Manualul Pentru Incalzire Danfoss - Chapter8

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS
TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Diagram for local district heating plants and heating and power plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Diagram for heating and domestic hot and cold water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Heat emission from radiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Conversion chart for radiators in one-pipe systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Reduction of heat emission from radiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Heat losses from uninsulated pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Pressure drops in steel pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Resistance in heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Sizes of steel pipes for heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Flow chart for thermostatic radiator valves in one-pipe system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Flow chart for thermostatic radiator valves in two pipe system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Flow chart for p control valves for risers or circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Flow chart for control valves in heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Flow chart for control valves in district heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Flow chart for p control valves in district heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Heat requirements for domestic hot water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Flow limiters for one-pipe circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Calculation of one-pipe systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Calculation of two-pipe systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
SI-units, Greek alphabet, Physical properties for water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS
161
Diagram for local district heating plants connected to a heating and power plant.
Flue gas
cooler
Safety
valve
130 C
Boiler
Safety
valve
70 C
Accumulator
130 C
70 C
Exp. tank
Heat meter
Heat exchanger
Flue gas
cooler
Safety
valve
130 C
Boiler
Safety
valve
70 C
Accumulator
130 C
70 C
Exp. tank
Heat meter
Heat exchanger
130 C
70 C
Safety
valve
130 C
Safety
valve
Boiler
Heating and
power plant
Flue gas
cooler
70 C
130 C
70 C
Exp. tank
Heat exchanger
Local heating plant
162
Accumulator
Heat meter
Diagram for heating and domestic hot and cold water.
Flow meter
p - control
Domestic hot water

Expansion tank
Flowmeter
> 6 storeys
< 6 storeys
Domestic cold water
Control valve
90 C
65 C
Domestic hot water 60

Circulation
Domestic cold water
Heat meter
<6
>6 Storeys
120-70 C
163
Heat emission from radiators.
n = 1,3 troom = 20 oC tflow = 90 oC t = 25 oC

t oC
25
16
20
Heat
emission
Two-pipe system with thermostatic

valves.
Measured 1 : tflow 75 oC, t 8 oC
Heat requirement : 0,83, Q = 2,47
tflow 80 oC : 2 t 16 oC, Q = 1,23
Every point along the horizontal line
0,83 gives the same heat emission.
30
40
12
1,2
90
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
5
6
70
6
60
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
80
10
5
4
50
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5 QQ
The influence of gravity forces on heat emission from a radiator in a twopipe system
For a correctly sized radiator 3 ( with manual radiator valve in a two-pipe
system ) the heat emission will increases only by 5% when the flow
increases by 23%, 4 , depending on gravity forces. The temperature drop
across the radiator however will decrease by 5 oC and that is significant,
because it reduces the capacity of the whole system all the way down to
the heating and power plant.
Resuls t for one- and two - pipe circuits, and required pump capacity
when thermostatic valves utilize internal and external heat gains.
Point Heat
gain %
3
0
5
10
6
20
164
Two-pipe circuit
Flow t
Circuit resioC
stance %
%
100
25
100
66
33
44
47
39
22
Pump capacity %
100
29
10
One-pipe circuit
Flow t Pump caoC pacity %
%
100 25 100
100 22,5 100
100 20 100
Conversion chart for radiators in one-pipe circuits.
Fc
60
2,0
65
tflow oC
70
1,9
1,8
1,7
75
1,6
1,5
80
1,4
85
1,3
1,2
90
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
t oC
Conversion chart for panel and section radiators in one-pipe circuits.

Enter the current tflow and temperature drop and find the conversion factor, Fc.
Multiply the heat requirement by Fc and select size of the radiator
according to the new value.
Example.
Calculated heat requirement: 1.230 W.
tflow : 82 oC, t: 15 oC, 1
Fc = 1,16 2
Converted heat requirement: 1.230 x 1,16 = 1.427 W.
Formula for calculating Fc:
F=
t1 - tr
49,33 x ln
( )
t1 - t2
t2 - tr
Panel radiator
Section radiator
Convector
n
1,28
1,29
1,3 - 1,33
165
Reduction of heat emission from radiators fixed in some type of enclosure
10 - 100 mm
30 - 100 mm
Alternative
openings
> 100 mm
No enclosure
0%
Shelf with
opening
0%
Shelf close to
the wall
10 -2%
Open fronted
recess with a
shelf
12 -6%
Encased with Encased with

grille in front small grille in
front. Not
> -15%
recommended.
> -30%
The control unit has to sense the room temperature to be able to control it.
Radiation from a radiator depending on the treatment of the

surface.
Material
Surface treatment
Steel, cast iron
Enamelled
Aluminium
166
a+40
Radiation %
100
Oil paint
100
Aluminium or
copper bronzes
75
Zinc white
101
Lead white
99
White
101
Matt green
96
8
Acceptable
cabinet.
-8 - 10%
Heat losses from uninsulated horizontal pipe.

Heat emission
W/m pipe
400
DN/0
80/89 65/76
50/6
300
40
32
200
25
20
15
10
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Temperature above room temperature oC

For vertical pipe reduce by 20%
One-pipe above another reduce by 12%
Three pipes above each other reduce by 20%
167
Pressure drop in steel pipes for heating installations.

m3/h
DN mm
l/s
200
150
3,0
150
100
70
125
50
40
30
100
20
15
80
20
15
2,0
5
4
3
l/h 1000
700
500
400
300
50
2
1,5
40
25
,5
,4
,3
20
,2
,15
,07
15
10
100
0,4
0,5
0,3
70
,05 ,07
,05
,04
,03
,02
,015
,01
0,2
m/s
50
40
0,1
0,15 0,2
0,3 0,4 0,5
10
15
30 40 50 mmWG/m
20
k = 0,00003 m
Density = 1.000 kg/m3
,7
1,0
,1
200
150
168
65
32
kPa/m
2
1,5
10
5
4
3
10
7
50
40
30
p for values at differnt rates.

Symbol
Coefficient of resistance,
The values for the coefficient of resistance for tees, elbows and bends.
Branch tee
Through tee
The pressure drop is calculated from:

p = 0,5 2 ,
Units
Elbow, smooth
0,2
Bend
1
value
m/s
3
2
1,0
24
6
0,5
0,3
0,2
0,1
,01
,02 ,03 ,05
0,1
,2 ,3
,5
1
3
2 3 4 5 7 10
p kPa
Recommended portion of pipe losses for different systems or part of

systems.
Type of system
Unit
Friction %
Heating
Small buildings
50 - 60
Large buildings
60 - 70
Sub-stations
Primary and secondary side
20 - 30
Distribution pipe net work
Primary side
80 - 90
Sizes of steel pipes for heating systems. Working pressure 1,0 MPa (10 bar)
Nominal diameter External diameter Wall thickness Internal diameter
mm
inch
mm
mm
mm
8
1/4
13,50
2,25
9
10
3/8
17,00
2,25
12,5
15
1/2
21,25
2,75
15,75
20
3/4
26,75
2,75
21,25
25
1
33,50
3,25
27,00
32
1 1/4
42,25
3,25
35,75
40
1 1/2
48,00
3,50
41,00
50
2
60,00
3,50
53,00
65
2 1/2
75,50
3,75
68,00
80
3
88,50
4,00
80,50
100
4
114,00
4,00
106,00
125
5
140,00
4,50
131,00
150
6
165,00
4,50
156,00
169
Flow chart for RTD-G 15, 20 and 25
RTD - G 15, 20 and 25

Valve size
l/h
1000
700
500
25
l/s
,3
,2
20
,1
,07
,05
15
300
200
,03
,02
100
70
50
,01
30
pvalve
0,1
170
,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1,0
0,01
,02 ,03
,001
,002
,05 ,07 ,1
,004,006 0,01
2
,2
3 4 5
,3
7 10
,5 ,7 1
,02 ,03,04 ,06
0,1
20
kPa
mWG
,2
Bar
Flow chart for thermostatic valves in two-pipe system

RTD - N 15
Pre-set value
l/h
500
300
200
l/s
,1
,07
,05
N
7 6
5
4
100
70
50
,03
,02
3
2
30
20
,01
,007
,005
,003
,002
10
7
5
,001
pvalve
Pre-set value
kv values
3 4 5 7 10
0,1
0,2
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1
0,01
,02
20 30 kPa
,04 ,06 0,1
3 mWG
,2
,3 Bar
0,04
0,08
0,12
0,20
0,27
0,36
0,45
0,60
RTD - N 20 - 25
Pre-set value
l/h
500
l/s
300
200
100
70
50
3 2
,1
,07
,05
6
5 4
,03
,02
30
20
,01
,007
,005
10
7
5
,003
,002
,001
pvalve
Pre-set value
kv values
0,1
0,2
0,01
,02
3 4 5
7 10
20 30 kPa
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1
,04 ,06 0,1
3 mWG
,2
,3 Bar
0,10
0,15
0,17
0,25
0,32
0,41
0,62
0,83
171
Flow chart for p control valves for riser or circuit in heating systems.
ASV-P, PV 15-40 and ASV-M 15-40

m3/h
kvs-value
l/s
20
10
7
5
3
2
10
6,3
4,0
2,5
1,6
3
2
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,2
pvalve
0,1
0,2
0,01
,02
3 4 5
0,3
0,2
0,1
,07
,05
0,1
1
1,0
0,7
0,5
7 10
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1
,04 ,06 0,1
20 30 40 60 80
2
,2
,03
kPa
3 4 5 7 8 mWG
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 ,8
Bar
Working range:
ASV-P 10 kPa
ASV-PV 5 - 25 kPa.
Minimum available p for good functioning: 8 kPa.
Example
Q: 300 l/h. p riser: 7kPa. p radiator including valve: 5 kPa.
p-control kv 1,6. pvp = 3,4 kPa, 1
Necessary p = 7+5+8 = 20 kPa.
172
Flow chart for control valves in heating systems.
m3/h
l/s
kvs-value
200
50
145
100
100
63
40
25
16
10
50
30
20
10
7
5
6,3
4,0
2,5
1,6
1,0
,63
3
2
1,0
0,7
0,5
,4
0,3
0,2
pvalve
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,01
,02
3 4 5
10
7
5
3
2
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,2
0,1
,07
,05
,03
20 30 40 60 100 150 200 kPa
7 10
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1
,04 ,06 0,1
Formulas.
p : bar. Q: m3/h. kv =
30
20
,2
Q
; p =
p
3 4 5
7 10 15 20 mWG
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1,0 1,5 2
Q 2
; Q = kv
kv
( )
Bar
p ;
Q
Q 2
Q
p : kPa. Q: l/h. kv = 0,01
; p = 0,01
; Q = 100x kv p ;
kv
p
Q
kv
Q
Q 2
p : kPa. Q: l/s. kv = 36
p ; p = 36 kv ; Q = 36 p ;
( )
173
Flow chart for valves in district heating systems.
m3/h
l/s
kvs-value
200
50
145
100
50
30
20
10
7
5
100
63
30
20
40
25
16
10
10
7
5
3
2
6,3
4,0
2,5
1,6
1,0
0,7
0,5
1,0
,63
,4
0,3
pvalve
0,2
0,1
174
0,1
0,2
0,01
,02
3 4 5
7 10
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1
,04 ,06 0,1
3
2
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,2
0,1
,07
,05
,03
20 30 40 60 100 150 200 kPa
2
,2
3 4 5
7 10 15 20 mWG
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1,0 1,5 2
Bar
Flow chart for p control valves in district heating systems.
AVP 15 - 32
m3/h
kvs-value
l/s
20
10
7
5
3
2
10
6,3
4,0
2,5
1,6
3
2
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,2
pvalve
0,1
0,2
0,01
,02
3 4 5
0,3
0,2
0,1
,07
,05
0,1
1
1,0
0,7
0,5
7 10
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1
,04 ,06 0,1
20 30 40 60 80
2
,2
,03
kPa
3 4 5 7 8 mWG
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 ,8
Bar
175
Flow chart for p control valves in district heating systems.
IVD-IVFS kvs 0,63 - 25,0 m3/h

AFP kvs 50 - 125 m3/h
m3/h
l/s
kvs-value
200
125
80
100
50
50
30
20
25
20 16
10
10
7
5
6,3
4,0
2,5
1,6
1,0
,63
3
2
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,2
pvalve
176
30
20
10
7
5
3
2
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,2
0,1
,07
,05
0,3
0,1
50
0,1
0,2
0,01
,02
3 4 5
7 10
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1
,03
20 30 40 60 100 150 200 kPa
2
,04 ,06 0,1
,2
3 4 5
7 10 15 20 mWG
,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1,0 1,5 2
Bar
p-regulator, working range:
IVD 5 - 50 and 20 - 250 kPa.

AFP 20 - 120 and 50 - 250 kPa
Maximum p valve IVF kvs:
0,63 and 1,0 = 1.000 kPa

2,5 = 630 kPa
4,0 - 25 = 800 kPa
Maximum p valve AFP:
1.200 kPa
Heat requirement for hot water according to the Swedish Board of District Heating
Domestic hot water, Q L/s.
Effect, P kW
2,5
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
1 10
50
100
Number of apartments.
150
200
250
177
Flow limiter, ASV-Q 15, Flow limiter, ASV-Q 20
p v kPa
20
30
m /h
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
Set values
40
50
60
70
80
8
6,5
0,6
0,5
0,4
3
ASV-Q
15
20
25
32
Capacity l/h
100 - 800
200 - 1400
400 - 1600
500 - 2500
Set value
1-8
2 - 14
4 - 16
5 - 30
0,3
0,2
0,15
1
0,1
0,07
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
p v Bar
m /h
2,0
p v kPa
20
30
Set values
40
50
60
70
80
14
12
1,5
10
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
8
6
0,5
0,4
0,3
2
0,2
0,2
178
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
p v Bar
Flow limiter, ASV-Q 25, Flow limiter, ASV-Q 32
m /h
2,0
Set values
p v kPa
30
40
50
60
70
80
1,7
1,5
16
14
12
1,2
10
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
m /h
0,4
p v kPa
30
40
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
p v Bar
Set values
50
60
70
80
4,0
30
3,0
25
20
2,0
15
1,5
1,2
10
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
p v Bar
179
Calculation of one-pipe system
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1,5 m
1200
0
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
3 x 12 = 36 m
1000
10 m
10
180
6m
9
6m
31 m
8
6
6m
7
1200
6m
5
6m
4
1200
6m
3
6m
2
Calculation of one-pipe system
181
Calculation of two-pipe system
1200
1200
1200
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1200
1200
1200
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
10
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
11
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
12
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
13
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
14
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
15
1000
1000
1000
1000
1200
1200
1200
1200
16
1200
1200
1200
1200
3m
17
3m
31 m
182
1200
3m
1200
6m
6m
6m
Calculation of two-pipe system
183
SI-units.
Effect, P.
W
kcal/h
Pressure, p.
Pa
kPa
bar
mWG
0,85985
0,001
0,00001
0,0001
1,163
1.000
0,01
0,1
100.000
100
10
10.000
10
0,1
Flow, Q ().
l/s
m3/h
Temperature, t ().
Kelvin K
Celsius oC
3,6
-273,15
0,278
273,15
373,15
100
Greek alphabet.
alfa
beta
gamma delta
epsilon seta
eta
theta
iota
kappa
lamda
my
ny
xi
omikron pi
tau
ypsilon phi
chi
psi
omega
ro
sigma
Physical properties for water.
184
Temperature
oC
Pressure
p kPa
Density
kg/m3
Isobaric heat
capacitivity
cp J/ (kg x K)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1,3
43,26
98,54
170,11
261,36
375,97
999,84
999,70
998,205
995,65
992,2
998,14
983,21
977,78
971,80
965,33
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185

Manualul Pentru Incalzire Danfoss - Chapter8

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Manualul Pentru Incalzire Danfoss - Chapter8

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CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Local heating plant

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Diagram for heating and domestic hot and cold water.

Domestic hot water

Domestic cold water

Domestic hot water 60

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Heat emission from radiators.

n = 1,3 troom = 20 oC tflow = 90 oC t = 25 oC

Two-pipe system with thermostatic

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Conversion chart for radiators in one-pipe circuits.

Conversion chart for panel and section radiators in one-pipe circuits.

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Reduction of heat emission from radiators fixed in some type of enclosure

Encased with Encased with

Radiation from a radiator depending on the treatment of the

Steel, cast iron

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Heat losses from uninsulated horizontal pipe.

Temperature above room temperature oC

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Pressure drop in steel pipes for heating installations.

0,3 0,4 0,5

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

p for values at differnt rates.

The pressure drop is calculated from:

,02 ,03 ,05

Recommended portion of pipe losses for different systems or part of

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Flow chart for RTD-G 15, 20 and 25

RTD - G 15, 20 and 25

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

,02 ,03,04 ,06

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Flow chart for thermostatic valves in two-pipe system

,04 ,06 0,1

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

ASV-P, PV 15-40 and ASV-M 15-40

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Flow chart for control valves in heating systems.

,04 ,06 0,1

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Flow chart for valves in district heating systems.

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Flow chart for p control valves in district heating systems.

8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Flow chart for p control valves in district heating systems.