Lecture 24 Wind Loads

In many parts of the country, high wind is the most severe load that affects a building. In fact, annually, wind damage to buildings and other structures exceeds all other natural disasters combined. Two of the worst natural disasters ever to strike the USA, in terms of damage, was Hurricane Andrew which struck southern Florida in 1992, causing $30 BILLION, and Hurricane Katrina striking the Gulf Coast in 2006 causing $100 BILLION (most of this damage due to flooding). Fortunately there were relatively few deaths. A hurricane striking Bangladesh in 1991 killed at estimated 139,000 people. Below are several pictures of hurricane damage:

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Wind Loads per IBC Section 1609 of the IBC dictates that wind loading shall be determined as per Chapter 6 of ASCE 7. There are 2 methods that may be used: 1) Chapter 6.4 Method 1 Simplifies Procedure (See Lecture 25) 2) Chapter 6.5 Method 2 Analytical Procedure ASCE 7 Chapter 6.5 Method 2 Analytical Procedure The velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z shall be calculated from the following formula: qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2Iw where: qz = velocity pressure at height z in lbs. per square foot Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height z and Exposure B, C or D (from IBC 1609.4) (see ASCE 7 Table 6-3 below) Kzt = topographic factor, wind speed increases if traveling up steep hills Kd = wind directionality factor, ranging from 0.85 (buildings) 0.95 (chimneys) V = basic wind speed in MPH for 3-second gust at 33 ft. above ground in Category C as shown in IBC Figure 1609 Iw = Importance factor for wind design per building category as defined in IBC Table 1604.5: Category: Non-Hurricane Prone Regions with V = 85 100 mph and Alaska 0.87 1.00 1.15 1.15 Hurricane Prone Regions with V > 100 mph 0.77 1.00 1.15 1.15

I II III IV

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And the design wind pressure, p, to be applied to the Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS), of a building, is given by the following formula: p = qzGCp qz(GCpi) where: p = design wind pressure for main wind force-resisting system (MWFRS), psf qz = velocity pressure at height z (see above) G = 0.85 Cp = external pressure coefficient (see ASCE 7 Figure 6-6 below) GCpi = 0.0 for open buildings = +0.55 or -0.55 for partially enclosed buildings = +0.18 or -0.18 for enclosed buildings

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Example
GIVEN: The gable-end fire-rescue building as shown below. The Category IV building is located along the coastline of Miami, Florida.

REQUIRED: Determine the wind pressure on the MWFRS of the following: a) Windward wall b) Leeward wall c) Windward roof d) Leeward roof e) Gable end walls 1) Determine the mean roof height above ground:

14

Mean roof ht, h = 14 + (12) = 20

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2) Determine the Exposure Category from IBC Section 1609.4: Use Exposure Category C since building is located on Miami coast. 3) Determine the velocity pressure, qz: qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2Iw where: Kz = 0.90 from ASCE 7 Table 6-3 (ht. = 20, Exposure C) Kzt = 1.0 (assuming flat terrain) Kd = 0.85 (Building structure) V = 150 MPH (from IBC Figure 1609) Iw = 1.15 since it is Cat. IV (from IBC Table 1604.5) qz = 0.00256(0.90)(1.0)(0.85)(150 MPH)2(1.15) = 50.7 psf 4) Determine the wind pressure on the Windward wall: p = qzGCp qz(GCpi) where: qz = 50.7 psf G = 0.85 Cp = 0.8 (from ASCE 7 Figure 6-6) (GCpi) = +0.18 since it is an enclosed building p = 50.7 psf(0.85)(0.8) 50.7(+0.18) p = 43.6 psf or 25.4 psf 5) Determine the wind pressure on the Leeward wall: Use same values as above, except Cp Determine L/B = 40/100 = 0.4 Use Cp = -0.5 for L/B of 0 1 (from ASCE 7 Figure 6-6) p = qzGCp qz(GCpi) p = 50.7 psf(0.85)(-0.5) 50.7(+0.18) p = -30.7 psf or -12.4 psf Note: The negative sign indicates a negative suction force.
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6) Determine the wind pressure on the Windward roof: Use same values as above, except Cp First, determine the h/L ratio = 20/40 = 0.5 Next, determine the roof angle as measured from the horizontal:

12-0

20-0

= tan-1(12/20) = 310

Determine Cp from ASCE 7 Figure 6-6 for Wind Normal to Ridge for 100:

Cp = -0.2 and 0.3 (interpolated for h/L = 0.5 and = 310) Determine the wind pressure p as follows: p = qzGCp qz(GCpi) p = 50.7 psf(0.85)(-0.2) 50.7 psf(+0.18) p = -17.7 psf or +0.5 psf or p = 50.7 psf(0.85)(0.3) 50.7 psf(+0.18) p = 22.1 psf or 3.8 psf

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7) Determine the wind pressure on the Leeward roof: Use same values as above, except Cp
Determine Cp from ASCE 7 Figure 6-6 for Wind Normal to Ridge for 100:

Cp = -0.6 for > 200 Determine the wind pressure p as follows: p = qzGCp qz(GCpi) p = 50.7 psf(0.85)(-0.6) 50.7 psf(+0.18) p = -35.0 psf or -16.7 psf 8) Determine the wind pressure on the Gable end walls: Use same values as above, except Cp Determine Cp from ASCE 7 Figure 6-6 for Side Walls Cp = -0.7 for all values of L/B Determine the wind pressure p as follows: p = qzGCp qz(GCpi) p = 50.7 psf(0.85)(-0.7) 50.7 psf(+0.18) p = -39.3 psf or -21.0 psf

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9) Draw Summary Sketches showing WORST-CASE LOADS:

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