Lecture 11 Beam Deflections, Combined stresses

Beam Deflections All beams deflect (or sag) under load. Even the strongest, most substantial beam imaginable will deflect under its own weight. Under normal conditions, the actual amount of deflection in floor beams is generally un-noticeable, see figure below:

A) Actual Beam Deflections: The actual beam deflections can be calculated using the following formulae:

Case 1 Uniform Load on simply-supported beam: w

max =

5wL4 occurs at midspan 384 EI

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Case 2 Concentrated load at midspan: P

L max PL3 = occurs at midspan 48 EI

Case 3 - Two equal concentrated loads at 1/3 points: P P

L PL3 occurs at midspan 28.2 EI

max =

Case 4 Three equal concentrated loads at points: P P P

L PL3 occurs at midspan 20.1EI

max =

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Case 5 Cantilever with uniform load: w

max =

wL4 occurs at the free end 8 EI

Case 6 Cantilever with concentrated load at free end: P

max =

PL3 occurs at the free end 3EI

B) Allowable Beam Deflections: Studies have shown that excessive deflection in beams causes undesirable effects such as cracked ceilings and floors as well as vibration. Building codes typically specify the maximum allowable deflection so as to avoid these problems. The actual deflections are compared against the allowable deflections in another check of structural adequacy, sometimes referred to as serviceability checking. It is possible that a lightly-loaded beam having a relatively long span may be adequate in a stress analysis, but fail due to deflection. The International Building Code, (IBC) dictates allowable deflections, and is shown below.

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Example 1 GIVEN: A simply-supported W16x26 steel beam carries a total uniform DL+LL load of 1300 PLF (including beam weight). REQUIRED: 1) Determine the maximum actual deflection. 2) If the allowable DL+LL deflection is L/360, determine if the beam is acceptable. w = 1300 PLF

24-0

The actual mid-span deflection is determined by the formula: max = 5wL4 384 EI

max

1300 PLF )(24' x12" / ft ) 4 12" / ft = 384(29,000,000 PSI )(301in 4 ) 5(

max = 1.11 in.

The allowable deflection is determined as:

From beam properties

allow =

L 360

allow =

(24' x12" ) 360

allow = 0.80 in.

Since the actual deflection of 1.11 is more than the allowable, it is unacceptable.

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Example 2 GIVEN: A simply-supported W30x99 steel girder carries a uniform load of 1100 PLF (including beam weight) as well as 2 point loads of 14 kips each acting at the 1/3 points. REQUIRED: Determine the maximum actual mid-span deflection. 16 kips 16 kips

w = 1.1 KLF

27-0

Since the loads acting on the girder are symmetric, the maximum deflection will occur at the mid-span. This means that the total deflection can be calculated as the sum of the deflections from the point loads plus the deflection from the uniform load:

total = po int + unif total = (

PL3 5wL4 )+( ) 28.2 EI 384 EI 5(

total

1.1KLF )(27' x12" ) 4 (16kips)(27' x12" ) 12" / ft =( )+( ) 28.2(29,000 KSI )(3990in 4 ) 384(29,000 KSI )(3990in 4 )
3

total = 0.17 + 0.11 total = 0.28

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Combined Stresses Many structural elements are subject to two or more types of stresses simultaneously. For example, a column that carries vertical compressive loads may also be subject to lateral wind loads creating bending moments. Or, a spandrel beam carrying bending moment may also experience torsion. This phenomenon is called combined stresses. Designing for combined stresses involves determining the sum of the ratios of the actual stresses to the allowable stresses not exceeding 1.0. In other words, the sum of the actual stresses cannot exceed the sum of the respective allowable stresses.

AllowableStresses 1.0
So, if a member were subject to compressive stress and bending stress simultaneously:
fc f + b 1 .0 Fc Fb

ActualStresses

where: fc = actual compressive stress Fc = allowable compressive stress fb = actual bending stress Fb = allowable bending stress

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Example 3 GIVEN: A pair of W8x15 steel columns are used to support the 9000 lb. sign as shown in the figure below. Additionally, a lateral wind force of 21 PSF strikes the sign creating moment in the columns. The allowable bending stress is 24 KSI and the allowable compressive stress is 8 KSI. REQUIRED: Determine if the W8x15 columns are adequate based upon combined stresses.

Determine the actual compressive stress, fc on each column:

fc =

Load Area

1 (9kips) 2 fc = 4.44in 2 fc = 1.01 KSI

From textbook Appendix

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Determine the actual bending stress, fb on each column: (18-0) = 9 8-0 w = 9(21 PSF) = 189 PLF Equivalent point load acting on sign

Moment arm = 14-0 10-0

Side view of column The maximum moment acting on the column occurs at the base of the column at point A. Taking moments at point A: MA = 189 PLF(8)(14) = 21,168 ft-lb Determine the maximum bending stress, fb as follows:

fb =

M Sx

fb =

(21168 ft lb)(12" / ft ) 11.8in 3

From textbook Appendix

fb = 21,527 PSI = 21.5 KSI

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Checking combined stresses:

fc f + b 1 .0 Fc Fb

1.01KSI 21.5KSI + 1.0 ???? 8KSI 24 KSI

0.13 + 0.90 = 1.03 Column is UNACCEPTABLE since 1.03 > 1.0

Example 4 GIVEN: An 18 deep x 6 wide glued-laminated wood beam is attached to the glued-laminated 8 x 8 wood column eccentrically as shown below. The beam thus creates a moment on the column. Assume the allowable bending stress for the column is 1600 PSI and the allowable axial (compressive) stress is 850 PSI. REQUIRED: Determine if the column is acceptable based upon combined bending & compressive stresses.

Eccentricity = 6

9000 lbs.

Beam

Column

Moment Side View F.B.D. 8

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Step 1 Determine actual axial stress on column: b = 8

Load Actual Axial stress = Area =

9000 Lbs 8" x8"

h = 8

Actual Axial stress = 140.6 PSI

Column cross-section

Step 2 Determine actual bending stress on column: Actual Bending stress =

M S

Where: M = Applied moment = Pe = (9000 Lbs.)(6.5) = 58,500 lb-in S = Section modulus

bh 2 = 6
=

(8" )(8" ) 2 6

= 85.33 in3 Actual Bending stress =

58,500lb in 85.33in 3

Actual Bending stress = 685.6 PSI

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Step 3 Determine combined stress:

fc f + b 1 .0 Fc Fb

140.6 PSI 685.6 PSI + 1.0 ???? 850 PSI 1600 PSI
0.17 + 0.43 = 0.6 Column is ACCEPTABLE since 0.6 < 1.0

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