvK AvR Avmeb
.> <|<i< -+ ||<| (mij, RwUj I hwMK evK)
MVbMZ w`K _K evK wZb cKvi| h_v :
:. < <|<i >. | <| |+ <|<i I . <|< <|<i|
:. < <|<i
h evK GKwUgv KZv (Dk) Ges GKwUgv mgvwcKv wqv (weaq) _vK, ZvK mij evK
ej| hgb :
dyj dzUQ|
Qjiv Ljv Ki|
GLvb dzj Ges Qjiv KZv ev Dk Ges dzUQ, Ljv Ki mgvwcKv wqv ev weaq|
>. | <| |+ <|<i
h evKi ga GKwU cavb evK _vK Ges GKvwaK evKK cavb evKi Ici wbfikxj `Lv
hvq, ZvK | <| |+ <|<i ej|
A_ev, Abfve ejv hvq, h evK GKwU cavb LevKi GK ev GKvwaK AvwkZ evK cii
mvcfve eeZ nq, ZvK RwUj ev wgk evK ej|
hgb : h cwikg Ki, mB myL jvf Ki|
whwb mrc_ Pjb, wZwb myLx nb|
||+ <|<i <|- <|<i
h cwikg Ki, mB myL jvf Ki|
whwb mrc_ Pjb, wZwb myLx nb|
61
. <|< <|<i
cii wbic `yB ev ZZvwaK mij ev RwUj evK wgwjZ nq hLb GKwU m~Y evK MVb
Ki, ZLb ZvK <|< <|<i ej| hgb :
wZwb A_kvjx wK z wkwZ bb|
wngj wbqwgZ covkvbv Ki ZvB m c_g nq|
hwMK evKi AMZ wbic evKjv I, Ges, wKz, A_ev, A_P, wKsev, eis, Z_vwc, myZivs,
AZGe, hnZz, hb cfwZ AeqhvM mshy _vK|
<|<i -< |-<+
evK MwVZ nq k w`q Ges evKi AMZ cZKwU kK ejv nq c`| evK eeZ cZKwU
k ev c` mvRvbvi mywbw` wbqg AvQ| evK c` msvcbvi G cwZKB evKi - t"|-
<||+ ev -=+ ejv nq| fvlvi I mv_K cqvMi Rb c` ms vcb ixwZ mK aviYv
_vKv cqvRb| evK c`i Gjvgjv eenvi nj gbi fve mv_Kfve cKvwkZ nq bv| hgb :
fvB `yB Avgiv hvB XvKv ejj Kvbv A_ evSv hvq bv, wK z H kjv Gfve c`g Abyhvqx
mvRvj A_ nq IV| hgb : Avgiv `yB fvB XvKv hvB|
evK c` emvbvi KwZcq cPwjZ wbqg GLvb `Lvbv njv| hgb :
1. evK mePq cPwjZ c`webvm nQ KZv c_g, Kg gvS Ges wqv kl| hgb :
Avwg eB cwo| K evwo hvq|
2. wqv weklY wqvi AvM em| hgb :
ivbv WzKi Kuv`Q| iwnZ `Z nuvUQ|
3. evK Kg _vKj wqv weklY Kgi AvM em| hgb :
gvgyb bxie eB coQ| wkK Rvi PveyK KlQb|
4. mgqevPK I vbevPK c` Kgi AvM em| hgb :
Kvj KjR e wQj| Avwg enwZevi XvKv hve|
5. bv-evaK Aeq AmgvwcKv wqvi ci em| hgb :
Avwg LvBwb| K cov kLwb?
6. ckevaK mebvg wqvi AvM em| hgb :
Avcwb Kx Pvb? AvKvk Kx `LQ?
evK
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

62
7. weaq weklY wekli ci em| hgb :
QjUv eywgvb| gvbylwU evKv|
8. wekl wekl m^ c` wekli ciI em| hgb :
gyLwU Zvgvi wKz my`i| cvY Zvi Lye k|
Ze gb ivLZ ne, GB c`webvm AcwieZbxq welq bq| evi gbvfve, ejvi wekl aviv ev
vBj I cvwicvwkK welqvw`i Ici wbf i Ki c`webvm ixwZ Kgb ne|

-|-|
1| evK ejZ Kx evS? GKwU mv_K evK MVbi Kx Kx Y ev ewk _vKv AvekK?
D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
2| Dk I weaq KvK ej? D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
<+--|-
1| GKwU mv_K evKi AvKvv, hvMZv I Avmw Yi AvjvPbv GKwU cvvi cwimwZ
Ki|









63
. |<<|+|t>
.: <+| < 6< <+|< <i<|<
wjwLZ evK Q` ev weivg evSvbvi Rb hme wP eenvi Kiv nq, Zv`i mvaviYZ Q`wP ev
weivgwP ejv nq| evKi A_ wVK wVK evSvbvi Rb evKi ga GK ev GKvwaK RvqMvq A
mgq wKsev ewk mgq _vgvi cqvRb nq| GQvov evKi kl Zv AekB _vgZ nq| GB _vgvi
mvaviY bvg weivg|
Avgiv hLb K_v ewj, ZLb GKwU evKi meUzKz Ask GK wbkvm DPviY KiZ cvwi bv| dzmdzm
evqy-mqi ev dzmdzmK wekvg `Iqvi Rb kvmh gvS gvS _vg| Ze GB _vgvi ga iqQ
GKwU wbqgi avivevwnKZv| Kbbv, bv _g GKbvMvo weivgnxbfve K_v ej Mj A_i wecw
NUZ cvi| hgb : Zzwg ILvb hqv bv MjB MMvj ne|
evKwUZ h fve cKvwkZ nqQ Zv g~jZ mLvb MjB MMvj ne| wK evKwUZ hw`
cqvRbxq weivgwP eenvi Kiv nq Zvnj A_wUB cv hvq : Zzwg ILvb hqv, bv MjB MMvj
ne|
Avevi weivgwP Abfve web Kij A_i wekl cwieZb NU : Zzwg ILvb hqv bv,
MjB MMvj ne|
hKvbv fvlvq jL-i~c weivg wPi eenvi Acwinvh| myZivs jLvi eeK h_vh_fve
cKvk Ges Zvi A_K myfve Dcvcbi Rb hme wP eeZ nq, mjvK Q` ev
weivgwP ej| weivgwP eeK ev jLvi fvlvK evaMg my I myweb Ki|
v- <| |<<|+|t>< <|
1. evK eeZ c`QK fve Abymvi A_en Kiv|
2. evKvsk msMw_Z I c_K Kiv|
3. evKi mgvw wb`k Kiv|

evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

64
|<<|+|t>< |<t<
evsjv fvlvq eeZ weivgwPjvi bvg, AvKvi I weivgi mgq DjL Ki wbP GKwU ZvwjKv
`Iqv njv :
=|+< |<<|+|t>< -|+ |<|+ |<<|+<|
1 Kgv , 1 (GK) ejZ h mgq jvM|
2 mwgKvjb ; 1 (GK) ejvi wY mgqKvj|
3 `uvwo ev c~YQ` | 1 (GK) mK Kvj cwigvY|
4 wRvmv ev ckevaK wP ? H
5 weq wP ! H
6 Kvjb : H
7 Kvjb Wvk : H
8 Wvk H
9 nvBdb

Kvbvi~c weiwZi cqvRb bB|
10 BjK ev jvc wP , H
11 DwZ wP 1 (GK) ejZ h mgq jvM|
12 evKU ev ebx wP ( ) Kvbv i~c weiwZi cqvRb bB|
{ } H
[ ] H
13 avZz `vZK wP

H
14 cieZx i~cevaK wP < H
15 c~eeZx i~cevaK wP > H
16 mgvb wP = H
17 eRb wP ... H
18 mscY wP . H
eZgvb Aavq <+| (,) I 6< () mK AvjvPbv Kiv njv :
65
:. <+| (,) Kgv-K evsjvq cv`Q` ejv nq| Kgvi g~j KvR c~Y GKwU evKK fvevbymvi GKvwaK
Ask fvM Kiv| hKvbv iPbvq `uvwo (|) Qvov Ab me weivgwPi ga Kgvi eenvi mePq
ewk| cKvk mswk c`i ci wbPi w`K eeZ nq| iPbvi aib Ges fve cwizUb jLKi
AvKvvi Dci Kgvi eenvi wbfikxj|
Kgv (,)-i weiwZKvj 1 (GK) ejZ hZUzKz mgq cqvRb ZZUzKz cwigvY|
<+| (,) <i<|<< |<|< <|?i
1. evK A_-wefvM `Lvevi Rb hLvb ^ weiwZi cqvRb, mLvb Kgv eeZ nq| hgb :
DbwZ PvI, DbwZ cve cwikg|
2. evK GKB c`wewk GKvwaK k cvkvcvwk eeZ nj kl c`wU Qvov evwKjvi ga GK ev
GKvwaK Kgv eenvi Ki GKRvZxq c`K c_K Kiv nq| hgb : wekl c`i ci : mvjvg,
eiKZ, iwdK, Revi gvZfvlvi ghv`v ivq AvZvrmM KiQb|
<+|< <-|<
weklY c`i ci Kgvi D`vniY : mr, webqx, Aaemvqx, cwikgx QvivB Rxeb mvdj jvf Ki|
mebvg c`i ci Kgvi D`vniY : Zzwg, Avwg, mAvgiv wZbRbB XvKv hve|
wqvc`i ci Kgvi D`vniY : Gjb, `Ljb, Pj Mjb|
3. GKRvZxq GKvwaK evK ev evKvsk cvkvcvwk eeZ nj Kgv eenvi Ki Zv`i Avjv`v KiZ
nq| hgb : wngj Ni XzKj, eBc ivLj, RvgvKvco Qvoj, Zvici wekvg wbj|
4. cZ Dwi c~e Kgv em| hgb : mybxj ejj, Avgvi evev evwo bB|
5. m^vab c`i ci Kgv em| hgb : wekvLv, Gw`K Gmv|
6. RwUj evKi AMZ cZK LevKi ci Kgv em| hgb : hv`i eyw bB, ZvivB Kej G
K_v wekvm Ki|
7. Dcvwagi ga Kgv eeZ nq| A_vr Kviv bvgi kl GKvwaK wWwM _vKj Kgv em|
hgb : dqmvj Avng`, GgG, wcGBPwW|
>. 6<<+| (') hZjv weivgwP AvQ Zba GwU GKwU ewZgagx weivgwP| EaKgv c`i
gaeZx Kvbv GKwU eYi Ici RvqMv `Lj Ki bq| EaKgvi Kvbv weiwZKvj bB| GB
wPK BjK ev jvcwP bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| EaKgvi eenvi eZgvb LyeB Kg MQ|
Ze cyivbv evsjv iPbvq, weklZ wqv I mebvg c`i msw-i~c evcK nvi Ea Kgv
eeZ nZv| wbP EaKgv eenvii KwZcq D`vniYmn `Lvbv njv :
1. EaKgvi cyivbv eenvi mK ejv cqvRb h evsjv fvlvi mvayixwZi wqv, mebvg Ges wKQz
msLvk PwjZixwZi msw-i~c wb`k KiZ EaKgvi eenvi nZv| hgb :
weivgwP
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

66
|=<|< <-|<
|<<||+ (wqvi `xNi~c) t|+<||+ (wqvi mswi~c)
nBZ nZ
Dci ci
KwiqvwQ KiwQ
<-|+< <-|<
|<<||+ (mebvgi `xNi~c) t|+<||+ (mebvgi mswi~c)
Zvnvi Zvi
Zvnv`i Zv`i
ti|< <-|<
|< ti|< < t|+ ti|< < 6<<+|
`yBwU `ywU
GKkZ GKk
>. +||<| |=<|< 6<<+| AmgvwcKv wqvi A_wevw NUvi Avkv _vKj m
EaKgvi eenvi nq| hgb : Zzwg Kgb Ki Mvb Kiv n Yx|
. ti| t 6<<+| wKQzmsLK AmsLv wewfb KviY GZUvB Zvrch gwZ I
mycwiwPZ _vK h evKi ga Zv cyivUv bv wjLI evSvbv hvq| hgb :
52-i fvlv Av`vjb| 71-Gi gywhy|
|<<|+|t> <|< <|+< -+-|
1. i cw_K i cvlvY `q cw_K wK jvf GZ `ovBZQ wK Avkvq LwZ wki ekvi
AMfvM we Kwiqv jBqv hvBZQ G wki nvq G LwZ wki Zvgvi cqvRb wK
|<<|+|t>< <|
i cw_K! i cvlvY `q cw_K! wK jvf GZ `ovBZQ? wK Avkvq LwZ wki ekvi AMfvM
we Kwiqv jBqv hvBZQ? G wki nvq! G wki Zvgvi cqvRb wK?
2. Avwg c_g ZvnvK wPwbZ cvwijvg bv Zvnvi m Szwj bvB Zvnvi m j^v Pyj bvB Zvnvi kixi
c~ei gZv m ZR bvB Aekl Zvnvi nvwm `wLqv ZvnvK wPwbjvg Kwnjvg wK i ingZ Ke
Avwmwj?
67
|<<|+|t>< <|
Avwg c_g ZvnvK wPwbZ cvwijvg bv| Zvnvi m Szwj bvB, Zvnvi m j^v Pyj bvB, Zvnvi kixi
c~ei gZv m ZR bvB| Aekl Zvnvi nvwm `wLqv ZvnvK wPwbjvg| Kwnjvg, wK i ingZ,
Ke Avwmwj?
3. h kK fvjvevm Lye kK Av`i Ki Ki h Lye myL cvq mB nZ cvi Kwe Kweiv
Mvjvci gZv my`i my`i K_v ejb Puv`i gZv ^c `Lb ZzwgI Mvjvci gZv my`i K_v
ejZ PvI Puv`i gZv ^c `LZ PvI Zvgvi hw` ki Rb Av`i-fvjvevmv bv _vK Zvnj
cvie bv Zzwg Mvjvci gZv jvj Mfiv K_v ejZ Puv`i gZv Rvrmvfiv ^c `LZ
|<<|+|t>< <|
h kK fvjvevm Lye, kK Av`i Ki Ki h Lye myL cvq, mB nZ cvi Kwe| Kweiv
Mvjvci gZv my`i my`i K_v ejb, Puv`i gZv ^c `Lb| ZzwgI Mvjvci gZv my`i K_v
ejZ PvI, Puv`i gZv ^c `LZ PvI? Zvgvi hw` ki Rb Av`i-fvjvevmv bv _vK, Zvnj
cvie bv Zzwg Mvjvci gZv jvj Mfiv K_v ejZ, Puv`i gZv Rvrmvfiv ^c `LZ|
-|-|
1| weivg wP KvK ej? Gi cqvRbxqZv Kx?
2| evsjv fvlvi evKMVb eeZ weivgwPmg~ni bvg, AvKwZ Ges Zv`i weiwZi mgq mxgv
DjLc~eK GKwU weeiYx Zwi Ki|
<+--|-
: - |<<|+ |t>|< '|<|+' < |<<|+<| |-t< v< ||<+ <<
|<<|+|t> |<|+ |<<|+<|
Kgv
mwgKvjb
`uvwo
Kvjb
Wvk
nvBdb
ckevaK wP
weq wP
avZz `vZK wP

weivgwP
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

68
o. <|-|-
o.: <|-|-< |-<+ + < <+-|<<|-
fvlv cengvb I cwieZbkxj| cwZwU fvlvi B mywbqwZ I mykLj evbvbcwZi cqvRbxqZv
Ab^xKvh| evM&awbK eY ev nidi mvnvh wjwLZ i~c `Iqvi c wqvB nQ evbvb| evbvb g~jZ
kga eYmg~ni weklY ev avivevwnK eYbv njI evbvbixwZ evKiYi GKwU AZ iZc~Y
welq| Kvbv fvlvi gwjK ki MvVwbK i~c Kx aibi ne wKsev hwMK k MVbi
evbvbi wbqg Kvbv cwieZb Avme wK bv, Zv Rvbvi GKgv Dcvq evbvb ixwZ|
GKB ki GKvwaK evbvb wevwi mw Ki| evsjv fvlv nvRvi eQii cyibv| evsjv fvlvq
`xNKvj ai evbvbi Kvbv mywbavwiZ wbqg bv _vKvq GKB ki GKvwaK evbvb Pj GmQ|
evsjv evbvbi wbqg eua `Iqvi c_g D`vMx f~wgKv cvjb Ki KjKvZv wekwe`vjq|
1936 mvj KjKvZv wekwe`vjq cvweZ evsjv evbvbi wbqg Gi c_g msiY Ges 1937 mvj
wZxq msiY cKvwkZ nq| evsjv`k RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW 1988 mvj evsjv evbbi
GKwU bxwZgvjv cYqb Ki| cieZxKvj evsjv GKvWgx cwgZ evsjv evbvbi wbqg cYqb Ki|
G wbqg cKvwkZ nq 1992 mvji Rvbyqvwi gvm| fvlvi mvgwMK kLjv iv Kivi Rb evbvbi
wbqg Rvbv cqvRb|
evsjv fvlvi kfvvi ew`b ai bvbv DrmRvZ ki mgvek Mo DVQ| DrmMZ w`K _K
evsjv fvlvi kmg~n Zrmg, Aa-Zrmg, Ze, `wk I we`wkGB cavb cuvPwU fvM wef| G
cuvP aibi ki ga Zrmg, Aa-Zrmg I Ze k msZ DrmRvZ| `wk kjv cvK&-
Avh, `vweo, AwK cfwZ Abvh RvwZi fvlv _K GmQ| we`wk ev efvwlK kmg~n Aviwe,
dviwm, cZzwM R, ZzwK, BsiwR, divwm, Ij`vR cfwZ fvlv _K AvMZ|
YZ-weavb I lZ-weavb AvjvPbvi Zrmg k mK DjL Kiv cqvRb h msZ _K
mivmwi hme k evsjv fvlvq GmQ, mjvB Zrmg k| Zr ejZ evSvq msZ| A_ vr hv
msZi gZv Zv-B Zrmg|
evsjv fvlvq eeZ kjvi ga hme k Zrmg Kej mjvi evbvb g~ab-Y Ges g~ab-l
eeZ nq| Zrmg ki evbvb g~ab-Y I g~ab-l cqvMi wekl wbqg iqQ|
jYxq h, `-b Ges g~a b-Y -Gi ga awbMZ ev DPviYMZ Kvbv cv_K bB| Z`c `-m
Ges g~ab l-Gi gaI awbMZ ev DPviYMZ Kvbv cv_K bB| wK evbvbi G`i
mywbw` cqvMwewa ev eenvi iqQ| evbvbi Kxfve `-b g~ab-Y nq hvq Ges Kxfve
`-m g~ab-l nq hvq Zv Rvbv cqvRb|


69
+-|<<|-
h ixwZ Abymvi evsjv fvlvq eeZ Zrmg ki evbvb `-b -Gi cwieZ g~a b-Y eeZ nq
ZvK YZ-weavb ej| A_ev, Zrmg ki evbvb g~ab-Y-Gi mwVK eenvii wbqgK YZ-weavb
ej| hgb : FY, ZY, niY, KiY, PiY, fvlY, flY, kvlY, jY BZvw`|
+-|<<|-< |-<+|<|
1. Zrmg k F, i, l GB wZbwU eYi ci Ges F-Kvi, i-djv, id, -Gi ci g~ab-Y
eeZ nq| hgb :
(K) F ev F-Kvi (<)-Gi ci g~ab-Y :
FY, NYv, ZY, gmY BZvw`|
(L) i -Gi ci g~a b-Y :
eiY, wKiY, DPviY, PiY, weZiY, niY, RvMiY, evKiY, wbeviY
(M) i-djv (G)-i ci g~ab-Y :
AvgY, gy`Y, wgkY, wPY, kwY
(N) id ( )-Gi ci g~ab Y :
AYe, KY, c~Y, `xY, eY, kxY, SYv, ^Y, eYbv, kxY
(O) l-Gi ci g~abY :
AlY, `~lY, elY, fvlY, clY, AvKlY, NlY, wek lY, flY, kvlY
(P) (K& + l)-Gi ci g~a b - Y :
Y, wkY, iY, cwkY, jY
`e : g~a b-Y g~ab-l-Gi ci hy nq hyeb MVb Kij Zv -Gi ic bq| (-Gi wewk
ic nQ l& + Y)
<-|< D, wqz, Zv, K, ewa z
2. GKB ki ga F, F-Kvi ( ), i, id ( ), i-djv (G) A_ev l-Gi hKvbvwUi ci hw`
^ieY, K-eM (K, L, M, N, O), c-eM (c, d, e, f, g) Ges h q n wKsev s Gme eYi GK ev
GKvwaK eY _vK Ze Zvi cieZx `-b g~ab-Y nq| hgb :
AcY, KcY, `cY, nwiY, esnY, keY
3. hyeb U-eMi eYjvi (U V W X) c~e `-b-Gi cwieZ g~ab-Y nq| hgb :
KK, Nv, K, b, cwZ
evbvb
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

70
4. c, civ, c~e, Aci GKwU c~ec`i ci A k emj A ki `-b g~ab-Y nq| hgb :
cvn (c + A = cvn) civn (ci + A = civn)
c~evn (c~e + A = c~evn) Acivn (Aci + A = Acivn)
5. KZKjv Zrmg k ^fveZB g~ab-Y nq| hgb :
AYy KvY MY Z~Y cY wecwY jeY
AvcY MY MwYZ bMY cyY exYv jveY

KY MYK Y wbY dYx eYy kvwYZ
+-|-<< (<|-|- -i--)
1. hy eb Z-eMi (Z _ ` a b) c~e `-b nq| hgb :
A, `yi, kv, Mw, cv, e`yK
2. F, i, l-Gi ci ^ieY, K-eM, c-eM, h, q, n wKsev s eZxZ Ab eY _vKj cieZx `-b
g~ab-Y nq bv| hgb :
ARb, eRb, `kb, wemRb, wMwb, mvbv
4. we`wk ki evbvb me`v `-b nq| hgb :
Avqib, Kvwib, wMb&, Wb, Bvb, Kivwb, Rvgvb, dvwbPvi, mK
5. wqvc`i evbvb `-b nq| hgb :
Kib, Kivbv, aiyb, aib, cvib
6. mgvme ki c~ec` F i l _vKjI ci c`i `-b g~ab-Y bv nq AcwiewZZ _vK|
hgb :
AMbvqK wbqb `ybvg gMbvwf mebvg nvwibvg
<+-|<<|-
h ixwZ Abymvi evsjv fvlvq eeZ Zrmg ki evbvb `-m -Gi cwieZ g~a b-l eeZ
nq, ZvK <+-|<<|- ej|
A_ev, Zrmg ki evbvb g~ab-l-Gi mwVK eenvii wbqgK lZ-weavb ej| awl, Zlv, el ,
ew, Kv BZvw`|
71
<+-|<<|-< |-<+|<|
1. F ev F-Kvii ci `-m Gi cwieZ g~ab-l eeZ nq| hgb :
KlK, K, Fwl, KlvY, Zlv, Kv
<i|+=+ Kk& avZz _K RvZ Kk, KkZv, Kkv, Kkvx, Kkvby, Kkv`i|
>. id ( )-Gi ci g~ab-l nq| hgb :
AvKlY, wPKxlv, elY, wegl, gyg~ly, Clv, cl`, gnwl, kxl
<i|+=+ Ak, Av`k, `kb, civgk, ekv, k BZvw`|
. U Ges V-Gi c~e hy `-m g~abl nq| hgb :
< + = ?
A b ew mw cyw gyw n
< + =
Kv Mv ewj Kwb R myz
4. B-Kviv Ges D-Kviv DcmMi ci KZKjv avZzi `-m g~ab-l nq| hgb :
#-<|<| <
AwflK Awfl cwil` cwZlaK welv`
Awfwl wbly cwZvb welq welg
<-<|<| <
Abyl Abylx Abyvb mylg myly mylyw
<i|+=+ Awfmvi, Awfmw, AwfmvZ BZvw`|
c. mwZ wemMhy B-Kvi ev D-Kvii ci K L c d-Gi hKvbv GKwU _vKj wemM (t) vb
g~ab-l nq| hgb :
wbcf (wbt + cf) wbi (wbt + Ki)
wbj (wbt + dj) ewnvi (ewnt + Kvi)
<t + `< / / / / = << + `< / / /
Avqyvj (Avqyt + Kvj) `yZ (`yt + KZ) PZz` (PZzt + c`)
evbvb
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

72
7. mvlYm~PK k G-Kvii ci g~ab-l eeZ nq| hgb :
KjvYxqly kv`ly mnv`ly ezeily myRbly
8. KZKjv Zrmg k ^fveZB g~ab-l nq| hgb :
Awfjvl `~lY fvlv Clr Zzlvi
welq kl cvlvY wel gvbyl
<+-|-<< (<|-|- -i-)
1. Ze ev LuvwU evsjv k g~ab-l nq bv, `-m nq| hgb : wgbm|
2. A, Av eY wemM (t) _vKj AZtci K, L, c, d _vKj mwZ wemM vb `-m nq| hgb :
bgvi (bgt + Kvi) wZivi (wZt + Kvi) gbvg (gbt + Kvg)
3. we`wk k, wekl Ki BsiwR k s t DPviY j nq| hgb :
AvM kb dUvvU zwW gvvi
wWqvg
4. mvr cZqi `-m g~ab-l nq bv| hgb :
AwM mvr a~wjmvr f~wgmvr
5. mvlYm~PK xevPK k Av-Kvii ci g~ab-l bv nq `-m nq| hgb :
KjvYxqvmy gvbbxqvmy myRbxqvmy
c~Rbxqvmy myPwiZvmy mywcqvmy
-|-|
1| YZ weavb KvK ej? YZ weavbi cuvPwU wbqg D`vniYmn jL|
2| lZ weavb KvK ej? lZ weavbi cuvPwU wbqg D`vniYmn jL|
3| hme k ^fveZB g~ab-Y eeZ nq Gi~c `kwU k jL|
4| hme k ^fveZB g~ab-l eeZ nq Gi~c `kwU k jL|
5| wbPi kjvZ g~ab-Y eenvii KviY wb`k Ki :
AiY wKiY ZiYx FY fvlY iY

73
6| wbPi kjvZ g~ab-l eenvii KviY-wb`k Ki :
Fwl, Zlv, mylg, `~lY, Kwl, Abyl, k

<+--|-
1| wbPi D`vniYjv mgRvZxqZvi wfwZ GKB Q mvRvI Ges cwZwU Qi wecixZ, YZ-
weavbi mswk wbqgwU jL| D`vniY : FY, KK, `cY, ZY, cYvg, Acivn, P`vqY, cwiYvg, K,
evwYR, c~evn, civqY, MnY, eY, cY, fvlY, gvwYK, D, nwiY, weklY, DivqY, MY|

- < |-<+ +<-i '' <v







2| wbPi D`vniYjv mgRvZxqZvi wfwZ GKB Q mvRvI Ges cwZwUQi wecixZ lZ
weavbi mswk wbqgwU jL| D`vniY : K, AwflK, b, fvlv, Abyvb, PZz`, Fwl, wgw,
Avwevi, Zlv, cwil`, e l, Avlvp, `ycvc, wRMxlv, ewnvi, Abyl|
- < |-<+ +<-i '<' <v








evbvb
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

74
:. |
:.: =<# < |<|- < <|
fvlvi inmi Kvbv kl bB| evsjv fvlvq Ggb AbK k AvQ, hjv evK wewk A_
eeZ nq Ges GKB k wfb wfb evK eeZ nq wfb wfb A_ cKvk Ki| G kwYi
kjvK wfbv_K k ej| hgb : KvcowUi is <|t|, <|t| Avg LZ UK G KuvPv kwU
wfb `ywU evK h_vg Avqx I AcK A_ eeZ nqQ| fvlvi kxew I A_i wevi wfbv_K
k eenvii cqvRbxqZv Ab^xKvh| AvwfavwbK A_i evBi c`i G aibi wewkv_K cqvM
A_i bvbv aibi ebv mw Ki| wbP GKB ki wewfb A_ cqvM `Lvbv njv :

:. (MwYZ) : hyw_ KuvPv|
>. (bvUKi Askwekl) : bvUKwU cuvP mgv|
. (iLv) : -cvZ Ki mv`v LvZvwU b Kiv bv|
s. (msLv) : UvKvi KZ ne?


:. (UvKvKwo) : # Ab_ i g~j|
>. (Dk) : Avgvi KvQ Avmvi Kx?
. (A_-DcvRb mnvqK) : cvU evsjv`ki <<| dmj|
<|
:. <| (Dw`Z nIqv) : c~e w`M m~h <v i-jvj i jvj|
>. <| (RvMv) : Nyg _K < nvZ-gyL ayq bvI|
. <| (AvivnY) : ce Z k <| LyeB KKi|
<|
:. <| (AxKvi) : K_v w`q KLbv <| f Kiv bv|
>. <| (Dc`k) : vbx-Yxi <| mKjiB gb Pjv DwPZ|

75
. <| (Abyiva) : Avgvi c Zvgvi <| ivLv me bq|
s. <| (cm) : KvRi <| ejjB Zzwg Pzc Ki _vK|
<|
:. <| (PvKwi) : `vwqZnxbZvi Rb Zvi <|| MQ|
>. <| (mydj) : Zvgvi Dc`k Avgvi eoB <| nqQ|
. <| -<<| (PvKwi `Iqv) : <| w`q Avcwb Avgvi eo DcKvi KiQb|
s. <| (KviKvh) : cv_ii Dci Kx Ac~e <|
<|t|
:. <|t| (AcK) : Avgjv GLbv <|t|
>. <|t| (Awm) : Avw`g gvbyliv KuvPv gvsm fY KiZ|
. <|t| (AcUz) : wPwVUv <|t| nvZi jLv|
s. <|t| (Avqx) : KvcowUi is GKeviB <|t|
c. <|t| (gvwUi Zwi) : <|t| Ni-evwo ebvq UK bv|
<|-
:. <|- (A wekl) : Zvi <|- `ywU hb LiMvki Kvbi gZv Lvov|
>. <|- <|| (wbj) : jvKwU <|- <|| ^fvei|
. <|- |+| (Avwo `Iqv) : Kviv K_vq <|- cvZv wVK bq|
|
:. | (Mv, kixi) : Mig mviv |< NvgvwP DVQ|
>. | <|| (fq eva Kiv) : wQbZvBKvixi Li co Zvi | <|v
. | || <<| (vai D`K nIqv) : wg_v AwfhvM | || <<v
s. | |<| -<<| (cjvqb Kiv) : cywjki fq mvmxiv | |<| |-<v
t|
:. t| (AMmi nIqv) : mb`j Rvi K`g GwMq tv
>. t| (AwZevwnZ nIqv) : mgq Aj t hvq|
kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

76
. t| (Rxeb wbevn Kiv) : A Avq t| Lye KwVb|
t|
:. t| <|| (`w ivLv) : v|< Ici PvL iLv|
>. t| <| (ivM wekl) : t| <|+ m fxlY K cvQ |
. t| || (mZK nIqv) : hv w`bKvj coQ t| || ivLv Qvov Dcvq bB|
s. t| <||-| (ivM `Lvbv) : AvgvK t| <||< jvf bB|
c. t|< <|| (Pzk~j) : gqwU mrgvi t|< <||
v|$|
:. v|$| (_vgv) : wZb w`b ci Zvi Ri v$v
>. v|$| (hvv Kiv) : Lye fviB wmjUi Dk cviveZ UbwU v|$
. v|$| (wbivk nIqv) : Ii evcvi Avwg nvj v$ w`qwQ|
s. v|$| (WvK `Iqv) : MZKvj wPwVUv v|$| nqQ|
$|
:. $| (Aaqb Kiv) : gbvhvM w`q $||-| Kij AekB fvjv dj KiZ cvi|
>. $| (gv A_) : cvq |$ Gevi AvgvK gvd Ki w`b|
. $| (Kg Avmv) : GZ w`b Zvi ivM $v
|
:. | t|| (AwZ nxbfve Zvlvgv` Kiv) : mgvR | t|| jvKi Afve bB|
>. | <|$|-| (hZ D`Z nIqv) : Zviv evwoi Dk | <|$|
. |< <<| (webxZfve Abyiva Kiv) : Avcbvi cvq aiwQ Avgvi KvRwU Ki w`b|
s. | (PiY, c`) : ej LjZ wMq UzUzj |< e_v cqQ|
|<|
:. |<| (cK ) : '|<| Rvgi gayi im iwOb Kwi gyL|
>. |<| (Awf) : wZwb GKRb |<| jvK|
. |<| (Svby nIqv) : A eqmB QjwU eywZ <v |
77
s. |<| (vqx) : kvwoUvi iO |<|
c. |<| (BUi Zwi) : |<| evwoNi ewk w`b UK|

:. (Dw`RvZ km) : R gvm cPyi cvIqv hvq|
>. (jvf, Kvbv KvRi cwiYvg) : wK jwfby nvq|
. (Kvhwmw) : AevnZ Pvq | neB|
s. (djb) : wjPzMvQ Gevi Lye aiQ|
<$
:. <$ (enr) : RvnvRwU ek <$
>. <$ (k) : wbRK mKj KvR <$ gb Kiv wVK bq|
. <$ (mv) : bxcv Lye <$ eski gq|
+-
:. +- (gbvhvM) : +- w`q jLvcov Kiv DwPZ|
>. +- <| (fvjv jvMv) : GZ w`b Zvi jLvcovq +- <v
. +- <<|<|< (gbvgvwjb) : AbK w`b hver Zv`i `yB ezi ga +- <<|<|< PjQ|
s. +-| (HKvwKfve) : +-| `kK fvjvevmv DwPZ|
+||
:. +|| (gav, eyw) : QjwUi ek +|| AvQ|
>. +|| (AvMv) : MvQi +||< cvwLiv evmv KiQ|
. +|| (k ) : ewRxexiv `ki +||
s. +|| (gK, wki) : Abvqi KvQ KLbvB +|| bvqve bv|
c. +|| <<| (wkitcxov) : nVvr Ki Lye +|| <<v|
+
:. + (e`b, Avbb) : jvi ivRv iveYi `k +
>. + (cek c_) : GKmgq Zviv nv + wMq cuQvj|
kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

78
. + (m~Pbv) : KvRi + evav w`qv bv|
s. + ||-| (Awfgvb) : gqwU K_vq K_vq + dzjvq|
c. + ivLv (gvb ivLv) : G Qj GKw`b eski + ivLeB|
|+
:. |+ (cfve) : Mvgi jvKi Ici Zvi |+ AvQ|
>. |+ (Kiv ek Avbv) : gvZei UvKv w`q ZvK |+ KiQ|
. |+ |+| (wfv Kiv) : |+ |+| LyeB NYvi KvR|
s. |+<- (Bvi) : G RwgwU eevi |+<- nqQ|
c. |+ |<| (`) : mjvBqi KvR wZwb GKRb |+|<| jvK|
-|-|
1| wfbv_K k ejZ Kx evS? D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
2| nvZ I fvjv k viv wZbwU wfbv_K evK iPbv Ki|
3| Zvjv I aiv wqvc` `ywUK wewfb A_ eenvi Ki wZbwU evK iPbv Ki|
4| gv_v A_ev cv k hvM wewk A_ wZbwU evK Zwi Ki|
<+--|-
KuvPv, Kvb, gv_v, nvZ, DVvG kjv viv c ZKwUi wZbwU Ki wfbv_ cqvM `LvI :




:.> |<<|+|< |-< <|<i <t-|
<|t| |<|< ||< =+- <+<| |v, < |<< |-< < <|< <<v |<<|+
|< < <|< +|<i+ |+<| - |< -1 |<<|+ < ||<
hgb : || ej, +<|< ZzB eo Kvjv|
Kv_vq " Kv_vq -<< K ej Zv e`~i?
79
<+ wbw Pj <+< mv_|
'6< MMb evR gv`j '|-+ DZjv aiYx Zj|
DwwLZ evKmg~n ||, ", <+, 6< kjvi wecixZv_K k njv h_vg : +<|<, -<<,
<+ I |-+ myZivs GKwU ki wecixZ A_evaK kK |<<|+|< k ej|
wecixZv_K k iPbvK my`i Ki Ges fve cKvki gvayh ew Ki eeK cevngvb m`h `vb
Ki| gvUK_v, gbi fve myzfve cKvki Rb Ges fvlvi m`h cwieabi cqvRb wecixZv_K
ki cqvRbxqZv Acwimxg| wbP KwZcq ki wecixZv_K i~c c` njv :
+ |<<|+|<

+ |<<|+|<

+ |<<|+|<

AM cvr Aag Dg AbyKj cwZKj
Ab mv Aaxb ^vaxb A we
AcY MnY A_ Ab_ AbyivM weivM
AagY DgY Abyi wei ARb eRb
Awf Abwf Avb mvb Amxg mmxg
AvKvk cvZvj Av`vb c`vb AvKlY weKlY
AvMgb wbMgb AvKzb cmvi Av`i Abv`i
Avw` A Avq eq Avwefve wZivfve
AveZ AbveZ Avg`vwb ivwb Avcb ci
Avmj bKj AvZxq AbvZxq AvwK bvwK
Bw`q AZxw`q AvekK AbvekK BnjvK cijvK
DrKl AcKl Clv cxwZ DwPZ AbywPZ
Kvgj KwVb Dei Abyei HwQK AvewkK
Kwg Avmj Kwb R KzrwmZ my`i
q weq KKk Kvgj Kk ~j
Kk Avivg KcY `qvjy Kzrmv cksmv
z` enr wqz ewa z xY cy
kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

80
Mwi jwN Mnx mbvmx cKvwkZ, e
RvMZ wbw`Z Rg vei RwUj mij
Rj wbf Rvqvi fvUv Rvrmv AKvi
wZ gayi wZivi cyivi Zx fuvZv
`xN n^ `vZv MnxZv `yw`b myw`b
`yjvK fjvK avwgK cvwc abx `wi`
b~b AwaK bki Awebki/kvkZ bexb cexY
wbtk vm c k vm wbii mvi bxim mim
cvP cZxP ckw wb`v cmviY msKvPb
cvw_e Acvw_e c~e cwg cwZ g~L
c~Y k~b cy xY e_ mdj
ew mgw eagvb xqgvY eb gyw
f` Af` frmbv cksmv fZ cfz
gnr bxP gnvN myjf g~K evPvj
jvf wZ k wg kxZj D
wk Awk kvK Avb` kxZ Mx
kx wekx Mij e mvKvi wbivKvi
mykx Kzkx ^vaxb civaxb mq AcPq
wm ^M biK m~ ~j
^Z ciZ vei Avei myjf `yj f
n^ `xN nl welv` nj AKviv


81
|<<|+|< |<| <|<i-
+ |<<|+ <|<i <|
1. AM cvr : G evcvi -+| weePbv Ki wmv bIqv DwPZ|
2. AcY MnY : GKRb `vwqZ Kijb AviKRb `vwqZ Kijb|
3. AvKvk cvZvj : Zvi K_v I KvR |<|-|+| eeavb|
4. Avw` A : Zvgvi K_vi ||-- wKQzB eySZ cvijvg bv|
5. Avmj bKj : fRvj evRvi Qq MQ, |--< PbvB gykwKj|
6. Kvgj KwVb : Zvi ^fve hgb <|+ Zgwb <|-|
7. q weq : we`wk cY evRvi mqjve, `wk cYi =<-|<=< Zgb
GKUv bB|
8. wZ gayi : Rxeb |+-+<< e AwfZvB mwZ _vK|
9. A_ Ab_ : -< g~j|
10. Avq eq : |< eyS <i< Kiv DwPZ|
-|-|
1| wecixZv_K k ejZ Kx evS? wecixZv_K ki cqvRbxqZv KZUzKz?
2| wbPi kjvi wecixZv_K k jL :
AM, A_, Aag, Awf, AvKvk, Avmj, Dei, nj, gnr, bxim, fZ, wk, q, AbyivM,
, `xN, avwgK, AcY, AvKzb, ARb, Mwi, ew, mq, nl|
3| wecixZv_K k wb`k Ki Ges Dfq k viv evK iPbv Ki :
Avw`, cvr, weivM, c`vb, ci, KwVb, cy, jwN, fvUv, fuvZv, MnxZv, A, Abye i,
cksmv, wbw`Z, `xN, AwaK, e, wZ, AcPq, Kzkx|
<+--|-
4| g~j ki wecixZ k~b Ni mwVK wecixZv_K kwU Wvb cvk _K eQ wbq jL :
+ |<<|+|< |v|| |<<|+|<
AbyKj mij
kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

82
Av` ev`kv
Ave AgZ
Dvb gnvRb
Kwb cwZKj
KzwUj
:. +|t||<+ |-|< |-< <|<i <t-|
evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZKjv k AvQ, hv`i DPviY GK A_ev cvq GKB wK z evbvb I A_ wfb|
wjwLZ i~c Qvov gwLK DPviY Gme ki A_ cv_K wbYq Kiv Kmva| hgb : Ab I Ab|
Ab kwUi A_ njv fvZ Avi Ab kwUi A_ njv Aci| G aibi kmg~nK +|t||<+
|-|< ej| fvei h_vh_ A_i w`K `w iL mgvPvwiZ ki cqvM mK mPZbZv
AvekK| KviY G aibi ki DPviY GK njI evbvb iqQ wfbZv Ges cwZwU ki g~jI
c_K| GRb kjvi ga evcKfve A_-cv_K NU|
|-t <-|< -<<| |

t (fvM) G RwgZ ZviI t iqQ|

t (Kuva) t evSv wbq jvKRb nvU hvQ|

- (cvr) mKj mbB AwabvqKi -+- Kij|

(ei z`Zg Ask) c`v_i z`Zg AskK ej|

- (fvZ) -|- Ab `vb Ki|

-i (Aci) AbyMn Ki -i|-- `Lv Kiyb|

|<<|+ (AbeiZ) el vi ewaviv |<<|+ SiQ|

|<|+ (my`i) el vi |<|+ `k gb fi hvq|

|<<|- (Awbqg) Awdm-Av`vjZ meB |<<|- Qwoq coQ|

|<|- (kKvl) |<|- Lyj kwUi A_ Rb bvI |

(g~j) eBjv Avwg AaK wKbwQ|

i (c~Rvi DcKiY) mi^Zxi cv`g~j Zviv i wbe`b Kijv|

(Nvov) Aviexq cw_ex k|

, (cv_i) evwowU g~jevb , w`q Zix

83

| (`vKvb) XvKv knii || ek mymwZ|

|- (wbR) |- cvV gb `vI|

|<|( (gvmwekl) |<|( gvm Pviw`K _ _ cvwb|

||< (cej ewcvZ) el vi ||< gvV NvU cvweZ njv|

<|-|- (DcKiY) cvwb nvBWvRb I AwRb bvgK <|-|- w`q Zwi|

<|<|- (evwjk) wkwU <|<|- gv_v iL Nywgq AvQ|

<- (Lvivc ew) <-< msmM cwiZvR|

<- (cvwLi WvK) cvwLi <- Zv`i Nyg fvOj|

<| (`yB mijiLvi wgjbvb, w`K) wfyRi wZb <|< mgw `yB mgKvY|
<|- ( AwbavwiZ KvbvwU ) Zviv <|-w`K wMqQ Rvwb bv|

<| (jjvU, gv_vi Lywj) <|< wjLb hvq bv Lb!

<| (Mvj) <| wfwRqv Mj bqbi Rj|

<+ (c) wSji Rj <+ dzU AvQ|

<|+ (big) <|+ PiY AvjZv avqv|

< (esk) gqwUi gvZ-< LyeB mv|

< (b`xi Zxi) cvi <# Zv`i Mvg|

| (Mvg) H `Lv hvq Zvj MvQ H Avgv`i ||

| ( kixi ) gqwUi |< jvj Rvgv ek gvwbqQ

i (AMR) Zvi i vZv GKRb wkK |

i (gvmwekl) dji cvPzh i gvm gaygvm bvg cwiwPZ|

|-- (w`em) mvZ |-- GK mvn wZwik |-- GK gvm|

-|- (`wi`) -|- `qv Ki|

| (RjewZ vb) mUgvwUb | m`hi jxjvfwg|

| (nvwZ) cveZ PMvgi Rj eb | AvQ|

-|< (Rj) SYvi -|< LyeB ^Q I myci|

-|$ (cvwLi evmv) cvwLiv GLb -|$ iPbvq e|

||- (Rj) ||-< i gkB wbP bg hvQ|

|| (nvZ) mi^Zx `exi ||+ exYv kvfgvb |

Lb
e|
i
kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

84

|<-| (eZxZ) `ytL |<-| myL jvf nq wK gnxZ?

<|| (ev`h) wZwb GKRb cLvZ <||ev`K|

|| (fvmgvb _vKv) Rj bKvjv Rji Ici eovQ|

|<| (fve cKvkK Dw ev msKZ) gv`i Mie gv`i Avkv Av-gwi evsjv |<||

||< (Lye) el vi i~c ||< gbvgyKi|

|<| (ewk IRb) AZUzKz Qji gv_vq AZ |<| evSv PvwcqQ Kb?

+ (gyLgj) + fvi Ki em AvQv Kb?

+< (gywb, mbvmx) gqwU Rb _KB +<|

<|+ (weivg vb) <|+ njv evKi A_ wVK wVK evSvbvi Rb weivg vb|
<+| (gywb, mbvmx) <+| msmvi ZvM Ki wbRb cigkii avb Kib|

(kZ mnm) GKk mnm GK |

i (Dk) mywbw` i Qvov Rxeb mdj Kvg nIqv hvq bv|

<i| (weQvbv) Rxeb Kzmyg-<i| bq-evav-weN cwiqB c_ PjZ nq|

| (ekfzlv) gqwU bZzb |< jv cvQ|

|t (cwe) mywPv Qvov gb |t nq bv|

|t (welq ZvwjKv) eBqi iyZ |t| `L bvI|

" (`ejvK) Kv_vq " Kv_vq biK K ej Zv e`~i?

(Aavq, cwiQ`) eBwUZ `kwU AvQ|

|< (Aivb mb) wbii RbMYK |< Kivi Rb evcK Kgm~Px MnY Kiv nqQ?
" |< (mB, `LZ) `iLv Ave`bKvixi " |< bB|

-|-|
: mgvPvwiZ k ejZ Kx evS? D`vniY w`q eywSq `vI|
> |-t< |$| |< < |<i -|<
Aby, AYy ; Aweivg, Awfivg; Dcv`vb, Dcvavb; KzRb, KRb ; Kgj, Kvgj ; w`b, `xb ; bxi,
bxo; gyL, g~K ; j, j ; kywP, m~wP; mvi, ^vi|
< |<i -|< <|<i <t-| <<
AN, AN ; AvcY, Avcb ; `vwo, `uvwo ; wP, m~wP; hwZ, hZx; Kzj, K~j; cvwb, cvwY; mKj, kKj;
^M, mM; nvo, nvi|
mywPv Qvov gb |t nq bv|
|< (Aivb mb) wbii RbMYK mvi Kivi Rb evcK Kgm~wP MnY Kiv nqQ?
^vi (mB, `LZ-`iLv Ave`bKvixi ^vi bB
85
<+--|-
|-t< +|t||<+ |< < |<i -|<
- -

AYy
Aby

khv
mv

w`b
`xb

mKj
kKj

nvi
nvo

bxo
bxi

cvwY
cvwb

Ak
Ak


:.s =< <|< <|
evK fvlvi e ng GKK| Avgiv K_v ejvi mgq wKsev wjLvi mgq AbK Kvbv Kvbv evK
ev evKvskK msw Ki _vwK| GKvwaK c`, GgbwK GKwU c~Y evKKI AbK mgq GKwU k
cKvk Kiv hvq| GKvwaK c`K msw Ki GKwU c` cKvk Kivi ixwZK =< <|< <| ev
<|<i t<|t- ej| eZ ec`K GKc` cwiYZ Kivi ga w`q evK ev evKvski msKvPb
KvR mb nq|
fvlvwe` gybxi Payix I gvdvj nvq`vi Payixi gZ, GKvwaK c` ev DcevKK GKwU k
cKvk Kiv nj, ZvK evK mscY ej| GwU evK msKvPb ev GK K_vq cKvkiB bvgvi|
t| |<<|++ < <|<i <| <|<i|t< t<|t+ << <| <<|< <| =<- |<+
<<|< <|<i t<|t- <
evK msKvPbi dj evK msw I k ywZgayi nq| msc I msnZfve fvecKvk Kiv nj iPbvi
Y ev gvb ew cvq| wbPi AskUzKz j Kwi :
emKvji |--< < | mvgb -|<< |<| |< -+- <<| <|< -| Ggb Drmvn mevi gb|
wKQzY PjZB Avgiv t|< <|" |< |+-" < `Lv cjvg| =<+|<< <|-i< evwRq GKRb evDj
AvmQb|
Dcii eYbvq hme k gvUv Ki `Iqv AvQ, mjvK msc c Kvk Ki `wL Kgb nq :
emKvji <| mvgb +|< -+i Drmvn mevi gb| wKQzY PjZB Avgiv t<|"|< `Lv
cjvg| =<+|<| evwRq GKRb evDj AvmQb|
kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

86
jYxq Dcii Aski Pq wbPi Aski ee msw I k ywZgayi nqQ|
<|<i t<|t-< |-<+
evK ev evKvsk GKvwaK c`i mgw| GKvwaK c`K GKc` cwiYZ KivB evK msKvPb| wbPi
ixwZjv Aej^b Ki evK msKvPb Kiv nq :
1. +i<<| <|<i t<|t- Wze hvQ hv Wze (Wze& + A)| GLvb (Wze&) wqv-
cKwZi m A cZqhvM Wze kwU Zwi nqQ|
2. +|<| <|<i t<|t- cv _K gv_v ch = Avcv`g K (Aeqxfve mgvm)| kZ Ai
mgvnvi = kZvx (w mgvm)|
3. ||<||-< < ||<i <|<i t<|t- gq~ii WvK = KKv| nwiYi Pvgov = AwRb|
AjsKvii Svi = wkb|
<|<i t<|t-< <|+< <-|<
Awi mg eZgvb +i
AKvj cK nqQ hv <|<
Avq eyS eq Ki h |++<i<|
BwZnvm iPbv Kib whwb =|+||<
Clr Avwgl M hvi |<
DcKvixi DcKvi h ^xKvi Ki <+
DcKvixi DcKvi h ^xKvi Ki bv <+
Kvbv gB hv wbeviY Kiv hvq bv |-<|<
Pzi myL msNwUZ t|<
RxweZ _KI h gZ |<-,+
b nIqvB ^fve hvi -<
cv _K gv_v ch ||-+"<
gZi gZv Aev hvi ++<
hv c~e wQj GLb bB +<
hv `xw cvQ --|i+|-
87
hv Rj I j Pi <t<
hv AwZ `xN bq -||+-|
hvi cKZ eY aiv hvq bv <t|<|
hv Kv_vI DuPz Kv_vI wbPz <+<
hv gk ewaZ nQ <|<
h MvQ dj ai, wK dzj ai bv <-"1|+
h ivM wbYq KiZ nvZo gi |+$
h MvQ Ab MvQK Avkq Ki euvP <|v|
h fwelr bv feB KvR Ki |<+i<|<|
h eb wnsm RZ cwic~Y |-t<
whwb eZv `vb cUz <|,|
myL AMmi nq Af_bv +i- +-
nbb Kivi BQv ||t|
-|-|
1| evK msKvPb ejZ Kx evS?
2| Kx Kx Dcvq evK msKvPb Kiv hvq D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
3| |< << |< () |t> -|<
K. gZi gZv Aev hvi RxebZ / gyg~ly / gZer
L. hv c~e `Lv hvqwb A` / `c~e / A`c~e
M. Abw`K gb hvi Abgb / Abgbv / Avbgbv
N. AwZkq wm cje / g`yi / Kvgj
O. hv PU LZ nq Pzl / jn / jn
kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

88
<+--|-
1| <|+ |< <|<i|< |t+ < <|- |< < <|<
- <|<i |t+ <
1. AM RbQ h
2. Rq Kivi BQv
3. DcKvi Kivi BQv
4. Rqm~PK Drme
5. gay cvb Ki h
6. whwb evKiY cwZ
7. fY Rb hvi
8. hvi giYvcb Aev
9. wcq K_v ej h (bvix)
10. nvwZi WvK
:.c <| <|<|
evM&aviv g~jZ wewk A_evaK GKaibi evKvsk ev kQ| evM&aviv ki A_ K_v ejvi
wekl Xs ev ixwZ| evM&avivi mvnvh wekl aibi A_evaK k ev kQ MwVZ nq| evM&aviv
BsiwR BwWqg (Idiom) ki mgv_K|
cw_exi me fvlvZB wewkv_evaK k ev kQi mvvr cvIqv hvq| evsjvZI ARm evM&aviv
AvQ| evsjv fvlvi AbK kB Zv`i wbR^ A_ QvovI wewk A_ eeZ nq| G aibi A_
AwaKvsk B BwZen I m~ ZvrchgwZ| hgb : AaP` ejZ AaK Puv` bv eywSq
Mjvavv evSvq| Abyi~c Zvmi Ni ejZ Zvm viv wbwgZ Ni bv eywSq Yvqx Kvbv wKQzK
evSvq| myZivs ||<< < v||< <- <|-| <| v |<< <| <<, +-
+|< <|<|<| <
evM&aviv fvlv eenvii `xN AwfZv _K DrmvwiZ| Gi bc_ ewK I mvgvwRK bvbv NUbv ev
c m hy nq _vK| evM&aviv fvlvi GKwU Miegq HwZn| h RvwZi fvlv hZ cvPxb, m RvwZi
fvlvq evM&avivi eenvi ZZ ewk| evsjv fvlvi nvRvi eQii HwZn iqQ| ZvB evOvwji gbbMZ
Awfew cKvki Rb ARm evM&aviv mw nqQ|
89
evM&aviv fvlvi m`h mwi mnvqK| A_i Zvq, fvei ebvq, eei AvKlY mwZ
evM&avivi iyZ I cqvRbxqZv Acwimxg| evM&avivi h_vh_ cqvM fvlv myjwjZ, mylgvgwZ I
cvYe nq IV|
|-t t|+ <+<| <|<|<|< <|<i <| -|-| |
<i <|-- ( wbj Ave`b ) mwgwZi Rb KcY Kvgvj wgqvi KvQ Puv`v PvIqv <i <|--
gv|
| |<<| ( gi hvIqv ) MYwcUywbZ cKUgvi | |
<t- ( Mjvavv ) eqv`e QjUvK < t- w`q we`vq Ki `vI|
|< < +|v ( myPZyi ew ) Payix mvne |< < +|v, Zuvi gvicuvP aiv gykwKj|
|+$| <|< |< (Ac`v_) Zzwg nj |+$| <|< |<, ZvgvK w`q wKQzB ne bv|
| ||+ ( evKvwgi ` ) webv wUwKU Ub Po cjvkK cvk UvKv | ||+ w`Z
njv|
|<|( ( AvRwe M ) Gme h Zvgvi |<|( , Zv Avgv`i Rvbv nq MQ|
<$-t| (AwgZeqx) QjUv <$-t| bv nj cZK mwZ `yw`bB wbtkl Ki `e Kb?
#-< <| ( g`fvM ) dinv` #-< <| ZvB Zv UuvKkvji PvKwiUv nqI njv bv|
#t$ |<| ( AKvjcK ) QjUv #t$ |<| ejB Zv eo`i m Agb Ki ZK KiQ?
=|| <| ( weivU evcvi ) cyZyji weqZ GZ eo AvqvRbG `LwQ =|| <||
<< <- ( GKUvbv LvUzwb ) << <-< gZv msmvii wcQ mvivRxeb LvUjvg wK y jvfi jvf
wKQzB cjvg bv|
< +|v< | (hv mnR gi bv ) PviUvi < +|v< |, MYwcUzwb LqI euP Mj|
<< | ( PvUzKvi ) Zzwg Zv eo mvnei << | Zvgvi c`vbwZ Zv neB|
| < ( Ajm ) | < jvKi c DbwZ Kiv me bq|
|$|< - ( iZ fyj ) G A wgje bv, KviY |$|+# +| - iqQ|
$ <|| (Avkvq bivk) Avkv KiwQjvg we`k hve, GLb `LwQ m $ <|||
|$|< |<+ ( Aev e ey ) covkvbv gbvhvMx bv nj cixvq |$|< |<+ cve|
t|< <|| ( Awcq / Pzk~j jvK ) gv-giv QjwU mr gvqi t|< <|||
kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

90
-< -$| (PZbv`q nIqv) c_g mvgwqK cixv Lvivc nIqvq Zvi -< -$|
| <|| ( fvlx ) AvdvR wgTvi gyL wKQyB AvUKvq bv, | <|| hvK ej|
<+<< ( A`k ey ) PvKwi cq <+<< nq DVj h `LvB cvIqv hvq bv|
|<< <|| (gvmvne) Zzwg Zv eo mvnei |<< <||, wZwb hv ejb Zzwg I ZvB ej|
+|< <|< ( mvMn cZxvKvix ) cevmx Qji evwo divi cZxvq evev-gv +|< <|<< gZv
em AvQb
<- <|<<| (wZ nIqv) Zvi Kv `L Avwg Zv <- Mjvg|
-<+ +<+ ( NwbZv ) cavb wkKi m AvRgj mvii Lye -<+ +<+|
-<< +||v ( mymgqi ez ) UvKv _vKj -<< +||v< Afve nq bv|
<|+|<<| (PvUzKvwiZv) mgvR <|+|<<| jvKi Afve bB|
-< v< ( AcPq ) Rvf` Rwg wewi UvKvjv -< v< Ki djj|
<< t|< (eo iKgi Pzwi) Amvay KgPvixiv << t|< Ki eemvq jvjevwZ RvwjqQ|
<<<||+</ |<$| +"| ( f mvay ) gyL bxwZevK AvIovjI jvKUv Avmj <<<||+</|<$|
+"||
<|<|< ( mebvk ) `vKvb Avb jM dRjy wgTvi <|<|< nqQ|
| |<$| (KcUPvix) m GKRb | <$|, ZvK Pbv mnR bq|
<< <- (KcYi Kwo) << <-< gZv m Zvi UvKvKwo AvMj AvQ, KvDK `ycqmvi
mvnvhI Ki bv|
<|< <|<| ( meMvmx gZvmxb ew ) DPc` wbqvwRZ ewiv hw` <|< <|<| nq, Ze
`ki DbwZ ne Kgb Ki?
||-<" (evBii VvU eRvq iL Pjb whwb ) Avjg wgTv Ggb ||-<" h evBi _K
`vwi` evSv hvq bv|
|< <<|+ ( Dfq msKU ) mZ ejj evev wec` cob, Avi wg_ ejj gv wec` cob
Avwg cowQ |< <<|+|
| << (Awb B jvf) eo mvne nviybK kvw bv w`q w`jb cgvkb, GKB ej | <<|
-<-<-<- ( wekLjv ) wRwbmc Qwoq NiUvK Zv GKevi -<-<-<- Ki iLQ|
|+< |t ( kl m^j ) |+< |t G KwU UvKv w`qB AvgvK evwK KUv w`b PjZ ne|

91
-|-|
1| evM&aviv ejZ Kx evS? D`vniYmn AvjvPbv Ki|
2| wbPi evM&avivjv Aej^b evK iPbv Ki :
AaP`, Avgov KvVi UuwK, Avj mjvgx, Avlvp M, BuPo cvKv, Gjvwn Kv, Kjyi ej`,
Muvd LRyi, PvLi evwj, Wzgyii dzj, eKavwgK, wfR weovj, gMi gyjyK, hi ab, kvc ei,
nvZi cuvP|
-<|<- -+|
wjwLZ Kvbv welq mvaviYfve Avgiv AbKB co _vwK| wK mB AskUzKz co Zvi g~jfve
eySZ cvivK ej Abyaveb `Zv| GKwU cvV wKQz k _vK, wKQz bZzb welq _vKZ cvi, hvi A_
ev aviYv Rvbv bv _vKj cvVwUi c~Y aviYv jvf mnR nq bv| ZvB GKwU cvV m~Yic eySZ nj
cvVmswk wKQz welqI RvbZ, eySZ nq| Avevi Zv Kej gyL Kij mwU ewk w`b gb bvI
_vKZ cvi| mB Rvbv vb Ab Kvbv cvVi mv_ ev vbi mv_ gjvZ cvivi gZvI _vKZ
nq| GfveB Abyaveb `Zv cwic~Yfve AwRZ nq|
-<|<- <||
cw_ex, wbSi, AK, gwKv, kveYx, mw I Aw kxZi QzwUZ PiKvevq eovZ wMqQ| Iiv fvB-evb
wgj GjvKvwUi mewKQz Nyi Nyi `Lj| ILvb GKwU cv_wgK we`vjq, GKwU DP we`vjq I GKwU
evRvi AvQ| GjvKvi AwaKvsk RbMYB wkwZ| KwlRxex, PvKwiRxex, eemvqxmn bvbv ckvi gvbyl
mLvb emevm Kib| ekwKQz jvK RxweKvi ZvwM` gacvP I BDivcmn bvbv `k PvKwi wbq
MQb| GjvKvi RbMY gvUvgywU mQj| e`wkK A_ jb`bi Rb ILvb ekwKQz evsK cwZwZ
nqQ| Kvbv Kvbv evwoZ dzji evMvbI iqQ| PiKvev GjvKvwU evsjv`ki GKwU Av`k
MvgxY GjvKv|
<+ -|-
1. gwKv ki A_ Kx?
2. KwlRxex Kviv?
3. AK ki wZbwU cwZk w`q evK Zwi Ki|
4. Zvgvi GjvKvi m PiKvevi mv`k I emv`kjv jL|

kv_
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

92
<t-|
|+|-< |+|< +|<|
|+<| RvZxq cZvKv GKwU ^vaxb RvwZi mvefgZi cZxK| ZvB cwZwU ^vaxb `k I RvwZiB
GKwU RvZxq cZvKv AvQ| RvZxq cZvKv `ki me gvbylK `kcg Dy Ki| hKvbv ^vaxb
`k ev RvwZ Zvi RvZxq cZvKvK mevP mvb c`kb Ki _vK|
|+|< +|<|< |<|< < |<|+ evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKvq Nb meyR iOi Ici D`xqgvb m~hi
iOi GKwU jvj e _vKe| RvZxq cZvKvi `N I ci AbycvZ 10:6| cZvKvi `N hw` 305
mwUwgUvi nq (10 dzU) nq, c 183 mwUwgUvi (6 dz U ) ne| jvj ewUi evmva ne cZvKvi
`Ni cuvP fvMi GK fvM| Avgv`i RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBb KiQb wkx Kvgij nvmvb|
+|<+ < "|<|-+|< +|< evsjv`k GKwU ^vaxb I mvefg iv| G`k mKj agi gvbyli
emevm iqQ| wK ag Avjv`v njI mevi fZi iqQ GKB RvwZmv| Avi Zv njv evOvwj
RvwZmv| e ZvMi wewbgq gywhyi ga w`q Avgiv ^vaxbZv jvf KiwQ| jvj-meyRi cZvKv
Avgv`i m wZKB enb KiQ| G cZvKv Avgv`i msMvgi BwZnvmK Zzj ai me c Rbi
mvgb|
|+|< +|<|< |<<+ Avgv`i RvZxq cZvKvi meyR is evsjv`ki kvgj cKwZi w`KwUK
Zzj aiQ | jvj is Zzj aiQ beRvMiYi K_v| GQvov ^vaxbZv ARbi Rb G `ki gvbyl h
i w`qQ Zvi BwZI enb Ki jvj is| gvUK_v, Avgv`i `ki ^vaxbZv I cKwZK aviY Ki
AvQ RvZxq cZvKv|
|+|< +|<|< <+ RvZxq cZvKv Avgv`i mKj elg `~i Ki `q| Avgiv G cZvKvi
QvqvZj GK wgwjZ nB| Avgiv ciii ga mKj f`vf` fyj hvB| GQvov AvZ^v_ ZvM
Ki `ki Rb me^ ZvM Kivi ciYvI Avgiv RvZxq cZvKv _K cvB| Avgv`i wkv, mswZ
I AMMwZi m RvZxq cZvKv Mfxifve Rwoq AvQ| wngvjqi P~ov _K kyi Ki Avgv`i h
Kvbv ARbB RvZxq cZvKv mevi AvM Avgv`i nvZ DV Avm| Avgv`i Miegq BwZnvmi
viK RvZxq cZvKv| ay eZgvbi bq, fwelZi mKj Kgc iYvi DrmI Avgv`i RvZxq cZvKv|
|+|< +|<|< -'|- RvZxq cZvKvi Rb Avgiv Meeva Kwi| ZvB GK mvb Kiv Avgv`i
GKv `vwqZ| we`vjq RvZxq cZvKv DvjbKvj Zvi cwZ kv c`kb Kiv Avgv`i cwe
KZe| GQvov Abvb vb ev Abyvb hLbB RvZxq cZvKv c`kb Kiv nvK bv Kb, ZLbB `uvwoq
Zvi cwZ Avgv`i mvb c`kb Kiv DwPZ| h RvZxq cZvKvK mvb Ki bv, m mKji NYvi
cv| ZvK mKj `k`vnx wnme wPwZ Ki|

93
<t|< RvZxq cZvKv Avgv`i mKji KvQ AZ ghv`vi I mvbi| eyKi i w`q njI
Gi mvb iv Kiv Avgv`i KZe| Avgv`i j j exi kwn` G cZvKvi RbB Zvu`i Rxeb`vb
KiQb| hLb bxj AvKvki gvS Avgv`i G cZvKv DoZ _vK, ZLb Zv `L Me Avgv`i eyK
fi hvq|

|+|-< |+
|+<| meyR kvgj fiv Avgv`i G`ki ewki fvM vbRyo iqQ Mvg| Avgv`i G Mvgjv
hb meyRi jxjvf~wg| Mvgi meyR c KwZ hKvbv gvbyli `qK ckvwZ `q| Mvgi kv
cwiek gvbyli mKj Kvw `~i Ki| MvgB G`ki cvY|
|+< <"|- Avgv`i Mvgi bvg iZbcyi| GwU XvKv Rjvi `vnvi DcRjvi AMZ| Gi cvk
w`q eq MQ BQvgZx b`x| b`xi `ycvki cvKwZK kvfv G MvgK Ac~e m`h `vb KiQ| XvKv
_K moK c_ Lye mnRB Avgv`i Mvg Avmv hvq|
|+< |<|+< -< Avgv`i MvgLvwb Qwei gZv| Avg-Rvg, KvuVvj-wjPz, bvwiKj-mycvwi,
wkgyj-cjvk, Zvj-Zgvj Avi bvbvRvZi MvQcvjvq mymwZ Avgv`i GB Mvg| SvcSvo
jZvcvZvi wbweo NwbZv mevi gb Ko bq| cvLcvLvwji KjK~Rb me mgqB gyLi _vK
MvgLvwb| w`Mwe Z dmji gvV, avb-KvDbi nvZQvwb, wbSzg `ycyi eUi Qvqvq ivLvji evuwk
D`vm Ki gbcvY| w`Nx-Wvev, wej-wSj Kx GK Ac~e m`hi mq!
|+< +|-< Avgv`i Mvg gymjgvb, wn`y I wLvb ag i gvbyl evm Ki| Zv`i ga mvc`vwqK
Kvbv f`vf` bB| cZKB cZKi agi cwZ kvkxj| ZvB me gvbyl GLvb myL-kvwZ
emevm Ki|
|+< +|-<< ||<<| Avgv`i Mvgi ewki fvM gvbylB KwlKvRi m RwoZ| GQvov wKQz Rj
Ges ZuvwZI GLvb iqQ| wKQz gvbyl jLvcov wkL kni PvKwi Ki| Ze m msLv wbZvB Kg|
GQvov wKQz gvbyl w`bgyRywi Ki RxweKv wbevn Ki|
|+< -|+< < evsjv`ki ewkifvM Mvgi gvbylB Kwli Dci wbfikxj| Ze Avgv`i
Mvgi wP GKUz wfb| Mvgi ewkifvM cwieviiB GKRb Ki `ki evBi _vK| Zv`i cvVvbv
e`wkK gy`v G Mvgi gvbyli Avw_K AevK gReyZ KiQ| Mvgi Avqi AviKwU eo Drm
KzwUi wk| cvq cwZwU evwoZB bKkxKuv_v, Dji Zwi MvwjPv, cvUi Zwi bvbv Mnmvi cY Zwi
nq| Gjv kni wew Ki Mvgi gvbyl c Pzi A_ Avq Ki| GQvov KwlRvZ cY hgb : avb, cvU,
Mg I bvbv aibi mewR ZiKvwi wew KiI Mvgi gvbyl A_ ivRMvi Ki| cwZ eyaevi Mvg nvU
em| nvU knii jvKRb Gm mivmwi fve Mvgi KlK`i KvQ _K KwlRvZ cY msMn Ki|
iPbv
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

94
|+< |+|- Avgv`i Mvg GKwU cv_wgK I GKwU gvawgK we`vjq iqQ| GQvov GKwU
Kvwgj gv`vmv iqQ| Aviv iqQ GKwU ^v Kgc I `ywU emiKvwi Awdm| agxq cwZvbi
ga wZbwU gmwR`, GKwU gw`i I GKwU wMRv iqQ| Mvgi klcv iqQ GKwU cv Awdm|
|+< t"|+ mvswZKfve Avgv`i Mvg LyeB DbZ| agxq AvPvi Abyvbi cvkvcvwk GLvb bvbv
aibi gjv I mvswZK Abyvb cwiPvwjZ nq| hgb : P gvmi kl Pmsvwi gjv, ekvL
gvm ekvwL gjv, ANvY gvm bevb Abyvb, cl gvm wcVvi Abyvb BZvw`| Mvgi gymwjg I wn`y
weqZ jvKR Mvb, bvP I Lvevii AvqvRb Kiv nq| GQvov wewfb RvZxq w`em zj Abyvbi
cvkvcvwk vbxqfveI jvKRb bvbv Abyvbi AvqvRb Ki _vK|
"|<|-+| t|+ |+< <-|- gnvb gywhy G Mvgi gvbyli Ae`vb AbK| G Mvgi gvbyli
mvnwmKZv I exiZ cvwKvwb evwnbx G Mvg ceki Lye GKUv myhvM cvqwb| gywhyi mgq G
Aji `yRb AvwjK Kgvvi G Mvg _KB hy cwiPvjbv KiQb| cvwKvwb evwnbxi MwZiva
Kivi j G Mvgi GK Qj weR asm KZ wMq kwn` nqQb| Zuvi Ges gywhy Aviv hviv
kwn` nqQb Zv`i iY Mvg GKwU kwn` wgbvi vcb Kiv nqQ|
<t|< Avgv`i iZbcyi Mvg Avgv`i KvQ Lye wcq| G Mvgi cKwZ gvqvq Rovbv| iZbcyii
gvbyl mnR, mij I AwZw_civqY| BQvgZx b`xi m`h G M vgK KiQ Ab me M vg _K
Avjv`v| iZbcyi Mvgi me kwY-ckvi gvbyl wgjwgk emevm Ki|

--|< "|-
|+<| BwZnvm I HwZn mg Avgv`i evsjv`k| wewfb mgq wewfb kvmK G`kK kvmb
KiQb| Zviv Zwi KiQb wewfb myig cmv`, gw`i gmwR` BZvw`| Gjv GLb Avgv`i `kbxq
vb cwiYZ nqQ| GQvov Avgv`i `k cvKwZKfveI gbvig| G`ki eb, cvnvo, mgy` ,
RjI Avgv`i `kbxq vb cwiYZ nqQ|
<|t|-< --|< "|- evsjv`k HwZnvwmK `kbxq vbjvi ga DjLhvM njv :
w`bvRcyii KvRx gw`i, bIMuvi cvnvocyi, eovi gnvvbMo, bvUvii w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo (Div
MYfeb) I ivwb fevbxi evwo, cywVqvi Rwg`vievwo, MvRxcyii fvIqvj ivRevwo, XvKvi Avnmvb
gwj, bvivqYMi mvbvi Muv, Kzwgjvi gqbvgwZ BZvw`| cvKwZK `kbxq vbjvi ga
DjLhvM njv : w`bvRcyii ivgmvMi, bvUvii Pjbwej, bKvbvi wewowmwe, wmjUi Rvdjs,
KevRvi mgy`mKZ BZvw`|
--|< "|- |< -||< ivRkvnx wefvMi GKwU Rjv kni bvUvi| Gi Di iqQ bIMuv I
eov Rjv, `wY cvebv I Kzwqv Rjv, c~e cvebv I wmivRM Rjv Ges cwg ivRkvnx Rjv
95
AewZ| bvUvi Rjvi BwZnvm I HwZn ek cvPxb I mg| GLvb HwZnvwmK I cvKwZK Dfq
aibi `kbxq vb iqQ|
-||<< =|+||< "|- 1869 mvj bvUvi gnvKzgv wnme cwZv cvq| 1959 mvj bvUvi
c~Yv Rjvq cwiYZ nq| cvPxb kni nIqvq bvUvi AbK HwZnvwmK vcbv j Kiv hvq| Zvi
ga w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo I QvUZid ivRevwo DjLhvM| ivwb fevbxi KxwZ bvUvii gvbyl
GLbI kvfi iY Ki|
<||- <|-|< <||+ GKRb ` Rwg`vi cRv`iw` wnme ivwb fevbxi bvg meRbwew`Z| wZwb
Abvo^i Rxebhvcbi m m mgvRwnZlx I D`vi gbvfvei AwaKvix wQjb| wZwb kZ kZ
gw`i, AwZw_kvjv I ivv wbgvY Kib| cRv`i cvbxq Rji Afve `~i Kivi Rb wZwb AbKjv
cyKzi Lbb Kib| wZwb wkvwevi AvMnx wQjb|
|-||+<| <|<||$ bvUvi kni _K cvq 2.40 wKjvwgUvi `~i w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo AewZ|
ivRv `qvivg ivq G ivRevwo cwZv Kib| wK 1897 mvj bvUvi GK fqven f~wgK nq| GZ
w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo gvivZK wZM nq| ci `wk-we`wk cwZ I wkx`i viv ivRv cg`vbv_
ivq ivRevwowU cybwbgvY Kib| G ivRevwowU cvq 43 GKi Rwgi Dci wbwgZ| mg ivRevwowU DuPz
`qvj viv AveZ| ivRevwoZ XvKvi gyL GKwU wmsnvi iqQ| G wmsnvii `ycv `ywU Kvgvb
iqQ Ges gv_vi Dci iqQ GKwU my`k eo Nwo| g~jfebi fZii mvRmv I Avmevec
GLbI gvbylK wewZ Ki| febi cQb w`K iqQ GKwU evMvb| GLvb `ycvc AbK MvQ
AvQ| mg ivRevwowU GKwU Mfxi wSj viv cwiewZ| 1967 mvj ZrKvjxb Mfbi gvbvqg Lvb
w`NvcwZqv ivRevwoK w`NvcwZqv Mfbi nvDm wnme cwZv Kib| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi ci
eez kL gywReyi ingvb w`NvcwZqv ivRevwoK Div MYfeb bvg ^xKwZ c`vb Kib|
v|+< <|<||$ bvUvi Rjvi eRj bvgK vb QvUZid ivRevwo AewZ| ivRv P`bv_
ivq, hvM`bv_ ivq, RxZ`bv_ ivq I exi`bv_ ivqi Zveavb ivRevwowU cwiPvwjZ nZv|
eZgvb GwU cZZ Awa`ii Aaxb iqQ| QvU Zidi fZi AbKjv Mfxi cyKzi iqQ|
ivRevwoi mxgvi ga gw`i iqQ mvZwU| GQvov `ywU eo eo feb Ges ek KqKwU QvU QvU
feb iqQ|
t-|< bvUvii cvKwZK `kbxq vbjvi ga Pjbwej AbZg| elvi mgq Pjbwej cvwbZ
fi hvq| ZLb Gi m`h AvK nq AbK chUK GLvb eovZ Avm| Pjbweji Dci bKvq
Nyi Zviv Gi cvKwZK m`h m~Yfve DcfvM Ki|
-||<< <|t||| HwZnvwmKfve bvUvii KuvPvMvjv wgw mycwm| `ya viv KuvPvMvjv c Z
Kiv nq| ay evsjv`k bq, wekevcx G wgwi LvwZ iqQ|
iPbv
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

96
<t|< wkxi ZzwjZ AvuKv Qwei gZv my`i evsjv`k| evsjv`ki m`hi Kvbv Zzjbv
bB| HwZnvwmK I c vKwZK Dfq w`K _KB Avgv`i `k mg| Avgiv AbKB UvKv LiP Ki
`ki evBii m`h `LZ hvB| wK Avgv`i `k h m`hi jxjvf~wg Zv nqZv AbKB
Rvwb bv| `kK fvjvfve wPb-Rb `ki m`h DcfvM Avgv`i Zrci nIqv DwPZ |

<|t|-< ----|
|+<| Kwe Rxebvb` `vk evsjv`k AmsL b`xi mgvek `L GK Rjvxi XDq fRv evsjv
ej AwfwnZ KiQb| QvU-eo cvq mvZ k b`x G `kK wNi iqQ| b`xK wNi Mo DVQ
G`ki AbK Rbc`| gvqi gZv mn w`q b`xjv G`k wNi iLQ| ZvB G`kK b`xgvZK
`k ejv nq|
<|t|-< <|- <|- ----| evsjv`ki me b`xi GKwU m~Y ZvwjKv cZ Kiv ek KwVb
KvR| Ze G`ki cavb wKQz b`xi bvg Avgv`i meviB Rvbv| mjv njv : cv, gNbv, hgybv,
ecy, KYdzwj I gvZvgyix|
| evsjv`ki cavb b`x cv| wngvjqi Mvx wngev _K Gi Drcw| fviZ G b`xi bvg
Mv| g~jZ Mv b`xi h avivwU evsjv`k cek KiQ, Zvi bvgB cv| G b`x ivRkvnx Rjvi
`wY w`K w`q cevwnZ nq Mvqvj`i wbKU hgybv b`xi m wgwjZ nqQ| cvi cavb
kvLvb`xjv nQ : Kzgvi, gv_vfvv, fie, MovB, gaygZx I Avwoqvj Luv| gnvb`v cvi cavb
Dcb`x|
+-| gNbv b`xi Rb Avmvgi cvnvo| wmjUi myigv I Kzwkqviv b`xi wgwjZ mvZ
AvRwgwiMi KvQ Gm Kvjbx bvg cwiwPwZ cqQ| kl gqgbwmsn Rjvi fieevRvii
KvQ Gm G b`x gNbv bvg aviY KiQ| evYevwoqvi wZZvm I Puv`cyii WvKvwZqv gNbvi `ywU
cavb kvLv b`x| MvgZx, gby, evDjvB gNbvi Dcb`x|
<+-| hgybvi Drm wngvjq ceZ| hgybv b`x Mvqvj`i KvQ Gm cvb`xi m wgwjZ nqQ|
ajkix hgybvi cavb kvLvb`x| aijv, wZv, KiZvqv I AvvB hgybvi Dcb`x|
< | KYdzwj b`xi Rb Avmvgi jymvB cvnvo| ivvgvwU I PMvgi Dci w`q cevwnZ nq G
b`x evcmvMi coQ| G b`xi `N cvq 274 wKjvwgUvi| KYdzwj b`x AZ LimvZv| G
b`xi Dci euva w`qB wbwgZ nqQ KvvB cvwb we`yr K`| G b`xi ZxiB Mo DVQ KYdzwj
KvMR I ikg wk-KviLvbv| KYdzwji cavb Dcb`x nQ nvj`v, evqvjLvjx I Kvmvjs|
97
< wngvjq ceZi Kjvm ki gvbm mivei G b`xi Drcw| wZeZi c~e w`K I Avmvgi
cwg w`K w`q G b`x cevwnZ nq KzwoMvg Rjvi ga w`q G b`x evsjv`k cek KiQ| eskx
I kxZjv ecyi cavb kvLv b`x| aijv I wZv Gi Dcb`x|
|+|-< --|-- |<- -----|< |< b`xi m Avgv`i Rxeb Mfxifve RwoZ| Avgv`i
hvZvqvZi AbZg cavb gvag nQ b`xc_| b`xK wNi Mo DVQ G`ki AbK eemv-
evwYRK`| Avgv`i Kwl AbKvskB b`xi Dci wbfikxj| G`ki Kwe-mvwnwZK I wkxiv
b`xK wbq mw KiQb AmsL mvwnZKg |
-----|< <<||<+| evsjv`kK meyR-kvgj fi Zvjvi cQb b`-b`xi f~wgKv Acwimxg|
b`xi cvwbZ eq Avmv cwj cvKwZKfve Avgv`i gvwUK Dei KiQ| Avgv`i Kwli AMMwZZ
ZvB b`xi e~wgKv ek iZc~Y | Kwl QvovI b`xjv wgVv cvwbi gvQi AbZg Drm| b`xZ
gvQ ai RxweKv wbevn Ki AmsL gvbyl| `kxq cqvRb wgwUqI gvQ we`k ivwb Ki cPzi
e`wkK gy`v Avq Kiv nq| GQvov cwienb-msv KvRI b`xK eenvi Kiv nq| GKk wYi gvbyl
G KvR KiB Zv`i RxweKv wbevn Ki|
-----|< <||<+| b`xi wKQz AcKvwiZvI Avgv`i PvL co| elvKvj b`xjv dzj-duc
IV| ZLb ebv `Lv `q| GQvov b`xi cej mvZ fvOb i nq| KLbI KLbI Kvbv Kvbv
Mvg fvOZ fvOZ b`xi gvS m~Y nvwiq hvq| Gi dj wZM nq gvbyli Nievwo, RwgRgv,
MvQcvjv, Mevw`c I MnmvgMx| AbK mgq b`xi cej mvZ gvbyli RxebnvwbI NU| GK
MelYvq `Lv MQ, evsjv`k cwZeQi cvq `k j gvbyl b`xfvObi wkKvi nq|
<t|< b`-b`x evsjv`kK KiQ mg| G`kK wNi iLQ Pviw`K _K| b`-b`xjv
G`ki Mie| Ze eZgvb m Mie vb nZ PjQ| b`xjv fivU nq nvwiq djQ Zv`i
^vfvweK MwZc_| ZvB G welq GLbB Avgv`i KvhKi c`c bIqv DwPZ|

|+|< <|< <|| -< #|+
f~wgKv : _vKe bv K e Ni/ `Le Gevi RMrUvK
Kgb Ki NyiQ gvbyl/ hyMvii N~wY cvK|
(msK : KvRx bRij Bmjvg)
AbK LvwZgvb Kwei KweZvq evsjv mvwnZ mg nqQ| Ze KvRx bRij Bmjvg Zuv`i ga
ewZg| wZwb we`vnx Kwe, gvbeZvi Kwe, cgi Kwe| wZwb Avgv`i RvZxq Kwe| evsjv fvlv-fvlx
gvbyl evsjv mvwnZ Zuvi Ae`vb Kvbv w`b fyje bv|
iPbv
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

98
<|<< -,|<t< 1899 mvji 24 g (1306 evi 11 R) cwgei eagvb Rjvi Pyiwjqv
Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg KvRx dwKi Avng` Ges gvZvi bvg Rvq`v LvZzb| Qjejvq
bRiji bvg wQj `ytLy wgqv|
<|<< |||<- QvU _KB bRij wQjb AZ gavex| Mvgi ge _K wZwb cvBgvwi cvm
Kib| Gici wZwb gqgbwmsni wkvji `wiivgcyi nvBzj wKQzKvj covjLv Kib| Zvici wZwb
fwZ nb eagvb Rjvi ivbxM wmqvimvj ivR nvBzj| GLvb `kg kwYi Qv _vKv Aevq wZwb
49 b^i ewj iwRgU mwbK nq c_g gnvhy hvM`vb Kib| bRiji cvwZvwbK
covkvbvi GLvbB BwZ NU|
<|<< <+|<- bRij eviv eQi eqm jUvi Mvbi `j hvM `b| mLvb _K wZwb mvgvb
wKQz ivRMvi KiZb| Gici wZwb Avmvbmvji GK iwUi `vKvb gvwmK GK UvKv eZb PvKwi
bb| evOvwj cb mwbK wnme wKQzKvj AwZevwnZ Kivi ci Kvemvabv wZwb cyivcywi wbqvwRZ
nb| mvsevw`K wnmeI wZwb h_ KwZZ `wLqQb| Zuvi mv`bvq cKvwkZ nq behyM, jvOj I
a~gKZz cwKv| cwKvjv h_ Rbwcq nqwQj|
<|<< <|<i|+| 1920 mvj _K bRij cyivcywi mvwnZ iPbvq gbvwbek Kib| Zuvi c_g
cKvwkZ KweZvi bvg gyw| wK h KweZv ZuvK LvwZ Gb `q Zvi bvg we`vnx| cieZxKvj
wZwb we`vnx Kwe wnme mgwaK cwiwPwZ jvf Kib| Avb`gqxi AvMgb KweZvwU iPbv Ki wZwb
wewUk kvmK`i e KiwQjb| G KviY ZuvK KviveiYI KiZ nqQ|
||+i<||+ KvRx bRij Bmjvg Lye A mgq mvwnZ mvabvi myhvM cqwQjb| Zvi gaB wZwb
iPbv KiwQjb AwMexYv, weli euvkx, PevK, `vjbPuvcv, dwYgbmv cfwZ KveM I KznwjKv,
gZyzav cfwZ Dcbvm| wZwb c vq `ynvRvii gZv Mvb iPbv KiQb| Zuvi Mvbi myii ewP
Avgv`i gy Ki| gvbyl GLbI kv mnKvi Zuvi Mvbjv kvb|
t<<-|, -'|--| < <"|< 1929 mvj KjKvZv AvjevU nj bRijK RvwZi c _K mvbbv
Rvbvbv nq| 1938 mvj KjKvZvq AbywZ exq gymjgvb mvwnZ mjb bRijK mfvcwZi
c` mgvmxb Ki mvb `Lvbv nq| 1945 mvj KjKvZv wekwe`vjq bRijK RMvwiYx
^Yc`K c`vb Ki| 1960 mvj fviZ miKvi ZuvK cf~lY Dcvwa `q| XvKv wekwe`vjq _K
1975 mvj ZuvK wW.wjU. Dcvwa c`vb Kiv nq| 1976 mvj wZwb GKzk c`K jvf Kib|
<|<< "+| 1942 mvj Kwe gwi cvNvZ ivM Avv nq Amy nq cob| ZuvK
wPwKrmvi Rb weki wewfb `k cvVvbv njI my nbwb wZwb| Gici _K gZyi c~e ch wZwb
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103
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105
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106
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fvlvkwn`i Dk kv wbe`b Ki| eZgvb G kwn` wgbvii Av`jB evsjv`ki wewfb vb
kwn` wgbvi wbgvY Kiv nqQ|
|- |+-|<< +|< kwn` wgbvii wmbvi I Zvi jv gvZf~wg I gvZfvlvi Z_v gv I Zuvi
kwn` mvbi cZxK| gvSLvbi mePq DuPz wU gvqi cZxK| Pvicvki QvU PviwU mvbi
cZxK| hviv Zv`i eyKi i Xj evsjv fvlvi AwaKvi cwZv KiQ| Avgv`i Rxeb hv wKQz
my`i, hv wKQz f Zvi m kwn` wgbvii Mfxi mK iqQ| GwU kyay GKwU wgbvi bq, GwU
Avgv`i ciYvi cZxK| ay fvlv Av`vjb bq, gywhyI kwn` wgbvi Avgv`i ciYv hywMqQ|
Avgv`i hy Rqi AbZg ciYv GKzk deqvwi| Avgiv hLbB Abvqi wkKvi nB, ZLwb kwn`
wgbvi Zvi cwZev` Kivi Rb Avgv`i ciYv RvMvq|
|- |+-|< < |+|-< t"|+ Avgv`i mswZK KgKvi m kwn` wgbvii Mfxi mK
iqQ| `k hLbB Kvbv Abvq msNwUZ nq, ZLwb kwn` wgbvii mvgb _K Zvi c wZev` Kiv
nq| wewfb RvZxq w`emi Abyvb nq kwn` wgbvi cvY| GgbwK Kvbv RvZxq ev mvswZK
ewZi gZyi ci ZuvK kl kv vcbi Rb kwn` wgbvi cvY ivLv nq|
<t|< kwn` wgbvi Avgv`i ciYvi Drm| Avgiv kwn` wgbvii w`K ZvwKq Avgv`i mg
AZxZi K_v fvwe| Avi eZgvb cRbi KvQ Me Ki m K_vjv ewj| AvR 21 deqvwi
AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`emi ghv`v cqQ| fvlvi Rb Avgv`i AvZ`vbi BwZnvm Qwoq MQ
wekevcx| kwn` wgbvi cwZwZ nqQ weki wewfb `k| evOvwji m m MvUv cw_exi gvbyl
AvR kwn` wgbvii mvgb `uvwoq fvlv kwn``i Ae`vbK kvfi iY Ki|

||-
|+<| wMK k Uwj I jvwZb wfkb k _K Uwjwfkb kwU GmQ| Uwj kwUi A_ njv
`~iZ Avi wfkb A_ `Lv| Uwjwfkb gvbyli Lye iZ c~Y Avwevi| Gi gvag weki hKvbv
cvi hKvbv NUbv gyn~ZB Avgv`i mvgb Pj Avm| webv`bi k gvag wnme Uwjwfkb
GLb AMMY| eZgvb cw_exZ Uwjwfkbi f~wgKv LyeB iZc~Y |
||-< ||<|< Bsjvi wevbx Rb eqvW 1926 mvj c_g Uwjwfkb Avwevi Kib|
Zuvi AvweKZ UwjwfkK AviI msvi Ki wewUk e W Kvws 1936 mvj eemvwqK wfwZ
Uwjwfkbi cPvi Ki| Uwjwfkb wbq GLbI PjQ bvbv MelYv| c~ei gZv Uwjwfkb GLb Avi
PvL co bv| c~e h Uwjwfkb IRb I AvqZb enr wQj, GLb Zv Avi Zgb bB| wevbi
107
`yZ AMMwZi dj GLb GjwmwW, GjBwW, w_wW BZvw` chywi Uwjwfkb evRvi `Lv hvq| Gjv
chywMZ fve GZ DbZ GZ Qwe `L Rxe gb nq| ZvQvov Gjv we`yr mvkqx|
||-< <i<|< cw_exi cvq me `kB Uwjwfkb eenvi Kiv nq| g~jZ webv`bi gvag
wnme Uwjwfkb eenvi Kiv nq| Avgv`i `k Uwjwfkb Pvjy nqQ AvR _K cvq AvU Pwjk
eQi AvM| webv`bi cvkvcvwk Avgv`i `k Uwjwfkb MYwkv, wbiiZv `~ixKiY, cwievi-
cwiKbvi gZv iZc~Y welqjv cPvi Ki _vK|
<|t|- ||- 1964 mvj evsjv`k Uwjwfkb Zvi hvv i Ki| Ze 1981 mvj _K
evsjv`k Uwjwfkb iwOb Abyvb mcPvi i Ki| 1984 mvj PMvgi eZeywbqvq Ges Zvi
ci UvvBji Zvwjevev` f~-DcMn K` vwcZ nq| hvi dj cw_exi hKvbv cv _K c wiZ
`k Avgiv Uwjwfkbi gvag `LZ cvB|
<<<||< ||- ti|- eZgvb evsjv`k ekwKQz emiKvwi Uwjwfkb Pvbj Pvjy AvQ|
hgb : GwUGb evsjv, Pvbj AvB, GbwUwf, evsjvwfkb, GKzk Uwjwfkb, ekvLx Uwjwfkb, mgq
Uwjwfkb, AviwUwf, gvnbv Uwjwfkb, gvQivOv Uwjwfkb, Pvbj 24, `kwUwf, GKvi (71) wUwf
BZvw`|
|+|-< |<- ||-< <<||+| eZgvb gvbyli Rxeb Uwjwfkb webv`bi cavb
gvag| gvbyl Zvi Aemi KvUvq Uwjwfkbi mvgb em| gbi Kvw `~i Ki Uwjwfkb `L|
GKwU Uwjwfkb Ni _vKj mviv `ywbqvi NUbvK nvZi ga cvIqv hvq| hKvbv cvKwZK `yhvM
`ki mg Lei Avgiv Uwjwfkbi gvag cq _vwK| RbKjvY I RbmPZbZvg~jK hKvbv
Abyvb Uwjwfkbi gvagB cPvi Kiv nq _vK| wkvwelqK AbyvbjvI Uwjwfkbi gvag
cPvi Kiv nq| UKkvjvZ wewfb gZvgZ cPvwiZ nq|
||-< -|+<|t<+| Uwjwfkb hgb Avgv`i Avb` `vb Ki, Zgwb Gi wKQz bwZevPK
w`KI iqQ| AwaK mgq Uwjwfkb `Lj `wkw nvm cZ cvi| gvS gvS Uwjwfkb ag,
mswZ I HwZn cwicw Abyvb cPvi Kiv nq| G Abyvbjv ZiY gb bwZevPK cfve dj|
<t|< wevb Avgv`i Rb Avkxev`^ic| wevbi hyM mevB mgqi m cvjv w`q PjQ|
`ywbqvi me Lei GLb gvbyli gyVvi ga| Uwjwfkb G KvRK AviI mnR Ki w`qQ| Avgv`i
cwZw`bi Rxeb Uwjwfkb nq DVQ Acwinvh| Ze Uwjwfkb Abyvb mcPvii AekB
wKQz bxwZgvjv _vKv DwPZ, hv Avgv`i wKkvi-ZiY`i mvgvwRK Aeqi nvZ _K iv Kie|


kwn` wgbvi
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

108
|<|<
t-| Man is bron Free, but everywhere he is in chain -gnvb `vkwbK ikvi G
eei A_ njv, gvbyl gyfve G cw_exZ RbMnY KijI cwZc`B m kLwjZ| G cw_exi
mewKQzB cKwZi wbqg euvav| cKwZi wbqgi mvgvbZg eZq NUjB gvbeRxeb wechq bg
Avm| wbqg gbB cwZw`b m~hv`q I m~hv nq| Avm w`b Avm ivZ|
|<|<< "< kLjveva ejZ mvaviYZ Rxebhvcb wbqgbxwZ, g~jeva I Av`ki cwZ
AbyMZ _vKvK evSvq| mgvRRxeb Kvbv gvbylB Avcb Lqvj Abyhvqx PjZ cvi bv| wbqwZ
RxebhvcbB ZvK j cuQ w`Z cvi| cPwjZ wbqg-Kvbyb I ivi cwZ AbyMZ _K Rxeb
cwiPvjbvB njv kLjveva|
|<|<< <+ gvbeRxebi Rb kLjvevai iZ Acwimxg| kLjvi KviYB gvbeRxeb
myL-kvw bg Avm| ^QvPvix ew KLbvB myLx nZ cvi bv| m ay wbRiB bq, mgvRiI
kvw b Ki| kLjvnxb Rxeb jnxb bKvi gZv cvwbZ fm eovq| Zvi Kvbv wVKvbv _vK
bv| gvbyl hw` wbRi fZi kLjv aviY KiZ bv cvi, Ze mgvRI bivR I wekLjv bg
Avm| ZvB myLx Rxebhvcbi Rb kLjvi Kvbv weK bB|
|tt|< +< kke njv kLjvPPvi Dchy mgq| wbqg gvbB kLjv| GwU i Ki PPvi
gvag RxebK myLx Kiv hvq| gvbeRxeb mdjZvi PvweKvwV njv kLjv| kLjvi djB gvbyl
mgvRi AvPiYwewa gb Pj Ges mdjfve Rxeb cwZwZ nq|
v||<- | QvRxeb kLjv wekl iZ cvjb Ki| KviY G mgqB fwelr Rxebi exR
ivwcZ nq| kLjveva GKRb QvK `vwqZkxj Ki Zvj| covkvbvi cwZ Zvi gbvhvM ew
Ki| fwelZ kLjvevaB ZvK mybvMwiK nZ mvnvh Ki|
+|-<|<- | mwi miv Rxe gvbyl| Abvb cvYx _K gvbyl DbZ, KviY m wbqge
Rxebhvcb Ki| RxebK mv_K KiZ kLjvi Kvbv weK bB| kLjve gvbyl ay wbRi ev
cwievii Rb bq, ivi RbI m`| gvbeRxeb jK Rq KiZ kLjvi Kvbv weK bB|
+||<- | Avw`ghyM _KB gvbyli mgvR wKQz wbqg-kLjv gb Pjv nq| eZgvb hyMI
wbqg kLjv mgvRi Rb Acwinvh| mwZKvi A_ wbqg-kLjv Qvov Kvbv mgvR PjZ cvi bv|
wbqgefveB mgvRi mg AvPvi-Abyvb cwiPvwjZ nq| kLjvB mgvRK my`i I mv_ K Ki
Zvj| Awbqg ev wekLjv mgvRK asmi c_ wbq hvq| mgvRK my`i I mv_K Ki Mo
Zvjvi Rb k Ljvi Kvbv weK bB|
| |?< <|< cwievi kLjv mwi cavb K`| GKwU wk cwievi _KB c_g kLjv
kL| wZxq chvq wki wkv i nq we`vjq| wkK I wkvcwZvb wki kLjvevaK

109
RvwMq Zvj| Divi G kLjvevai ga w`qB wk GKw`b DbZ Pwii gvbyl wnme Mo
IV|
|< <|-|<+| gvbyli Rxebi mKj B kLjvi cqvRbxqZv Acwimxg| kLjv gb
bv Pjj Rxebi me gvbylK wechqi myLxb nZ nq| Zvi Rxeb bg Avm civRqi
Mvwb| Lye mg Kvbv mgvR ev cwZvbI kLjvi Afve asm nq hZ cvi| AZGe kLjvi
cqvRbxqZv Ab^xKvh|
|<|< |<|+ wekLjvi cwiYwZ fqven| wekLjZv ay asmB WK Avb| hy GKRb
mwbK hZB ` nvK bv Kb, ZvK kLjvi ga _vKZ nq| GKgyn~Z i wekLjv ZvK Ges Zvi
mnhvMx`i gvivZK Aevq wbq hZ cvi| Ljvi gvV Kvbv Ljvqvo hw` wekLj AvPiY
Ki, Ze Zvi `j wbwZ A_ civRqi myLxb nq| wekLjv GfveB gvbylK asmi c_ wbq
hvq|
<t|< GKRb gvbyl, GKwU mgvR, GKwU RvwZ ZLbB mf nq IV, hLb Zvi ga kLjveva
_vK| cw_exi BwZnvm chvjvPbv Ki `Lv hvq, GKwU mfZv Z_v RvwZ ZLbB asm nqQ, hLb
Zvi ga kLjvevai Afve `Lv wMqQ| kLjvnxb gvbyli hgb Kvbv ghv`v bB, Zgwb
kLjvnxb RvwZiI Kvbv mvb bB| G KviYB mgvRRxeb kLjv GZ AZvekKxq|
-<<-
|+<| my`ieb cw_exi GKK eng gvbMvf eb| G ebi 62 kZvsk evsjv`ki Lyjbv Rjvq
Ges evwK 38 kZvsk cwgei PwekciMbv Rjvq AewZ| cvKwZK m`h my`ieb AZzjbxq
Ges RxeewP AmvaviY| my`ieb GKwU GKK BKv wmg| GwU ay evsjv`ki bq, weki
cKwZcwgK`i KvQI GKwU AvKlYxq vb|
-<<-< |<+- < <"|- my`ieb 21 wWwM wk Bw Di Avsk _K 89 wWwM k~b Bw ev
89 wWwM cvb c~e `vwNgvsk AewZ| AvR _K cvq 200 eQi c~e my`ieb 16,700 eM wK.wg
GjvKvevcx weZ wQj| wK eZgvb Gi AvqZb msKzwPZ nq MQ| eZgvb G ebf~wgi AvqZb
6017 eMwKjvwgUvi| mg my`ieb `ywU eb wefvMi Af y| GLvb PviwU ckvmwbK i nqQ,
iqQ 16 wU di kb|
-<<-< +, +|<| < <|< my`iebi f~fvM wngvjq ceZi f~wgqRwbZ Rgv cwj _K
mw| f~-wevbxiv GLvbKvi f~wg MVb webvm `wY-c~e w`K mvgvb Xvji mvb cqQb|
K~cLbb MelYv _K `Lv hvq, my`iebi cwg GjvKv Zzjbvg~jK wi| Ze `wY -~e w`Ki
GKwU Ask gB wbggyLx nQ| evsjv`ki Afii Zzjbvq my`i ebi gvwU GKUz Avjv`v
kLjveva
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

110
aibi| Rvqvi fvUvi KviY GLvbKvi cvwbZ RjveZv I jeYvZv ewk| GLvbKvi gvwU cwjhy
`uv-Avk| my`iebi evwlK Mo Zvcgvv mevP 31 wWwM Ges mewbg 21 wWwM|
-<<-< <|- my`iebi Dw`Kzj ewPgq| GLvbKvi AwaKvsk MvQcvjv gvbMvf aibi|
GLvb iqQ e, jZvj, Nvm, ciMvQv BZvw` Dw`| Dw`wevbx wW.cBb my`ieb 334
cRvwZi Dw` AvQ ej DjL KiQb| cw_exZ G ch mvbcv 50wU gvbMvf Dw`i ga
my`iebB AvQ 35wU| my`iebi Dw`i ga iqQ my`ix, Mivb, MIqv, KIov, Iov ci,
ay`j, evBb c fwZ| GQvov my`iebi cvq meLvbB Rb MvjcvZv|
-<<-< || wewP me cvYxi evm my`ieb| my`ieb iqQ cvq 50 cRvwZi bcvqx, 50
cRvwZi mixmc, 320 cRvwZi cvwL, 8 cRvwZi DfqPi cvYx Ges 400 cRvwZi gvQ| my`iebi
bcvqx cvYx`i ga iqj ej UvBMvi cw_ex weLvZ| GQvov iqQ wPv I gvqv nwiY, evbi,
ebweovj, wjIcvW, kRvi, D` Ges eb k~Ki| GLvb iqQ wewP me cvwL| eK, mvim, nvowMjv,
Kv`vLuvPv, jbRv I nvwwU GLvbKvi b`x-bvjv I MvQcvjvi gvS emevm Ki| mgy` DcK~j `Lv
hvq MvswPj, Rj KeyZi, Uvb BZvw`| GQvov wPj, CMj, kKzb, gvQivOv, KvVVvKiv, fMxi_, cuPv,
gaycvqx, eyjeywj, kvwjK, wd, NyNy, eb e, nuvwoPuvPv, dzjSwi, gywbqv, UzbUzwb, `vqj, eveyB, cfwZ
cvwL my`ieb evm Ki| my`iebi mixmc`i ga iqQ Kzwgi, mvc, wUKwUwK RvZxq mixmc
BZvw`|
-|+< -<<-< <"|- my`ieb cv KvV Rvjvwb I KvVKqjv wnme eeZ nq|
GQvov gvbMvfi dj Mv-Lv` wnme eeZ nq| MvjcvZv wKq Nii Pvj I eov ZwiZ
eeZ nq| my`ieb h kvgyK-wSbyK cvIqv hvq, Zv Lvevi Pzbi fvjv Drm| my`iebi gayi Dci
wbfi Ki GKkwYi gvbyl Zv`i RxweKv wbevn Ki| `k wewi cvkvcvwk G gay we`kI ivwb
nq| grmRxexiv my`ieb _K gvQ ai Zv vbxq evRvimn wewfb vb wew Ki| my`iebi ebR
m`K K` Ki KqKwU wk-KviLvbv Mo DVQ| Gi ga Lyjbv wbDRwcU I nvWevW wgjm
DjLhvM|
<++|- -<<-< <"| my`iebi ebR m`i cwZ AvK nq gvby l Anin cek KiQ
GLvb| dj Gi fvimvg b nQ| GQvov jeYvZv ew cq gvbMvfI asm nq hvQ| iqj
ej UvBMvii kl Avevmj my`ieb| Pviv wkKvwi`i nvgjvq evNi msLv KgZ KgZ 450-G
Gm `uvwoqQ| mvcwZK AvBjvq my`ieb evcK wZi myLxb nqQ|
<t|< my`ieb Avgv`i HwZn| `ki `wYvji gvbyli Av_-mvgvwRK AevbK DbZ
KiZ my`i ebi f~wgKv Ab^xKvh| cw_exi eng gvbMvf di my`ieb| ZvB Avgv`i DwPZ
my`ieb I Gi cvKwZK m` ivq wbR wbR Aevb _K D`vMx nIqv|

111
::.> |<|t/|<++
Kvbv c` ev M`i g~jfve ev eeK msw AvKvi cKvk Kivi bvgB mvigg ev mvivsk|
mvaviYZ c`i fveK msc cKvkK mvigg Ges M`i eeK msc cKvk KivK mvivsk
ej| mvigg ev mvivsk jLvi mgq :
1. h cvVUzKzi mvigg ev mvivsk iPbv KiZ ne, mUzKz gbvhvM w`q coZ ne|
2. evowZ welq eRb KiZ ne| KLbv Kvbv cvVi g~j fve Dcgv icKi Avovj
_vKZ cvi , Zv eyS g~j fve wjLZ ne|
3. mvivsk ev mvigg Dcgv, icK Gme ev` w`q wjLZ ne|
4. cZ Dw eRb Ki civ DwZ wjLZ ne|
5. Avwg, Avgiv ev Zzwg, Zvgiv w`q evK i Kiv hve bv|
6. g~j Ask DwZ _vKj cqvRb mB DwZi fveUzKz DwZ Qvov wjLZ ne|
=<.
v| <|<|< <|, |<- |<-
$ +| +|- |< +
++ |-+< <|, +v |<+|,
<t <-<|<~ - +|-,
+i< |+|-i | - <|<,
=+ |- | |< +|-
|+ <<|< -|-, <||,
~= <<|< " || |-+i -< ||-
mvigg : cw_exi Kvbv wKQzB mvgvb bq| QvU QvU evjyKYv Zgb gnv`k Zwi Ki, Zgwb we`y
we`y Rj gnvmvMii Rb `q, z` z` gyn~Z i gvag mw nq hyM-hyMvii| mvgvb Acivai c_
aiB Avm gnvcvc| mvgvb GKUy KiYvi I mni evYx G cw_exZ ^MmyL Gb w`Z cvi| ZvB
QvU njB Kvbv wKQz ZzQ bq|

kLjveva
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

112
-#.
<||< ", <||< -<<: < < +| <-<:
+|-<< +| " -<<~ +|-<+ <|<~
|<< +|$- <- +|-< |<<< |<| <,
|+,||-< -<< - +|- |$+ <
||+ < +< i <|<- << |+| <"1<
" ||<| -|$|< +- |+|-<# <$<
mvigg : ^M ev biK `~i Kv_vI bq| ^M I biK gvbyli gvSB weivR Ki| gvbyl hLb Kvbv
Lvivc KvR Ki AbyZ nq hYvq fvM, ZLb mUvB biKhYv| ciii cwZ wef` I ^v_i
gvbyl GB cw_ex biK cwiYZ Ki| hLb GK AbK me ewiZv fzj wefve fvjvevm
ZLbB cw_exZ bg Avm ^Mxq myL|

|+-.
||+v |--,
|-- |-- < <||$<|v --|, |<+ #<
|+|$ |< |#|+ t||< || <|<| ||$,
||$-<|| # < --| |$<| <|-< |$,
+|+|< |<+ #| <||<| +<, + < <|,
+|+|< <|+ <|<| |< || <|,
+|<|# +|-<, +|<|# -<+|, || +||-< |-,
+|-|< <i|+ < | | -< <|-
mvigg : cw_exi hZ DbwZ meB kgRxex gvbyli `vb| Zv`i wbijm mev I kgi KviYB Avgiv
myLx Rxeb hvcb Kwi| Zv`i GB kgi g~j Avgiv `B bv, Zv`i `ytL-e`bv Abyfe KiZ PvB bv|
cKZc ZvivB mfZvi AMhvvi KvwiMi| ZvB cwikgx gvbyliv kvi cv| Zv`i RqMvb Kiv
Avgv`i KZe|

113
t|<.
|<- +|< <| <<|, = - +|< |-| ~
|<- ||+ -| <- <|< <
-t-+| <i|+ |t -|#-<| |- |-|,
-t <- <|<+ ||< <
|< +|< -| <|- , |-< < -| <- ,
t|<+ | |+, | < <+-|,
|-< +- -| <- +||- <
mvigg : Kwe mwKZvi KvQ AbyMn cv_bv Kib bv| Kwe Kvgbv Kib, Zvi Dci AwcZ `vwqZ hb
wZwb h_vh_fve cvjb KiZ cvib| wec` nZ iv, `ytL mvbv, Kgi fvi jvNe Zuvi cZvwkZ
bq| Kwei Kvgbv wec`K, `ytLK, fqK Rq Kivi gbvej hb Zuvi AUzU _vK|
|t.
mgq I vZ KvnviI Acvq em _vK bv, wPiKvj PwjZ _vK| mgqi wbKU Abybq Kiv,
BnvK fq `LvI cI Kwie bv, mgq Pwjqv hvBe, Avi wdwie bv| b ^v I nvivbv ab
cybtcv nIqv hvq, wK mgq GKevi MZ nBqv Mj Avi wdwiqv Avm bv| MZ mgqi Rb
AbykvPbv Kiv wbj| hZB Kuv` bv MZ mgq Avi wdwiqv Avwme bv|
mvivsk : mgq wPiengvb| kZ Pv KijI mgqi MwZK KD i KiZ cvi bv| Pv I kg
w`q nqZv jy-^v ev asm nIqv ab-m` cybivq Dvi Kiv hvq| wK Pj hvIqv mgqK kZ
PvqI KLbvB wdwiq Avbv hvq bv|
v<.
Acii Rb Zzwg cvY `vI, Avwg Zv ejZ PvBb| Acii z` z` `ytL Zzwg `~i Kiv| AciK
GKUzLvwb myL `vI| Acii m GKUzLvwb wgw K_v ej| c_i Amnvq gvbylwUi w`K GKUz KiY
Pvnwb wbc Kiv, ZvnjB AbK ne| Pwievb, gvbeZvmb gvbyl wbRi Pq cii Afve
ewk Aaxi nb, cii `ytLK XK ivLZ Mieeva Kib|
mvivsk : gvbyli Rb AbK eo wKQz KiZ bv cvijI QvU QvU KvRi vivI Avgiv gvbyli
DcKvi AvmZ cvwi| mvagZv mnvqZv w`q Abi gb Avkvi mvi KiZ cvwi| gvbweK APiY
w`q Amnvq gvbylK mvbv w`Z cvwi| GfveB gnr gvbyliv Zuv`i gni cwiPq `b|

kLjveva
evsjv evKiY I wbwgwZ

114
|+.
Afve AvQ ewjqvB RMr ewPgq| Afve bv _vwKj Rxe mw e_v nBZv| Afve AvQ ewjqvB
Afve c~iYi Rb GZv D`g, GZv D`vM| Avgv`i msmvi Afve ewjqvB Kg| Afve bv
_vwKj mKjKB vYy, wei nBZ nBZv, gbylRxeb weo^bvgq nBZv| gnvvbxiv RMr nBZ `ytL
`~i Kwievi Rb eM| wK RMZ `ytL AvQ ewjqvB Zv Avgiv mevi myhvM cvBqvwQ| mev
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