Lecture 8 Bending & Shear Stresses on Beams

Beams are almost always designed on the basis of bending stress and, to a lesser degree, shear stress. Each of these stresses will be discussed in detail as follows. A) Bending Stresses A bending stress is NOT considered to be a simple stress. In other words, it is not load divided by area. The formula for bending stress, b, is as follows:

b =

My I

where: M = moment acting on beam from moment diagram (kip-in or lb-in) y = distance from neutral axis to extreme edge of member (in) I = moment of inertia about the axis (in4) Recalling that S = I , the bending stress formula could be re-written as: y

b =

M S

where: S = section modulus about the axis (in3) Bending stress is distributed through a beam as seen in the diagram below:

So, in reality, bending stresses are tensile or compressive stresses in the beam! A simply-supported beam always has tensile stresses at the bottom of the beam and compressive stresses at the top of the beam.

Lecture 8 - Page 1 of 9

Example 1 GIVEN: A nominal 2x10 (actual dims. 1 x 9) is used as a simply-supported beam with loading as shown. The allowable bending stress is 1200 psi. REQUIRED: a) Determine the maximum moment on the beam. b) Determine the maximum actual bending stress on the beam c) Determine if the beam is acceptable based upon allowable bending stress. w = 140 PLF (includes beam weight)

11-0 The maximum bending moment, Mmax, on a simply-supported, uniformly loaded beam is:

M max =

wL2 8

M max =

(140 PLF)(11' ) 2 8

Mmax = 2117.5 lb-ft The actual bending stress is:

b = b =

M S

2117.5 lb - ft(12" /ft) 21.39in 3

See textbook appendix

b = 1187.9 PSI
Since the actual bending stress of 1187.9 PSI is less than the allowable bending stress of 1200 PSI, THE BEAM IS ACCEPTABLE.

Lecture 8 - Page 2 of 9

Example 2 GIVEN: A W14x30 steel beam experiences a moment of 95 kip-feet. The allowable bending stress for the steel beam is 24 KSI. REQUIRED: a) Determine the maximum ALLOWABLE moment based on the allowable bending stress (leave answer in units of kip-ft). b) Determine if the beam is acceptable or not based upon allowable bending moment. Using the bending stress formula above, re-write it to solve for moment:

b =

M S

M = bS
Substituting 24 KSI for b and using S = 42.0 in3 (from textbook appendix) gives: Mall = 24 KSI(42.0 in3) = 1008 kip-in Dividing by 12 to get into units of kip-ft: Mall = 84 kip-ft Since the actual bending moment of 95 kip-ft is more than the allowable bending moment of 84 kip-ft, THE BEAM IS UNACCEPTABLE.

Lecture 8 - Page 3 of 9

Example 3 GIVEN: The beam problem in Example 2. REQUIRED: Determine the lightest weight W12 beam that can carry a moment of 95-kip-feet based upon allowable bending stress of 24 KSI. Using the bending stress formula above, re-write it to solve for section modulus:

b =
S=

M S
M

Substituting 24 KSI for b and 95 kip-ft for M gives:

S=

95 kip - ft(12" /ft) 24 KSI

S = 47.5 in3
Looking at the textbook appendix, the lightest weight W12 that has a section modulus of at least 47.5 in3 is a W12x40 (Sx = 51.9 in3 > 47.5 in3).

Lecture 8 - Page 4 of 9

B) Shear Stresses It is easy to imagine vertical shear on a beam that was made up of concrete blocks: Load

This type of shear is called transverse shear, and occurs if there is no V bending stresses present. The transverse shear stress = A However, almost all real beams have bending stresses present. In this case, beams are more like a deck of cards and bending produces sliding along the horizontal planes at the interfaces of the cards as shown below: Load

This type of shear is called longitudinal or horizontal shear. The formula used for determining the maximum longitudinal shear stress, fv, is as follows:

fv =

VQ Ib

where: V = vertical shear, usually from shear diagram (lb. or kip) Q = first moment of area = Ay A = area of shape above or below the neutral axis (in2) y = distance from neutral axis to centroid of area A (in) I = moment of inertia of shape (in4) b = width of area A (in)

Lecture 8 - Page 5 of 9

Example 4 GIVEN: The nominal 2x10 wood beam from Example 1. The allowable horizontal shear stress is 95 PSI. REQUIRED: a) Determine the maximum horizontal shear stress on the beam. b) Determine if the beam is acceptable based upon allowable horizontal shear stress. w = 140 PLF (includes beam weight)
End reaction = (140 PLF)(11)

= 770 lbs. 11-0

770 lbs.

Shear diagram

-770 lbs.

4.625

4.625

Area A shown shaded y = 2.31

N.A
4.625 4.625

N.A

Beam X-Section

Lecture 8 - Page 6 of 9

Using the horizontal shear stress formula:

fv =
and substituting in the values:

VQ Ib

V = 770 lbs. (from shear diagram) Q = Ay where: A = (4.625)(1.5) = 6.94 in2 y = (4.625) = 2.31 Q = (6.94 in2)(2.31) = 16.03 in3

I = 98.93 in4 (from textbook appendix, or calculate I =

b = 1

bh 3 ) 12

(770lbs )(16.03in 3 ) fv = (98.93in 4 )(1.5" )

fv = 83.2 PSI Since the actual horizontal shear stress of 83.2 PSI is less than the allowable horizontal shear stress of 95 PSI, THE BEAM IS ACCEPTABLE.

Lecture 8 - Page 7 of 9

Example 5 GIVEN: A wood built-up beam is constructed using a nominal 2X8 web and 2X6 flanges as shown below. The moment of inertia about the strong axis, I, = 366.5 in4. The maximum vertical shear is shown below. REQUIRED: Determine the spacing of 12d nails connecting the top & bottom flanges to the web. Assume the allowable shear strength of each nail is 140 lbs. w = 200 PLF (includes beam weight)
End reaction = (200 PLF)(11)

= 1100 lbs. 11-0

1100 lbs.

Shear diagram

-1100 lbs.

Beam Cross-Section

Lecture 8 - Page 8 of 9

The shear flow, q can be used to determine the horizontal shear along the length of the beam in terms of force per unit length. In particular,

q=
Where:

VQ I

V = Maximum vertical shear (from shear diagram) = 1100 lbs. Q = Apy Ap = Area of piece to be fastened, in2 = (1 x 5) = 8.25 in2 y = Distance from beam N.A. to centroid of piece, in.
= 4.375 Q = (8.25in2)(4.375) = 36.1 in3

Substituting:

q=

VQ I

q=

(1100lbs.)(36.1in 3 ) 366.5in 4

= 108.3

lbs. inch

The allowable shear capacity per nail = 140 lbs., So then the nail spacing can be determined as follows:

Spacing =

Allowable.Shear _ per _ Nail q

140lbs. _ per _ nail lbs. 108.3 inch

Spacing = 1.29 inches use 1 Space the 12d nails at 1 apart along entire length of beam.

Lecture 8 - Page 9 of 9