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Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
THE COPUBLISHERS
To obtain complete publications catalogs, membership benefits, or other information, please contact each organization directly:
American Public Health Association (APHA) American Public Health Association (APHA), founded in 1872, is the largest organization of public health professionals in the world, representing more than 50,000 members from 77 public health occupations. The mission of APHA is to protect and promote personal and environmental health. APHA brings together researchers, practitioners, administrators, teachers, and other health professionals in a unique multidisciplinary environment of professional exchange, study, and action. Contact information: APHA 1015 15th Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 Phone: (202) 789-5600 Fax: (202) 789-5661
American Water Works Association (AWWA) The American Water Works Association (AWWA) is a nonprofit scientific and educational association dedicated to providing safe drinking water to the public. Founded in 1881, AWWA comprises more than 54,000 water professionals worldwide. Through educational and technical information programs, AWWA promotes the improvement of the quality and quantity of the drinking water supply. Contact information: AWWA 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Water Environment Federation (WEF) The Water Environment Federation is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization, which was founded in 1928. Its mission is to preserve and enhance the global water environment. Federation members are 41,000 water quality specialists from around the world, including environmental, civil, and chemical engineers, biologists, government officials, treatment plant managers and operators, laboratory technicians, college professors, students, and equipment manufacturers and distributors. Contact information: WEF 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 Phone: (703) 684-2400 Fax: (703) 684-2492
Acid Solutions Prepare the following reagents by cautiously adding required amount of concentrated acid, with mixing, to designated volume of proper type of distilled water. Dilute to 1000 mL and mix thoroughly. See Table A for preparation of HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3solutions.
Alkaline Solutions a. Stock sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 15N (for preparing 6N, 1N, and 0.1N solutions): Cautiously dissolve 625 g solid NaOH in 800 mL distilled water to form 1 L of solution.
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Desired Component
Specific gravity (20/4C) of ACS-grade conc acid Percent of active ingredient in conc reagent Normality of conc reagent
1.8341.83 9698 36
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Desired Component
Volume (mL) of conc reagent to prepare 1 L of: 18N solution 6N solution 1N solution 0.1N solution Volume (mL) of 6N reagent to prepare 1 L of 0.1N solution Volume (mL) of 1N reagent to prepare 1 L of 0.02N solution
*All values approximate. The a + b system of specifying preparatory volumes appears frequently throughout this manual and means that a volumes of the concentrated reagent are diluted with b volumes of distilled water to form the required solution.
Table B: PREPARATION OF UNIFORM SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS Required Weight of NaOH to Prepare 1000 mL of Solution g 240 40 4 Required Volume of 15N NaOH to Prepare 1000 mL of Solution mL 400 67 6.7
Actinium* Aluminium Americium* Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine* Barium Berkelium* Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium* Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium* Dysprosium Einsteinium* Erbium Europium Fermium*
Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu Fm
89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 66 99 68 63 100
26.981538(2) 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) 137.327(7) 9.012182(3) 208.98038(2) 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.90545(2) 35.4527(9) 51.9961(6) 58.933200(9) 63.546(3) 162.50(3) 167.26(3) 151.964(1) g g, r
g, m, r g g g, r g m
r g g g
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Name
Symbol
Atomic Weight
Footnotes
Fluorine Francium* Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium* Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mendelevium* Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium* Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium*
F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No
18.9984032(5) 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.61(2) 196.96655(2) 178.49(2) 4.002602(2) 164.93032(3) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3) 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.80(1) 138.9055(2) 207.2(1) [6.941(2)] 174.967(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938049(9) 200.59(2) 95.94(1) 144.24(3) 20.1797(6) 58.6934(2) 92.90638(2) 14.00674(7) g
g, r g, m, r
g, m g g, r g, m, r g
g g g, m
g, r
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Name
Symbol
Atomic Weight
Footnotes
Osmium Os Oxygen O Palladium Pd Phosphorus P Platinum Pt Plutonium* Pu Polonium Po Potassium K Praseodymium Pr Promethium* Pm Protactinium* Pa Radium* Ra Radon* Rn Rhenium Re Rhodium Rh Rubidium Rb Ruthenium Ru Samarium Sm Scandium Sc Selenium Se Silicon Si Silver Ag Sodium Na Strontium Sr Sulfur S Tantalum Ta Technetium* Tc Tellurium Te Terbium Tb Thallium Tl Thorium* Th Thulium Tm
76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69
g g, r g
186.207(1) 102.90550(2) 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) 150.36(3) 44.955910(8) 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.989770(2) 87.62(1) 32.066(6) 180.9479(1) 127.60(3) 158.92534(3) 204.3833(2) 232.0381(1) 168.93421(2)
g g g
r g g, r g, r
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Name
Symbol
Atomic Weight
Footnotes
Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilennium* Unnilhexium* Unniloctium* Unnilpentium* Unnilquadium* Unnilseptium* Ununnilium Unununium Uranium* Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium *
g, m g, m g
Element has no stable nuclides. Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.94 and 6.99; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. g geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the Table may exceed the stated uncertainty. m modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the Table can occur. r range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise Ar(E) being given; the tabulated Ar(E) value should be applicable to any normal material. Source: INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY. 1996. Atomic weights of the elements, 1996, Pure Appl. Chem. 68:2339.
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Abbreviations
The following symbols and abbreviations are used throughout this book:
Abbreviation Referent
AA A or amp AC ACS amu APHA ASTM AWWA BOD C c Ci cm, cm2, cm3 COD conc cpm cps d DC diam DO DOX dpm g
atomic absorption ampere(s) alternating current American Chemical Society atomic mass units American Public Health Association American Society for Testing and Materials American Water Works Association biochemical oxygen demand degree(s) Celsius count(s) curie(s) centimeter(s), square centimeter(s), cubic centimeter(s) chemical oxygen demand concentrated counts per minute counts per second day direct current diameter dissolved oxygen dissolved organic halogen disintegrations per minute gram(s)
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
g GC GC/MS h HPLC IC ICP ID IU KeV kg kPa L M m, m2, m3 MCL MDL me meV mg min mL mm, mm2, mm3 mol wt MPN MS mV A
gravity, unit acceleration of gas chromatograph gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer hour high-performance liquid chromatography ion chromatograph inductively coupled plasma inside diameter international unit(s) kiloelectron volt(s) kilogram(s) kilopascal liter(s) mole or molar meter(s), square meter(s), cubic meter(s) maximum contaminant level method detection level milliequivalent(s) megaelectron volt(s) milligram(s) minute(s) milliliter(s) millimeter(s), square millimeter(s), cubic millimeter(s) molecular weight most probable number mass spectrometer millivolt(s) microampere(s)
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Ci g L m N nCi ng NIST No. NTU OD Pa pCi pg PTFE PVC rpm rps SD SDI s sp., spp. sp gr ST SVI TFE THM
microcurie(s) microgram(s) microliter(s) micrometer(s) normal nanocurie(s) nanogram(s) National Institute of Standards and Technology number nephelometric turbidity unit(s) outside diameter pascal picocurie(s) picogram(s) polytetrafluoroethylene polyvinyl chloride revolution(s) per minute revolution(s) per second standard deviation sludge density index second(s) species specific gravity standard taper sludge volume index tetrafluoroethylene trihalomethane(s)
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
TOC TON TOX Toxicity terms U USGS USP UV V v/v W WEF WPCF
total organic carbon threshold odor number total organic halogen see Section 8010B unit(s) U.S. Geological Survey United States Pharmacopoeia ultraviolet volt(s) volume ratio watt(s) Water Environment Federation see WEF
Abbreviations of periodical titles in reference lists and bibliographies are based on those given in Biosis. List of Serials with Title Abbreviations, 1970. Biosciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, Philadelphia, Pa.
General Information
Symbol
Prefix
M k m
megakilomillimicro-
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Symbol
Prefix
n p
nanopico-
109 1012
m lux L cm kg g kPa
About
Prepared and published jointly by: American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Water Environment Federation
Joint Editorial Board Lenore S. Clesceri, WEF, Chair Arnold E. Greenberg, APHA
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Publication Office American Public Health Association 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-2605
Copyright Copyright 1917, 1920, 1923, and 1925 by American Public Health Association Copyright 1933, 1936, and 1946 by American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Copyright 1955 by American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Federation of Sewage and Industrial Waste Associations Copyright 1960 by American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Water Pollution Control Federation (formerly Federation of Sewage and Industrial Waste Associations) Copyright 1965, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1985, and 1989 by
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
User Tips
No Product Endorsement At several places in this text, a manufacturers name or trade name of a product, chemical, or chemical compound is referenced. The use of such a name is intended only to be a shorthand reference for the functional characteristics of the manufacturers item. These references are not intended to be an endorsement of any item by the copublishers, and materials or reagents with equivalent characteristics may be used.
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation