Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Competency 11
Nichole L. Hinkel, RN MSN
Divided into federal, state, and local levels Typically concerned with the health of the population and maintaining a healthy environment May be profit or nonprofit Voluntary agencies
Private Sector
i.e. _______________________
Medicare Medicaid
Epidemiology
illustrates the interrelationships among the three essential components with regard to disease causation A change in any of the three components can result in the disease process
Group Work
Levels of Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention Early detection and early cure Tertiary Prevention Limiting disability and fostering rehab (where the disease has occurred and resulted in a degree of damage)
Myocardial Infarction
Primary:
Secondary:
Tertiary:
Epidemiological Tools
Rates
Essential tools to identify actual and potential problems in a given community. Allows a nurse to recognize when a health threat or disease in normal or typical In calculating a rate, the numerator is the number of events occurring in a specified period of time and the denominator consists of those in the population at the specified time period
Epidemiological Tools
Measures of Morbidity
Incidence rate Prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Crude death rate Cause-specific death rate
Measures of Mortality
Practice Time..
In the year 1910 there were 3925 cases of
measles in Utah. The population of Utah in the 1910 census was 370,000 people. In the year 2000 there were 30 cases of measles in Utah and the population in 2000 was 2,230,000 people.
What was the incidence rate per 100,000 people of measles in 1910? Assume all of the population was susceptible to measles. What was the incidence rate per 100,000 people of measles in 2000? Assume all of the population was susceptible to measles.
Collection of Data
Windshield survey
People Place
Collection of Data
The census Vital statistics Health statistics
Analytical Epidemiology
Chain of Infection
Application
An elderly patient, hospitalized with a gastrointestinal
disorder, was on bed rest and required assistance for activities of daily living. The patient had frequent uncontrolled diarrhea stools and the nurse provided excellent care to maintain cleanliness and comfort. Following one episode of cleaning the patient and changing the bed linen, the nurse immediately went to a second patient to provide care. The nurse's hands were not washed before assisting the second patient. The second patient receiving care had a Foley catheter
Infectious agent: E. Coli
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Immunity
Active Passive
Immunization Schedule Contraindications Parental Education and Consent Documentation Reporting Adverse Vaccine Events Adult Immunization
International Travel
May increase exposure to a number of
communicable diseases
Should seek medical advice in advance Immunizations may be needed
Biological Warfare
Category A agents
Can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person-to-person Result in high mortality rate Have potential for major public health impact Require special action for public health preparedness
Category A Agents
Anthrax
Types
Treatment
Category A Agents
Botulism
Treatment Paralysis
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Category A Agents
Plague
Pneumonic Bubonic
Smallpox
Category A Agents
Tularemia
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Work Risks
Job hazards
Use of heavy equipment Exposure to chemicals, biohazards, sunlight, heat, cold, and noise Potential for assault or violence
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Atmospheric Quality
Effects of air pollution
Threaten the health of humans and animals Harm crops and other vegetation Contribute to the erosion and economic devaluation of buildings and structures
Water Quality
Microbial Contamination
Waterborne diseases
Food Quality
Microbiological Contamination Intentional Food Additives Unintentional (Incidental) Food Additives Seven commandments of food safety
Wash hands before handling food Keep it safe-refrigerate Do not thaw food on the kitchen counter wash hands, utensils and surfaces after contact with raw meat and poultry Never leave perishable food out over 2 hours Thoroughly cook raw meet, poultry, and fish Freeze or refrigerate leftovers promptly
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Waste Control
Two major concerns in the issue of waste control Solid Waste Management Landfills Incineration recycling Toxic and Hazardous Waste Control Tips to reducing solid waste Reduce Reuse Recycle Respond
Radiation Risks
Radon Gas Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer Signs, Symptoms, and Detection of Skin
Cancer
Community Crisis
Disaster Any event that causes destruction and devastation that cannot be alleviated without assistance.
Result of natural occurrences Result of human war, chemical & biological terrorism (intentional) and accidents NA-TECH
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Community Crisis
Emergencies
External
Occur in the community, outside of a defined business, industrial complex, residence, or other facility. Initiate within a facility
Internal
Honeymoon Phase:
Disillusionment Phase:
Reconstruction Phase:
Community Crisis
Disaster management Governmental agencies
_________________________________
Role of the nurse during disasters Triage Emergency care Shelter assistance
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Community Crisis
Nurse and disaster preparedness
Personal preparedness Professional preparedness Community preparedness Prevention/mitigation Preparation and planning Response Recovery
in eight countries
2001 world trade center attack kills 2726 Wildfires
A, B, C, or D
A community health nurse is a first responder
to a bombing incident and is assigned to the triage area. Which of the following victims with life-threatening injuries should be given the highest priority? A-The most seriously injured victims B-Victims with the highest probability for survival C-Victims needing immediate transportation to a trauma center D-Victims at the highest risk for systemic complications
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