153

‫ﻟﻘ ُ
ﺤ ﻨ
ﻴﺔ ﻟﺘ
ﻤﻨ ﻨﺤ ‪ 150‬ﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴ
ﻋﻤﻴ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨ
‪ #‬ﻟﻨﺎ( ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟ‪ .%‬ﺘﻜ ﻟﻨ
ﻴﺔ ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ #‬ﻫ
 ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤ ﺘﻠﻘﺎ‪ /‬ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤ ﺨﻼل ﻟ

ﻟﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻟ‪ ،9‬ﻻ ﺘﺠ ‪$ 6$‬ﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻋ‪ %‬ﻟﺘ
‪4 .‬ﻨﻪ ﻋﻘﻴ‪ #‬ﻏﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺎل ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ‪ /‬ﻟﻔﻼﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻴ ﻓ
ﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺘﺤ ﻗﻨﺎ;‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠ‪.%‬‬
‫ﺠﻴ
ﺒﺎﻟﻜ
‪ $‬ﻷﺴ( ﻟ
ﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬ? ﻟﻌﻘﻴ‪ #‬ﻟﻏﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻠ‪ %‬ﻟﺤﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻ ﻜﺜﻴ
‪ ،#‬ﻫﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﻟﻋﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻐ‪ ،D‬ﻟﺘ‪C‬ﻴﻴ
‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗ‪ ،B‬ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒ
ﻫ ﻟﻜﺘﺎ‪ H‬ﻤ
ﺸ ﻟﻠﺸﺨ‪ F‬ﻟﻌﺎ‪ ،6‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻨﺎل ﻷﺴ( ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻻ ﻨ
ﻴﺔ ﻟﺘ
ﻓﻲ ﻋﺸ
ﻴ ﺴﻻ ﺘﺜﺎ
ﻜﺜﻴ
‪4 .‬ﺠﺎﺒﺎ ﻫ?‬
‫ﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻨ ‪4‬ﻟﻰ ‪$‬ﺤ‪ J‬ﻻﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻀﺢ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴ; ﻤﺠﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸ‪ $ 9‬ﻨ
ﻴﺔ ﻟﺘ
ﻟﻴﺴ ﺴ‪ K‬ﺨ
ﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ ﻟﻤﻟ
‬

‫ُﻟ ﻟﻤﻟ – ﻟ ﻴﻜﺘ ﺘﺤ ﻻﺴ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎ "ﻫﺎ
‬

‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ" – ﻓﻲ ‪%‬ﻨﻘ‪ #‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .1956‬ﻗ  ﻵ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺎ
ﺒﺈﺴ)ﻨﺒل‪ ،‬ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ *ﺴ)ﻨﺒل‪.‬‬
‫ﻗ ﻨﺸ ﻟﻤﻟ ﻤﻨ ﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻜﺘﺒﺎ ﻋﻴ‪ #‬ﺘﺘﻨﺎل ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ *ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪% .‬ﻫ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻤﻟ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻫ ﺤ‪ 7‬ﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﺨﻓﺘﺎ
ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺘﺎ
ﺘ ﺘﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺤ ﻗﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﻟﻌﻠ‪ .‬ﻗ ﺘﺠﻤ ﺒﻌ‪7‬‬
‫ﻜﺘ ﻟﻤﻟ *ﻟﻰ ‪%‬ﻜﺜ ﻤ
ﺜﻼﺜﻴ
ﻟﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻠ
ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪
* .‬ﻜﺘ ﻫﺎ
‬
‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺘ‪ C‬ﻟﻜل ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴ
ﻏﻴ ﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤ ﺴ‪ ،A‬ﺒﻐ‪ 7‬ﻟﻨ@ ﻋ
‬
‫‪%‬ﻋﻤﺎﻫ‪ ،‬ﺠﻨﺴﻬ‪ ،‬ﺠﻨﺴﻴﺘﻬ‪ ،‬ﻟ‪% F‬ﻨﻬﺎ ﺘ ﺤل ﻫ ﺤ ﻫ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻋﻘل‬
‫ﻟﻘ‪ A‬ﻋ
)ﻴ‪ C‬ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌ‪ 7‬ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺠ‬
‫ﷲ ﺤﻨﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﺸ ﻷﺴ ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻓﺔ ﻟﻸﻨ@ﻤﺔ ﻹﻟﺤﺎﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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1
2
‫ﻫﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﻻ‬

‫ﻫﺎ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﻋ ﻟﻤﻟ
‬
‫ُﻟ ﻟﻤ‪$‬ﻟ‪ – #‬ﻟ! ﻴﻜﺘ ﺘﺤ ﻻﺴ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎ "ﻫﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ" – ﻓﻲ
ﻨﻘ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .1956‬ﺒﻌ

ﻜﻤل ﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻻﺒﺘﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻨﻘ‪ 2 ،‬ﻵ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺎ ﺒﺈﺴ(ﻨﺒل‪ ،‬ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ )ﺴ(ﻨﺒل‪ .‬ﻗ ﻨﺸ ﻟﻤ‪$‬ﻟ‪#‬‬
‫ﻤﻨ! ﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻜﺘﺒﺎ ﻋﻴ ﺘﺘﻨﺎل ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻤﻌ‪ #‬ﺠﻴ ﻜﻤ‪$‬ﻟ‪ #‬ﻜ َﺘ
ﻋﻤﺎﻻ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﺸ‪ #‬ﺠل ﻋﺎ ﻟﺘ(‪? ،‬ﻴ‪ #‬ﻋﺎ>ﺘﻬ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ ﻟﻤ<ﻟﻤﺔ ﺒﻴ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻟﻔﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﻜﺒﺎ ﻟ!ﻜ‪ A‬ﻫ!ﻴ ﻟﻨﺒﻴﻴ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻴﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻴﺘﻜ ﻻﺴ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎ ﻟ! ﺨﺘﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻤ‪$‬ﻟ‪ #‬ﻤ ﺴﻤﻴ ﻫﻤﺎ "ﻫﺎ" "ﻴﺤﻴﻰ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻠ!ﻴْ ﻜﺎﻓﺤﺎ ﻀ ﻟﻜﻔ‪ ) .‬ﺨﺎﺘ ﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻜﻴ ﻤﺤﻤ‪ ،‬ﺼﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﻠ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻼ‪ #‬ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘ ﻫ ﻤ? ﻟﻪ ﻻﻟﺘﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻫ ﻤﺘﺒ( ﺒﻤﺤﺘﻫﺎ‪) .‬ﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻟﻘ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﻴ )ﻟﻜﺘﺎ ﻟﻤﻘ‪ 2‬ﻷﺨﻴ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻤﺤﻤً ﺨﺎﺘ ﻟﻨﺒﻴﻴ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ <ل ﺘﺠﻴﻪ ﻟﻘ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺠﻌل ﻟﻤ‪$‬ﻟ‪ #‬ﻫﻓﻪ ﻫ ﺤ‪ O‬ﺴﺎﺌ ﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘ ﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺎ ﻹﻟﺤﺎﻴﺔ‪ 
 ،‬ﻴﻘ "ﻟﻘل ﻟﻔﺼل" ﻟﻴﺴﻜ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎً ﻻﻋﺘﻀﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺜﺎ ﺤل ﻟﻴ‪ .‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴ ﻟﻤ‪$‬ﻟ‪ #‬ﺒﺨﺎﺘ ﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﺨﺎﺘ – ﻟ! ﺒﻠﻎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎ ﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻷﺨﻼﻗﻲ – ﻜﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻤ ﻗل ﻫ! ﻟﻘل ﻟﻔﺼل‪ ).‬ﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﻋﻤﺎل ﻟﻤ‪$‬ﻟ‪ #‬ﺘﺘﻜ? ﺤل ﻫ‪ #‬ﺤ‪ :‬ﻨﻘل ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﻴ )ﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،2‬ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﻤﺎ )ﻤﺜل ﺠ ﷲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻨﻴﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻵﺨ(‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﻴﺔ ﻷﺴ‪ 2‬ﻟﻫﻴﺔ ﻷﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﻔﺎﺴ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻷﻨ<ﻤﺔ ﻹﻟﺤﺎﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻫﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺒﻘﺎﻋ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻀﺔ ﻤ ﻟﻘ> ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠ ﻋﻴ‪ ،‬ﻤ ﻟﻬﻨ )ﻟﻰ
ﻤﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤ )ﻨﺠﻠﺘ )ﻟﻰ )ﻨﻨﻴﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤ ﺒﻟﻨ )ﻟﻰ ﻟﺒﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤ
ﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﻟﻰ ﻟﺒ?ﻴل‪ ) .‬ﺒﻌ‪ O‬ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴ?ﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻴ(ﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺘﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻟﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻴﺔ – ﻟﻜﺘﻴﺔ )ﻟﺒﺴﻨﻴﺔ( ﻟﺒﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻼﻴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺔ ﻷﺘ‪ S‬ﻟﺒﺠ‪ ،‬ﻹﻨﻨﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﺘ ﺘﺤﻘ‪ T‬ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻟﻘﺌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﻨﺤﺎ> ﻟﻌﺎﻟ‪ !).‬ﺘﺤ<‪ A‬ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺒﺘﻘﻴ ﻋ<ﻴ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﻨﺤﺎ> ﻟﻌﺎﻟ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘ ﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ
ﺜﻫﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﻴ‪ T‬ﻓﻲ ﻋ ﻜﺒﻴ ﻤ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 2‬ﻓﺎﺴﺘﻌﺎ ﻓﻴﻬ )ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻬ ﺒﺎﷲ‪
 ،‬ﻜﺴﺒ ﻜﺜﻴﻴ ﻏﻴﻫ ﺒﺼﻴ
ﻋﻤ‪ T‬ﻓﻲ )ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻬ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﻤﻴ? ﻴ‪$‬ﺜ ﻤﺒﺎﺸ ﻋﻠﻰ
 ﺸﺨ‪ U‬ﻴﻘ‪$‬ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫) ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺴ ﺒﻪ ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘ ﻤ ﺤﻜﻤﺔ 
ﺴﻠ ﺼﺎ‪ T‬ﺴﻬل ﻟﻔﻬ ﻴﻜﺴﺒﻬﺎ (ﺒﻌًﺎ‬
‫
 ﻴﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨ ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻤﺤﺼﻨﺔ ﻀ ﻻﻋﺘﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺴ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴ ﻟﺴﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴ‪ T‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺤﺎﺴﻤﺔ ﻋ‬
‫)ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻀﻬﺎ‪ ) .‬ﻤ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺒﻌ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤ ﻴﻘ
 ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘ ﻴﻔﻜ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻔﻜﻴً ﺠﺎً
 ﻴﺴﺘ(ﻴﻌ ﺒﻌ !ﻟ‪ 
S‬ﻴﻓﻌ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻠﺼﻴ ﻋ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻴﺔ‪ 
،‬ﻹﻟﺤﺎ‪


،‬ﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺔ
 ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻓﺎﺴ
ﺨ‪ .A‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟ ﺴﺘﻤ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻌل !ﻟ‪ ،S‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻜ ﻨﺎﺒﻌﺎً ﻓﻘ( ﻤ )ﺼ ﻋﺎ(ﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌ
 ﺤﻀ ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘ ﺘﻠ‪ S‬ﻷﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺎ ﻫﻤ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻷﺴ‪ 2‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ) .‬ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﺤﻜﺎ ﻹﻟﺤﺎﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼ ﻗ
ﺼﺒﺤ ﻵ ﻤﻬ?ﻤﺔ
ﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻔﻀل ﻤﺠﻤﻋﺔ ﻟﻜﺘ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ‪.‬ﻤﺎ ﻤ ﺸ‪ S‬ﻓﻲ
 ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﺴﻤﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ
ﺸﻨﺎ )ﻟﻴﻬﺎ )ﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺒﻊ ﻤ ﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﻘ‪ J‬ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻪ ﻟﻀﺢ ﻟﺠﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻴﻌﺘ?‬
‫ﻟﻤ‪$‬ﻟ‪ #‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺠ
 ﻴﻜ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﻴ ﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﻬﺎ ﻋ ﻟ(ﻴ‪ T‬ﻟﻘﻴ )ﻟﻰ ﷲ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻬ‪ #‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴ‪T‬‬
‫
 ﻤﻜﺴ ﻤﺎ ﻤ ﻨﺸ ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻷﻋﻤﺎل‪.‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨ< )ﻟﻰ ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌ‪ ،T‬ﻓﺈ ﻤ ﻴﺸﺠﻌ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ> ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫"ﻋﻴ" ﻟﻘﻠ ﺘﺸﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ
ﻜﺜ )ﺨﻼﺼﺎً ﻓﻲ (ﻋﺔ ﷲ ﻟَﻴﻘﻤ ﺨﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘ ﺒﻤﺎل‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻗ !ﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻟﻴ‪2‬‬
‫ﻨﺸ ﻜﺘ
ﺨ‪ A‬ﺘﺜﻴ ﻟﺘﺸ‪ Y‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘل ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،2‬ﺘ‪ $‬ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎ )ﻟﻰ ﻓﻀﻰ
ﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺴ‪ A‬ﻤﻀﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻗ ﻟﺠﻬ ُ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﺘ ﻤ ﻟﻀﺢ
ﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴ‪ 2‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴ ﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﺤ ﻓﻲ )?ﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﻜ‪ S‬ﻤ ﻗﻠ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،2‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘ‪$‬ﻜ ﻟﺘﺠﺎ ﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤ ﻟﻀﺢ
ﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴل
 ﻴﻜ ﻟﻠﻜﺘ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴ ﻟﻤﻘ ﻷﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺘ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴ ﻟﻬ‪ #‬ﻟﻨﺒﻴل ﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ‬
‫)ﻨﻘﺎ! ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 2‬ﻤ ﻏﻴﺎ ﻹﻴﻤﺎ – ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴل
 ﻴﻜ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻔ‪! 2‬ﻟ‪ S‬ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴ ﻟﻜﺒﻴ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜ ﻟﻤ ﻴﺘﺸﻜﻜ ﻓﻲ !ﻟ‪ 
S‬ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻘ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻬﻟﺔ ﻤ
 ﻟﻬ‪ #‬ﻟﺤﻴ ﻟﻜﺘ ﻫﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻫ ﻫ?ﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻔ ﻨﺸ ﻟﻘﻴ ﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘ‪ .J‬ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻨﺠﺎ‪ Z‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴ ﻫ!‪C‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺘﻨﺎ[ ﻟﻘ>‪.‬ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ
 ﻨﺘ!ﻜ ﺌﻤﺎً ﻨﻘ( ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ 
:‬ﻟﺴﺒ ﻟﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺘﻤ ﻟﻘﺴ ﻟﺼ[ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺼ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺤ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌ< ﻟﻨﺎ‪) 2‬ﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻤ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻴ( ﻷﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜ )ﻨﻬﺎ> ﻫ! ﻟﻀﻊ )ﻻ ﺒﺎﻟﻬ?ﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻴﻴﻟﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻨﺸ ﻋﺠﺎﺌ ﻟﺨﻠ‪ T‬ﻟﻘﻴ ﻟﻘ‪J‬ﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﺘ(ﻴﻊ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 
2‬ﻴﺤﻴ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬ ﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻬﺎ‪ !) .‬ﻨ<ﻨﺎ )ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﻟﻴ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘ‪ $‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺎ‪) 2‬ﻟﻰ ﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﻨ‪ #‬ﻟﻔﺴﺎ ﻟﺼ[‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ
ﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﻘﻴ ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﺨﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺤ
ﺴ[ 
ﻜﺜ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻗ ﺘﻘ ﺒﻌ ﻓ ﻷ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺒﺎﻟﻎ )! ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ) ﻤﺠﻤﻋﺔ ﻜﺘ ﻫﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻗ ﻀ(ﻟﻌ ﺒﻬ! ﻟ ﻟﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﷲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻫ!‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺘ‬
‫ﺴ‪ #‬ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺴ‪ #‬ﻴﺤﻘ‪ T‬ﻤ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﺸ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ ﻟﺤﺎ ﻟﻌﺸﻴ ﻟﺴﻼ ﻟﻌﻟﺔ ﻟﺴﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻫ ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻘ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﻴ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ ﺘﺸﻤل ﻋﻤﺎل ﻟﻤﻟ‪" :‬ﻟﻨ ﻟﻤﺎﺴ ﻨﻲ ﻟﺠﻴ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻴﻬ ﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺴ ﻨﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤﺎﺴ ﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻘﺒﻼﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻤﺎﺴ ﻨﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟ ﻴﺔ )ﻓﺴﺎ! ﻟﻬﻴﻜل("‪" ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﺼﻬﻴ ﻨﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻘﺒﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻬﻴ ﻨﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻹﺴﻼ ﻴﻴ! ﻹﻫﺎ"‪،‬‬
‫"ﻹﻫﺎ‪. :‬ﻗ‪ 0‬ﻟﺸﻴ‪" ،"!.‬ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺌ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﻠﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘ‪  .‬ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺸﻴ ﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻗ ﺘﺘﻬﻴﺄ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻴ ﻟﺨﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒ ﺴﻨﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌ‪ 6‬ﻷﻜﺎ‪4‬ﻴ ﺤ ل ﻟﺘ‪.‬ﻫﻴ ﻟﻌﻗﻲ"‪" ،‬ﻟ ﺠﻪ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻺﻫﺎ"‪" ،‬ﻻﺴﺘﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻹﺴﺌﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟ ﻗﺔ ﻟﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻫﺎ"‪" ،‬ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻻﻀ‪.‬ﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﻴ! ﻟﺸﻴ ﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﺴﺘﺎ! ﻟﺸﻗﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻓﻠﺴ‪.‬ﻴ!"‪،‬‬
‫"ﻟﺨﻠ‪ 6‬ﻟﻘ>ﻨﻲ ﻫ ﻟﺤل"‪" ،‬ﺸﺘﺎ= ﻹﺴﻼ ﺒﻴﻌﻪ ﻟﻤﻨﺘ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻ‪" ،"(1) 9‬ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻ‪" ،"(2) 9‬ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻ‪،"(3) 9‬‬
‫"ﻟ ﻤﺎﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺴﻼ‪ C‬ﺒﻴ ﻟﺸﻴ‪" ،"!.‬ﻨ  ﻟﻘ>! ﻗﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎ? ﻟﺸﻴ‪B" ،"!.‬ﺸﺎ‪B 9‬ﻟﻰ >ﺨ ﻟ@ﻤﺎ! ﻓﻲ ﺴ ?‬
‫ﻟﻜﻬ"‪" ،‬ﻋﻼﻤﺎ‪ 9‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻤﺔ"‪>" ،‬ﺨ ﻟ@ﻤﺎ! ﺒﺔ ﻷ‪" ،"E‬ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌ‪" ،"(1) 6‬ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌ‪" ،"(2) 6‬ﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﻟﻐﺒﻲ ﻴﺘ ﺠﻪ ‪B‬ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﷲ"‪" ،‬ﺨﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﺘ‪" ،" .‬ﻟ ﻟ ﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘ‪ .‬ﻴﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻤ ﻀﻊ ﻟﺨ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘ‪ .‬ﻴ !"‪" ،‬ﻋﺘﻓﺎ‪9‬‬
‫ﻟ ﻴﻨﻴﻴ!"‪B" ،‬ﺴﺎ=? ﻓﻬ ﻨﺸ = ﻷﻨ ‪" ،"I‬ﻟﻘ>! ﻴﻜ‪ 4‬ﻨﻴﺔ  ﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻤﺼ‪ I‬ﻷﻗ  ﻫﻼﻜﻬ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺄﻤﻠﻴ!"‪،‬‬
‫"ﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻤ ﺴﻰ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻴ ﺴ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻤﺤﻤ ﺼﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﻠ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎ!"‪" ،‬ﻟﻌﺼ ﻟ‪4‬ﻫﺒﻲ"‪" ،‬ﻓ! ﻷﻟ !‬
‫ﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ"‪" ،‬ﻟ ﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎ!"‪" ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺔ ﻟﺨﻠ‪" ،"6‬ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ? ﻟﻨﻴ ﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻜﺎﺒ ‪ 0‬ﻟﺒﻌ ﻋ! ﻟﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻤﻌﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺒ‪" ،"9‬ﻟﻼ@ﻤﺎ!‪ :‬ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻘ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤﺎ? ﻟﻴﺴ‪B 9‬ﻻ ﺨﻴﺎﻻ"‪" ،‬ﻹﺴﻼ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﺎ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺴﺤ ﻟﻤﻟ‬
‫ﻟﻠ ﻴﻨﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟ ﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻫ ﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘ‪  .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺸﻴ! ﺴﻻ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻬﻨﺴﺔ ﻟﻤ ﺠ ? ﻓﻲ ﻟ‪.‬ﺒﻴﻌﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺘﻜﻨ ﻟ ﺠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺎﻜﻲ ﻟ‪.‬ﺒﻴﻌﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻤﺄ@‪ 6‬ﻟﺘ‪) (1)  .‬ﻋﻤل ﻤ ﺴ ﻋﻲ("‪" ،‬ﻤﺄ@‪ 6‬ﻟﺘ‪) (2)  .‬ﻋﻤل ﻤ ﺴ ﻋﻲ("‪" ،‬ﻻ ﻴﻌ ﷲ ‪B‬ﻻ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻘل"‪" ،‬ﻟﻘ>! ﻴﺸ ﻟﻌﻠ"‪" ،‬ﻷﺼل ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻨﺸ = ﻟﺤﻴﺎ?"‪" ،‬ﻟﻌﻠ ﻟﻤﺨﺒ = ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺠ@‪" ،"9‬ﺨﻠ‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﻜ !"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤﻌﺠ@‪ 9‬ﻟﻘ>ﻨﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴ ﻟﻤ ﺠ  ﻓﻲ ﻟ‪.‬ﺒﻴﻌﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻷﺤﻴﺎ= ﻟﺴﻠ ‪ J‬ﻟ ﻋﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ"‪" ،‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟ ﻴﻨﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻓ! ﻟﺘﺄﻤل"‪B" ،‬ﻴﺎ‪ ! J‬ﺘﺘﻐﺎﻓل"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤﻌﺠ@? ﻟﺨﻀ=‪ :‬ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻟﻀ ﺌﻲ"‪" ،‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻴ!"‪ ،‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒ ‪" ،"9‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻌ ‪" ،"E‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻤل"‪" ،‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻨ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ"‪B" ،‬ﻋﺠﺎ@‬
‫ﺨﻠ‪ 6‬ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎ‪" ،"9‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟ‪" ،"?4‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺤل ﻟﻌﺴل"‪" ،‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒ‪" ،"?4‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻬ ﻤ !"‪،‬‬
‫"ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻤل ﻷﺒﻴ‪" ،"E‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻹﻨﺴﺎ!"‪" ،‬ﻤﻌﺠ@? ﺨﻠ‪ 6‬ﻹﻨﺴﺎ!"‪" ،‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒ ﺘﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺸ ﻟﺘ‪" ،"6 4‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎ@ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟ ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ‪ 9‬ﻟﻗﻴﻘﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻤﻌﺠ@? ﻟﺨﻠ‪ 6‬ﻓﻲ ﺠ@‪"( ! ) =L‬‬
‫ ﺘﻀ ﻜﺘ ﻟﻤﻟ ﻟﻸ‪.‬ﻓﺎل‪" :‬ﻋﺠﺎﺌ ﺨﻠ‪ 6‬ﷲ"‪" ،‬ﻋﺎﻟ ﻟﺤﻴ !"‪" ،‬ﻟ ﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻤﺎ ‪" ،"9‬ﺨ ‪ 6‬ﻷﺤﻴﺎ="‪،‬‬
‫"ﻟﻨﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻨﻨﺎ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤﻌﺠ@‪ 9‬ﻟﻤ ﺠ ? ﻓﻲ ﺠﺴﺎﻤﻨﺎ"‪" ،‬ﻋﺎﻟ ﺼﻗﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﺼﻐﺎ‪ :‬ﻟﻨﻤل"‪" ،‬ﻨﺤل ﻟﻌﺴل ﻟﺒﻨﺎ=? ﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﺴل‬
‫ﻟﺌﻌﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻘﻨ‪ :0‬ﻟﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﻟﻤﺎﻫ ﻟﻠﺴ "‪.‬‬
‫ ﺘﺸﻤل ﻟﻜﺘ ﻷﺨ‪ O‬ﻟﻠﻤﻟ ﺤ ل ﻟﻤ ﻀ ﻋﺎ‪ 9‬ﻟﻘ>ﻨﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴ ﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻟﺨﻠ‪ 6‬ﻟﻘ>ﻨﻲ"‪،‬‬
‫"ﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﻔﻬ ﻹﻴﻤﺎ! ﺒﺴﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﻷﺠ@= ‪" ،"3 ،2 ،1‬ﻫل ﻓﻜ‪ 9‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ؟"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤﻨ‪ 6.‬ﻟﺒﺌﻲ ﻟﻺﻟﺤﺎ"‪" ،‬ﻹﺨﻼ‪ P‬ﷲ"‪،‬‬
‫"ﻫﺠ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺠﻨﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻤﻌﻓﺔ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻓﻬﺴ‪ 9‬ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻟﻬﺠ? ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل ﷲ"‪" ،‬ﺨﻠُ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓ‪ 6‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪،‬‬
‫"ﺴ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﺴﻤﺎ= ﷲ ﻟﺤﺴﻨﻰ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻨﻘﺎ‪ S‬ﺴﻠ  ﻟﻋ ? ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ، ،‬ﺠ ﺒﺔ ﻤ! ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤ ‪ ،9‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﻨ"‪" ،‬ﺠﻬﺎ ﻟﺴل"‪" ،‬ﻟﺸﻴ‪ :!.‬ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎ! ﻟﻌ ﻟﻤﺒﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻟﺸ‪ :J‬ﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺒ‪" ،"O‬ﻴ! ﻟﺠﻬﻼ="‪" ،‬ﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﻴ‪،"!.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻋﺎ= ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘ‪" ،" .‬ﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﻴ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻴ  ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻤﺔ"‪B" ،‬ﻴﺎﻜ ! ﺘﻨﺴ "‪" ،‬ﻷﺤﻜﺎ ﻟﻘ>ﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﻴﻬﺎ"‪" ،‬ﺨﻠُ‪ 6‬ﻹﻨﺴﺎ! ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ"‪" ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺒ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻤﻌﻠ ﻤﺎ‪ 9‬ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋ! ﻟﻘ>!"‪،" ،‬‬
‫"ﻹﻴﻤﺎ! ﻟﻜﺎﻤل"‪" ،‬ﻗﺒل ﻟﻨﻤﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻗﺎﻟ‪ 9‬ﺴﻠﻨﺎ"‪" ،‬ﺤﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻤﻨﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻟﺨﺸﻴﺔ ﻤ! ﷲ"‪،‬‬
‫"ﺴﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺠﻤﺎل ﻟ‪ L4‬ﻴُﻬﻴﻪ ﻟﻘ>! ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎ?"‪" ،‬ﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﻤ! ﻟﺠﻤﺎل ﻟ‪ L4‬ﺨﻠﻘﻪ‬
‫ﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﻷﺠ@= ‪" ،"4 ،3 ،2 ،1‬ﻟﺴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻟﻤﺔ"‪" ،‬ﺴ ﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎ!"‪" ،‬ﻟﻌﻘل‬
‫ﻟﺤ‪ 6‬ﺤﺴ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻟﻜﻔﺎ‪ C‬ﻀ ﻴ! ﻟﻼﻴﻨﻴﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻟﻤﺴﺔ ﻟﻴ ﺴﻔﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﺘﻔﺎ‪6‬‬
‫ﻷﺨﻴﺎ"‪" ،‬ﻻﻓﺘ=‪ 9‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴ! ‪ .‬ل ﻟﺘﺎﻴﺦ"‪" ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻘ ل ﻟﺤﺴ!"‪،‬‬
‫"ﻟﻤﺎ‪ 4‬ﺘﺨ‪ I‬ﻨﻔﺴ‪J‬؟"‪" ،‬ﻹﺴﻼ ﻴ! ﻟﻴﺴ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺤﻤﺎ‪ 0‬ﻟﻘ ? ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻴ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺸﻲ="‪" ،‬ﻜﻴ ﻴﻔﺴ ﻟﺠﻬﻼ= ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﺒﻌ‪ E‬ﺴ ﻟﻘ>!"‪،‬‬
‫"ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻤﻨﻴ!"‪" ،‬ﻟﺘﻔﺎل ﻷﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻟﻌﻟﺔ ﻟﻨ? ﻟﺤﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻤﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻟﻌﻘﺎﺌ ﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻤ! ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻌ ! ﻟﻠﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻻﻫﺘ=‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻟﺘﻬﻴ ﻟﻜﺎﻤ!‪ :‬ﻟﺘﻐﺎﻓل"‪" ،‬ﻹﺨﻼ‪ P‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﻴ! ﻟﻌﺎﺒﻴ!"‪6." ،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜ‪ 4‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘ>!"‪" ،‬ﺴﻌﺎ? ﻟﻤﻤﻨﻴ!"‪.‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫!ﻟﻰ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻜﺮ‬
‫ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻴﻊ ﻹﻳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺸﺮ ﺣﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮ
‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻟﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﺬ& ﻵﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻵﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻘﺮ‪4‬ﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ً -‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺷﺮ? ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻴﻊ ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺂﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﷲ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ‪56 7‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﻬﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻫﻦ ﻟﻘﺎ‪  .IJ‬ﻷﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻟﺴﻠﺲ ﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻟﺮﺻﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺮ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻞ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺻﻐﺎ‪ J‬ﻛﺒﺎ‪ ،J‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ   ‪ 56‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﺘﺒًﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻤﺎ‪ Z‬ﻗﺮ
ﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﺬ  ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪J‬ﺿﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ  ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮ ﺣﺾ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻟﻘﺮ
ﻗﺮ
 ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﺘﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻌﻴﻮ ﻗﺮ
ﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ 6 ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪  .‬ﻗﺮ
 ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮ ‪6J‬ﻳﻪ ﺧﺒﺮﺗﻪ ﻟﻰ ﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪6‬ﻣﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺟﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻼ  ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺘﺐ – ﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺆﻟﱠﻒ ﻻ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﷲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﺮﺿﺎﺗﻪ – ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﺗُ َﻌﺪ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﻷﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﻫﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻮ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ ﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻘﺮ
ﺗﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺄﻣﻞ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﺴﻊ ﻗﺖ ﻟﻘﺎ‪ IJ‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼ‪ d‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﻌﺮ‪ c‬ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻷﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻧﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﺘﺎ‪ ،F‬ﻟﻴﻜﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﱠﺛﺮ ﻣﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻴﻊ ﻹﻳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻗﺮ
ﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺮ\ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮ& ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻣﻦ ‪ \iJ‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻻ ﺗﺮ\ ﺷﺮ ﺣﺎ ﻳﻀﺎﺣﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ‪ 56‬ﻧﻘﺺ ‪ 6‬ﻗﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺮ‬
‫‪6‬ﺳﻠﻮ‪ F‬ﻷ‪ F‬ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﺎ‪ &K‬ﺗﺠﺎ& ﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻴﻊ ﻟﻤﻘ ﱠﺪﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎ‪ IJ‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﻴﺄ‪ -‬ﻟﻘﻨﻮ‪.l‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻫﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﻻ‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻴﺎ
‬

‫ﻤﻘﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ؟‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻧﻬﻴﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ؟‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬ﻟﻰ ‪ 34‬ﻣﺪ‪ 2‬ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ‪0‬ﺛﺎ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪,‬؟ ‪+‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬ‪%‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻵﺛﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ "ﻷﺳﺎ; ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ‪"9‬؟‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ‪+‬ﺟﻮ> ‪4‬ﺟﻨﺎ; ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ >ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻻ>ﻋﺎ‪ 9‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮ> ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻴﻨﻮ‪ B‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪+‬ﺟﻴﻨﻮ‪ B‬ﻟﻘﺮ>‪ K‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 99‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ‪+‬ﺑﺄ‪ ,‬ﻫﺬ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‬

‫>ﻋﺎ‪ 9‬ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎ؟‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ً‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻻ>ﻋﺎ‪ 9‬ﺑﺄ‪ ,‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ P‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪6 P‬ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺧﺮﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ؟‬

‫‪6‬ﻟﻰ ‪ 34‬ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻓﺔ ‪" ,4‬ﻟﻸﺟﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﺧﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ"؟‬
‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ‪+‬ﺻﻒ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ V‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ">ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ"‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫ﺿﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺨﺪ‪W‬؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ ,4‬ﺗﻜﻮ‪ ,‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ K‬ﻗﺪ ‪4‬ﺗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻟﺨﺎﺟﻲ؟‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ ,4‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﻷ\ ‪4‬ﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺿﺮ‪ ;+‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ >ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﻮ\ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‪ K‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ>‪ K‬ﻓﻲ ‪4‬ﻗﺪ‪B‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ P‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﺼﻮ ﻓﺾ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ‪+‬ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺬ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳُ ﱠ‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫‪+‬ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪B‬؟‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎ> ﺑﺄ‪ ,‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ ,4‬ﻳﻜﻮ‪,‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬

‫ﷲ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ P‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎ> ﺑﺄ‪ ,‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ ,4‬ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ؟‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ >ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬ ‫‪17‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺰ‪ (4 , >) 93‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪18‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎ>ﻓﺔ؟‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻤﻘﺎ‪+‬ﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎ>‪ P‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮ‪ W‬ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ‪+‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ؟‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﻟﻬﻤ‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫‬

‫ﻣـﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ُﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 150‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ K .‬ﺗﻘﺘﺮ? ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺬﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ  ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﻢ "ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪."$‬‬
‫ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﱢﻢ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 6 -‬ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺼﺮ‪ d‬ﻷﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺟﻞ ﻟﺒﻘﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ؛ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ‪،-‬‬
‫ ﻻﻧﺤﻄﺎ‪ l‬ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﺬﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺴﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﻮ
‪6‬ﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ‚ﻣﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺘﻌﺪ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪... ،‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﺎ ‪ v‬ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ‬
‫)ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻫﺎ‪  J‬ﻳﺤﻴﻰ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺎ ﻳﻦ "ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺋﺐ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻠﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﻗﺐ ﺗﺘﻬﻴﺄ"‪" ،‬ﻟﺴﺤﺮ ﻟﻤﻈﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ"‪،‬‬
‫"ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﻦ"‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫"ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪6 56‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻃﻼ†‪6 ،‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‪J‬ﻳﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺆﻳﺪ & ﺑﺘﻌﻨﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮ ﺧﺮﻓﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻀﺮ ‪ 6 5J‬ﻳﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ "ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ" ﻟﺘﻲ َﺟ ﱠﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﺸﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺼﺮ‪ d‬ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻨﺎ ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﺘﺎ‪ F‬ﺑﻄﻼ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪6 J‬ﻋﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﺼﺪ\‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺎ‪6 F‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪6 $‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪6 v‬ﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺮ?   ‪ 6‬ﺗُﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺠﺪ ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﺘﺎ‪ F‬ﺑﻘﺪ‪6 J‬ﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ "ﺧﺪﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪" ،"J‬ﺣﺾ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ؟‬

‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪6 ،‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﺄ‪$‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ
ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻇﺮ ‡ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﻻ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﺒَﺘﺔ‪ K ،‬ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺎ‪K‬ﺑﺔ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺤﺎ ‪ v‬ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪6‬ﺳﺲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮ ﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻰ ﻳﺤﺎ
‪ $‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺨﺪ‪ ،d‬ﻟﻜﺬ‪ ،F‬ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺶ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻴﻞ ﻟﺒﺎ‪J‬ﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎ† ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺳﺎ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪56‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﻻ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻄﻼ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻮ ﻟﺠﺎ‪K‬ﺑﻴﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﻄﻔﻮ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪K‬ﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻮ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﺘﺮ‪ c‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﻬﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻷﺳﺲ ﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺪﺣﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ‪6 6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺑﻘﺎ
ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ‪J‬ﻏﻢ ﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮ‪ J‬ﻻﺣﺘﻀﺎ‪ .J‬ﻻ ﻳﺠﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪56 J‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻟﺔ ﺳﻮ\ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻌﻴﺔ‪J ،‬ﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺤﺎ
ﻧﻔﺴﻲ‪6 ،‬ﻛﺎ‪K‬ﻳﺐ ﻻ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ‪6 ،‬ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﺎ‪J‬ﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻴﻮ‪6 ،Z‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻓﺮ ‪ d‬ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ 6‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ
ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻇﺮ ‡ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺗﻔﺎ† ﺳﺎﺋﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻷ ﺳﺎ‪ l‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ‪6‬ﻋﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﻬﺘﻪ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺔ ﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻧﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﻔﻮ† ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ‪ 56‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﺒﺮ\‪ .‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻻ ‪ K‬ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺟﺰﺋﻪ ﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻗﺖ ﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻛﻤﻞ ﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻼ‬
‫ﺟﺪ \ ﺳﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ J‬ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺨﺘﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻇﻬﻮ‪6 J‬ﺟﺰ
ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻤﺤﺾ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ\ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺑﺠﻼ
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺪ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ‪6‬‬
‫ﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ )ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ‪  J‬ﻳﺤﻴﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮ "ﻹﻋﺠﺎ‚ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ"(‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻮ‪ v‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻷﺳﺒﺎ‪6 F‬ﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻇﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﺨﻠﻘﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ& ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺤﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺮ ﷲ ﻧﻮﻫﻴﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻫﺆﻻ
ﻟﻤﺎﻳﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺟﻮ ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 56‬ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ J‬ﺣﻴﺔ ‪6 6‬ﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻼ
‪6 Z‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻊ ‪6‬ﻏﺮ‪ c‬ﻫﺆﻻ
ﻟﻨﺎ‪،-‬‬
‫ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻧﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺎ ‪ v‬ﻫﺆﻻ
ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻓﺮ‪ c‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺑﻘﺎ
ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻟﺜﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮ Š ﻟﻜﺬﺑﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﻢ ﻳُﺨﻠﻘﻮ ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄ  ﺑﻤﺤﺾ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪  J‬ﻋﻦ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ .$‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻷﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮ‪6 c‬ﺳﺲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﺘﺠﺮ  ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺳﺒﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻬﺮ
ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺤﺖ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﺖ ﻟﺘﺠﺎ‪ FJ‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ‪ v 6‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺟﺰ‪
5‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪$‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﺠﺎ‪ FJ‬ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎ‪ $‬ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‪ J‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻄﻮ ﻷ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﻻ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻮ
‪ v 6‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪6 ،‬ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻣﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺨﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻷ‪ 5‬ﺿﻮﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻷﻳﺎ‪ Z‬ﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻷ‪،cJ‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻧﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻧﺼﺪ†‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻻﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻔﺮ‪c‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪K ،‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ‪  .‬ﻷﺣﻤﺎ‪ c‬ﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺪ‪ $‬ﺑﻨﺎ
ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻜﻮِﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ‪ organelles‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻔﺘﻴﻼ‪ $‬ﻟﺨﻴﻄﻴﺔ ‪ 6 ،mitochondria‬ﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎ‪ribos- $‬‬
‫‪6 6 ،omes‬ﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ‪ 6 ،cell membranes‬ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳُﻌﺮ‪ 7‬ﺷﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪4‬ﻣﻦ ‪3‬ﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ،endoplasmic reticulum‬ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪،‬‬

‫ﻳﻈﻞ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺄ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻗﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺟﺪ ‪ v 6‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﺾ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﻟﻮﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺨﻴﺎ‪.v‬‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺎ ‚ﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ 5‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺳﺮ‪ J‬ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻔﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪ\ ‪6‬ﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ﱠ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺄ‚† ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪6 J‬ﻻ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰ‪(6  )
5‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3.5‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮ‬
‫ ﺣﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺧﺮ ﻷ‪J‬ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪،$‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻣﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻟﺒﻠّﻮ‪ $J‬ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

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 ‫‪B‬ﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺻﻄﻨﺎ; ﻟﺒﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ‪" ،‬ﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺳﻮ" ‪ nucleosome‬ﻟﺬ‪ H‬ﻳﺤﻮ‪ H‬ﺣﺪ‪ (B  3) C‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﻴﺎ‪C‬‬
‫)ﻟﻜﺮﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎ‪ .(C‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪ H‬ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ@ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬
‫‪B‬ﻋﻼ‪ ،U‬ﺑﻞ !ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪B H‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﻢ ‪B‬ﺧﺮ‪B O‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪B N3! B‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪3‬ﻓﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻣﺴﺆﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻬﻮ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘُﺸﻔﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺿﻊ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺄ‪ \4‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮ ﻟﺨﺮ[ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪B‬ﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰ‪
5‬ﺿﺨﻢ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻘﺪ‪ J‬ﻋﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺘﻲ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪ $‬ﻋﺪﻳﺪ‪4 ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻚ ‪ ،Francis Crick‬ﻟﺤﺎﺋﺰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻫﻮ ﱡ‬
‫ﺿﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮ‡ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺄ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺠﺰ‪
5‬ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺤﺾ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺰ  ﺑﻜﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻵ‪ ،‬ﻻ ‪6‬‬
‫"ﻻ ﻳﺴﻊ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﺼﺎ†‪ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻨﻮﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ‪6‬ﻗﺮ‪F‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﺠﺰ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺿﻄﺮ ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻋﻠﻲ ِﻣﻴﺮﺳﻮ‪Ali 5‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫‪ ،Demirsoy‬ﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻻﻋﺘﺮ‡ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪:d‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ‬
‫"ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪  ،‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‪ v‬ﱡ‬
‫ﻧﻮ ‪ (6  J – 6  ) 5‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‪6 v‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ  ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻧﺸﻮ
ﺳﻠﺴﻠ ٍﺔ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﻴ ٍﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ٍﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻠ ٌﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺘﺒﺎ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﻫﻮﻣﺮ ﺟﺎﻛﻮﺑﺴﻮ ‪6 ،Homer Jacobson‬ﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺑﻤﺤﺾ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ
‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﱡ‬
‫" ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻼ‚ﻣﺔ ﻹﻋﺎ ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺨﻼ‪ª‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺟﺰ
ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎ‪4 Z‬ﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ effector mechanism‬ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻷ ﻣﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ – ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻛﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪ 4‬ﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ(‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪ ‪6‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﻖ ﻫﺬ& ﻷﺣﺪ¬ ﻣﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻃﻼ†"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻫﺰﻳﻤﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺳﺎﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪K .J‬ﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪6 56‬ﺛﺮ ﻷ‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﻰ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪6 $‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻗﺪ ُ ﺟﺪ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻼﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻷﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ .$‬ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺪ‪$‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ ‪6‬ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ‪6‬ﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻋﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻮ‪،Z‬‬
‫ ﻟَﻤﺎ َﺧﻼ ﻣﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ&‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ B‬ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪3‬ﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ C‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪3‬ﻋﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ 'ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪B‬ﺛﻤﺮ‪B C‬ﻋﻤﺎ‪ h‬ﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻵﺛﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪B‬ﻧﺤﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ@‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺘﻌﺎ‪ i‬ﻣﻊ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ‪ B‬ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ‪'! .‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ B C‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ C‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ C‬ﻓﺠﺄ@ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ – ﺑﻌﺒﺎ@ ‪B‬ﺧﺮ‪B O‬ﻧﻬﺎ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
‫ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺪ  ‪6 56‬ﺛﺮ ﻟﻬﺬ& ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﺤﺜﻴﺚ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎ‪،J‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪6 6 $‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻇﻬﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻓﺠﺄ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺎ ‪6 v‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺠﺪ  ‪6‬ﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺘﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺪ ¬ ‪ 56‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻞ ‪B‬ﺑﻴﺾ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ U‬ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺪ‪ :v‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﺎ
‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮ‪ r‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻬﺮﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﷲ ﺟﻞ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ U‬ﻋﻦ ﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻟﺬ‪ H‬ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻧﻬﻴﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ؟‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺴﺎ
‪ v‬ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ ،cJ‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪ‪ $6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ‪ v 6‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪K‬ﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺤﺾ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ 6‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺬﺗﻲ"‪ .‬ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ ،$J‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺨﺎ‪K‬ﻫﺎ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻣﺎ ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ "ﻟﺨﻠﻖ"‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﺎ
‪ $‬ﻛﻞ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻣﺒﺪ‪ .d‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻣﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﺑﻤﺤﺾ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻴﻮ‪ F‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﻤﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﻮ‪.Z‬‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺑﺮﻫﺎ ﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪6‬ﺑﺴﻂ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪6‬ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎ
‪$‬‬
‫ ﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻴﻮ‪ Z‬ﻋﺎ
‪ 6‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻋﺪ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‪ K ،‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺣﺪ\ ﺟﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻫﻲ ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺪ\ ﻟﻘﻮﻋﺪ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﺮ‪disjunctive inference modus 5‬‬
‫‪.tollendo ponens‬‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ K ،‬ﺛﺒﺖ ‪6 6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﻤﺤﺾ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻓﺈ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻟﻴﻼ ﺿﺤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ‪ 5‬ﺧﺎﻟﻖ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺪﻋﻤﻮ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ ﺟﻮ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺻﺪ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻫﺆﻻ
ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
‪  ،‬ﺟﻼ‪ -‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻳﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ ،Douglas Futuyma‬ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻣﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫‪6‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮ‪ K .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺣﺪ\ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪K .‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪ  ﻟﻘﺪ‪".J‬‬
‫ ﻳﺠﻴﺐ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻳﻤﺎ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ K ،J‬ﺑﻴّﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻓﻲ ‪‚6‬ﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫‪21‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﻴّﻨﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎ‪6 $‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 ،J‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﺠﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫"ﺧﻠﻘﺖ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻴﻮ‪ .F‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻗﺪ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﺧﻮﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻷﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،7‬ﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺠﺄ ﺑﺄﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺟﻬﺰﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫‪ 56‬ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪" v‬ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ" ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻄﻮ‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻤﻐﺰ\ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺷﺄ ﻓﺮ ‪ d‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻷﺧﺮ\‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺛﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻗﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﻣﻮ ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺘﺮ‡ ‪ J‬ﺑﺮ‪ $‬ﻛﺎ‪ ،Robert Carroll v J‬ﻟﺨﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺎ‪6 $‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺼﺒﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄ ﻷﻣﻞ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻀﺎ
ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺠﻬﻮ ﻟﺤﺜﻴﺜﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﺖ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎ ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻨﺠﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻵ ﻟﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺮ ﺑﻂ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺣﺼﺮ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ H‬ﻛﻔﻴﻞ ﺑﻬﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪6 $‬ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎ‪،$‬‬
‫ﱢ‬
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺪ ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ﻟﻰ "ﺷﻌﺐ"‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻘﺐ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 65‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻄﺒﺎﺷﻴﺮ‪H‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 144‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺠﻮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 208‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 245‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺒﺮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 286‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 408‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 408+‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪H‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 438‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻷ‪3‬ﻓﻴﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 505‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪H‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 550‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻔﻨﺪ‪H‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 630‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻔﺠﺮ‪) H‬ﻋﺼﺮ ﻃﻼﺋﻊ‬

‫ﻷﺣﻴﺎ(‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 2500‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ H‬ﻳﻘﺘﻠﻊ "ﺷﺠﺮ@ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@" ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ‪ B‬ﺷﻌﺐ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‪ C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫! ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ‪B‬ﻋﻼ‪ U‬ﻣﺄﺧﻮ' ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ‬
‫‪B‬ﻏﺼﺎ ﻟﺸﺠﺮ@‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@ ‪ ،The Book of Life‬ﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺎ‪B h‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻤﻮ ﻫﺬ‬ ‫‪ 2001‬ﻟﺬ‪ H‬ﺣﺮ‪ U‬ﻟﺮﺣﻞ ﺳﺘﻴﻔﻦ ﺟﺎ‪ H‬ﺟﻮﻟﺪ‪B ،‬ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ B‬ﻳُﻤﻮﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﻔﺠﻮ@ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪B‬ﺑﺮ‪B 4‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻲ ‪HB‬‬
‫"ﺑﻂ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ‪ B‬ﻧﺮ‪ O‬ﺧﻄﻮﻃﺎ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﺔ ‪B‬ﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ C‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺼﻨﺎ‪3‬ﻳﻖ ﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ )ﺑﻌﺒﺎ@‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫‪B‬ﺧﺮ‪ ،O‬ﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ُﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺼﻮ ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2500‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ(‪ .‬ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﺑﻂ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻀﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻷﻋﻤﺪ@ ﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ‪ B 3‬ﻳُﻌﺜﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ‪B‬ﻟﻮ ﻷﻋﻤﺪ@‬
‫‪3‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫!ﻟﻰ ﻟﻌﺼﻮ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺪ‰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺠﺰ@ ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻻﻛﺘُﺸﻔﺖ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ C‬ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ '! .H‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﻮ‪ O‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺣﺪ@‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪B‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪) H‬ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻊ ‪،the Cnidaria‬‬
‫ﻣﺪ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪B‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻟﻤﺮﺟﺎ(‪ .‬ﻣﻊ 'ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﺎ ‪4‬ﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﺮ‪ 3‬ﺣﻠﻢ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪ B‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄ‪ C‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ H‬ﻓﺠﺄ@ ‪ 13‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻮ‪ O‬ﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺼﻮ@ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
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‫ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻼ ‪B :Marella‬ﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ@ ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪.H‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺮﺟﺲ ‪ ،Burgess Shale‬ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ُﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ َﻃﻔْﻞ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﺨﺮ‪ H‬ﻛﻤﺒﺮ‪.H‬‬

‫‪ phyla‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ ﺳﻮ&‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎ‪) Arthropoda $‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﺤﺸﺮ‪ ،$‬ﻟﻌﻨﺎﻛﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪6 $‬ﺧﺮ\ ‪J6 $K‬ﺟﻞ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻨﺪ‪J‬ﺟﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﺎ‪ Chordata $‬ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺒﻞ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ 6 ،5‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮ ﻓﻘﺮ‪ .5‬ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻷﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،7‬ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪ ،‬ﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺄﻟﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺪ‪ ŠJ‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﻌﺮ‡ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﻔﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 35‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﺮﺧﻮﻳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫‪ Mollusca‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪J $‬ﺧﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻘﻮﻗﻊ ﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻃﺎ‪ 6 ،$‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻴﻄﻴﺎ‪ Nematoda $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻳﺪﻧًﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪6 .‬ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪K‬ﻛﺮﻧﺎ ‪4‬ﻧﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺧﺘﻼ‡ ﺳﻤﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ ﺳﻮﻫﺎ‪ K .‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻔﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻨﺪ‪J‬ﺟﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪ ﺑﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،K‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ‪$‬؟‬
‫ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻻ ﻧﺘﻨﺎ ‪ v‬ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺮ‪6 c‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،7‬ﺗﺨﺬ‪ $‬ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
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 ‫‪B‬ﺷﻮ‪ N‬ﻣﺜﻴﺮ@‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺳﻴﺠﻴﻨﻴﺎ ‪B :Hallucigenia‬ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ C‬ﻓﺠﺄ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ .H‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ H‬ﻷﺧﺮ‪ O‬ﺑﺄﺷﻮ‪N‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺎ‪ @3‬ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻬﺠﻮ‪ .‬ﻟﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺬ‪ H‬ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ U‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻟﻬﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﻈﺎ ﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻔﻌﺎ‪ h‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ N‬ﺣﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ‬
‫ﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪ B‬ﻋﺪ ﺟﻮ‪ 3‬ﺣﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻷﺷﻮ‪ N‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪B‬ﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻄﻔﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ 6 $‬ﻻ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮ‚‪ 5‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﺸﺠﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺬ‪ J‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‪7‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻔﺮ‪ d‬ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻟﻰ ﻏﺼﻮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺳﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻣﺒﺪ‪" 6‬ﺷﺠﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ"‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺪ‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﻫﺬ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻻ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺑﺒﻂ
ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ¬ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ J‬ﻓﺘﺮ‪‚ $‬ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻫﻲ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎ‪ $J‬ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻷﺣﺪ¬ ﺣﻘﺎ؟‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻻ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻻﺧﺘﻼ‡‬
‫ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺸﺄﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﻌﺐ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ‬
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 ‫ﻇﻬﺮ‪ C‬ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﻳﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@ ﻛﻨﺠﻢ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺠﺄ@ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 500‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ B 3‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺴﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ H‬ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ@ ‪B‬ﺧﺮ‪ ،O‬ﻟﻘﺪ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻴﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻟﻴﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﻮ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ .5‬ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ 5‬ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻳُﻘﺪ‪6 J‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻤﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫‪ 65‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ 56 ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 570‬ﻟﻰ ‪ 505‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻈﻬﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺘﻐﺮ† ﻓﺘﺮ ‚ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ ،5‬ﺗﻌﺮ‡ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ ."5‬ﻗﺪ ‪K‬ﻛﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎ ﺳﻲ‪ِ .‬ﻣﻴِﺮ ‪ ،Stephen C. Meyer‬ﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﻧِﻠﺴﻮ ‪،P. A. Nelson‬‬
‫ ﺑﻮ‪ v‬ﺷﻴﻦ ‪ ،Paul Chien‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﻰ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺠﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ‪K ،2001‬ﻛﺮ  ‪" 6‬ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ 5‬ﺣﺪ¬ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻓﺘﺮ ‚ﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‪6 56 7‬ﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻷ‪ 5‬ﺷﻲ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻛﻞ ﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻛﻤﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻓﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻓﺘﺮ‬
‫‚ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺮ‡ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪) .5‬ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﺘﺮ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‬

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‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻔﺼﻮ™ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺠﺮ@ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ‪B‬ﻋﻼ‪ U‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪B‬ﺣﺪ ﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﻳﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮ‪C‬‬
‫ﻓﺠﺄ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ H‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 550‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ N‬ﺳﻤﺔ ‪B‬ﺧﺮ‪ O‬ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻔﺼﻮ™‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ !ﻟﻰ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪B ،‬ﻻ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪ '! .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪B‬ﻋﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﺼﻮ™ ﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ‪ 3‬ﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎ‪ .C‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﻈﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‪ 3‬ﻟﻴﻮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ@ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﻛﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪ ! .‬ﻟﻈﻬﻮ ﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻋﺎœ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 500‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ 'ﺗﻪ ﻹﻳﺪ; ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ‪B C‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪ@ !ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪3‬ﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻬﻤﻼ‪.C‬‬

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 ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ!(‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺼﺨﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻘﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﺼﻮ‪ ،ª‬ﻹﺳﻔﻨﺠﻴﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻗﻨﺎﻳﻞ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﻮ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺤﺎ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻷﻋﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪6 ،‬ﺟﻬﺰ  ‪ J‬ﻟﺪ‪ ،Z‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻤﺎ‪ ŠK‬ﻟﻌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ‪ $K‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺪ‪ J‬ﻋﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻻﺧﺘﻼ‡‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺼﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ‪J Z‬ﻳﺘﺸﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﺘﺮﺳﻜﻲ ‪،Richard Monastersky‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺲ ﻧﻴﻮ‚ ‪ ،Science News journal‬ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ ،5‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺄ‚ﻗﺎ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪:J‬‬
‫"ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺑﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ...‬ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﺠﺄ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﻮ‪ .Z‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ 5‬ﻟﻸ‪،cJ‬‬
‫‪ 56‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 550‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻰ ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 5J‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻣﻸ ﻟﺒﺤﺎ‪J‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺑﺄ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ"‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺐ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮ ‪ ،Phillip Johnson‬ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮ‪J‬ﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺮﻛﻠﻲ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﺑﺮ‚ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪ‪ 5‬ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺻﻒ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺗﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ "ﺑﻤﺨﺮ ‪ l‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻤﺘﺰﻳﺪ" ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ‪v 6‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪ‪J‬ﻳﺞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮ‪ J‬ﱢ‬‫ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‪ v 6 6 ،‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﺣﻴﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪6‬ﻗﺮ‪ F‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﺨﺮ ‪ l‬ﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮ‪6J F‬ﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮ ﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
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‫ﻟﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺐ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎ‪ d‬ﻋﻦ ﻟﻈﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﻲ‬

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‫ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ‪ 6 ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﻊ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﺠﺄ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﻘﺮ‪ c‬ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮ‪ $‬ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﻨﺸﻮ
ﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻻﺧﺘﻼ‡ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻛﻤﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺒِﻞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻳﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻛﻞ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺪﺣﺾ‬
‫ﻋﺎ
‪ $‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪3‬‬
‫!ﻟﻰ ‪ HB‬ﻣﺪ‪ O‬ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺛﺎ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ؟‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻵﺛﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺘﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻰ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻛﻲ ﻧﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻰ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪cJ‬؟ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻇﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻟﻰ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﻫﺬ& ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺟﻤﺎﺟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﺎﺷﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻷ‚ﻣﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﻗﺪ‪4 Z‬ﺛﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻓﻲ "‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ "Z‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺮ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ‪5J‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻲ ‪ Mary Leakey‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1977‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ‪ Laetoli‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺰﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺛﺎ‪ $J‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺿﺠﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ .Z‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺷﺎ‪ $J‬ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻵﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 3.6‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺐ ‪J‬ﺳﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺗﻞ ‪ ،Russle Tuttle‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ ،Z‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻫﻮﻣﻮ ﺳﺎﺑﻴﺎﻧﺲ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﱠﻒ ﻫﺬ& ﻵﺛﺎ‪J‬‬
‫‪ ...‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺴﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻗﺪ‪Z‬‬
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 ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻷﻓﺮ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻵﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﻌﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻟﻔـﺖ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪6 20‬ﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺠﺮ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ‪ 5‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ& ‪27‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺛﺮ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻳﺼﻐﺮ& ﻋﻤﺮ‪6 .‬ﻳﺪ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
‬
‫ﻷﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪   v‬ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮ ‪Don Johnson‬‬
‫ ﺗﻴﻢ ﻳﺖ ‪ ،Tim White‬ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﺤﺼﺎ ﻵﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺸﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪ 5J‬ﻟﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﻓﻜﺎ‪ &J‬ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻰ ﺷﻚ ‪ ...‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& ﻵﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪6 J‬ﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ . 5‬ﻓﺈ‪ K‬ﺗُﺮ‪6 7‬ﺣﺪ ﻫﺬ& ﻵﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﻮ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪J‬ﻣﺎ‪6 v‬ﺣﺪ ﺷﻮﻃﺊ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮ‪J‬ﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺌﻞ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ& ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺠﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ .7‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻄﻔﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻻ ‪6‬ﻧﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻵﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‬
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‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪J‬ﻣﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ‪." .‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺛﺎ‪4 $J‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻫﺬ& ﺟﺪﻻ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺳﺎ‪6 l‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪K .J‬ﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﻢ ‪ K‬ﻗﺒﻠﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& ﻵﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻫﻲ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪6 J‬ﻗﺪ‪4 Z‬ﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﻌﻨﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺻﺎﻏﻮ& ﻓﻲ ‪K6‬ﻫﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻻﻋﺘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻵ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 5J‬ﻟﺪ ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺒﺮ‚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺛﺎ ‪B‬ﻗﺪ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪6‬ﺟﻞ ‪6‬ﻫﻮﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮ ‪4 6‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪Z‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 3.6‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺨﺺ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ ُﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺐ ‪J‬ﺳﻞ ﺗﺎﺗﻞ‪6 ،‬ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺘﻨﺰﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻲ ‪4 6‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ 3.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ‪ G‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ‪5‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻌﻞ ﺣﺬ
‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ‪ 56‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﺗﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻫﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﺪ‪) $‬ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺎ‪ ($‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻗﻞ ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﻣﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮ ﻓﺎ ‪4 6‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ‪ G‬ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻓﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﻮﻣﻮ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻔﻬﺎ ‪ ...&
J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 56‬ﺣﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺼﺮ‡ ﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻻﻓﺘﺮ‪ c‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺄ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪6 J‬ﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻮﺳﻲ ‪56 ،‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺳﺘﺮﻟﻮﺑﻴﺜﻴﻜﻮ‪ -‬ﻋﻔﺎ‪J‬ﻧﺴﺰ‪"Australopithecusafarensis"11 .‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﻬﻒ ﺣﺠﺮ‪ 5‬ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻲ ‪ Louis Leakey‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺮ ‪6‬ﻟﺪ ﻓﺎ‪ Olduvai Gorge 5‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻮ‪ u‬ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 1.7‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ‡ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻣﺎ ‚ﻟﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻧﻤﺎ‪ ŠK‬ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺒﻨﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻬﻮﻣﻮ ﺳﺎﺑﻴﺎﻧﺲ )ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ(‬
‫‪ ،Homo Sapiens‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ .5‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ‪6‬ﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ‪ 6‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﺎ‪ Á‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪6‬ﺷﺒﺎ& ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻮ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺳﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﺎ ﻟﻔﻚ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ 5‬ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ 2.3‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻫﺪ‪ Hadar J‬ﺑﺈﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ‪6 ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺑﻴّﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ ُ 5‬ﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺘﺮ‬
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‫‪6‬ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻪ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺪ\ ‪6‬ﻗﺪ‪6 Z‬ﻛﻤﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ،KNM-WT 1500‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﻮž ﺣﺠﺮ‪H‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺗﻮ‪J‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎ" “‪ .”Turkana Child‬ﻗﺪ ﺻﻒ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮ‪ 1.7 U‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪  J‬ﻧﺎﻟﺪ ﻳﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﻮ ‪ Donald Johanson‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬
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 ‫ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 1.6‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎ‪ $J‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻛﺎ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﻧﺤﻴﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺐ ‪ 6‬ﺻﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻷﻓﺎ‪J‬ﻗﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﻻﺳﺘﻮ
‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ‪ 6‬ﺻﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﻀﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻟﺬﻛﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺼﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ&‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﺳﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 1.83‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﻫﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻷﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪4‬ﻻ ﻛﺮ ‪Alan Walker‬‬
‫ﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪" 6‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪ ‪ J‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﺎ‪ 6 5‬ﻳﻔﺮ†‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﻷﺣﻔﻮ‪ 5J‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺼﺮ‪ ."5‬ﻛﺘﺐ ﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻃﻔﻞ ﻟﺘﻮﻛﺎﻧﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﺿﺤﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪4J‬ﻫﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ "ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬

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‫ﺟﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻨﻴﺎﻧﺪ‪J‬ﺛﺎﻟﻲ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻈﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎ‪ Z‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪6‬ﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .1995‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻨﻘﺎ‪ Á‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻬﻒ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺟﺮ  ﻟﻴﻨﺎ ‪Gran‬‬
‫‪ Dolina‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪6‬ﺗﺎﺑﻮﻳﺮﻛﺎ ‪ Atapuerca‬ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪ‪3‬ﻫﺎ ﻟﺼﺎ‪ 3‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﻷ‪/h‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
‪6‬ﺳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺪ‪J‬ﻳﺪ‬
‫‪3‬ﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ،1997‬ﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ‪3‬ﻳﺴﻜﻔﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻷﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻔﺖ‬
‫‪B‬ﺣﺪ ‪B‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺠﻼ‪B C‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻪ ﺻﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ&‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﺻﻮ@ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ !ﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﻤﺮ‪U‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﻳﺒﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ 5‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫‪ 800.000‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪! ،‬ﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ ﻣﺄﺧﻮ'‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮ ‪ 800.000J‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻫﺰ‪ $‬ﻫﺬ&‬
‫‪3‬ﻫﺸﺘﻬﻢ‪" :‬ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬ ﺟﻪ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﻨﺎ؟"‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻌﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ‪J6‬ﺳﺎﺟﺎ‬

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 ‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﻴﺎﻧﺪﺛﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮ@ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺎﻧﺪﺛﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ )‪(1975‬‬

‫ﻹﺑﺮ@ ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 26.000‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻴﺎﻧﺪﺛﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻟﻘﺪ@ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺿﻄﺮ‪ C‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮ‪B C‬ﻧﺼﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ h‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ‬
‫!ﻟﻰ ‪ B‬ﺗﺒﺪ‪ B‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﺒﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﻀﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺼﻮ@‬
‫‪3B‬ﻧﺎ‪.U‬‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮ ‪B‬ﺷﺒﺎ‪ U‬ﻗﺮ‪ .@3‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪B ،‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻫﺬ‪U‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪B ،‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻮ ﻟﻨﻴﺎﻧﺪﺛﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ‪،Neanderthals‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺸﺮ‪4 H‬ﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮ@ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮ‪ .@3‬ﻟﻌﻘﻮ‪ 3‬ﻋﺪﻳﺪ@‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺨﺪ‬
‫‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﺼﻮ@ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ‪B‬ﻋﻼ‪ U‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪3‬ﻋﺎﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺎﻧﺪﺛﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ 'ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ‪CB‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺨﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪.C‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ‪B‬ﺿﺤﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﺳﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﻴﺎﻧﺪﺛﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ‪ B‬ﻫﺆﻻ ﻟﻨﺎ‰‬

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‫‪2000‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮ@ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺎﻧﺪﺛﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ )‪ –(2000‬ﻧﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ h‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻮ‪ /4‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬
 ‫ﺘﺎﺒﻴﻜﺎ‬

‫ﻤﻴ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺘﻐﺎل‬

‫ﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻬﻒ ﺟﺮ ‪3‬ﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ !ﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﻛﺘُﺸﻔﺖ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ‪B‬ﺗﺎﺑﻮﻳﺮﻛﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ !ﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻳﺮ‪ Juan Luis Arsuaga Ferreras -‬ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻗﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮ  ﻟﻴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻓﺮﻳﺮ‪:-‬‬
‫"ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺿﺨﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺎ‪ ...‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻏﻼ‪ Z‬ﻋﻤﺮ& ‪ 800.000‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺗﻮ‪J‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺜﺮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺎ ﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﺼﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ...‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻲ ﻛﺎ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﺜﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪  ...‬ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲ ٍ
ﻛﻬﺬ ﻏﻴ ِﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻃﻼ† ﻟ ُﻬ َﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺷﻴﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺰ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪6 $‬ﻣﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺄ‪ .-‬ﻻ ‪ d J6 6‬ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺠﺪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪  .‬ﻷﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲ
ﻣﺜﻞ‪...‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻬﺎ‚ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻬﻒ ﺟﺮ  ﻟﻴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﻫﺸﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﺷﺮﻃﺔ ﻛﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪6‬ﺟﻬﺰ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺒﻠﺴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ‪ $K‬ﻟﺸﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﺟﻪ ﻋﺼﺮ‪ 5‬ﻋﻤﺮ& ‪ 800.000‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﺪﻫﺸﻨﺎ ﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﺣﺾ ﻋﺎ
"ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻹﻋﻼ‪ Z‬ﺗﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ‪6‬‬

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‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﻮ\ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ‪‚ $‬ﺋﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻓﻮ ﺑﺄ ﻋﺎ
"ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ" ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮ "ﻧﺤﻦ ﻇﻬﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﺠﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ "$‬ﻳﻌﺘﺮ‡‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎ
ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﻲ ‪،C. A. Villie‬‬
‫ ‪ .5‬ﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻟﻮﻣﺎ ‪ ،E. P. Solomon‬ﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺲ ‪P. W. Davis‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺑﺄ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻓﺠﺄ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺑﺪ  ﺳﻠﻒ ﺗﻄﻮ‪.5J‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺿﻄﺮ ﻣﺎ‪ 7J‬ﻛﻮﻻ‪ Mark Collard J‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎ‪Bernard  J‬‬
‫‪ ،Wood‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻷﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﻰ ﻻﻋﺘﺮ‡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2000‬ﺑﺄ "ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺴﻼﻻ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻻﻋﺘﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﺣﻔﺮ‪ 5‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻀﻊ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺄ‚† ‪6‬ﺳﻮ‪ 6‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﻟﺘﺎﻓﻬﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮ"‪ .‬ﻛﺎ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪6 2001‬ﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻢ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﺎ‪ -‬ﺑﻼﺗﻴﻮﺑﺲ‬
‫‪ .Kenyanthropus platyops‬ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻧﻴﺎ‪v‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﻣﺎ ‪ ،Daniel E. Lieberman‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻷﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪J‬ﻓﺎ‪ ،J‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﺎﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﺎ‪ -‬ﺑﻼﺗﻴﻮﺑﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﺪ ﻧﺎﺗﺸﺮ ‪:Nature‬‬
‫" ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 5J‬ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ‪ .Z‬ﻳﺒﺪ ﻵ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻋﺘﺎ‪F‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﺧﻮ‪ v‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪4‬ﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻰ ‪ 3.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ...‬ﺗﺜﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﺎﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﺎ‪ -‬ﺑﻼﺗﻴﻮﺑﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎ‪i‬ﻻ‪ $‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ 7‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪،K‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺘﻴﺎ‪ 5‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻨﺔ‬
‫‪36‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎ‪B C‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ@ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪B‬ﺻﻞ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻷﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻗ ﻟﺤﺎﻀ‬
‫ﻟﻗ ﻟﺤﺎﻀ‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﺴﺎﺒﻴﺎﻨ‬

‫ﻫﻤ ﺴﺎﺒﻴﺎﻨ‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﻴﻜ َﺘ‬

‫ﻫﻤ ِ‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻴﻜ َﺘ‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﻗﺒل ‪1.8‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺒﺴﺘﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺒﻴﻲ‬

‫ﻗﺒل ‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺒﺴﺘﺎ‬

‫ﻤﻠﻴ ﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺒﻴﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻴ ﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫?‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﻫﺎﺒﻴﻠﻴ‪) 6‬ﺼﻐﻴ(‬

‫?‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﻫﺎﺒﻴﻠﻴ )ﺼﻐﻴ(‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﻫﺎﺒﻴﻠﻴ )ﻜﺒﻴ(‬

‫ﻫﻤ ﻫﺎﺒﻴﻠﻴ )ﻜﺒﻴ(‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺜﻴﺒﻴﻜ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺜﻴﺒﻴﻜ‬

‫ُﺴﺘﻟﺒﻴﺜﻴﻜ ﻓﻴﻜﺎﻨ‬

‫ُﺴﺘﻟﺒﻴﺜﻴﻜ ﻓﻴﻜﺎﻨ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ُﺴﺘﻟﺒﻴﺜﻴﻜ ﻋﻔﺎﻨﺴﻴ‬

‫ُﺴﺘﻟﺒﻴﺜﻴﻜ ﻋﻔﺎﻨﺴﻴ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺼ ﻟﺒﻼﻴﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺼ ﻟﺒﻼﻴﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻗﺒل ‪ 5‬ﻤﻼﻴﻴ ﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل ‪ 5‬ﻤﻼﻴﻴ ﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻲ ‪ 150‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ ﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻗ ﻟﺤﺎﻀ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ‪B‬ﺟﺮﻫﺎ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﺣﻮ‪B h‬ﺻﻞ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ‪ B‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻷﺋﻞ ﻇﻬﺮ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﺴﺎﺒﻴﺎﻨ‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﻴﻜ َﺘ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ i‬ﻓﺠﺄ@‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ "ﺳﻠﻒ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮ‪ ."3‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻮ‪ @3‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﻳﻮﻫﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺿﻌﻬﺎ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺒﻴﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺒﺴﺘﺎ‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻗﺒل ‪1.8‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ )ﺳﺘﻴﻔﻦ ﺟﺎ‪ H‬ﺟﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@‪'! .(2001 ،‬‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﻫﺎﺒﻴﻠﻴ )ﺼﻐﻴ(‬

‫?‬
‫ﻫﻤ ﻫﺎﺒﻴﻠﻴ )ﻜﺒﻴ(‬

‫‪B‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ B‬ﻧﺮ‪ B O‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ N‬ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪B‬ﻣﺎ ﻟﻬﻮﻣﻮ !ﻳﺮﻛﺘَﺲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻘ ﱠﺪ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ‪ hB‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺸﺮ‪H‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺜﻴﺒﻴﻜ‬
‫ُﺴﺘﻟﺒﻴﺜﻴﻜ ﻓﻴﻜﺎﻨ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ .i‬ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ 'ﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪ ﺟﻮ‪ 3‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ‬

‫"ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮ‪ "3‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ !ﻇﻬﺎ‪ U‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ‬
‫ُﺴﺘﻟﺒﻴﺜﻴﻜ ﻋﻔﺎﻨﺴﻴ‬

‫"ﺳﻠﻒ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ"‪ ! .‬ﻷﻧﻮ; ﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺼﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪ HB‬ﺷﻲ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ‪B‬ﻧﻮ;‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼ ﻟﺒﻼﻴﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘﺮﺿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﺮ‪ .@3‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺮ‪ ،O‬ﻓﺈ ‪B‬ﺻﻞ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺒل ‪ 5‬ﻤﻼﻴﻴ ﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻣﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ !ﻟﻰ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻷ 'ﻟﻚ ﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻃﻼ\‪! ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧ ْﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
 ‫ﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻤﻔﻠﻄﺢ ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻮ‪-‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻋﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻮﺟﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ؟ ﻓﻜﻞ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻬﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫)‪ (hominin species‬ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺄ ﺟﻪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﺟﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪6 .‬ﻧﺎ ‪6‬ﻇﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪ ‪ J‬ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻨﻴﺎﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﺎ‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﻼﺗﻴﻮﺑﺲ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪ $‬ﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎ‪ h‬ﺧﺮ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﺴﺎ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻠﺬ‪ ،$‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻷﺳﻄﻮ@ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻬﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻦ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﻗﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ‪6‬ﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ¬ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻦ ﻟﻔﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ ﻋﺎ
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺸﺄ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ‪6‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ !ﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻨﺜﺮ ﺑﺎ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﺎﻳﻨﺴﻴﺰ‬
‫‪B 32‬ﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ‪National) .‬‬
‫‪ ،Geographic‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬
‫‪ Sahelanthropus tchadensis‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪(2000‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻒ ‪.2002‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺛﺎ‪ $J‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺻﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺘﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺸﺮ ‪ $K‬ﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺬ‪6 5‬ﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ‪" 6‬ﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪6‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻓﻜﺎ‪J‬ﻧﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻧﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎ‪J‬ﻓﺎ‪" :J‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻬﺬ )ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡(‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺛﺮ ﻗﻨﺒﻠﺔ ﻧﻮ ﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻨﻘﺎ‪Á‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ "ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ" ) ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ( ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺮ ﻷ ﺳﺘﺮﻟﻮﺑﺜﻴﻜﻮ‪-‬‬
‫‪ Australopithecus‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳُﺰﻋﻢ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ "‪6‬ﻗﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺮ ﺑﻂ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪d‬‬

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‫ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻤﻨﻘﺮﺿﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎ‪ J‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫"ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ" ﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪ J‬ﺑﻂ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﻛﺪ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺮ‪ 56‬ﺟﻮ ﻳﺘﻔﻴﻠﺪ ‪ ،John Whitefield‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫"ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ‪6‬ﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ" ‪Oldest Member of Human‬‬
‫‪ Family Found‬ﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺸﺮ ﺑﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ‪ 11‬ﺗﻤﻮ‚‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪،2002‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎ‪ ، J‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻮ‪ ŠJ‬ﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺷﻨﻄﻦ‪:‬‬
‫" ﻳﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎ‪" : J‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﺖ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ ،1963‬ﻛﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪6 5‬ﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻢ"‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪ‪J‬ﺟﺖ ‪J‬ﺟﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎ َﺷﺒَﻪ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﺸﻴﺌﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻵ‪6 ،‬ﺻﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪6 5‬ﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮ‪ c‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﺪ ‪ ...‬ﻣﺎ ‚‪ v‬ﻟﺠﺪ‪ v‬ﺋﺮ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮ ﺣﻮ‪v‬‬
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‫‪6‬ﻳﻬﺎ‪  ،‬ﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺸﻴﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎ‪ $‬ﻫﻨﺮ‪ 5‬ﺟﻲ ‪ ،Henry Gee‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺮ‪5J‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺎ ‪ Guardian‬ﻋﻦ ﻟﺠﺪ‪ v‬ﻟﺪﺋﺮ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ‪ 6 ،‬ﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫"ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮ" ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﻫﺮ
‪ ...‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﺟﻠﻴﺎ ﺟﺪ ﻵ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮ ﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺷﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ‬
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‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻵ "‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺜﻤﺮ ﻟﻌﺪ ﻟﻤﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ‬

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‫ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮ‪ 6 c‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺮ‪ 6 c‬ﻳﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻰ ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎ‪F‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ 6 Origin of Species d‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺳﻮ‡ ﻳﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻻﺗﺠﺎ&‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬ‪ .$‬ﻓﻲ ‪6J‬ﻳﻪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻇﻞ ﻳﺄﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻻ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪6 ،‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ‪6 6‬ﺣﻼ‪ J Z‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪6 56‬ﺳﺎ‪.-‬‬

‫‪B‬ﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ‪6‬ﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ؛ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ‪ 6‬ﻋﺎ
‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺄ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻟﺨﻴﺎ‪.v‬‬
‫ ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻘﺮ ﻫﺬ& ﻫﻲ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻟﻘﻮ‪ ،v‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎ
ﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺟﻮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻵ‪6 ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺻﻞ ‪J‬ﺣﻠﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺪ  ‪ 56‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ K .5J‬ﻛﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
‪6‬ﺷﺨﺎ‪ ª‬ﺻﺎﻗﻮ ﺑﺤﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻳﻠﻘﻮ ﺑﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻫﻢ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻬﻤﻼ‪ .$‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﺴﻜﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﺠﺮ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺰﻳﻔﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻘﻴﺪ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺤﻮ ﻹﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬
‫"ﻷﺳﺎ‰ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ"؟‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻜﺬﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻫﻲ ﻷﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪ ...‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮ? ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻣﻮ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ 6‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﺆﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﺄ‪ .-‬ﺟﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻳﻨﺒﻊ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ َ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮ‡ ‪ J6‬ﻳﻨﻜﻞ ‪6 ،Arda Denkel‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﺑﺮ‚ ﻷﺳﻤﺎ
‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻟﻔﺎ? ‪ 6‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮ? ﻟﻤﺮ
‪J" 6‬ﻓﺾ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪J‬ﻓﺾ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ"‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻ‪) v‬ﺳﺘﺪﻻ‪ v‬ﺗﺨﻴﻴﺮ‪5‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻻﻓﺘﺮﺿﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻤﺢ ﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪،‬‬

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‫!ﺑﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎ‪ 3‬ﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ B‬ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ "ﻟﻤﺎ‪3‬ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺪﻟﻴﺔ" ﻟﻤﺎﻛﺲ !ﻧﺠﻠﺰ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ‪B‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﻮ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ‪B‬ﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺠﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ 6 ،$‬ﻟﺴﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻠﻤﺢ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‪،‬‬
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‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺜﺒﺘﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻟﻤﺮ
‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺪ‪ 7J‬ﻣﺪ\ ﺑﻄﻼ ﻋﺪ‪Z‬‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄ "ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻫﻲ ﻷﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
"‪ .‬ﻟﻮ ﺻﺢ‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺮ‡ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﻬﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 ،J‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮ ‪ d‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻧﺸﺄ‪$‬‬
‫ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ‪$‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﻳﺤﺎ ‪ v‬ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺘﺨﺪ‪6 Z‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪6 J‬ﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻻﺗﺤﺎ ﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﺘﺒﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎ ﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪ 6 ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ "ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻟﻴﺔ" ‪dialectical materialism‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻷﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪6 .Z‬ﻣﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺄ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
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‫ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺬ& ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ
‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻔﻨﻮ ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻗﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻟﻴﺔ ‪
J4‬ﻣﺎ‪J‬ﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﻠﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ‪J‬ﻓﻊ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻟﺘﺰ‪ Z‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﻴﺎ‪ J‬ﻻﺗﺤﺎ ﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﺗﺠﺪ‪ J‬ﻹﺷﺎ‪ J‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺨﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻠﻒ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ‪ v‚6‬ﻋﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﻠﻪ ﻟﻀﻐﻮ‪ l‬ﻻﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻔﺮ ﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻰ ‪J‬ﺑﻂ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ‪ c‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻀﺎﻋﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻳﺪﺣﻀﺎ ﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﺎ
‪ $‬ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺿﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﺒﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ 56 ،‬ﺧﺴﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﻫﺎ‪J‬ﺑﺮ ‪ G. W. Harper‬ﻋﻦ ‪6J‬ﻳﻪ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ K ،‬ﺧﺘﻔﺖ ﻓﺠﺄ ﻛﻞ ﻹﺣﺎﻻ‪ $‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻈﻞ‬
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‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
  ‪ 56‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‪"...‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺤﺪ¬ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ K ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪6‬ﺳﺮ‪d‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺳﻠﻢ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﺎ? ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪ ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﺴﺨﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﻖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺟﻮ‪B 3‬ﺟﻨﺎ‰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫‪3‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻳﺤﺎ ‪ v‬ﺑﻌﺾ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻳﺘﺨﺬ  ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮ ‪6‬ﺟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺪ‪ J‬ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﻮ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺴﺆ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ K" :‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪ‪ ،$6‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺟﻞ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺮ‪ 6‬ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻷﺟﻨﺎ‪-‬؟" ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ K" ،‬ﻛﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻗﺎﻣﺔ ‪ Z4‬ﺣﻮ
‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻤﺎﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻧﺸﺄ‪6 $‬ﺟﻨﺎ‪ $K -‬ﺳﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ؟"‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ‪
J‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻻﻋﺘﺮﺿﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﺔ‪ 6 ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ‪
J‬ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻷﺟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪d‬‬
‫"ﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ" ‪ ،variation‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺬ& ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ¬‬
‫ ‪J‬ﺛﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺘﻼ‡ ﻟﺼﻔﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻷﻓﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ 6 d‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻮ ﻣﺼﺪ‪ J‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻓﺮ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ .d‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺰ Š ﺑﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻮ‪ ،d‬ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻷﺟﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ‪ B‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪ @3‬ﻟﻮﺛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫‪ K‬ﻳﺤﺪ¬ ﺗﺒﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻷ‪ h‬ﺣﺘﻮ‪ C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻔﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﺻﺒﻐﻴﺎ‪ chromosomes $‬ﻷ‪Z‬‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻨﺎ‰ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪B‬ﺻﺒﺢ‬
‫ ﻷ‪ .F‬ﻫﻜﺬ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪ @3‬ﺳﺎﺋ ًﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﻮ‪d‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻷﺟﻨﺎ‰ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺴﻤﺎ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻷﺟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﺎﻳﺮ‪ $‬ﺧﻞ ﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .5‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻷﺳﺎ‪ ،-‬ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻋﻴﻮ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺷﻌﺮ ‪6‬ﺣﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ ‪6‬ﻧﻒ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﻞ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻷﻓﺮ ﻟﺴﻤﺮ ‪ K‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻴﻮ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷﻓﺮ ﻟﺸﻘﺮ ‪ 5 K‬ﻟﻌﻴﻮ ﻟﺰ‪J‬ﻗﺎ
‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻼ‪6 l‬ﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺰ Š ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮ‡ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪6‬ﺟﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻤﺮ
‬

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‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎ ‚‪J‬ﻗﺎ
‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﺳﻮ‡ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﺼﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﺘﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻓﺮ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺮ
ﺧﺘﻼ‪ l‬ﺻﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻀﺢ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪ genes‬ﻳﺤﻜﻤﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻤﺔ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻮ ‪6‬ﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ 6 ،‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻷﻣﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎ ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪7‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻨﺎ ﻳﺤﺪ ﻟﻮ ﻋﻴﻮ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ؛ ‪6‬ﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻷ‪ Z‬ﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻷ‪6 .F‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻮ‡ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﻟﻮ ﻋﻴﻮ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎ‪ ،Z‬ﺗﺴﻮ ﻷﻟﻮ ﻟﺪﻛﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷﻟﻮ ﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺬ& ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪K ،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﻟﺪ\ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻮ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻮ ﻟﺨﻀﺮ
‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮ ﻋﻴﻨﺎ& ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻮ‪ ¬J‬ﻟﻠﻮ ﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬
‫ﻷ ﺟﻴﻦ ﻟﻌﻴﻮ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﻨﺤﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻷﺟﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻨﺠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺘـﻨﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﱟ‬ ‫ ﻟﺪ ﻋﻴﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻔﻼ ‪6‬ﺧﻀﺮ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﺟﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻮ ﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻼ ﻟﻮﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺴﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ‪  K .‬ﻣﺌﺎ‪ ،$‬ﺑﻞ ‪4‬ﻻ‡ ﻟﺴﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻷ‪K‬ﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻔﻢ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻈﺎ‪ ،Z‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻮ‪ ¬J‬ﻛﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻣﺤﺪ  ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻲ ﻟﻰ ﻷﺟﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ   ‪ 6‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻄﺎ‪ v 6 ،Z4 d‬ﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮ
‪ 6‬ﻳﻨﻘﻼ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻰ ﻷﺟﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺟﺰ
 ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻗﺪ ﻧﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ‪ $6‬ﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﻟﺠﻐﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ‬

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‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ 5‬ﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺟﻮ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﺴﻤﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ J‬ﻓﺘﺮ ‚ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪K \6 ،‬ﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﺑﺸﺮﺗﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﻤﺠﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪K \6 .‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﺪ ‪ &J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮ‪J‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺷﻲ
ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ& ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﺑﺸﺮﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﻤﺠﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻷﺟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﺟﺰ
‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪.5‬‬

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 ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻳﻌﺪ ﻻ‪3‬ﻋﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ 3‬ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻴﻨﻮ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺟﻴﻨﻮ ﻟﻘﺮ‪ @3‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 99‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺄ ﻫﺬ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ‪3‬ﻋﺎ ً ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎ؟‬

‫ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺖ ﻟﻰ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺄ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﻮ ﻓﻲ ‪ 99‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ‪ 6 ،‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎ‪ ª‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻳﺰﻋﻢ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻫﻮ ‪6‬ﻗﺮ‪ F‬ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺎ‪ FK‬ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻠﻮ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻟﻌﺎ‪ 5‬ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ‪.$‬‬

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 ‫‪3‬ﻋﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %99‬ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ‪3‬ﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﻠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻇﻠﺖ ﺟﻮﻗﺔ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﺪ ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﻋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﺮ† ‪J‬ﺛﻲ ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎ‪ .$‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺑﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻘﺮ‪ 6‬ﺟﻤﻼ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 99‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ" ‪" 6‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻻ ﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰ‪(6  )
5‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﺮ"‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﺟﺮ
ﻣﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻧﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻴﻨﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬
‫ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻓﺎﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻰ ﻻﻓﺘﺮ‪ c‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻻ‬
‫ﻓﺮ† ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪6 /v 6‬ﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ،2002‬ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺣﺪ\ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺸﺮﻫﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ – d‬ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺷﺄ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻷﺧﺮ\‪‚ -‬ﺋﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎ‪" $‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ "%99‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻠﻔﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺮﻫﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪K .J‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ .%95‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺧﺒﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫‪ CNN.com‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮ "ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎ‪6 $‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ"‪Human,‬‬
‫‪ J ،chimps more different than thought‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫" ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰ‪ 5‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪ 6‬ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 98.5‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ‪ 5 J‬ﺑﺮﻳﺘﻦ ‪ ،Roy Britten‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮ‪J‬ﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪K ،‬ﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻧﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﻫﺬ ﻷﺳﺒﻮ‪d‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻧﺔ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪6 $‬ﻇﻬﺮ‪ 6 $‬ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰ‪ 5‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪ\ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 95‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪J‬ﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻗﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ Š ‚ 780.000‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻼﻳﻴﻦ ‚ Š ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪base pairs‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺰ  ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ 5‬ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰ‪.5‬‬
‫ ﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﺮ ﻗﺎ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺨﻠﺺ ‪ 3.9 6‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ Š ‚6‬ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻋﺎ& ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻰ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎŠ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﺧﺘﻼ‡‬
‫ ‪J‬ﺛﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‪ 5‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 5‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺘﺴﺖ ‪New Scientist‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ\ ﻟﻤﺠﻼ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﺪ ﻟﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﻘﻮ ﻟﻠﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮ "ﻻﺧﺘﻼ‬
‫)  ‪ (6‬ﻓﻲ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰ‪ 5‬ﻳﺰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ‪6‬ﺿﻌﺎ‬
‫‪ ،chimps DNA difference trebled‬ﺟﺎ
ﻓﻴﻬ‬
‫"ﻧﺤﻦ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻋﺘﻘﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪K ،‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻓﻲ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ‬
‫ﻛﻛﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻋﺘﻘﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﺘﺮ‪ 7‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 98.5‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫‪66‬ﻗﺮ‪6 F‬ﻗﺮﺑﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﺪ ﻵ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﺧﻄﺄ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 95‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰ‪،5‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎ‪ ‚ $‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ‪6‬ﺿﻌﺎ‡"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﺎ ‚‪ v‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪ 5 J‬ﺑﺮﻳﺘﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ& ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮ
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‬

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‫ﻻ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻻ ‪ 56‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪J $‬ﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻷﻟﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺋﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ   ‪6 56‬ﺳﻼ‡ ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻧﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻢ ﺑﺎ‪."dJ‬‬

‫‪ (B  3‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪H‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ‪ U‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻌﻮ‪،i‬‬

‫ﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮ‪J‬‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺪ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪.5‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺘﺴﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻮ‪ 3‬ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %75‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰ‪ (B  3) H‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ 27.‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻻﺧﺘﻼ‡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬

‫‪50‬‬
‫‪51‬‬
 ‫‪ %25‬ﻓﻘﻂ!‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ُK ،‬ﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻇﻬﺮ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻹﻋﻼ‪ 6 ،Z‬ﻟﻤﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪' C‬ﺑﺎ ﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻲ !ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﺳﻮﻓﻴﻼ ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ‪B‬ﺛﻤﺮ‪ C‬ﻋﻦ ﺟﻮ‪ 3‬ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪.%60‬‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﺟﻮ ‪ 56‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺪﻋﻴﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 29.J‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬

‫"ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮ‪ :"N‬ﺳﺒﺐ ‪B‬ﺟﻪ ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ 5‬ﺑﻌﺾ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻪ ﻟﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫‪52‬‬
‫ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻷﺧﺮ\؛ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪،$‬‬
‫ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻤﻴﺎ& ﻟﻬﻮ
‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ‪6‬ﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ .$‬ﻻ ‪J‬ﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ 'ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ‬
‫'ﻟﻚ ‪3‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ C‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‪.N‬‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& "ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ" ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﻞ "ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‪،"7‬‬
‫‪ ،56‬ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﺨﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﺎ‪ :v‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻛﻞ ﻹﻧﺸﺎ
‪ $‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻮ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ )ﻗﺮﻣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻤﻨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺦ(‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ "ﺗﻄﻮ‪ "$J‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪ُ6‬ﻧﺸﺊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻣﻮ ﺑﻨﺎ
ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ‪ $K‬ﻟﺸﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﺴﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺼﺪ‡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﷲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺪ‪ ،J‬ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻳﻌﺪ ﻻ‪3‬ﻋﺎ ﺑﺄ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪C‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮ‪! C‬ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ ﺧﺮﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ؟‬

‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻘﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻫﻮ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻟﺮﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﻨﺎ?‪ .‬ﺑﺨﻼ‡ ﻟﻌﺠﺎﺋﺐ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﺪﻫﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺟﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻇﻞ ﻫﺎﺟﺲ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻵﻻ‡ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺑﺬ‪4 v‬ﻻ‡ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﻮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﺼﺮ‡ ﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎ ﻻ‪ $‬ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎ
‪4‬ﻻ‪ $‬ﻗﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺎ ‪ v‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ J‬ﻣﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻤﺎ‪ -J‬ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﺎ‪J‬ﺳﺘﻪ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ُ ﺟﺪ‪ $‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ  ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺈﻣﻜﺎ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﻬﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻣﺤﺎ ﻻ‪ $‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻜﻤﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﻤﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺠﺰ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ¬ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺎﻫﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻧﺸﻮ
‬ ‫ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﱢ‬
‫ﻨﺤﻰ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻳُ ﱠ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﻗﺼﺺ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‬

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‫ﻟﻰ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪6 J‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺳﻼ‡ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ K .J‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪6 6 J‬ﺳﻼ‡ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻫﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪6 ،$J‬ﻋﻀﺎ
ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪ .‬ﻳﺜﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺳﺆﻟﻴﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻫﻮ‪" :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺒﺘﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪6 $J‬ﺟﻨﺤﺔ؟" ‪6‬ﻣﺎ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ‪" :‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪ K‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪6 56‬ﺛﺮ ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪$‬؟"‬
‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻇﻞ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺸﻮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮ ﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫"ﻟﻌﺪ ﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ" ‪ .cursorial theory‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪$J‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻌﺪ ﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﺠﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺮ‪ c‬ﻣﺆﻳﺪ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺪ ﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮ  ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﻬﺬ& ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻮ‬
‫ﺣﻼ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻟﻬﺬ& ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ K .‬ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻏﺼﺎ ﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺼﻦ ﻟﻰ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺮ‡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ "ﻟﺸﺠﺮﻳﺔ" ‪arboreal theo-‬‬
‫‪ .ry‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺴﺆ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻃﻴﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪$J‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻮ ﺟﺎﻫﺰ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‪6" :‬ﺛﻨﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎ ﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺻﻄﻴﺎ ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪."F‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻻ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻄﺮ? ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻬﺎ‚ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼ  ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺣﻴﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ :J‬ﻛﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎ‚ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺗﻔﻮ† ﻛﻔﺎ
ﺗﻪ ﻛﻔﺎ
‬
‫ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮ‪&J‬؟ ﺳﺘﺮ\‬
‫‪ J‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﺟﻮ ﺟﻬﺎ‚ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‬

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 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻌﻘﻼ
ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻫﻲ ‪6‬ﺳﻤﺎ‪i‬ﻫﺎ ﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺐ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻃﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺨﻴﺎ‪.v‬‬
‫ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﻤﻘﺪ ‪6 J‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪$J‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻳﺠﺎ ‪6‬ﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ .$‬ﻓﺈ‪ K‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻃﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺧﻠﻔﺖ ‪
J‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻵﺛﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ .$‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪ $‬ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻃﻴﺮ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺪ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺤﻮ‪ .v‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬ&‬ ‫"‪J6‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ"‪ Archaeopteryx‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ $‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺧﺪﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫! ﻟﻔﻜﺮ@ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄ "ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ C‬ﻧﻤﺖ‬

‫ﻟﻬﺎ ‪B‬ﺟﻨﺤﺔ ‪B‬ﺛﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺎ‪ ª‬ﻟﺬﺑﺎ"‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺰﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ h‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ 'ﺗﻪ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﻦ !ﻟﻰ ‪ HB‬ﻣﺪ‪O‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ B‬ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺧﺪﻋﺔ ﻷﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘ ِﺮﻛﺲ‬
‫ﻋﺎ‪ Á‬ﻃﻴﺮ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻘﺎ ﻷﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 150‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺮ\ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪$J‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﺳﻴﺮﺑﺘﻮ‪ 6 Velociraptor J‬ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻣﺎﺻﻮ‪،Dromaeosaur J‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻛﺘﺴﺎ‪ F‬ﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺑﺪ‪ $6‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﺘﺮ‪c‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﺷﻜﻼ ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺗﻔﺮ‪ d‬ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺳﻼﻓﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻣﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ¬ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ‪6 56‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﻜﻼ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻨﻘﺮ‪ c‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫‪ 56‬ﺧﺘﻼ‡ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ  ﺋﺮ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻛﺎ "ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻴﺮ" ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻷﻣﺜﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﻘﺺ ‪ 6) sternum‬ﻋﻈﻢ ﻟﺼﺪ‪ (J‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪6‬ﻫﻢ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﻘﺪ ‪ &J‬ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‪ ) .‬ﻟﻘﺺ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻼﺣﻆ‬‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﺼﺪ‪ J‬ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻀﻼ‪ $‬ﻟﻼ‚ﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳُ َ‬
‫ ﺟﻮ ﻋﻈﻢ ﻟﺼﺪ‪ J‬ﻫﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻔﺎﻓﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺛﺪﻳﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻀﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﺠﺔ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .1992‬ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪J‬ﻏﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲ
ﺟﻮ ﻋﻈﻢ ﻟﺼﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻋﺘﻘﺪ‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪6 J‬ﻧﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻔﻘﻮ‪ .‬ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺸﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﺑﺠﺰ
ﻣﻦ ﻗﺺ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ‪ J‬ﺷﻚ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﺟﻮ& ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﺛَﻖ ﻗﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻬﺪ‬

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‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮ ﻋﻀﻼ‪ $‬ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ‪J‬ﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‬
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‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ‚ﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﺪ‪."v‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﺑﻄﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺎ
ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻤﻘﺪ ‪ &J‬ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻋﻼ  ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪6 ،‬ﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ‪J‬ﻳﺶ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﻫﻢ ﻷﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻛﺎ ﻃﻴﺮ ﻗﺎ‪ J‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ& ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ& ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻟﻰ ‪K 6‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻛﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﺪ ‪ &J‬ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻛﻤﻞ ﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺎ‪ ‚J‬ﻛﺎ‪ . 6 vJ‬ﻧﺒﺮ ‪" :Carl O. Dunbar‬ﻻ ‪J‬ﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻳﺼﻨﻒ )ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ( ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ‪J‬ﻳﺸﻪ "‪ 31.‬ﻳﺴﻬﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ J $‬ﺑﺮ‪ $‬ﻛﺎ‪ v J‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮ? ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪:d‬‬
‫"ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪J‬ﻳﺶ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺶ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺠﻨﺎ? ﺗﻨﺪ‪ ŠJ‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎ† ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ...‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻔﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺟﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﺠﻨﺎ? ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﺋﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺤﺪ  ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺪﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،Z‬ﺟﺎŠ‬
‫ﻷ‪ ،cJ‬ﻧﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺨﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺠﺎﺛﻤﺔ‪ ...‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻇﻞ ‪J‬ﻳﺶ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‬
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‫ﺑﻼ ﺣﺮ‪ 7‬ﻟﻤﺪ ‪ 150‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷﻗﻞ‪"...‬‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺗﻜﺸﻔﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ‪J‬ﻳﺶ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ‪6‬ﻻ‬
‫ ﻫﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ‪ $ K‬ﻟﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﺎ‪ .J‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺸﻨﺎ ‪6‬ﻋﻼ&‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪$J‬‬
‫– ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪J‬ﻏﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫– ﺣﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺪ‪ Z‬ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﺣﺮ‪ J‬ﺟﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻞ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺪ\ ‪6‬ﻫﻢ ﻇﺎﺋﻒ ‪J‬ﻳﺶ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﻘﺮ‪J J‬ﺟﺔ ﺣﺮ‪ J‬ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻸ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ‪J‬ﻳﺸﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ‬

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‫ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻟﺪﺳﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪B‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﻷﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ‪B‬ﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻗﻮ‪ O‬ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺠﻬﻮ‪ 3‬ﻟﺮﻣﻴﺔ !ﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺣﻒ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪HB‬‬
‫‪B‬ﺳﺎ‰ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎ ﻃﻴﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﺣﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺪ‪ Z‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎŠ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﻔﺎ‪ Ï‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﺒﺎ‪J $‬ﺟﺔ ﺣﺮ‪ J‬ﺟﺴﻤﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪.$J‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻷﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﺧﻄﺄ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻧﻘﻄﺘﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺑﺄ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻛﺎ ﺷﻜﻼ ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪6 ،‬ﻻ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻸ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎﻧًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬

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‫ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺴﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻻ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ‪ 56‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪ .‬ﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﻄ ْﻮ َ‪touraco †J‬‬
‫ ﻟﻬﻮ‪4‬ﺗﺰ ‪ ،hoatzin‬ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﺼﺎ‪ .‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻃﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ 56‬ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪ .‬ﻟﺬ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪6 56‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻗﻂ ﻟﻠﺠﺰ‪ Z‬ﺑﺄ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﺮ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺨﻄﺊ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ  ﻫﺬ& ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷ ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ‪K‬ﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻼ  ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ $ K J‬ﻷﺳﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻃﻴﻮ‪6 $ K J‬ﺳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺪ‪ -J‬ﺳﺠﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻋﺼﺮ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻼ& ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ "ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ $ K J‬ﻷﺳﻨﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪ 6‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ& ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪$ K J‬‬
‫ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎ ‪6‬ﺳﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ‪ 56 ،‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪.$J‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻻﺣﻆ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮ‪ .5 .v  J‬ﻣﺎ‪J‬ﺗﻦ ‪ ،L. D. Martin‬ﺟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺳﺘﻴﻮ‪ ،J. D.Stewart $J‬ﻛﻴﻪ‪ . .‬ﻳﺘﺴﺘﻮ ‪K. N. Whetstone‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻸ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ& ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎﻧﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﺷﺮ ﻣﺤﺪ ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮﻋﺪ ﻣﻤﺘﺪ ﻟﺠﺬ ‪ .J‬ﺑﻴﺪ ‪6 6‬ﺳﻨﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $ K $J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪theropod Z‬‬
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‫‪ ،dinosaurs‬ﻷﺳﻼ‡ ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻣﺸﺮﺷﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﺬ ‪.J‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎ‪ J‬ﻫﺆﻻ
ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎﺣﻞ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﺑﻨﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﺳﻼﻓﻪ‬
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‫ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ ،$J‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻼﺣﻈﻮ ‪ 56‬ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪6 $‬ﺟﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ .- v‬ﺗﺎ‪J‬ﺳﻴﺘﺎﻧﻮ ‪S.‬‬

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‫‪ .Z ،Tarsitano‬ﻛﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﺨﺖ ‪،M. K. Hecht‬‬
‫ ﻳﻪ‪ .5 .‬ﻛﺮ ‪ 6 A. D. Walker‬ﺟﻮ‬
‫‪ُ6‬ﺳﺘﺮ ‪6 ،John Ostrom Z‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﺑﺮ‚ ﻟﺜﻘﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ ،d‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ ،$J‬ﻏﻴﺮ& ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﺧﻄﺌﻮ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ‪ & 6J‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻪ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺻﺎ‪ v‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ‬
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ 35.$J‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻞ ﻳﻪ‪ .5 .‬ﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻷ‪ K‬ﻟﺪ\ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻛﺘﺸﻒ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬
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‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻨﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ‪6‬ﻳﻘﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،Icons of Evolution J‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‬
‫ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺛﺎ ِﻟﺰ ‪ 6 Jonathan Wells‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻰ "‪6‬ﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ" ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻷﻟﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺿﻮ? ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮ‪ .J‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻮِﻟﺰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $ K $J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ – Z‬ﻷﺳﻼ‡ ﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻸ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ – ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ‪6‬ﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ‪ " :‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ ‪ $ K‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ ،cJ‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‪ $‬ﺑﺴﻤﺎ‪6 $‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬
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‫ﻟﻤﺮ
‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﺳﻠﻒ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ‪".‬‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮ ﻃﻴﺮ ﻧﺪ‪ ŠJ‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ $ K J‬ﻷﺳﻨﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻃﻼ† ‪J‬ﺑﻂ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $ K $J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ .Z‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮ "‚ ‪ v‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ’ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻫﻲ ﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪The Demise of the ‘$J‬‬
‫‪ ،‘Birds Are Dinosaurs’ Theory‬ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪J‬ﻳﺘﺸﺎ‪J‬‬
‫‪ .v‬ﻳﻢ ‪ Richard L. Deem‬ﻋﻦ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻋﺎ
ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪6 6‬ﻳﺪ‪ 5‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $ K $J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻗﺪ‬

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‫ﺷﺘﻘﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻷ‪J‬ﻗﺎ‪ Z‬ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ‪6 6‬ﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪،J‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻬﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻷ‪J‬ﻗﺎ‪ Z‬ﺛﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ‪J6‬ﺑﻌﺔ‪ ...‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪6 $‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ "ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪."$J‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻄﺮ‡ ﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻮ‪ $ K Á‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪6 Z‬ﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺴﻢ( ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﺮ‡ ﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻸ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪" 6‬ﻟﺠﻨﺎ? ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ"‬
‫ﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻮ‪ $ K Á‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ ﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎ‪ ‚ J‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ‪6‬ﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻮ‪ $ K Á‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻋﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﻌﺼﻢ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻟﻬﻼﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﺼﻢ ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪56‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺣﻮ‪ $ K Á‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﺮŠ ﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﻟﺴﺎ‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﺰ
ﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺤﻒ ﻟﻤﺦ )ﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻰ ﻋﺪ ‪6‬ﻋﺼﺎ‪6 F‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻳﺨﺮŠ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﺰ
ﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺤﻒ ﻟﻤﺦ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ‪6‬ﻻ ﻫﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻮ‪ $ K Á‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻻ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻰ ‪6 6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻃﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻔﻴﻮﺷﺴﻮ‪J‬ﻧﻴﺲ‬
‫‪ ،Confuciusornis‬ﻗﺪ ﻧﻘﺮ‪ ،c‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻷﻧﻮ‪d‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻘﺎ
ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ‪K‬ﺗﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬

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 ‫‪B‬ﺣﺪ ﻷ‪3‬ﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬ﺳﺔ ﻟﻨﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻔﻨﺪ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‬
‫ﺟﺎ
‪6 $‬ﺣﺪ¬ ﺿﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ "ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻋﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ "$J‬ﻣﻦ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮ‪6 J‬ﻻ ﻓﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺎ ‪Alan‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﺪﺗﺸﻴﺎ‬
‫‪B‬ﻻ ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﻟﻲ ﻧُﻮﻳﻜﻲ ‪Julie Nowicki‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﻮ‪ ¬J‬ﻛﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﺸﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﻴﻞ ﺑﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺾ ﻟﻨﻌﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ 6 ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ .$J‬ﻗﺪ ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮ‪6 7ِJ‬ﻟﻴﺮ‪ ،Eurek Alert $‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﺪ  ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻗﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮ‪4 J‬ﻻ ﻓﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺎ ﺟﻮﻟﻲ ﻧُﻮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﻮ‪ ¬J‬ﻛﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺸﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﻴﻞ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺾ ﻟﻨﻌﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫ ﺟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺘﻘﺪ& ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺤﺪ‪$J‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪...$J‬‬
‫ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻓﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺎ‪6" :‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺪ& ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‬
‫‪6‬ﺻﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺤﺎ‪ v‬ﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $ K $J‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪..."Z‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺿﺎ‡ ﻓﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺎ‪6 ،‬ﺳﺘﺎ‪J K‬ﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﻮ‪¬J‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪" :‬ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6" 6‬ﻳﺪ‪ "5‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﻧﻤﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ...‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﱠﻨﺖ ‪J‬ﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻷﺟﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻌﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻢ ﺗَﻨْ ُﻢ ﺳﻮ\ ﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ ﻟﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ‪6‬ﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺴﺒﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺨﻨﺼﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ"‪ " .‬ﻳﻨﺸﺊ ﻫﺬ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻷ ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺮ  ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪6‬ﺳﻼ‡ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ‬

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‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺪ ﻃﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﺮﺑﻊ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﻮ\ ﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ؟ ﻳﻜﺎ ﻳﻜﻮ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼ""‪.‬‬
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‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻖ ﻛﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻼ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ "ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻋﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪:"$J‬‬
‫"ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻛﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺎ‪" :‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ $‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫"ﻓﺒﺨﻼ‡ ﻣﺎ ‪J 6‬ﻧﺎ& ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪K ،‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪$J‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻮﻟﻲ ‪! 25‬ﻟﻰ ‪ 80‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮ ‪B‬ﻗﺪ ﻃﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮ‪ 7‬ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ H‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ 150 U‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎ‪ h‬ﻓﻴﺪﺗﺸﻴﺎ‪ '!" :‬ﻓﺤﺺ ﻟﻤﺮ ﻫﻴﻜﻼ ﻋﻈﻤﻴﺎ ﻟﺪﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ h‬ﻣﻨﻈﺎ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴّﺘﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺒﺪ ﻟﻬﻴﻜﻼ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻔﺤﺼﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺤﺼﺎ ‪3‬ﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺐ ﺳﺘﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻓﺮ\ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ@"‪" .‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪B‬ﺳﻨﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ C' C‬ﻷﻗﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﺷﺮ@‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪B‬ﺳﻨﺎ ‪B‬ﻗﺪ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﺷﺮ@ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺗﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ‪B‬ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ ;4‬ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﺳﺘﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻷﻟﺔ ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ‪ 6‬ﺧﺪﻋﺔ "ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪-‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ "J‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮ‬
‫"‪6‬ﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ" ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ؛ ‪ 56‬ﺧﺮﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻟﻤﺠﺮ ﻹﻳﻤﺎ ﻟﺪ ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪B C‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬

‫ﻟﺰﺋﻔﺔ ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪-‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‬
‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻬﻴﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﺎ
‪6 $‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ‪ 6‬ﺻﻠﻬﻢ ﻵ ﻟﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺴﺪ  ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺣﻮ‪6 v‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ .J‬ﻟﺬ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﻄﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻠﺠﻮ
ﻟﻰ ﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ 56 ،‬ﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،$‬ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﺪ ﻣﺮ‪J $‬ﻫﺎﺻﺎ‪" $‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ‬

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‫ﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻃﻴﺮ"‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻹﻋﻼ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪-J‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ "$J‬ﺑﺪ‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ  ﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﺎ ‪ v 6‬ﺑﻄﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ‪ Sinosauropteryx‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .1996‬ﻗُﺪﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺄﺳﺮ& ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ "ﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪K J‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻨﺎﺻﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ‬

‫‪J‬ﻳﺶ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺪ‪6 $J‬ﺧﺒﺎ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎ ﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻟﺼﺤﻒ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺸﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻮ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺈﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ "‪J‬ﻳﺶ ﻃﻴﺮ" ﻻ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻜﺬ ﻗُﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮ "ﻧﺘﻒ ﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪J‬‬
‫‪ 5K‬ﻟﺮﻳﺶ" ‪ Plucking the Feathered Dinosaur‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺲ‬
‫‪:Science‬‬
‫"ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎ‪ Z‬ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‪6 ،‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺿﺠﺔ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺎ ‪6‬ﻃﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ "ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪J K J‬ﻳﺶ"‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮ‚ﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ J6‬ﻗﺔ ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎ‪ d‬ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪5‬‬
‫ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺪ‪ $J‬ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮ‪7J‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮ‪ K‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺰﻳﻨﻲ ‪Yixian‬‬
‫‪ Formation‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪ \6J ،‬ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻷﺻﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮ‪ .J‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺘﻤﺎ‪ d‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﻌﺎ‪ ،Z‬ﻟﺬ‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ ‪ 6‬ﺧﺮ ﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﺸﻲ
‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮ‪ F‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻏﺮﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻦ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ  ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎ‪$‬‬

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‫ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ‪J‬ﻳﺸﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‪ ...‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻻ‪ 5J‬ﻣﺎ‪J‬ﺗﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﻨﺴﺎ‪ -‬ﺑﻠﻮ‪J‬ﻧﺲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﻟﻴﺎ‡ ﻛﻮﻻﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
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‫ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ 56‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪."J‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1999‬ﻫﺒﺖ ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻋﺎﺻﻔﺔ "ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪-‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ K ."J‬ﻗُﺪﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ "ﻟﻴﻼ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪."J‬‬
‫ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ ‪6 ،National Geographic‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ "ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪J 5K J‬ﻳﺶ" ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺪ‪$J‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻨﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻷﺧﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪6 .‬ﻃﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﺎ‪ v‬ﻻﺳﻢ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫‪J6‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪J‬ﺑﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﺎ ﻧِﻨﺠﻨﺴﺰ ‪ Archaeoraptor liaoningensis‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﻮ‪،d‬‬
‫ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻗﻴﻞ ﻧﻪ ﻋﺎ‪ Á‬ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 125‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻀﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪J‬ﻛﺒﺖ ﺑﻤﻬﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻋﻴﻨﺎ‪$‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺰﻳﻔﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﱢ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎ‪ Z‬ﺣﺪ‪6 ،‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪‚ ،$‬ﻳﻒ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﺎ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪-‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ‪ K .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻬﻮ ﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻮ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪-‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 88‬ﻋﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮ
ﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪J‬ﺑﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺑُﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﺰ
ﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺧﺎ‪ ª‬ﺑﻄﻴﺮ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ‪ 6 ،‬ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ‪K‬ﻳﻠﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪J6‬ﺑﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺸﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺗﻢ ﻹﻋﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪J‬ﺑﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ "ﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮ"‬
‫ ُ‚ﻋﻢ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪J‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪6‬ﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮ‪ ،$J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪4 $J‬ﻛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮ‪.Z‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪J‬ﺑﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻃﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﺋﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ J J‬ﻣﺎﺻﻮ‪ 5J‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪ ...‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻬﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪J‬ﺑﺘﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺎ ُﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻴﻮﻓﻮﺗﺎﻧﺞ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬

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‫ﻟﻰ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻄﺒﺎﺷﻴﺮ‪ 5‬ﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺎ ﻧِﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎ‪ ŠJ‬ﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺑﻴﻌﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻮ† ﻟﺘﺠﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪ‪ ....‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻷ‪J‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪J‬ﺑﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ‪6 6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪6‬ﻧﻪ ُﺟ ﱢﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬
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‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ‪J‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻋﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪"...‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺄﺳﺮ&‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ "ﻟﻴﻼ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬؟" ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ‪6‬ﻋﻤﻰ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﺨﺪ‪ 6 56 Z‬ﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺮ\‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﻀﻴﺤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫"ﻓﻀﻴﺤﺔ ﻧﺴﺎ ﺑِﻠْﺘﺪ " ‪.Piltdown man scandal‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻷ ﻫﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﺘﻲ ‪J‬ﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪v‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ‪6 .‬ﻋﻠﻦ ﻛﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﺳﺘﻮ‪ 6 .v -J‬ﻟﺴﻮ ‪J ،Storrs L. Olson‬ﺋﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻤِﺜﺴﻮﻧﻲ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ‪6 ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺣﺬ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﱢ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ‚ﺋﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻠﺖ ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪J‬ﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫‪J‬ﻓﻴﻦ ‪ Peter Raven‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺴﻮ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ "ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ $J‬ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ‪6‬ﺟﻨﺤﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪ ﺗﻤﻮ‚‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ 1998‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻮ ﻣﺎ‚ﺗِﻨﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻠﻮ‪ ،4‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻐﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪National Geographic‬‬
‫‪ Society‬ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻟﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎ ﻟﺖ ‪6 6‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺟﻬﺎ‪ $‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻮ‪ 5‬ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻀﺢ ﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﺷﻲ
ﻋﺪ ﻟﻤﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪ ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻲ‬
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‫ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺸﺄ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪."$J‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﻮ‪ .- .‬ﻳﻪ ﺗﻮ‪ ،USA Today 5‬ﻗﺎ‪ 6 v‬ﻟﺴﻮ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺨﻋﺔ ﻟﻴﻨﺎﺼ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻹﻋﻼ ﻟﻤﻴ‪ 0‬ﻷﻨﺼﺎ ﻟﺘ‪...-‬‬

‫ﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪1999‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ h‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴ‬
‫ﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪1999‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ h‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴ‬

‫‪...‬ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ُﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻘﺎ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺗﺸﺮ‪ /' 29 ،‬ﻣﺎ‰ ‪2001‬‬

‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ h‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ‬

‫"ﻟﻄﻴﻮ‪-‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪ "C‬ﺑﻬﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1999‬ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺳﺮ‪ U‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ‪3‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ 'ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪ ﻹﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺮﺳﻮ‪HB ،‬‬
‫ﻷﻛﻴﻮﺑﺘﻮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻛﺬﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫"ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻷ ﻗﺎ‪6 $‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺰﻳﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻇﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﻤﺎ"‪ 44.‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺎ‪  v‬ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ ﺗﻤﺴﻜﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺪﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺼﻮ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻟﻨﺎﺷﻮﻧﺎ‪ v‬ﺟﻴﻮﺟﺮﻓﻴﻚ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ v 6‬ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ& ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻌﺖ ﺣﻮ¬ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻃﺮ? ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻣﺮ‪J K .‬ﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ‪J‬ﻧﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ‪Ernst‬‬
‫‪ Haeckel‬ﺻﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺰﻳﻔﺔ ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪J‬ﻛﺐ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻮ ﻓﻜﺎ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻏﺎ‪ F‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﻮﻫﺎ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ ‪ 40‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ "ﻧﺴﺎ ﺑﻠﺘﺪ ‪6 ،‬ﻋﻈﻢ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ."J‬ﻗﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮ "ﻧﺴﺎ ﻧﺒﺮﺳﻜﺎ" ‪ Nebraska man‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻦ ﺧﻨﺰﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﻧﺤﺎ
ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ‪J‬ﺳﻢ ﺻﻮ‪‚ J‬ﺋﻔﺔ ﺗﺪ َﻋﻰ "ﻋﺎ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ"‬
‫‪ reconstructions‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺶ ﻗﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ cJ6‬ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ "ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫"ﺑﺸﺮ ﻗﺮ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺔ" ‪ً 6‬‬
‫ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎ‪ ،J‬ﺳﺘﺨﺪ‪6 Z‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﺑﻮﻫﺎ ﻷ ‪v‬‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺎ ﺑﻠﺘﺪ ‪ K .‬ﺑﺘﺪﻋﻮ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮ ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﺪ\ ﻟﺨﺪ‪d‬‬
‫ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺗﻤﺎ‪J‬ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺪ ﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪،J‬‬
‫ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪6 6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺳﻴﻠﺠﺌﻮ ﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻜﺬ‪ F‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺟﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪8‬‬
‫!ﻟﻰ ‪ HB‬ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻓﺔ ‪" B‬ﻟﻸﺟﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ"؟‬

‫ ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ‪6‬ﺛﻨﺎ
‬
‫ ﺟﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪J6‬ﺣﺎ‪6 Z‬ﻣﻬﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ $‬ﻟﻌﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪K .J‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ" ‪ recapitulation‬ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﺑﻴﺎ‪6 $‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮ ﺧﺪﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ" ﻫﻮ ﻳﺠﺎ‚ ﻟﺮ‪ 56‬ﻣﻔﺎ& ‪" 6‬ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻔﺮ ﺗﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻃﺮﺣﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J 5J‬ﻧﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺘﺮ‪ c‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻫﺬ& ‪ 6‬ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ‬

‫‪70‬‬
 ‫!ﻧﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪B‬ﺋﻞ ﻟﺪﺟﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﻳﺦ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺸﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺳﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﺰﺋﻔﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻫﺬ& ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﻪ ‪6‬ﺛﻨﺎ
ﻧﻤﻮ ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪J6‬ﺣﺎ‪6 Z‬ﻣﻬﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻈﻬِﺮ ﻫﺬ& ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﺻﻔﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻷﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،7‬ﺛﻢ ﺻﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﻪ "ﺧﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ" ‪6‬ﺛﻨﺎ
ﻧﻤﻮ&‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬ& ﺧﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺤﻀﺔ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺮ? ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻣﺮ ‪ -‬ﻣﻜﻨﺖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮ
‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻣﺪ\ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺑﻴّﻨﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻣﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ‪6‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﺳﻮ\ ﺧﻴﺎﻻ‪6 $‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ‡ ﻵ ‪" 6‬ﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ" ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻔﺘﺮ‪ 6 c‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮ ﻗﻨﺎ ﻷ‪K‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ 5‬ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﻷ ﻟﻴﺔ ﱡ‬

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‫ﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺪ َﺟﻨْﺐ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،parathyroid‬ﻟﻐﺪ ﻟﺼﻌﺘﺮﻳﺔ ‪.thymus‬‬
‫ ﺗﺒﻴﱠﻦ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪K 6‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﺠﺰ
ﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ "ﺟﺮ‪ F‬ﻣﺢ ﻟﺒﻴﺾ" ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﻓﻪ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ‪6‬ﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ‬‫ﻋﻦ ﺟﺮ‪ F‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻞ‪6 .‬ﻣﺎ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﺠﺰ
ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﱠ‬
‫"‪K‬ﻳﻞ" ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻮ ﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،5‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻟﺬﻳﻞ ﻻ ﻟﺸﻲ
ﻻ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻷ‪J‬ﺟﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻫﺬ& ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺮ‡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ‪6‬ﻧﺤﺎ
ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪6 J‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺟﻮ‪ ŠJ‬ﺟﺎﻳﻠﻮ‪ J‬ﺳﻤﺒﺴﻮ ‪George‬‬
‫‪6 ،Gaylord Simpson‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺮ‡ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻟﻤﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ K 5J‬ﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺪ‪d‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻘﺪ ّ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻ ﻟﻠﺸﻚ ﻵ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻔﺮ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﻜﺮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
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‫ﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ‪ J‬ﻟﺠﺰ
ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺘﺴﺖ ﺑﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ‪16‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪6 /v 6‬ﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪:1999‬‬
‫"‪6‬ﻃﻠﻖ )ﻫﻴﺠﻞ( ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺳﻢ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﺒﻴﻮﺟﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻟﺼﺎ‪ZJ‬‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪ\ ﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ 5‬ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻂ ﺧﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻷﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،7‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻗﻂ ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻟﺰﺣﻒ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫‪46‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ‪6‬ﻣِﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺘﺴﺖ ‪،American Scientist‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺮ‪:6‬‬
‫"ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﺒﻴﻮﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺣﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺷﺄ ﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎ‪ J‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺮ‪ .-6‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫‪47‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻘﺮ‪ c‬ﻛﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪ 5‬ﻟﺠﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻨﻴﺎ‪"...$‬‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴّﻨﺖ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻃﺮ? ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻷ ‪v‬‬
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‫ﻣﺮ ﻓﺘﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻷ‪6 5‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮ‡ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪K $J‬ﺗﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺧﺪﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ "ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻒ"‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻟﻤﺰﻳﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺮ ‪J‬ﻧﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ‪ v 6 ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮ? ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺮﺳﻮ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺪﻋﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘ ّﺪ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﺳﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﺰﻳﻔﺔ ﻟﻴﺠﻌﻞ ‪B‬ﺟﻨﺔ ﻷﺳﻤﺎ‪ N‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ! ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻓﺘﻀﺢ ‪6‬ﻣﺮ&‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻪ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ‪6 6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪J‬ﺗﻜﺒﻮ ﺟﺮﺋﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺘﺮ‡ "ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻒ"‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﻀﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﺸﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻳﻔﺘﺮ‪c‬‬
‫ﺑﻲ ‪6 6‬ﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﻀﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﺋﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﻨﻲ ‪J6‬ﻧﻲ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻔﺺ ﻻﺗﻬﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﺮﻓﻘﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻤﺮﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﺛﻘﺔ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺘﻌﺮ‪ c‬ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﻟﺮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻓﻀﻞ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻮﺛﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻬﻤﺔ "ﻟﺘﺰ ﻳﺮ" ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺑﺮ"‪48.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪ ﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻳﻠﻮ‪ /v‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 1997‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ‪J 6‬ﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﺠﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﺎŠ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻋﺔ‪ J .‬ﻟﺠﺰ
ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ "‪B‬ﺟﻨﺔ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ‪! ،‬ﻋﺎ‪ @3‬ﻛﺸﻒ‬
‫ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎ‪:Haeckel’s Embryos: Fraud Rediscovered "h‬‬
‫"ﻳﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ‪J‬ﻳﺘﺸﺎ‪J‬ﺳﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺐ ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻮ‪ ŠJ‬ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‪ " :‬ﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎ‪ d‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ )‪J‬ﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻫﻴﺠﻞ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺄ‬
‫ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻄﺒﺎ‪ d‬ﺧﺎﻃﺊ"‪ ...‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﺟﺮ\ ‪J‬ﻳﺘﺸﺎ‪J‬ﺳﻮ‬
‫ ‚ﻣﻼ‪J &i‬ﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ‪6 ،‬ﻋﺎ  ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪6‬ﺟﻨﺔ‬
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‫ﺗﻀﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪J‬ﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺠﺐ‪" ،‬ﺑﺪ‪ $‬ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻣﺬﻫﻼ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻋﻠﻦ ‪J‬ﻳﺘﺸﺎ‪J‬ﺳﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪ ‪6 /F4‬ﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫‪49‬‬
‫ ﻷﺟﻨﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﺘﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺣﺬ‡‬ ‫" ‪6‬ﻋﻠﻦ ‪J‬ﻳﺘﺸﺎ‪J‬ﺳﻮ ‚ﻣﻼ‪ 6 &i‬ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻟﻢ ِ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،$‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻼﻋﺐ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻟﻴﻀﺨﻢ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻪ ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻷﻧﻮ‪،d‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ  ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪6 10‬ﺿﻌﺎ‡‪ .‬ﻟﺠﺄ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻛﻴﻼ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ‪6 K ،$‬ﻫﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻻ‪ $‬ﻛﺄ ﺣﻴﻮﻧﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﻆ ‪J‬ﻳﺘﺸﺎ‪J‬ﺳﻮ ‚ﻣﻼ‪6 ،&i‬ﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪6‬ﺟﻨﺔ ﻷﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،7‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ‬
‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺨﻠﺺ ‪J‬ﻳﺘﺸﺎ‪J‬ﺳﻮ ﻟﻰ ‪J)" :6‬ﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻫﻴﺠﻞ( ﻳﺒﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﻟﺮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﺰﻳﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
"‪.‬‬

‫‪ 5‬ﻴﻠل‪ /‬ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒ ‪1997‬‬

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 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪ‪3‬ﻫﺎ ﻟﺼﺎ‪ 3‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 8‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎ‪B /‬ﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،2001‬ﺧﺼﺼﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮ‪ N‬ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﺬﻛﻲ ‪B‬ﻓﻜﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻴﺎ ‪3‬ﻳﻤﺒﺴﻜﻲ ‪ .William Dembski‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻞ ! ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﺬﻛﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺮ@ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ B‬ﺗﻬﺰ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻋﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺳﻮ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻟﻤﺰ@ ﺑﺼﻮ ‪B‬ﺟﻨﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ُB‬ﺧﺬ‪ C‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪J 6‬ﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻫﻴﺠﻞ ﻟﻤﺰﻳﻔﺔ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮ‪6 $J‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1901‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻇﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻳُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺮ‪ F‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺼﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺴﻜﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻮ ‪J‬ﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺿﻊ ‪6‬ﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ :‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪ‪  6‬ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺑﻘﺎ
& ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻳﻌﺪ ﺻﻒ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
‫"‪3‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ" ﺿﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺨﺪ;؟‬

‫ ﻃﺮ? ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻣﺎ ‪ K‬ﻛﺎ ﺗﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪u‬‬
‫"ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 ،"J‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺠﺮ ﺗﺒﺎ‪ &J‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﺬﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬ& ﻫﻲ ﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﺠﻌﻠﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻳﻘﺒﻠﻮ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ‪ 56‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﺘﻤﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷ‪ 5‬ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺎ ‪ v‬ﺑﻌﺾ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ‪6‬ﻋﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎ‪ 56 F‬ﺷﻲ
‪4‬ﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻮ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﺳﺎ‪ l‬ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎ ﻟﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺤﻮﻟﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﻛﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ ،u‬ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬

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 ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž ﻫﻮ ﺳﺘﺨﺪ ﺷﻔﺮ@ )‪ (B  3‬ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪B‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ h‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪! .‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ HB‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻣﺠﺎ‪ h‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﺸﻮ ﻧﻮ; ‪ B‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻷ‪ H‬ﺗﻄﻮ ‪ B‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ' ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ؟‬

‫ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﺣﻤﺾ )  ‪ (6‬ﻟﺨﺎ‪ ª‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﺤﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺘﺰ‪ Z‬ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‪ .‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺣﻤﺾ )  ‪ (6‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 56‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ‪ egg cell‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮ‪ c‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﺜﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ .d‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﺪ
ﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎ‪ .Z‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻊ ﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪J‬ﺣﻢ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎ‪ .Z‬ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﺑﻌﺪ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻧﻤﻮ& ﻻﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‪ K .‬ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺄ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪) .‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻰ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺛﻪ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ(‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻣﺎ ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﺤﻲ ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻜﺮ‪ J‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ .7‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺠﺎ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺗُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺪ ¬ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ "ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ" – ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ – J‬ﻻ‬

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 ‫ﻳﻘﻮ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž ﻋﻠﻰ !ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ C‬ﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪ @3‬ﻓﻌﻼ !ﻟﻰ ﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‪@3‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪HB‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺔ ‪ B‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺛﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ@‪.‬‬

‫"ﻟﻨﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ﺣﻴﻮ‪ 5‬ﻳﻘﻮ‪6 c‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪" 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻃﺮ? ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻮ‪ Louis Pasteur J‬ﻗﺮ‪ F‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺼﺮﻳﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺧﺪﻋﺔ ﺗﺮ Š ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻹﻋﻼ‪.Z‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﱠﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻃﺮ‪ 6‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮ ‪ d‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ\‬
‫ﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ& ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷﻏﻼ‪ l‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪J‬ﺗﻜﺒﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻘﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻓﺎ‪ d‬ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺧﻞ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪.Z‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻌﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻ‪6 $‬ﺧﺮ\‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬ‬
‫ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ‪6 6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪6" 6 "u‬ﻃﻔﺎ‪ v‬ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ"‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪ\ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺷﻲ
ﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻠﺠﺌﻮ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺜﻐﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺎ ﻟﺔ ﻃﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪K 6‬ﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ J‬ﺷﻔﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ‬

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 ‫‪B‬ﺻﺒﺢ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﻴﺰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪B‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ !ﻃﺎ ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺎ‪B h‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﺪ@ ﻓﻲ ‪ B‬ﺗﺆﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺤﺎ‪ h‬ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‪ 7‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﺪ‪C‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﻦ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻹﻋﻼ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪ ‪3‬ﻋﻤﺎ ‪B‬ﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﻌﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ@‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪ ﺟﻮ‪3‬‬
‫‪B HB‬ﺳﺎ‰ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺎ‪ h‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ C‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ B‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫'ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ ﺿﺤﺎ ‪ B‬ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž‬
‫ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺒﺎ‪ h‬ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺠﻬﻮ‪3‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻀﺤﻜﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﻟﺠﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺮ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž‬
‫ﻣﺄﺧﻮ' ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻ‪ .‬ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺷﺄ ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻷﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﺗﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﻟﻀﻮ
‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪B C‬ﺧﺮ‪ O‬ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎž‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺳﻮ
ﻓﻬﻢ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪6 ،u‬ﻻ ﻫﻮ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ "‪ 6‬ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺮ"‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪J $‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ‪4‬ﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﺗُﺨﻠَﻖ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪4 56‬ﻟﻴﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ K .‬ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻞ ‪J‬ﺣﻢ ‪6‬ﻧﺜﻰ‪ّ .‬‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﺬ‪ $‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ "ﺗﻮ‪6‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ" ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻟﺬ‪ُ 5‬‬
‫ﻟﺬ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻣﻤﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﺪ ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ‪K6‬ﻫﺎﻧﻬﻢ ‪6‬ﻓﻜﺎ‪ J‬ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ .u‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻫﺆﻻ
ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 6 -‬ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ‪J‬ﺟﻞ ﻋﻤﺮ& ‪ 30‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴُﺨﻠَﻖ ‪J‬ﺟﻞ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻋﻤﺮ& ‪ 30‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻴﻮ‪ .Z‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﻗﻂ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎ‪ u‬ﻳﻘﻮ‪6 Z‬ﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﺗﻴﺎ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ "ﺑﺘﻮ‪ Z6‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ" ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ) ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻓﻲ ‪J‬ﺣﻢ ﻷ‪ .(Z‬ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪،J‬‬
‫ ﻻ ﺑﻔﻜﺮ "ﺧﻠﻖ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺧﻠﻖ ﻧﺴﺎ ‪ 56 6‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ – ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻹﺗﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﻲ
‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺰ ﻟﻮﺟﻮ – ﻫﻮ ﻗﻮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﷲ ﺣﺪ&‪ .‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ $K‬ﻟﺸﻲ
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻵﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺮ‪4‬ﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ُﻮ‪ h‬ﻟَ ُﻪ ُﻛﻦ َﻓﻴَ ُﻜ ُ‬
‫ﻮ ﴾‬ ‫‪َ َ C‬ﻷ ْ ِ‬
‫‪َ َ'ِ!َ i‬ﻗ َﻀﻰ ‪ْ َB‬ﻣﺮً َﻓﺈِﻧﱠ َﻤﺎ ﻳَﻘ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﺴ َﻤﺎ َ ِ‬
‫﴿ ﺑَﺪِﻳ ُﻊ ﱠ‬
‫) ﺳﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﻘﺮ ‪( 117 /‬‬

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 ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@ ﻗﺪ ‪B‬ﺗﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ ﻟﺨﺎﺟﻲ؟‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻃﺮ? ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻂ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﻮ
‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﻮ
‪ v 6‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻳﺪ‪J‬ﻛﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻼ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣ ﱠﻬﺪ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺪ‪J‬ﻛﻮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺎ‪FJ‬‬
‫ ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ " ﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﻴﺎ‪ J‬ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺆ ﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺑﺈ‪ 6 7J‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻛﺎ "ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﻨﻮ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫‪ Fred Hoyle‬ﺗﺸﺎﻧﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻜﺮﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﻲ ‪.Chandra Wickramasinghe‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺿﻊ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‪J‬ﻳﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﻦ ﻗﺘﺮﺣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ 6‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻗﻮ "ﺑﺬ‪"$J‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻨﺎ‪J‬ﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ُﺣ ﱢﻤﻠﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺒﺬ ‪ J‬ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺮ× ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻐﺎ‚‪ 6 ،$‬ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ 6 ،‬ﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﺻﻠﺖ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻷ‪ ،cJ‬ﻫﻜﺬ ﺑﺪ‪ $6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﺎ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻚ ‪ ،Francis Crick‬ﻟﺤﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﻃﺴﻮ ‪ James Watson‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﺤﻠﺰ ﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺰ Š ﻟﺠﺰ‪6 ،(6  )
5‬ﺣﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜﻮ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ‪ 7J6 .‬ﻛﺮﻳﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﺣﻘﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻤﺮ
‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪ‪ $6‬ﻣﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﻰ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪ‪6‬ﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻮ\ ﺑﺎ‪J‬ﻋﺔ "ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎ‪ ŠJ‬ﻷ‪."cJ‬‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺛﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﻜﺮ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪‚J‬ﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﺬ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ  ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻄﺮ ﺣﺔ ﻵ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎ‪ Á‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ $‬ﺣﻮ‪6 v‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪J‬ﻳﻦ ‪6‬ﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻀﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﻣﻔﺘﺎ? ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ "ﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ" ﻓﻲ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺣﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻨﻴﺰﻛﻴﺔ ‪ meteorites‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻠﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻟﻐﺎ‚ﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗُﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ ‪6 56‬ﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻻﻋﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻷﺟﺮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺴﻤﺎ ﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻏﻴﺮ ‪J6‬ﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺬ‪ $J‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ .cJ‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ ‪ 56‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ‪ 56‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ‪ macromolecules‬ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪82‬‬
 ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻟﻨﻴﺎ‪ B N4‬ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﺣﻴﺔ !ﻟﻰ ﻷ‪ i‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺷﺪ@ ﻟﺤﺮ@ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ@‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪3‬ﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﻼ‪ 7‬ﻟﺠﻮ‪ H‬ﻋﻨﻒ ﻻﺗﻄﺎ ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺒﻮﻃﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ@ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ@ ﺧﻠﻔﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ N‬ﻓﻲ ‪B‬ﻳﺰﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ !' ﻗﺒﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ‪ 3‬ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺨﺎﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ‪ h4‬ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪B‬ﺻﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺄ‪ H‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪B‬ﺧﺮ‪ O‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻮ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻷﺣﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻨﻴﺰﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﻮ‪d‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻲ ﱢ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻤﺎ‪ c‬ﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ‪K‬ﺗﻬﺎ ﺣﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎ
ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪6‬ﻋﺴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪6‬ﻳﻤﻦ )"ﻷﻳﺴﻮﻣﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ" ‪ (optical isomers‬ﺑﺄﻋﺪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎ ﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺳﻮ\ ﻷﺣﻤﺎ‪ c‬ﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺴﺮ
‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﻮ‚ﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ )ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $ K $‬ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ( ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻷﺣﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻨﻴﺰﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪51‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻋﺴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪6‬ﻳﻤﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﺣﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﻦ ﻷﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻷﺟﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﻮ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪83‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ .cJ‬ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﻤﻘﺪ ‪ 6 J‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﻤﺘﻤﺴﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ‪
J‬ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﺣﺪ ¬ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻵ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻣﺎ ‚ﻟﺖ ﺗُﻘﺬ‡‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻨﻴﺰﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻫﺬ& ﻷﺣﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻨﻴﺰﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ‪56‬‬
‫"ﺑﺬ ‪ "J‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪.v‬‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺳﺆ‪4 v‬ﺧﺮ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮ‪ 6 v‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪ J‬ﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺻﻠﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪cJ‬؟ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻣﺄ‚† ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷ ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺑﺪ‪ $6‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﻢ ﻳُﻌﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6 56‬ﺛﺮ ﻟﺤﻀﺎ‪J‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﺣﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ .cJ‬ﻟﻢ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﺨﻄﻰ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪ $‬ﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 56‬ﺷﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻰ ﺟﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻀﺎ‪.J‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ' ﻳﻜﻤﻦ  ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ "ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎ[ ﻷ‪"i‬؟‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪6‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪ‪6‬ﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ‪ 56‬ﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻮ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻗﺘﺮ? ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻻﺗﺠﺎ&‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ‪J‬ﻛﻬﻢ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪cJ‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻵ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪ 7J6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻻ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺑﺎ‪ .dJ‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻣﺠﺎﻻ‪ $‬ﺧﺒﺮ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜﻮ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﺢ ﻟﻰ ‪J‬ﻓﻀﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻼ ﻟﻌﺎﻟِﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮ‪J‬ﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ\ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ :‬ﻓﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻠﻜﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺄ‪B \4‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ "ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻘﺎ‪3‬ﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎ[ ﻷ‪"i‬‬

‫ﺒﺴ‪" 0-‬ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﻤ ﺨﺎ‪ E‬ﻷ‪ "D‬ﻫ ﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﻴﺤﺎل‬ ‫ ﻻﻋﺎ@ ﺒﺄ ﺼل ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ 0‬ﻗ ﻴﻜﻤ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ@‪ ،‬‬
‫ﻨﺼﺎ ﻟﺘ‪ -‬ﻤ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ  ﻴﺘﺠﻨﺒ ﻻﻋﺘ
ﺒﺠ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ "ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﻤ ﺨﺎ‪ E‬ﻷ‪ ،"D‬ﻟﻴ‬
‫ﷲ ﺠل ﺠﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ 0‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﻫﺎ ﺒﺴ‪0-‬‬ ‫ﻜﺜ ﻤ ﻤﺠ ﺨﻴﺎل ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ I .‬ﻻ ﺘﺠ ﻟﺔ ﻤﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜ ﻫ‪ I‬ﻟﻜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻴﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻪ ﻤ‪-‬ﻟﻘﺎ؛‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜ ﺘﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻋ ﻫ‪ I‬ﻻﻋﺎ@‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ  ﻷﺨﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻷ ﻓﻀﻴﺔ "ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﻤ ﺨﺎ‪ E‬ﻷ‪"D‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻀ‪ K‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ُﺘﺠﻊ ﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺨ‪ 0-‬ﺤ‪ 0‬ﻟﻰ ﻟ@‪ ،‬ﺘ‪ V‬ﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺄ "‪I‬ﻟ‪ O‬ﻴﻤﻜ  ﻴﻜ ﻗ ﺤ‪ ."N‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‬
‫ﻟﺴل ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪" :‬ﻤ ﻟ‪ VI‬ﺠ ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﻤ‬ ‫ﻫ‪ PI‬ﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﻴﻫﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺤﺘﻰ ‪ I‬ﻓﺘﻀﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺨﺎ‪ E‬ﻷ‪D‬؟"‪ .‬ﻴﻘﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﻘل ﻟﻌﻠ ﻟﻰ ﻜﻴﺎ ﻤ‪-‬ﻟ‪Q‬‬ ‫ ﺒﻌ‪ D‬ﻟﻤﻜﺒﺎ ﻟﻌﻀﻴﺔ ﻗ ﺤﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻴﺎ‪ O‬ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺨﻠ‪ Q‬ﻜل ﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻏ ﻤ ﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻷ‪ ،D‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌ‪ Q‬ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻴﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻟ ﻴُﺨﻠ‪ Q‬ﻗ ُﺠ ﻤﻨ‪ I‬ﻷل‪I .‬ﻟ‪ O‬ﻫ ﷲ‬ ‫ﺘﺜﺒ  ﻫ‪ PI‬ﻟﻤﻜﺒﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜ  ﺘﻜ ﻗ ﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﻟ‪ Q‬ﻜل ﺸﻲ@‪.‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎ‪ 0‬ﻤ ﺘﻠﻘﺎ@ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻤ ﺜ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺨﻴﺎل ﻟﻘﺎﺌ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ  ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ 0‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ D‬ﻴﻤﻜ  ﺘﻜ ﻗ ﺘﻜﻨ ‪85‬‬
 ‫ﻟﺨﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ !ﻳﻤﺎﻧﺎ ‪B‬ﻋﻤﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ‪ @3‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺔ‪ +‬ﻗﺖ= ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻷﻧﻮ; ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@‬

‫! ﻋﺎﻣﻞ "ﻟﻮﻗﺖ" ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ‪ B‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﺧﺪﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻹﺧﺮ[ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺎ[ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﺎ ‪B‬ﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ‪" HB‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺔ"‬
‫‪ B‬ﺗُ َ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﺣﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ@‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺎ‪B h‬ﻧﺼﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ‪:‬‬
‫"‪B‬ﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ O‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ"‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ i‬ﻫﺬ ﻻ‪3‬ﻋﺎ‬
‫‪B‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،C‬ﻟﺬ‪ H‬ﻳﺒﻴﱢﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪ ﺣﺪ ‪ HB‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ HB‬ﻗﺖ‬
‫"ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎ"‪) .‬ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻷﻗﺎ‪.C‬‬
‫! ﻟﻤﻌﺎ‪3‬ﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ‪B‬ﻋﻼ‪ U‬ﻫﻲ ‪B‬ﻗﺼﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ '! .‬ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﺑﺄ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻦ '‪ C‬ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻧﻈﻤﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺮ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ‪3‬ﺑﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ !ﻟﻰ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻮ; ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ@ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ‪ B‬ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﺮ‪7‬‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺨﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ ‪ B‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻪ ‪B‬ﺛﺮ‬
‫"ﻣﺸ ﱢﻮœ ﻫ ّﺪ"‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﱢ‬
‫ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪،‬‬

‫‪J‬ﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ‪6‬ﺣﻴﺎ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪6 ،‬ﻻ ﻫﻲ ‪ 6 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ‪ 56‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻫﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺮﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ‪J6‬ﻛﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ‬
‫ ﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪ‪$6‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻘﺒﻠﻮ ﺑﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﺼﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺒﺎ‪ dJ‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﺮﺣﻮﻫﺎ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪6 d‬ﺻﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬

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‫ﻟﺒﺎ‪ dJ‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺑﻼ ﻣﻐﺰ\‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎ
ﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻮﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻮﻟﻲ ‪ 15-12‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻳُﻌﺮ‡ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻷﻋﻈﻢ" ‪ .the Big Bang‬ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻛﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ .J‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ‪ 56‬ﻓﻜﺮ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﺪ ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﻮ‪K J‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻻﻗﺘﺮ? ﻻ ﻳﺤﻞ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻮ‪.
J‬‬
‫)ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑَﻲ ﻫﺎ‪  J‬ﻳﺤﻴﻰ "ﺧﻠﻖ ﻟﻜﻮ"‪" ،‬ﻟﻼ‚ﻣﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻘﺪ‪.("J‬‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ "ﻗﺪ ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ" ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪ 56J‬ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ Z‬ﺟﻮ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺒﺎ‪ .dJ‬ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺘﺮﺣﻮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺳﻠﻜﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ‪  i‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﺴﺨﻴﻒ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻀﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺿﺢ ‪ 6‬ﻓﻜﺮ "ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎ‪ ŠJ‬ﻷ‪ "cJ‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ K‬ﻗﺒﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬‬
‫"ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎ‪ ŠJ‬ﻷ‪ "cJ‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ‚‪ v‬ﺿﺤﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﺗﺖ ﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺰ ﻟﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪K‬ﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪K) .dJ‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎ
ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ
ﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻮ ﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ(‪ .‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﷲ ﺟﻞ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻫﻮ ﻓﻮ† ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪11‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ B‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﻷ‪i‬‬
‫‪B‬ﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻳﺒﻨﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‪J‬ﻳﻮﻫﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺪ\ ﻷﻓﻜﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻮ ‪
J‬ﻫﺎ ‪6‬ﺛﻨﺎ
ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻜﺮ "ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻮﻓﻴﺮ" ‪ .considerable time‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪،v‬‬
‫ﻋﻰ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ‪J‬ﻧﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﺠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ‪ 6 ،‬ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪ 7J‬ﻣﺪ\ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺤﺖ ﺳﺨﺎﻓﺔ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻇﻠﻮ ﻳﺨﻔﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻔﻜﺮ "ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻮﻓﻴﺮ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻫﻢ ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺑﻔﻌﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﻫﺬ& ‪ 6‬ﻳﺤﺮ‪6  J‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﻗﺤﺎ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪J‬ﻃﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻹﻳﺤﺎ
ﺑﺄ ﻣﺮ ‪ J‬ﻓﺘﺮ ‚ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ‚ﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﻮ‪ ،d‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬

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‫ﺒﺘﺒﻼﻤﺎ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪cytoplasm‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﻴﻠﺔ ﺨﻴ‪-‬ﻴﺔ ‪mitochondria‬‬

‫ﻨﺎﺒﻴ‪ Z‬ﻤﺠﻬﻴﺔ ‪microtubules‬‬

‫ﻨ‪nucleus 0‬‬
‫ﻓﺠ‪vacuole 0‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪endoplasmic reticulum‬‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻴ ﺤﺎل ‪lysosome‬‬

‫ﺠﻬﺎ ﺠﻟﺠﻲ ‪Golgi apparatus‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎ‪ N‬ﺷﻜﻮ‪ N‬ﺧﻄﻴﺮ@ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻘﺪ@ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮ ﺑﺄ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪B‬ﺣﺪ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪ C‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪ ‪B‬ﻋﻘﺪ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،C‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﺗﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ C‬ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮ‪ 7‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮ@‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺪ ‪ .Z‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻳﺎﻣﺎ ‪Yaman -J 6‬‬
‫‪ 6 $J6 K" :Örs‬ﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺿﻊ ﻣﺰﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎ&‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻈﺮ‬
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‫ﻟﺒﻀﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮ‡ ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺪ ¬ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﺸﻲ
‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻓﻜﺮ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻌﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺮ‪ c‬ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 6 -‬ﻇﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﺠﺄ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ "ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ" ‪.spontaneous generation‬‬
‫ ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻬﺬ ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 6 -‬ﻹ ‚ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺸﺠﺮ‪ 6 ،‬ﻟﺤﻤﻼ ﻧﺸﺄ‪$‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻄﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 6‬ﺷﺮﻏﻒ ﻟﻀﻔﺎ‪) d‬ﺻﻐﺎ‪J‬ﻫﺎ( ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻴﺎ&‬

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‫ﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ  ‪ 6‬ﻟﻔﺌﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮ‬
‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﻤﺎ‪ 6 ،Á‬ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪ F‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ l‬ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪6 ،‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺸﻴﺴﻜﻮ‬
‫‪ 6 Francesco Redi 5ِJ‬ﻟﻔﺌﺮ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﻤﺎ‪،Á‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪F‬‬ ‫ ﻻ ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﺤﻲ ّ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻴﺖ ﻟﻌﺴﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬ& ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻴ ﺒﺎﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻻ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﺑﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻴﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪J‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‪6 ،‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻟﺠﺮﺛﻴﻢ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ‪" 6 ،‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ"‪6 ،‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﺳﺲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺒﺮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ $‬ﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻨﺎﻗﺸﻬﺎ‬
‫‪6‬ﻋﻼ& ﻗﺪ ﺟﺪ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﻳﺼﺪﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺪ\ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻵ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪6 6‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺠﺎ‪ FJ‬ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺪﻫﺶ ﺣﻘﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺠﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻳﺎﻣﺎ ‪ -J 6‬ﻣﺎ ‚ﻟﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪.‬‬

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‫ﻟﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ  ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮ‪ $‬ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ cJ6‬ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺟﺮ  ﺗﺠﺎ‪ FJ‬ﻣﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻧﺔ ‪controlled experi-‬‬
‫‪ ments‬ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪ $‬ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪6‬ﻋﺎ  ﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻞ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪K‬ﻫﺐ ﺳﺪ\‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ‪ $JK‬ﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮ‪،Z‬‬
‫ ﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺿﺮ ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮ? ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪6 J‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺬ‪ $J‬ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺖ ‪J‬ﺗﺒﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻤﻜﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﻞ ﻟﺮ ﺑﻂ ﻟﻀﺮ ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ‬
‫‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻬﺬ& ﻟﺬ‪ $J‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﻤﺖ   ﻋﻮﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻗﺎ‪  J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﺑﺼﺎ‪،J‬‬
‫ ﻟﺴﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪ¬‪ ،‬ﻟﺸﻌﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﻀﺤﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﺘﻬﺎŠ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺸﻌﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻢ ﻟﺴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‪ 7J ،‬ﻷﻟﺤﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎ‪d‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻌﺎ‪ ،Z‬ﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺤﻀﺎ‪ ،$J‬ﺟﺮ
ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻟﺠﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻣﺮ‪ $‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺣﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺎ ‪6 v‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺧﻔﺎ
ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﺧﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫"ﻛﻞ ﻷﺷﻴﺎ
ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ"‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻼ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺿﺢ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﺧﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﺨﺪ‪ d‬ﻟﻰ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺒﻄﻼ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺿﻮ? ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎ‪ $‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻨﻀﺮ‪ F‬ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻀﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﺨﻴﻞ‪  ،‬ﺷﺌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎ‪J‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪J ،‬ﺑّﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻘﺎ‪ ،FJ‬ﺻﻼﺣﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻇﻞ ﻟﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎ‪ ،FJ‬ﺳﻴﺰ ﻟﻘﺎ‪ FJ‬ﺟﺎ‪K‬ﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬‫ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﻼﺋﻪ‪ .‬ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ّ‬

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 ‫ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻈﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻵ ﻓﻠﻨﺘﺨﻴﻞ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻘﺎ‪ FJ‬ﺻﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﻬﺠﻮ‪ .J‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻟﻌﻮﺻﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺴﺎ ﻟﻘﺎ‪ ،FJ‬ﺑﻼﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪ‪.Z‬‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﻟﻔﺮ† ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎ‪J‬ﻳﻮﻫﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎ‪J‬ﻳﻮ ﻷ ‪v‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ¬ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺎ‪K ،dJ‬ﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎ‪ .v‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻮﺋﺪ‬
‫ﻻ ‪ K‬ﻛﺎ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺎ ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻗﻮ ﺑﺎ‪J‬ﻋﺔ‪ K .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮ‬
‫‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻫﺪﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺑﻨﺎ
‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ K .‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﻘﺼﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺮ‪ ،entropy 5J‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ‡ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﻟﺤﺮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻟﻜﻮ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﻼ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻔﺴﺎ ‪ K‬ﺗﺮ‪7‬‬
‫‚ﻣﺎ‪ Z‬ﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺪﻣﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎ‪Z‬‬
‫ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ– ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻋﺎ
‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻧﺸﻮ
‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻻ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺎ‪.dJ‬‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮ ‪ 5‬ﻣﺆﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﺗﺤﻮ‪6 v‬ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﻮ‪4 d‬ﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺤﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪ¬ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ\ ﻓﺘﺮ ‚ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ"‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺬ& ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻮ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻷﺷﻴﺎ
ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ& ﻗﻂ ‪ 56‬ﺗﺠﺎ‪ 6 FJ‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ .$‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﺷﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻳﺤﺪ¬ ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻷﺷﻴﺎ
ﻟﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺎ‪K‬ﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻘﻮ‪ l‬ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪K‬‬
‫ﻣﺮ‪ $‬ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺴﻞ ﻟﺴﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮ  ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻮ‪ ¬J‬ﺗﺨﺺ ﻟﺴﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺋﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻀﺎ‡‬ ‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُ َ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ 56‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺒﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،$‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ‬

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 ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺴﻴﺎ@ ﻣﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮ‪ 7‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ B‬ﺗﺘﺤﻮ‪! h‬ﻟﻰ ﻃﺮ‪B 4‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮ ﺑﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮ‪ 7‬ﻳﺼﺪ‪ B‬ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﺴﻴﺎ@‪ ،‬ﺳﻮ‪ 7‬ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻟﻄﻼ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮ‪ 7‬ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻮﻓﺬ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺘﺘﺤﻮ‪! h‬ﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺨﺮ‪ .@3‬ﺗﺤﺪ '‪ C‬ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪B‬ﺳﺮ;‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 56‬ﺷﻲ
ﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﺪ ‪ &J‬ﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎŠ ﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﻄﺮ ﺧﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺬﻛﺎ
‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺿﺢ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ‪K‬ﺗﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺼﻔﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﺗﺠﺪ‪ J‬ﻹﺷﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻜﺮ‪ J‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺤﺪ¬ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﺪ ﺛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻷﻣﺮ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺤﺘﻰ ‪ K‬ﻣﺮ‪ $‬ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﻔﻘﺲ ﻟﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻀﺔ ﺳﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺳﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ‪6 -‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ‪ 6‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ – ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻈﻞ  ﻣﺎ ﺳﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻂ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻓﻜﺮ "ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻮﻓﻴﺮ" ﺧﺪﻋﺔ ُﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻹﺧﺮŠ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﺧﺎ‪ ŠJ‬ﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﺎ‪FJ‬‬
‫ ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪ .$‬ﻻ ﻓﺮ† ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮ ‪ 4 J‬ﺑﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ 6 ،40 6 ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 400‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻟﻌﺪ‪ Z‬ﺟﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ cJ6‬ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺿﺮ‰‬
‫ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪3‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺪ\ ‪6‬ﻫﻢ ﺧﺪ‪ d‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ "ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻀﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﻼ ﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ" ‪ K .vestigial organs‬ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﺑﻌﺾ ‪6‬ﻋﻀﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ 6 ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
‬
‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺨﺬ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻵ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻮ ﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﺤﻲ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎ ُ ﺟﺪ‪ $‬ﻓﻴﻪ ‪6‬ﻋﻀﺎ
ﺑﻼ ﻇﻴﻔﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻣﻨﺸﻮ‪6 $J‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻮ\ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﻏﺮ‪ ،c‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺰﺋﺪ ﻟﺪ ﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺼﻌﺺ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻮ‚ﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺪ ﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ‪ K‬ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻐﺪ ﻟﺼﻌﺘﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮ ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻘﻮ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﻄﺐ‪ $‚ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﻀﺎ
ﺟﺴﻢ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ‪6‬ﺟﻬﺰﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺢ ‪ 6‬ﻓﻜﺮ ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
ﻟﻼ ﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮ ﺧﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻻ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻠﺼﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺿﻌﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ K .J‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻐﺪ ﻟﺼﻌﺘﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻬﺎ‚ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ 6 ،‬ﻟﻐﺪ ﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺆ ﻟﺔ‬
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‫ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﺼﻌﺺ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﻌﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮ‪ 6 ،c‬ﻷ‪ K‬ﻟﺨﺎ‪J‬ﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ  ‪ J‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﺻﻮ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎ‪ ،J‬ﻇﻬﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺠﻬﻞ ﻛﺎ ﻷﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺬ‪J 5‬ﺗﻜﻨﺖ ﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ‬
‫"ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
ﻟﻼ ﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮ‪ $‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‪ Z‬ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
ﻟﻼ ﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺎ ‚ﻟﻮ ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ .‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻄﺐ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺖ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪6 J‬ﻧﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻋﻀﺎ
‬
‫ﻻ ﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺆ‪ 5‬ﻏﺮﺿﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ‚ﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻮ ‪ 6‬ﺛﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺟﺪ‪ J‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺿﺮ ‪ -‬ﻋﻘﻠﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎ ‚ﻟﺖ ﻣﺼﺎ‪6 J‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﺟﺰ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻓﻘ َﺪ ﻟﻐﺮ‪ c‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮ&‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺪﻟﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﺄ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺘﺎﻋﺐ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻌﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ 6 ،-‬ﻟﻤﻀﻎ ﻻ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﺑﺈ‚ﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺟﺮﺣﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺻﺒﺢ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻃﺒﺎ
ﻷﺳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﺮ  ﺑﺎﻋﺎ
‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﺿﺮ ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﻏﺮ‪6 ،c‬ﺻﺒﺤﻮ ﻳﺮ  ‪ 6‬ﺧﻠﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻀﺮ ‪-‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻣﺮ ‪ J‬ﺗﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻮ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻷﺳﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻷﺧﺮ\‪ 53.‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻴّﻨﺖ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪ $‬ﻷﺧﻴﺮ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺿﺮ ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻟﻤﻀﻎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﻬﺎ ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﻷﺧﺮ\‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴّﻨﺖ ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪6 $‬ﺧﺮ\ ‪ 6‬ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎ ﺑﺄ ﺿﺮ ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺗﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻢ ﻻ ‪6‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ 54.‬ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻵ ﻃﺮﻗﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ $‬ﺿﺮ ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﺨﻠﻊ ﻟﻀﺮ ‪ 55.-‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻹﺟﻤﺎ‪ d‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﺿﺮ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺗﺆ‪ 5‬ﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﻀﻎ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺄ ﻛﻞ ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﻷﺧﺮ\‪6 ،‬ﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫‪ 56‬ﻣﺒﺮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﻏﺮ‪.c‬‬
‫‪ ،K‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪ K‬ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮ ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ‪-‬؟ ﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ 6 d‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ $‬ﺿﺮ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﺑﻄﺮ† ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻗﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬
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 ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ C‬ﺿﺮ‰ ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎ ﻟﻐﺬ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻻ ﻇﻴﻔﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮ‪ Z‬ﻵ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﺪ ¬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﺜﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻛﺘُﺸﻒ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻨﺎ ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺄﻛﻮﻻ‪ $‬ﻟﻄﺮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺄﻛﻮﻻ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻣﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺴﻨﻮ‪ $‬ﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻓﻚ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ $‬ﺿﺮ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻟﻔﻚ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻐﺬﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ‡ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻐﺬﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪4‬ﺛﺎ‪ J‬ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻷﺧﺮ\‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ \6 ،v‬ﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼ‪ 7‬ﻟﻤﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺄﻛﻮﻻ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻟﻰ ‚ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺪ‪ v‬ﺗﺴﻮ‪ -‬ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﻷﺧﺮ\‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎ ﺑﺄ ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ "ﺿﻤﺮ‪ "$‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ‪ $K‬ﻟﻤﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮ ‪ -‬ﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ K .‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‪ $‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻷﺳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻐﺬﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ‪" 56‬ﺿﻤﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪."5J‬‬

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 ‫‪13‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ i‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‪@3‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪B‬ﻗﺪ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ .$‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‬

‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﻷﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻰ ﻷﺣﺪ¬‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺠﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻻﻓﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪6 ،‬ﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،7‬ﺑﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪ ‚ ،$‬ﺣﻒ‪ ،‬ﻃﻴﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺛﺪﻳﻴﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﻳﺼﻒ ﻣﺆﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ K .J‬ﻳ ّﺪﻋﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‪6 ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺗﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮ? ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪56‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬

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‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪6 K‬ﻳﻜﻮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺠﻪ ‪:Aykut Kence‬‬
‫"ﻫﻞ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺒﻄﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬؟ ‪K ،K‬ﻫﺐ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ 56  !5‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮ‡ ﻳﺪﺣﺾ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
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‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﺑﻞ ﺳﻴﻔﻮ‚ ﺑﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ !ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻜﺮ@ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺪ‪ -J‬ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 5J‬ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻛﻨﺠﻪ‪ .‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺄ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﺣﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﻦ ﻷﺣﻮ‪ .v‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‬
‫‪6‬ﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﻚ ‪ .v‬ﻣﺎ‪ Frank L. Marsh ÁJ‬ﻟﺬ‪-J 5‬‬
‫ﻋﺎ
‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻫﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﻮ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﺜﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪ ،Variation and Fixity in Nature‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
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‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺑﺴﻂ !ﻟﻰ ﻷﻋﻘﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻻﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﻮ
ﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ 5‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻋﺎ
‪6 $‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺼﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻓﺠﺄ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ – ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻟﻔﺼﻮ™‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮ‪6 c‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﺼﻮ‪ trilobites ª‬ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ‪6 $K‬ﺻﺪ‡ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪ ،H‬ﻇﻞ ‪3‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﺎﻣﺘﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪4‬ﻣﻦ ‪3‬ﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪َ H‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ C‬ﻓﺠﺄ@ ﻓﻲ 'ﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﺧﻼ‪h‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ 334 ،‬ﻣﺄ‪3 \4‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻮ ﺣﻴﺎ‪ h‬ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪ H‬ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ‪34‬ﻳﻨﻴِﻚ ﺑﻮﻳﺎ ‪.Zdenek Burian‬‬

‫ ‪6‬ﺟﺴﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪6 ،‬ﻋﻀﺎ
ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﺗﺎ? ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺟﺮ
‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻋﻴﻮ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﺼﻮ‪ .ª‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﻟﻔﺼﻮ‪ ª‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎ‪ .$‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻫﺬ ﺣﺪ\ ﻟﻌﺠﺎﺋﺐ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ‪6 ،David Raup F J‬ﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪J‬ﻓﺮ ‪ J‬ﺗﺸﺴﺘﺮ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ‪" :‬ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﺼﻮ‪ ª‬ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 450‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺨﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺎ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺪ‪J‬ﻳﺐ ﺳﻊ ُ‬
‫‪58‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﻤﻤﻪ ﻟﻴﻮ‪."Z‬‬

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 ‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻣﺸﻮ† ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪6 ،‬ﻻ ﻫﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻋﻴﻦ ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪F‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻴﻦ ‪K‬ﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻃﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳُﻌﺮ‡ ﺳﻮ\ ﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺗﺸﺎ‪J‬ﻟﺰ ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ ﻳﺆﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ .d‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎﻟﺰ ‪3‬ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻧﺸﺄ‪$‬‬
‫ﻓﺠﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ 6 5‬ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﺼﻮ‪ª‬‬
‫ ﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﺠﺄ ﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺼﺮ‬
‫‪ J‬ﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎ ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﺮ‪ c‬ﻟﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮ "ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻈﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻷﻧﻮ‪d‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﺮﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪5J‬‬
‫)ﺳﻢ ﻛﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﻵ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪:(5‬‬
‫"ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻟﺪ‪ 5‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻔﺼﻮ‪ ª‬ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻧﺤﺪ‪ $J‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻋﺎ‪ Á‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪ 5J‬ﺑﻔﺘﺮ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪J‬ﺟﺢ ﻋﻦ ‪56‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮ ﻣﻌﺮ ‡‪ ...‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ K ،‬ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺟﺪ‪ v‬ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻀﺖ ﻓﺘﺮ‪ $‬ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻞ ﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬

‫‪100‬‬
‫ ‪J‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺪ\ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪ 5J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ؛ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪6 .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ ‪
J‬ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﻋﺜﻮ‪J‬ﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺠﻼ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫‪59‬‬
‫‪6 6‬ﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎ‪ J v‬ﻳﻦ‪ K" :‬ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﺟﺪ‪ v‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﺎ ﻳﻌﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮ‪6 ."5J‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ ‪
J‬ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﺟﻮ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪،$‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎ ”‪B‬ﺻﻞ ﻷﻧﻮ;“‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺎ ‪ J v‬ﻳﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻋﺒﺮ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎ‪ $‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺮ‪K J‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﺄ "ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ"‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺠﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺑﻮﺿﻮ? ‪6‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ 5‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺳﻼ‡‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺮﻓﺾ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J J‬ﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ K" :‬ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻲ"‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎ‪ J $‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪4 v‬ﺧﺮ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪v‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺸﻮﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻤﻜﺔ ﻟﻘﺮ‪ ،Á‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪6 $‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﺄ‪$‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 400‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ ﺑﺴﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ& ﺑﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻟﺴﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ‪6‬ﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪4 v‬ﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻤﺬﻫﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻴﻮ ﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻴﻮ ﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻃﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ@ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪ‪ 3‬ﻟﺼﺒﻐﻴﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬ‪U‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺒﻄﻞ ‪3‬ﻋﺎ‪ C‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪6 6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗُﺮﺗﱠﺐ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎ ﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻮ‪6 v‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺪ‪6 -J‬ﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮ\ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪6‬ﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎ
‪ $‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺻﻮ‪.(J‬‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮ\ ﻟﺸﻲ
‪K‬ﺗﻪ‬
‫‪102‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻷ‪ K‬ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻳﺪﺣﺾ ﻋﺎ
"ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ"‪ K .‬ﻛﺎ ﻟﺪ\ ﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﺮ× ﻷ‪ K‬ﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﻟﺪ\ ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺎ‚ ‪6‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻈﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺮ ﻣﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻔﺮ× ﻷ‪ K‬ﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﺛﻤﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻋﺪ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﻴﺎ‪) $‬ﻟﻜﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎ‪ ($‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ .$‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺪ\ ﻟﺒﺸﺮ ‪ 46‬ﺻﺒﻐﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪ\ ﻣﺠﺪﻓﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻷ‪J‬ﺟﻞ ‪ copepodes‬ﺳﺘﺔ ﺻﺒﻐﻴﺎ‪،$‬‬
‫ ﻟﺪ\ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺎ‪ 800 $‬ﺻﺒﻐﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ "‪B‬ﻧﺴﺐ" ﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ ّ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻫﻲ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ‪ $‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺑﺪ‪ d‬ﷲ ﻋﺰ ﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ‪J‬ﺋﻌﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻼ‪ Zi‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻷ ﻗﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪.cJ‬‬
‫ ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪6 ،‬ﻻ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﻗﺖ ﻧﺸﻮ
‬
‫‪6‬ﻗﺪ‪ Z‬ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 3.5‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ K .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﺤﺮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ‪ 6‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ‪ $K‬ﻟﺸﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮ‪ ،5‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﻨﻪ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺠﻪ  ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺒﻄﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻻ ‪J‬ﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﻟﻲ ‪ 530‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪) .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺣﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪(.‬‬
‫ ﻛﺎ ﻟﺤﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻻ ﺧﻼ‪v‬‬

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‫ﻟﺒﻀﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ‪ $K‬ﻟﺸﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺧﺮ\‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻠﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪" ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﺎ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻘﻊ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎ ﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﺄ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪K‬ﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻇﻬﻮ‪" J‬ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ" ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﻮ\ ﺣﻠﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ K .‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺘﺪﺧﻞ ‪ – d‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﻠﻖ ﺧﺎ‪ †J‬ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪،J‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﷲ ﺟﻞ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻫﻴﺄ‪$‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺔ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﻮ
ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ُ ﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎ ﺗﻮ‚ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ\ ﻓﺘﺮ ‚ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺪ‪ 6 7J‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‪6 ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﻮﻟﻰ ﺟﻞ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ‬
‫"ﻟﺤﻈﺔ" ﻣﻨﻔﺮ‪  .‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‪ Z‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎ‪K .$‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺧﺎﻟﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪K‬ﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪ& ﻗﺖ‪) .‬ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ‪  J‬ﻳﺤﻴﻰ "ﻟﻼ‚ﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻘﺪ‪.("J‬‬
‫ ‪6 J6 K‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6 6‬ﺣﺪ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﻮ‪d‬‬
‫‪4‬ﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻦ ﺗﻔﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﺗﺪ‪J‬ﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻷ‪ .cJ‬ﺗﺠﺪ‪ J‬ﻹﺷﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮ& ﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪K .‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﺳﻤﺎ‪ 6 ،7‬ﻷﺳﻤﺎ‪7‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ‚ ﺣﻒ‪ 6 ،‬ﻟﺰ ﺣﻒ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﺛﺪﻳﻴﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﺠﺪ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻗﺒِﻞ ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ‬

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‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 56‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ‪ .‬ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻘﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6 56‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﺳﻴﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺘﺮ‡ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫‪4‬ﺟﺮ ‪ ،Derek W. Ager‬ﻓﺈ ﺳﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻠﻴﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻻ ﻳُﻈﻬﺮ "ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺪ‪J‬ﻳﺠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
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‫ﺣﺴﺎ‪ F‬ﻷﺧﺮ\"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﺘﺎ‪ ،Z‬ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻧﻤﺎ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺘﺮ‪‚ $‬ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪ $J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ‪ 4‬ﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﷲ ﻋﺰ ﺟﻞ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ "ﺳﺘﺔ‬
‫‪6‬ﻳﺎ‪:"Z‬‬
‫‪َ َ i‬ﻣﺎ ﺑَْﻴﻨَ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ﻓِﻲ ِﺳﺘﱠ ِﺔ ‪َB‬ﻳﱠﺎ ٍ ﺛ ﱠُﻢ ْ‬
‫ﺳﺘَ َﻮ‪O‬‬ ‫‪َْ َ C‬‬
‫ﻷ ْ َ‬ ‫﴿ ﷲﱠُ ﻟﱠﺬِ‪َ H‬ﺧ َﻠ َﻖ ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﺴ َﻤﺎ َ ِ‬
‫‪﴾.‬‬‫ِﻲ َﻻ َﺷﻔِﻴ ٍﻊ ‪ََB‬ﻓ َﻼ ﺗَﺘَ َﺬ ﱠﻛ ُﺮ َ‬ ‫َﻋ َﻠﻰ ﻟْ َﻌ ْﺮ ِœ َﻣﺎ ﻟَ ُﻜﻢ ﱢﻣﻦ ُ‪3‬ﻧِ ِﻪ ﻣِﻦ َﻟ ﱟ‬
‫) ﺳﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺴﺠﺪ ‪( 4 /‬‬
‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﻮ‪ "Z‬ﻟﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻵﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺘﺮ ‚ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪J‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻟﻘﺮ‪ 4‬ﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻓﺠﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺪ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪14‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻳُﺼ ﱠﻮ ﻓﺾ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬
‫ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺬ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ؟‬

‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " ﻟﺘﻄﻮ" ﺑﻤﻌﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ‪ $‬ﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬

‫‪6‬ﺿﻴﻒ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪6‬ﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‪" Z‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ "J‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻬﺬ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪K Z‬ﻛﺎ
&‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺰ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻟﻰ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪K J‬ﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻮ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺎ‪ cJ‬ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻨﻬﻤﻜﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﻠﻄﻮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‪ Z‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺷﻬﺎ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻛﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ‬

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‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ) ."J‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪ¬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪ¬ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ .Z‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﺘﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ ،Z‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﺘﺮ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺮﻛﻮ ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻊ(‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﻄﺊ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ‪6" 6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﺗﻘﺪ‪ ."Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻔﻘﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﻣﻔﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ‚‪ $‬ﻧُﻘﻠﺖ ﻟﻰ ﻷﺟﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ؛ ﻓﺈ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺄ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺖ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻆ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﺠﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪B‬ﻋﻈﻢ ﻷﺳﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﻳﺦ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻘﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪B‬ﻧﺼﺎ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‬
‫‪6‬ﻓﻜﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﺎ ‪6 v‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻳﻨﺴﺒﻮ ﻟﻰ ‪6‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ ،Z‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﻇﻬﺮ ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺮ  ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻼﺑﺘﻜﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻹﻟﻬﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺮ\ ‪6‬ﺛﺮ ﻫﺆﻻ
ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪3 3‬ﻓﻨﺸﻲ ‪Leonardo da Vinci‬؛ ﻛﻮﺑﺮﻧﻴﻜﻮ‰‬
‫‪ِ ،Copernicus‬‬
‫ ﻛﺒﻠﺮ ‪ Kepler‬ﺟﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻮ ‪ ،Galileo‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﻬﻠﻮ ﻋﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﻔﻠﻚ؛ ﻛﻮﻓﻴﻴﻪ ‪ Cuvier‬ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪$‬؛ ﻟﻴﻨﻮ‰‬
‫‪ Linnaeus‬ﺿﻊ ﻟﻨﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪$‬؛ !ﺳﺤﺎ\‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ‪ Isaac Newton‬ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﺠﺎ‪K‬ﺑﻴﺔ؛ !‪3‬ﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ‪Edwin‬‬
‫‪ ،Hubble‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺟﻮ ﻟﻤﺠﺮ‪ $‬ﺗﻤﺪ ﻟﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ  ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ‬

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 ‫‪4‬ﻣﻨﻮ ﺑﺎﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﺄ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Albert‬‬ ‫‪B‬ﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪B‬ﻟﺒﺮ‪C‬‬ ‫ ﻗﺎ‪v‬‬
‫‪6 ،Einstein‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﻋﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻻ ‪6‬ﺳﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪6 6‬ﺗﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﺎﻟِﻤﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ   ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻹﻳﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﺼﻮ‪J‬‬
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‫ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺪ  ﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ‪6‬ﻋﺮŠ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎ‪ v‬ﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ‪،Max Planck‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎ
ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻳﺪ‪ 56 7J‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻨﺨﺮ‪ l‬ﻧﺨﺮﻃﺎ ﺟﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪56‬‬
‫ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻮﺑﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﺘﻮ‪ F‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻟﻌﺎﻟِﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎ
‬
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‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺗﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺷﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪3 3‬ﻓﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﺤﺎ‪ 5‬ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎ‪ ª‬ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﺤﺼﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6‬ﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺗﺎ? ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﻮ ﻧﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﺪ‪ ،Z‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ "ﻣﺨﻠﻮ†"‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﻮ ﻧﺸﺄ ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ J‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺬ& ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻜِﺒﻠ‬ ‫‪108‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮ‪ ŠK‬ﻟﻜﻮ ﻟﺴﺮﻣﺪ‪ ،5‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻻ ﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻛﺪ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮ& ﺑﺎ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ‪ 7J6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮ†‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺬﻛﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ‪ 4‬ﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ 6 ،‬ﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻮ‬
‫ ﺣﺪ  ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺪ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻳُﻌﺒﺮ ﻟﻘﺮ‪4‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪َ َ C‬ﻷ ْ َ‬
‫‪َ i‬ﻛﺎﻧَﺘَﺎ‬ ‫َﺮ ‪ َB‬ﱠ ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﺴ َﻤﺎ َ ِ‬ ‫﴿ ‪َ َB‬ﻟَ ْﻢ ﻳَ َﺮ ﻟﱠﺬ َ‬
‫ِﻳﻦ َﻛﻔ ُ‬
‫ِﻦ ﻟْ َﻤﺎ ُﻛ ﱠﻞ َﺷ ْﻲ ٍ َﺣ ﱟﻲ ‪ََB‬ﻓ َﻼ‬
‫َﺗْﻘًﺎ َﻓ َﻔﺘَ ْﻘﻨَﺎ ُﻫ َﻤﺎ َ َﺟ َﻌ ْﻠﻨَﺎ ﻣ َ‬
‫ﻮ‪﴾ .‬‬ ‫ﻳُ ْﺆ ِﻣﻨُ َ‬
‫) ﺳﻮ‪ J‬ﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎ
‪( 30 /‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺪ‪h‬‬
‫ﻮ‪﴾ .‬‬ ‫ﻟﺴ َﻤﺎ ﺑَﻨَْﻴﻨَﺎ َﻫﺎ ﺑِﺄَﻳْ ٍﺪ َ!ِﻧﱠﺎ ﻟَ ُﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻮﺳ ُﻌ َ‬ ‫﴿ َ ﱠ‬
‫)ﺳﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺬ‪J‬ﻳﺎ‪( 47 / $‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﺗﺎ? ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻷﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ ﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻰ ﻷﺟﺰ
ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻟﺬﻛﺎ
ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﱠﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻟًﻲ ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
ﻟﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻴﻮ‪F‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ\ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﺬ‪5‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ& ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﺷﻲ
‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﺳﻮ\ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫‪109‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‬
 ‫ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 150‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻬﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪ 6‬ﻳُﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮ‪6 J‬ﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎ‪J‬ﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪ‪ ،Z‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺆﻻ
ﻟﻨﺎ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ ‪6‬ﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻌﺎ‪J‬ﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻫﻢ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ  ﻇﻬﻮ‪J‬ﻫﻢ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻷﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻻ ‪6‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ً‬

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 ‫‪15‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎ‪ 3‬ﺑﺄ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﷲ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﺮﺋﻊ ﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪ¬ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﻮ\ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎ
ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻳ ّﺪﻋﻮ ‪J‬ﻏﻢ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺧﺎﻟﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﻠﻲ ‪ 6‬ﷲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻖ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻜﻢ ‪J‬ﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻣﺎ ‪ K‬ﻛﺎ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻓﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪ¬ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ‚ ﻧﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﷲ‬
‫ﺟﻞ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ ) ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻵﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻘﺮ‪4‬ﻧﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻷﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

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 ‫ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻤﺼﺪ‪J‬ﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻻ ُﺣ ّﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻮﻟﺔ "ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪."J‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﺰ‪ v‬ﷲ ﻋﺰ ﺟﻞ ‪4‬ﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻗﺮ‪4‬ﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻳﺔ ﺣﺪ@ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺗﺘﻨﺎ ‪ v‬ﺧﻠﻖ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ !ﻟﻰ ‪ B‬ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻟﻜﻮ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪ 56 5‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪56‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻦ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ‪4 56‬ﻳﺔ ﻟﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻵﻳﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ُ ﺟﺪ ﺑﺄﻣﺮ ﷲ "ﻛﻦ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪" 6‬ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪"J‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‪ K .‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺬﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ "ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،"J‬ﻟﻜﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﺪ ‪J‬ﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﻮ‪Z‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻧﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﷲ ﻋﺰ ﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲ
ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻷﺳﺒﺎ‪ F‬ﻟﻘﻮﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ‪ 6‬ﷲ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﺗﻄﻔﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻤﺎ
‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻗﻮ ﻟﻤﺎ
ﻟﺪﻋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﷲ ﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺪ‪ -J‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪ ¬ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﻟﻬﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻧﻈﻢ ﺿﺤﺔ ﺗﻤﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻧﻴﻦ‬

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‫ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ُ ،‬ﻟﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﻗﻮﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﺣﻴﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﻮ‪4 d‬ﺧﺮ‪6 .‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺤﺎ‪v‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎ‪،$‬‬
‫ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎ‪ ،$‬ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺟﻞ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻟﻔﻮﺋﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻰ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﻂ ﻟﺪ\ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﺤﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮ‪6 c‬ﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﻌﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟَﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪6‬‬
‫ﻮ‪ ¬J‬ﻟﻰ ﻷﺟﻴﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﺰ
 ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ .d‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺗُ ﱠ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺠﺪ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻸﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻟﻢ ﺗُﻜﻤِﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎ‪ ،J‬ﻳﻔﺘﺮ‪ 6 c‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ‪6‬ﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪110‬‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ C‬ﻷﺳﻤﺎ‪ N‬ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‪3‬ﻓﻴﺸﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﺎ‪C‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﺮ‪4‬ﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪! 100‬ﻟﻰ ‪ 150‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ‪B‬ﻋﻼ‪.U‬‬

‫! ﻳﻌﺴﻮ ﻟﻴﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ 135‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫! ﻟﻘﺮœ‪B ،‬ﺣﺪ ‪B‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ‪3B‬ﻧﺎ‪ U‬ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫‪ 400‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻳﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻮ¿ ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ ‪ HB‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪B ،‬ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪B ،‬ﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ‪B‬ﺳﻼ‪ 7‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬ‪ U‬ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻮ¿ ‪ B‬ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‬
‫‪B‬ﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﻮ‪4 d‬ﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6 6‬ﺣﺪ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ّ d‬‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻓﺠﺄ‪،‬‬
‫  ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺳﻼ‡ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪ‪ Z‬ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺒﻄﻼ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻼﻋﺎ
ﺑﺄ ﷲ ‪ 6‬ﺟﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﷲ ﺟﻞ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎ‪J‬ﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻣﺮ‬
‫ ﺣﺪ "ﻛﻦ"‪ .‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻓﺠﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪.cJ‬‬
‫ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺆﻳﺪ  ﻓﻜﺮ ‪" 6‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﷲ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ "J‬ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ "ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ" ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺒﻮ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻐﻔﻠﻮ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺗﺤﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻷﻧﻮ‪ ،d‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺎ ﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ‪6‬ﺻﻞ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻮﻣﻞ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺎ ‪ v‬ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﺴﺐ ﻗﺒﻮﻻ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻋﺎ
ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻇﻬﺎ‪&J‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺧﺎ‪ .d‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ "‪J6‬ﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ" ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻹﻳﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﷲ ﺟﻞ ﻋﻼ‪  .‬ﻫﺬ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﺎ ﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻫﺬ& ﻷ‪J‬ﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺟﻞ ﻓﺴﺎ? ﻟﻤﺠﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻠﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺗﻔﺎ†‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺰﻋﻢ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ‪ 150‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻮ ﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ 5‬ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻹﻟﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ‪ 56‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ‪J6‬ﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪16‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎ‪ 3‬ﺑﺄ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ؟‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻣﻤﻦ ﻳﺆﻳﺪ  ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺣﺮŠ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻠﺠﺌﻮ ﻟﻰ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ K‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﻓﺈ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﺳﻮ‡ ﺗﺤﺪ¬ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺘﺮ‡ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ .Z‬ﻓﺒﻘﺮ
 ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪" :‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺮ ﻧﺤﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﺑﺄ ﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺆﻳﺪﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬ‬
‫ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻧﺮ‪ O‬ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ﻋﻦ !ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ; !ﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺬ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟِﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺮ‪ -‬ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺴﺎ ‪6‬ﻋﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻟﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ‪6 ،‬ﻣﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻷﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻷﻳﺎ‪K .Z‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺪ‪ -J‬ﻷﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎ‪ .$‬ﻟﻬﺬ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
"ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ"‪ 6 ،‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎ‪6 J‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺘﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳُﺮ Š‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺎ ‚ﻟﺖ ﻗﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،-‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻤﻮ ﻟﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻌﺮ‪c‬‬
‫ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ‪6‬ﺳﺌﻠﺔ ‪6‬ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ v 6 $‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﺣﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﻮ‪4 d‬ﺧﺮ؟‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻫﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪ 56‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺧﻀﻌﺖ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ؟‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ‪ُ6‬ﺟﺮِ‪ 5‬ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﺠﺎ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺠﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻮ?‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻀﺢ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻨﺎ ‪ v‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪ ﺗﻠﻮ ﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ "ﺑﺄ ‪ v‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ" ﻣﺄ‚ﻗﺎ ﻣﻬﻠﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻳﺪ‪ 5‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ 6 d‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻮ
‪ v 6‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‪" Z‬ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ"‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺻﺎ× ﻓﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻳﻞ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫" ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻧﺸﻮ
‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﻬﺬ& ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻛﺘﺴﺎ?‬
‫ﻋﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺮ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻪ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ ‪ 747‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻮ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‬
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‫ﺧﻞ ﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ"‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻳﻠﻴﺎ‪ Z‬ﺑﻴﻠﻲ ‪ Willian Paley‬ﺗﺨﻴﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻂ‪ ،‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﺪﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻋﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻷﻳﺎ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﻤﻘﺪ ‪ J‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺮ\ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 100‬ﻣﺘﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻬﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ 56‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻟﺮﻳﺎ?‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻷ‪ .cJ‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻊ ﻗﺘﺮ‪F‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﺠﺮ ﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺘﺮ‪ F‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﺴﺎ ‪6 &J‬ﻧﻰ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺨﻄﻮ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺺ ﺳﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﺸﻲ
‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻦ ﺿﺢ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﺘﺄﻣﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﺎﺋﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﻔﻮ† ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺮ\ ﺑﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ ָד‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺨﺎ‪6 ،ŠJ‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻋﻘﻞ ‪K‬ﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺆ‪ 5‬ﻛﻞ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ\ ﻷﺟﻬﺰ‪ ،‬ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ .$‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺪ‪J‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪iJ‬ﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻟﻤﺪﻫﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻘﺪ‪6 J‬ﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺿﻮ?‪ .‬ﻛﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ‪ 6  6J‬ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻮ\ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫‪ 100‬ﻣﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﻟﻴﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺮ‡ ﺑﺄ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺰ
ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺟﺰ
ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ‪K‬ﺗﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ‪J‬ﺋﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺤﺘﻰ ﻏﺸﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ ُ 5‬ﺻﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺧﺘﻴﺎ‪ ،"5J‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮ\ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺬﻛﺎ
ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﺬ‪ ،$J‬ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺄ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ‪J‬ﻛﺎ ﻋﻴﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﺧﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻟﻠﻤﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻀﺮ ‪J‬ﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ F‬ﻫﺎ‪  J‬ﻳﺤﻴﻰ "ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻤﺨﺒﻮ
‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ"(‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺪ  ﻟﺬﻛﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻣﺬﻫﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎ
ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺛﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﺪ ¬ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﺮ‪i‬ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺒُﻨﻰ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻳُﻜﺸﻒ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ‪6‬ﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻰ ﻧﻮ‪4 d‬ﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻄﻔﺮ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎ
ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪d‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻷ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻵﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ‪ 56‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ 5J‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 56‬ﻧﻮ‪ .d‬ﻗﺎ‪ Z‬ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮ\ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺨﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ‪3‬ﻋﺎ ﺑﺄ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ@ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ h‬ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪3‬ﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻ‪3‬ﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺄ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ B‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪B‬ﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ@ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺘﺪﻋﻬﺎ ‪B‬ﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪ ‪B‬ﻛﺜﺮ ‪B‬ﻧﻮ; ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﻵﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪B‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎ‪ C‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ‪B‬ﺣﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺑﺎﺗﺮﺳﻮ ‪ ،Colin Patterson‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻗﻂ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪4‬ﻟﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎ
ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺘﺮ‪6 F‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻗﻂ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻤﺤﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﺠﺪ‪ v‬ﻟﺪﺋﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
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‫ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻄﻔﺮ ‪6‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﺔ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﺟﻲ‪J .‬ﻧﺠﺎﻧﺎﺛﺎ ‪B. G.‬‬
‫‪:Ranganathan‬‬
‫"‪ 6‬ﻻ‪  ،‬ﺣﺪ ¬ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ‪6‬ﻣﺮ ﻧﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﺿﺎ‪ J‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﻋﺸﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪$‬؛ ‪ 56‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻋﺸﻮﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪J‬ﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻰ ﻷﺳﻮ‪ 6‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻰ ﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ K ،‬ﺿﺮ‪‚ F‬ﻟﺰ‪ v‬ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪J‬ﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﻈﺎ‪ Z‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺤﺪ¬ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻋﺸﻮﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
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‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪J‬ﺟﺢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺴﻨﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮ ﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6J‬ﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻵﻟﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﱡ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻃﻼ†‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺎ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮ‪ 6 Z‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻵﻟﻴﺎ‪،$‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺻﻼ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ\ ﻟﻼ‚‪ Z‬ﻹﻇﻬﺎ‪ 6 J‬ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻟﻴﺲ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻟﻠﻮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪56‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﻧﺸﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪6 $‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ‪ 56‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮ‪J‬ﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻓﺠﺄ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ "ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ" ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ‬

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‫ﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﻴﱢﻦ ﻧﺎﻳﻠﺰ ﻟﺪ‪ ،Niles Eldredge ŠJ‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎ‪J‬ﻓﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻘﻴﱢﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪6 ،‬ﻧﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪ 56‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 56‬ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻗﻔﺰ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،$‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻷﻟﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ؛‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻔﺠﻮ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ‪6‬ﺣﺪﺛﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺦ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‬
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‫– ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪
5J $‬ﻟﺼﻨﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ‪6‬ﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ‪ J ،‬ﺑﺮ‪ $‬ﻳﺴﻮ ‪ ،Robert Wesson‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1991‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮ ﻣﺎ ‪
J‬ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎ
ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪Beyond Natural‬‬
‫‪" 6 ،Selection‬ﻟﻔﺠﻮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺘﻴﺎﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻳﺴﻬﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫" ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺠﻮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎ‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻃﻼ† ﻋﺪ‪ Z‬ﺟﻮ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 56‬ﺗﻔﺮﻋﺎ‪6 $K $‬ﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪ 6 ،‬ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﻔﺘﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳُﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﻗﻂ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪ¬ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﻹﺣﻼ‪،v‬‬
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‫ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ" ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺮ‪ $‬ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 150‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻃﺮ? ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻣﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘُﺸﻔﺖ ‪6‬ﻟﺔ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻨﺖ ﻻﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮ? ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﺑﻄﻼ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ‪6‬ﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮ ‪ J‬ﻛﻞ َﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺰﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺼﺮ ‪ J‬ﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎ‪ ،J‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻄﻼﻧﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻘﻮ‪  v‬ﻋﺎ
‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﻠﻪ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻔﺴﺮ&‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ& ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻀﺖ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻨﻮﺣﻲ ‪6‬ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ 56‬ﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻷ ﻗﺎ‪ .$‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺄ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮ‡ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﻻ‪ 6 $‬ﻫﺎ‪ Z‬ﻧﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺪ ﺋﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ‪J‬ﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮ\ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻟﻴﺄﺳﻬﻢ ﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻹﻳﻤﺎ ﺑﻔﻜﺮ ‪" 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺳﻮ‡ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ" ﻻ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻹﻳﻤﺎ ﺑﺄ "ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺳﻮ‡ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻣﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻷ‪cJ‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻞ"‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪17‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﻳُﻌ ّﺪ ﺗﺤﻮ‪h‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪3‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻘﺎ
ﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻷ‚ﻣﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺗُﻌﺮ‡ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .metamorphosis‬ﻳﺤﺎ ‪ v‬ﻷﺷﺨﺎ‪ ª‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺎ ‪6 v‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﺎ
ﺗﻬﻢ‪6 ،‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﻮ‪  J‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ "ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ "J‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ‪6‬ﻋﻤﺎﻻ ﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺻﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ‪6‬ﻧﺎ‪ -‬ﺿﻴﻘﻲ ﻷﻓﻖ ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻀﻠﻠﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪6 6 ،d‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﺎﻓﻌﻴﻦ‪ 6 ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪ‪J‬ﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﺠﻬﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳُﻌﺘﺒﺮ  ﺧﺒﺮ
ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪6 $‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻤﺂ‚† ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮ ﻣﺠﺮ ﻹﺷﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻰ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻻﻋﺎ
ﻟﺴﺨﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮ ﻣﺪ\ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻗﺔ‪...‬‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻔﺮﺷﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻟﺬﺑﺎ‪ ،F‬ﻟﻨﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻀﻔﺎ‪ ،d‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪ‪ 6‬ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ
ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻷ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﺤﺎ ‪v‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻷ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺆ ﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻻﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻔﺪ‪ ،d‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪J $‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺰ‪ v‬ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﻤﺎ
‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺒﻌﻮﺿﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰ‪ v‬ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻴﺮﻗﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪J $‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺺ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺨﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﻠﻮ×‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ‪ $K‬ﻟﺸﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻮ‪ h‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻀﻔﺪ;‪ ،‬ﻟﻔﺮﺷﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻌﻮﺿﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺤﻮ‪ h‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪3‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ‪6‬ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻀﻔﺪ‪ ،d‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻳﻞ ﺣﺪ& ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 12‬ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪ¬ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻫﺬ& ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺳﻤﺔ "ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ" “‪irreducible‬‬
‫‪ ،”complexity‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ "ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ" ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‪ Z‬ﺣﻈﻲ ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻷﺑﻴﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ،Michael Behe‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ
ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ‡ ﺑﺒﺤﻮﺛﻪ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻄﻼ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.J‬‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮ‪ 6 Z‬ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
ﻷﺟﻬﺰ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺆ‪ 5‬ﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺟﺰ
ﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪6 ،‬ﻧﻪ ‪ K‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ‪6‬ﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﺰ
ﻋﻦ ‪
6‬ﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻮﻗﻒ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻀﻮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺠﻬﺎ‚ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﺳﺘﺎ' ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻫﺬ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪ¬ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺪ¬ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺗﻮ‚ﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺘﺎ‪ $‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺪ ‪J‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪ .$‬ﺳﻴﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺛﻤﻨﺎ ﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻏﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺄ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺤﺪ¬ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﺎ ‪6 6‬ﺻﻐﺮ ﻏﻠﻄﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪ¬ ﻋﻦ "‪4‬ﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺎ ﻟﺔ ﻟﺨﻄﺄ"‪ 6 ،‬ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎ
ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ K .J‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ 56‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻬﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﻪ ﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺘﻈﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪6‬ﺧﺬ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺘﺔ ‪ 56‬ﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺮ‪ c‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫! ﻷﺷﺨﺎ™ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺎﻟﻮ ‪ B‬ﻳﺼﻮ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ h‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ "‪3‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ" ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪' .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ B‬ﺗﺤﻮ‪ h‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ "ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﱠ‬
‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ"‬
‫ ُﻣﺸﻔﱠﺮ ‪3‬ﺧﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻮﺛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﻪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﺬ‪ H‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪3‬ﻓﺔ"‪ ! .‬ﺗﺤﻮ‪ h‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ h‬ﻋﻠﻰ "ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ"‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪B‬ﻧﻪ ‪3‬ﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺪﺣﺾ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ُ6 K ،‬ﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻷﺟﻬﺰ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗُﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻴﻼ ﺿﺤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪18‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺰ‪ (B  3) H‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ "ﻟﻤﺼﺎ‪3‬ﻓﺔ"؟‬

‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ\ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﻮ‪ 6 Z‬ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ ﻷﺟﻬﺰ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﻌﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ‪6‬ﻣﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﺑﻔﻀﻞ "ﻣﺸﺮ ‪ d‬ﻟﺠﻴﻨﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ "5‬ﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪6 ،‬ﺻﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻵ ‪ 7J‬ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ\ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺎ‪ J‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﺸﺮ ‪ ،d‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺪ ‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺟﻞ ﻓﻚ ﺷﻔﺮ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺷﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻟﻮﺣﺪ ﺗﻠﻮ ﻷﺧﺮ\‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬

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128
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻋﻠﻦ ﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻨﺰ ‪ ،Francis Collins‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺮ‪ -6‬ﻣﺸﺮ ‪ d‬ﻟﺠﻴﻨﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،5‬ﻓﺈ ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻮ\ ﻟﺨﻄﻮ ﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻚ ﺷﻔﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ‪
5‬‬
‫)  ‪.(6‬‬
‫ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ‪
J‬ﻣﻀﻲ ‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮ‪ $‬ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺠﻬﻮ ﻣﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻬﺬ& ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،$‬ﻳﺠﺐ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻟﺸﻔﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ‪.(6  )
5‬‬

‫ﺟﺰ‪ (B  3) H‬ﻳﻜﺸﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺟﻮ‪ 3‬ﻣﺼﺪ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻟﺨﺎ‪ ª‬ﺑﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻗﺮ
ﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻤﻞ
ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﱠ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈ‪ K‬ﺷﺮ‪ d‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮ
 ﺷﻔﺮ )  ‪ (6‬ﺣﺪ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪   ،‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻴﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﻓﺴﻴﺴﺘﻐﺮ† ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ 100‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻧﺎ‬
‫‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻨﻘﺎ‪ Á‬ﺗﻀﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺷﻔﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ K .‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ،†J‬ﻓﺴﻴﻤﺘﺪ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻮ‪†J‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻻﺳﺘﻮ
‪ .‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮ‚‪ 5‬ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 1000‬ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫– ﻫﻮ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﺰ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﻞ
ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻷﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 100‬ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 100 7‬ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮ‬

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 ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪J6 K‬ﻧﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﺧﺰﻧﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻫﺬ& ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮ\ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻪ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻘﺪ‪ 56 Z‬ﻣﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﺼﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻬﺎ‪ 100 :‬ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮ × ‪1000‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ !F‬ﺳﻴﻔﻮ† ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﺪ ﺣﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫‪ K‬ﺿﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺑﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻷ‪ cJ‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ ﺑﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻷﺷﺨﺎ‪ ª‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 56‬ﻗﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺳﻴﻔﻮ† ﻟﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺪ‪J‬ﺗﻨﺎ ﻹ‪J‬ﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻤﺘﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬ& ﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻼ‚ﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻠﻚ ‪6‬ﺟﻬﺰ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺨﺰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺎ‪ J‬ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﺬ&‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻨﺪﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮ\ ‪6 6‬ﺣﺪ¬ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ – ﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﻘﺮ  – ﻻ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺠﺪ‪ J‬ﻹﺷﺎ‪ J‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻰ ﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﺮ‚ ‪6 ،Gene Myers‬ﺣﺪ ‪6‬ﺑﺮ‚ ﺧﺒﺮ
‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺮ ﺟﻴﻨﻮﻣﻜﺲ ‪ ،Celera Genomics‬ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻤﻨ ﱢﻔﺬ ﻟﻤﺸﺮ ‪ d‬ﻟﺠﻴﻨﻮ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .5‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﻟﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺮ ‪ d‬ﻋﻼﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ‪" :(6  )
5‬ﻣﺎ ‪'B‬ﻫﻠﻨﻲ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪B‬ﺳﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺼﻤﻢ‪ '! ...‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@‪ ...‬ﻓﻨﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ُﻣ ﱠ‬
‫‪68‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺬﻛﺎ"‪.‬‬

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 ‫!' ﺗﻢ ﺗﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ C‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‪ @3‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ‪ 3) H‬‬
‫‪ (B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻮ‪ 7‬ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ !ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻻﺳﺘﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪4‬ﺧﺮ ﻣﺜﻴﺮ‪6 ،‬ﻻ ﻫﻮ ‪6‬‬

‫ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺻﺎ‡ ُﻣﺸﻔﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ K .‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻜﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮ‪ 6 ،‬ﻧﺒﺎ‪ 6 ،$‬ﺣﻴﻮ ﺑﺪ  ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻟﺨﺎ‪ ª‬ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ‪6‬ﺷﻜﺎ‪ v‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺻﺎ‡ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻘﻮﻧﺎ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎŠ ﺿﺢ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
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‫ ﻫﺬ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎŠ ﻳُﺠﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻐﺰ\‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪6 6‬ﺳﺎ‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ "ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ .$‬ﻓﺈ‪ُ K‬ﻋﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺼﺎﺻﺔ ‪ †J‬ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ  
ﻗﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻔﺎ
ﻣﺮ‪ c‬ﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﺘﻮﺣﺪ ﺻﻔﻮ‡ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻤﻌﺎ
ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﻟﻌﺎﻟِﻢ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﺪ ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻫﻦ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﺗُﺮ\ ﻫﻞ ﻇﻬﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻜﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﺤﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ"‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻋﻘﻼ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻋﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻮ‡ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ‪6‬ﺟﺮ\ ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻷﻋﻀﺎ
‪ ،‬ﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻋﺎ
‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺄ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮ‪ v‬ﺑﺄ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﻗﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﺟﺰ‪ (6  )
5‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻴﻎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ‪6‬ﻟﻒ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎ‪ ،$‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻰ‬

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‫ﺐ ﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻳﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫Š‪ .‬ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻰ ﺧﻄﻂ‬
‫ﻮﻛﻮﻻ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺨﻄﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺳﺒﺎ‪ F‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻬﻼ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪  6 d‬ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﺔ‪  .‬ﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺰ‪ ،(6  )
5‬ﺑﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺪﻫﺸﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺤﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪6‬ﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﻟﺠﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺮﻳﺐ ‪6 6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﺼﺪ‪ J‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺤﺎ‪ v‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ‪6 $‬ﺧﺮ\ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﺻﻔﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﺳﺮ ﻟﻢ ﻳُﺤﻞ"‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪19‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ' ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎ‪ C3‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ؟‬

‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
‪ -‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺤﺎ ‪6 v‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ K .‬ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎ‪6 J‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﺠﺎ& ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺪ‪ 5 5‬ﺗﻲ ‪.DDT‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﺨﻄﺌﻮ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪.d‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ "ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪ $‬ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺔ" ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪ .‬ﻛﺎ ‪ v 6‬ﻣﻀﺎ ﺣﻴﻮ‪ 5‬ﻫﻮ ﻟﺒﻨﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻛﺘﺸﻔﻪ ‪6‬ﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪ‪ J‬ﻓﻠﻤﻴﻨﺞ ‪ Alexander Fleming‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1928‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻜﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ‪5‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ‪ 7J6‬ﻓﻠﻤﻴﻨﺞ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻔﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻞ‬
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎ‡ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ v‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻄﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ّ ،Staphylococcus‬‬
‫‪ K‬ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮ‪ K‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘُﺸﻒ ﺷﻲ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ K .‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺮ ‪ J‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﻮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮ‪ c‬ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ‪ ،5‬ﻳﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﱢ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻜﺬ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺤﺎ ‪6 v‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 6 J‬ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ "ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻈﺮ ‡"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ‪6‬ﺟﺮ  ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺒﺤﻮ¬ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎ
‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻹﺳﺮﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻲ ﺳﺒﺘﻨﺮ ‪ ،Lee Spetner‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮ ‡ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮ‬
‫"ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ" ‪ ،Not by Chance‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻧُﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .1997‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺘﻨﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺪ¬ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪4‬ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻼ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ .J‬ﻫﺎﺗﺎ ﻵﻟﻴﺘﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺑﻨﺎ
ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪J $‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺸﺮ? ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﺳﺒﺘﻨﺮ ﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪:2001‬‬
‫"ﻟﻘﺪ ُ ﻫﺒﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﺗﻘﺎ ‪ Z‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻤﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﺟﺰ‪
5‬ﻟﻤﻀﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ‪5‬‬

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‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻹﻳﻜﻮﻻ‪E. coli H‬‬

‫! ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎ‪ C3‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ‪3‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺮ¿‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 6‬ﻃﺮ& ﻣﻦ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ...‬ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﻟﻬﺬ& ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻰ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ ِﻣﺔ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪4 6‬ﻟﻴﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﻣﻀﺎ ﺣﻴﻮ‪ 5‬ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮ‪ c‬ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
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‫ﻣﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻛﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺳﺒﺘﻨﺮ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ  ﻫﺬ ﻟﻴﺲ "ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪:"J‬‬
‫" ﻛﺘﺴﺎ‪ F‬ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪ ...‬ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻷ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻧﻤﻮ‪K‬ﺟﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪K ...J‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪6‬ﻻ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻰ ﺟﻴﻨﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ‪ .biocosm 5‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫ﻷﻧﻮ‪."d‬‬

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‫‪ ،K‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺘﺤﺪ¬ ﻋﻦ ‪ 56‬ﺗﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪ‪ Z‬ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺣﺪ¬ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻃﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺳﺒﺘﻨﺮ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‪6 5‬ﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‬
‫‪nucleotide‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻴﻮ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪ‪ v‬ﻟﻌﺸﻮﺋﻲ ﻟﻨﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺪ‪ ...‬ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ‪ ،Streptomycin‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﻛﺘﺸﻔﻪ ِﺳﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﺴﻤﺎ ‪6 Selman Waksman‬ﻟﺒﺮ‪ $‬ﺷﺎﺗﺰ ‪ Albert Schatz‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﻹﻋﻼ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻷ ‪ v‬ﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1944‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﺎ ﺣﻴﻮ‪ 5‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺗﻘﺎ ﻣﻪ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻄﻔﺮ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ‪6‬ﺛﻨﺎ
ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‪ 5‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮ ﻟﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻷ ﺗﻜﻮ ﻧﻤﻮ‪K‬ﺟﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻄﻔﺮ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻳﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﺑﺤﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺌﻪ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻣﻊ‬
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‫ﺟﺰ‪
5‬ﻟﻤﻀﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ‪."5‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺳﺒﺘﻨﺮ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎ? ﻟﻘﻔﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﺎ? ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻘﻔﻠﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎ‪ Z‬ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻞ ﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﻟﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ .Z‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻔﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪" 6‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻟﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪K 6‬ﻟﻚ ﻳُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﺈ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮ\ ﺧﺴﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺳﺒﺘﻨﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫" ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪J‬ﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‪ 5‬ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺟﺰ‪
5‬‬
‫ﻟﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﺗﺄﻳﺔ ﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﻀﺎ ﺣﻴﻮ‪ .5‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺢ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﺴﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ...J‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ ،d‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪6‬‬
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‫ﻳُﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻢ ﻃﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻻ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺳﻮ\ ﺣﻞ ﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪J‬ﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ‪K
J‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻰ "ﺗﺤﻠﻞ" ﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪Z‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪J $‬ﺛﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ ،56 ،Z‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ "ﻋﺎﺟﺰ"‪ ) .‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺘُﺸﻒ ‪6‬ﻳﻀﺎ ‪J 6‬ﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ ﻟﺨﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﺮ ‪6‬ﻗﻞ ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﻳﺔ ﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪J‬ﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ ﻟﻌﺎ‪ .(5‬ﺑﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ "ﻟﻌﺠﺰ" ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ ،Z‬ﻓﺈ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻳﺆ‪ 5‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﻮ
"ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ‪."5‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻔﺮ "ﺗُﻨﺸﺊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪J $‬ﺛﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮ‪6 Z‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ ،J‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ  ‪ 6‬ﻳﺘﺨﺬ  ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻮ‪ 5‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪،J‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨﺎ ‪ v‬ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﺌﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ‪ $K‬ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﺿﺪ ﻟﺪ‪5‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﺗﻲ ﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺤﺎﻻ‪ ،$‬ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪ‪Z‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﺮ‡ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ 5J‬ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺴﻜﻮ‬
‫‪6‬ﻳﺎﻻ ‪ Francisco Ayala‬ﺑﻬﺬ& ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪" :‬ﻳﺒﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼ‚ﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎ ﻣﺔ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ‪6‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪ‪ $‬ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻬﺬ& ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻹﻧﺴﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ‪ 6‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻷﺧﺮ\ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

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‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﺤﺎ‪ v‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻃﻔﺮ ﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮ‪6 J‬ﻋﻼ&‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻋﻦ ﻇﻮﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ "ﻋﺠﺰ )ﻧﻘﺼﺎ( ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻮ‪J‬ﺛﻴﺔ" ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺸﺮ‪.$‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻻﻋﺎ
ﺑﺄ ‪4‬ﻟﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﺤﺸﺮ‪ $‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪K .J‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ .$‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺮ?‬
‫ﺳﺒﺘﻨﺮ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻟﻤﻀﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ‪ 56‬ﻇﻮﻫﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻟﻢ ﺗُﻼﺣﻆ ﻗﻂ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﺸﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ‪J‬ﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ\ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ‪ -‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪ‪ J‬ﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ‪ -‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻀﻒ ‪56‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ .$‬ﻟﺴﺆ‪ v‬ﻟﺬ‪6 5‬ﺗﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﻟﻄﻔﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ؟ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
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‫ﻫﻲ ﻛﻼ!"‬

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 ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮ; ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ؟‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺿﺤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻵ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻼﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ\ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺣﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﺳﻮ ‪6‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺴﺎ ‪6‬ﻋﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺒﻖ ﻟﻬﻢ ‪6 56‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺠﺌﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺎ‪ K ،$‬ﻟﻢ ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻟﺼﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺘﺨﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﺸﻌﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻤﺒﺘﺬ‪ v‬ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄ "ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻹﻳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺘﺒﺎ‪ &J‬ﺟﺰ
 ﻣﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ"‪ .‬ﻳﺮ\ ‪6‬ﺻﺤﺎ‪ F‬ﻫﺬ ﻻﻋﺎ
‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﺠﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﺗﻜﺮ‪ J‬ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ "ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ" ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‪ J‬ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6 6‬ﻟﺌﻚ‬

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‫ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﺮ‪  J‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻳﺨﻠﻄﻮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻈﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ  ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ 6 ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ‪J4‬ﺋﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ‪J‬ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ B‬ﺗﺪ‰ ﻟﻤﺎ‪ @3‬ﺷﻲ ٌ‬

‫ْ‬
‫‪ B‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﻣﺎ‪3‬ﻳﺎ ﺷﻲ ٌ ﺧﺮ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻧﻌﺮ‡ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎ‚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺪ‪ -J‬ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﺪ‪6 J‬ﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﱢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪  .‬ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻨﺬ  ﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎ ﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺸﻲ
ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻷ‚‪ v‬ﺳﺘﻈﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻃﻮ‪ v‬ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺷﻲ
‬
‫ﻋﺎ
ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺨﻼ‡ ﻟﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬ ﻟﻴﺲ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻪ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ‪ 6 ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮ\ ﻋﻘﻴﺪ  ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺧﺘﻠﻄﺖ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﺪ ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮ ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻻ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮ‪v‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺪ‪ -J‬ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪ‪ Z‬ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ   ‪ 6‬ﻳﺤﺪ& ‪ 56‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ ﻟﻰ ﺗﻼﻋﺐ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ ŠK‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎ‪ .$‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮ‪" :‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻟﺪ‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ‪J‬ﺳﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﺎ"‪6 .‬ﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺪ‪ -J‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ "‪J‬ﺳﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ" ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺟﺪ ﻋﻦ "ﻛﻮ ‪J‬ﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﺎ"‪K .‬ﻟﻚ ‪6‬ﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ -J‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪ‪ 6 7J‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪ 5‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪6‬ﺑﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺠﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺪ‪7J‬‬

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 ‫ُ‬
‫‪3‬ﻳﻤﻘﺮﻳﻄﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺷﺄ ﻟﻤﺎ‪3‬ﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺪ;‬
‫‪ Democritus‬ﻋﺘﻘﺪ ‪ B‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪ @3‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‪ @3‬ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻷ‪B ،h4‬ﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ N‬ﺷﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﺎ‪.@3‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﺎ‪،dJ‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ K‬ﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪iJ‬ﻳﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻛﻬﻔﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻧﻌﺮ‡ ﻣﺎ ‪ K‬ﻛﺎ ‪6‬ﺣﺪ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ K‬ﻟﻢ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﻟﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﻬﻒ ﺳﻮ\ ﻟﻐﺒﺎ‪J‬‬
‫ ﻟﺜﺮ\ ﻷﺣﺠﺎ‪ ،J‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻲ
ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮ‚ﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺸﻮﺋﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪K ،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺠﺪ‪ J‬ﺻﻮ‪J‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻬﺎ‪ J‬ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻟﻮ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﻔﺘﺮ‪c‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻔﻜﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﻟﻰ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﻬﻒ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪iJ‬ﻳﺔ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻜﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﻮ& ﻣﻤﺎ ‪6‬ﻧﺘﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺪﺣﺾ ﻟﻤﺎ‪3‬ﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺪ‪ -J‬ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ .v‬ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎ‬
‫ﻔﺴﺮ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﻣﻞ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻳُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ‪ 6‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ‪ Z‬ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪7‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ& ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﻣﻞ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ 6 ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻟﻤﻮ ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪ 6‬ﺟﺪ& ﺧﺎﻟﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺘﺠﺎ‪ FJ‬ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪ 6 $‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﻧﺸﺄ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺬ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻴﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ُﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺠﺎ‪6 FJ‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ ﻻﺗﺠﺎ& ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪ K .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ُﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﺣﻴﺎ
ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪J‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﺪ‪ J‬ﺳﻜﻮ‪ Andrew Scott $‬ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺮ‡ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬

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‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﻘﻮ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ‪6‬ﻟﻰ ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ K‬ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻔﻠﻚ‬
‫ ﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﺐ ﻟﻔﺎ‪ -J‬ﻋﻦ ﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻮ‪ v‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮ‪:d‬‬
‫"ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﻣﺒﺪ‪6 6‬ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺎ ﻷﺟﻬﺰ ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺛﺒﺎ‪ $‬ﺟﻮ& ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ،v‬ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺮ
‪ 6‬ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺣﻮ‪ c‬ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻤﺜﺎ‪ v‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺤﺴﺎ
ﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻳﻤﻸ& ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﺎ
‬
‫ﺑﺄ‪ 5‬ﻣﻮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ‪ $K‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻀﺦ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ‪ 6 ،‬ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺸﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎ‚‪ $‬ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ 56‬ﻧﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﻹﺷﻌﺎ‪ d‬ﻳﺘﺒﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﻴﻠﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺪ‪d‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻤﺪ ﻋﺎ‪ Z‬ﻟﻴﺮ\ ﻛﻢ ﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻷﻟﻔﻲ ﻧﺰﻳﻢ )ﻟﺒﺮ ﺗﻴﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ( ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻮ‪6 .c‬ﻧﺎ ﺳﺄﺟﻴﺒﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬ ﻓّﺮ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻌﻨﺎ
‬
‫ ﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻼ‚ﻣﺔ ﻹﺟﺮ
ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻃﻼ†‪J ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ
‪J‬ﺳﺐ ﻗﻄﺮﻧﻲ ﻣﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ‪6‬ﺣﻤﺎ‪6 c‬ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺎ‪ $‬ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‬
‫‪76‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻗﻊ‪  ،‬ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺄ‚† ‪6‬ﺳﻮ‪ 6‬ﻣﻦ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 6‬ﱢ‬

‫‪144‬‬
 ‫ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺘﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﻨﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﺘﻈﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﺬ&‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﺮ‪i‬ﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮ‪ 6 c‬ﺗﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮ\ "ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ" ﻟﻠﺠﺎ‪K‬ﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻟﻘﻮ\ ﻟﻨﻮ ﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‪ ...‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ& ﻟﺤﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﻌﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺋﻼ؟ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪4  ،‬ﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺨﻄﻮ‪ $‬ﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ
‬
‫ﻷﺳﺘﺎ' ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻮ ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮ ‪6‬ﺧﺮ\‬
‫ ﻧﺘﻬﺎ
ﺑﺄ ‪ v‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ d‬ﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ‬
‫‪75‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺪ‪ 6 v‬ﻟﻼ‪J‬ﺗﺒﺎ‪ 7‬ﻟﺘﺎ‪".Z‬‬
‫ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﻦ ‪6‬ﺳﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﺠﺪ‪ v‬ﻷ ﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺪ ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﻧﺘﺎŠ ﻟﻠﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ 6‬ﻟﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻤﺎ‪ @3‬ﻗﺎ‪ @3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ 'ﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﺎ‪3‬ﻳﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﻄﻨﺎ; ﻟﺤﻴﺎ@ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻇﺮ‪ 7‬ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ 'ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ !ﻧﺘﺎ[ ﺟﺰ‪ H‬ﻋﻀﻮ‪ H‬ﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ !ﻧﺘﺎ[ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪145‬‬
 ‫ﻏﻼ‪ 7‬ﻋﺪ‪ 3‬ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮ‪4‬ﻳﻚ ﻟﺼﺎ‪ 3‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪1998‬‬ ‫‪ 27‬ﺗﻤﻮ‪ /4‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮ "ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺠﺪ ﷲ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ 6‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ
ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪$‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﻮ‪ 5‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ‪ J‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻗﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ُ ﺟﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ K‬ﺗﺄﻣﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻨﺠﺪ ‪ 6‬ﻫﺬ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎŠ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ "ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ"‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ v‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ‪ $‬ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﻋﺎ
‪6‬ﻧﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﺑﺄ "ﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪ J‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ" ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻻ ﺧﺪﻋﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪6‬ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻛﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ 7‬ﺧﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ 6 ،‬ﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺪ ﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺣﺎ‪ $‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ‪K‬ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ $J‬ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺤﺎ‪ 5‬ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪6‬ﻃﺎﺣﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻬﺬ ﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻟﻌﺘﻴﻖ ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻲ‪6 ،‬ﻇﻬﺮ‪$‬‬

‫‪146‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻟﺘﻲ ‪6‬ﺧﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺿﺢ ﻟﻌﻨﻮ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫"ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺠﺪ ﷲ" ‪ ،Science Finds God‬ﻟﺬ‪ 5‬ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﻴﻮ‚ ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ Newsweek‬ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺎ‪J‬ﻳﺨﻲ ﻟﺼﺎ‪ J‬ﻓﻲ‪ 27‬ﺗﻤﻮ‚‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪،1998‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺨﺪ‪ d‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪ ،5‬ﻳﺠﺪ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﷲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻟﻜﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪147‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻬﻮﻣﺶ‬
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 Daniel E. Lieberman, “Another face in our family .18
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151
 Colin Patterson, “Cladistics,” Interview by Brian .64
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Dr. Lee Spetner, “Lee Spetner/Edward Max .70
Dialogue: Continuing an exchange with Dr. Edward E. Max,”
2001, www.trueorigin.org/spetner2.asp
Dr. Lee Spetner, “Lee Spetner/Edward Max .71
Dialogue: Continuing an exchange with Dr. Edward E. Max,”
2001, www.trueorigin.org/spetner2.asp
Dr. Lee Spetner, “Lee Spetner/Edward Max .72
Dialogue: Continuing an exchange with Dr. Edward E. Max,”
2001, www.trueorigin.org/spetner2.asp
Francisco J. Ayala, “The Mechanisms of Evolution,” .73
Scientific American, vol. 239, September 1978, p. 64,
((emphasis added
Dr. Lee Spetner, “Lee Spetner/Edward Max .74
Dialogue: Continuing an exchange with Dr. Edward E. Max,”
2001, www.trueorigin.org/spetner2.asp
Andrew Scott, “Update on Genesis,” New Scientist, .75
.vol. 106, May 2nd, 1985, p. 30
Fred Hoyle, The Intelligent Universe, 76
.Michael Joseph, London, 1983, p. 20-21

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