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Merck at a glance
Two major business sectors - Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals
Approximately 33.000 employees in 60 countries
Total revenues in 2008: EUR 7.558 million
Headquarters: Darmstadt / Germany
The worlds oldest pharmaceutical and chemical company,
with roots dating back to 1668
Merck KGaA is listed on the Frankfurter Stock Exchange and
is a DAX 30 company
Around 30 % of the total capital is publicly trated. The Merck
family, indirectly holds around 70 %
Merck invests in R&D: Pharmaceuticals business sector: 20 %
of sale Chemicals business sector: 6.7 % of sales
For more information, please visit our website
www.merck-chemicals.com
Periodic table of the elements
1
1
H
3
Li
11
1,1
6.941
180.54
1347
1.0
1
22.990
97.81
882.9
1.0
Be
12
2
24.305
648.8
1090
1.2
1
132.91
28.40
678.4
0.9
Fr
2
87.62
769
1384
1.0
Sc Ti
39
88
2
*226.03
700
1140
1.0
Ra
38
56
Ordnungszahl
Elementsymbol
Relative Atommasse (g/mol)
Schmelzpunkt (C)
Siedepunkt (C)
Elektronegativitt (Allred, Rochow)
Oxidationsstufen
Ca
Cs Ba
1
*223.02
27
677
0.9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
21
2
137.33
725
1640
1.0
1, 2, 3, 4 7
2
40.078
839
1484
1.0
1
85.468
38.89
688
0.9
Rh
9.0122
1278
2970
1.5
Rb Sr
87
20
55
1
39.098
63.65
774
0.9
37
102.91
1966
3727
1.5
45
Na Mg
19
1.0079
259.14
252.87
2.2
44.956
1541
2831
1.2
3
88.906
1522
3338
1.1
3
40
5771 72
Lanthaniden
Lanthanides
Lanthanide
Lantnidos
3, 4
91.224
1852
4377
1.2
Zr
4
178.49
2227
4602
1.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Numro atomique
Symbole de llment
Masse atomique relative (g/mol)
Temprature de fusion (C)
Temprature dbullition (C)
Electrongativit (Allred, Rochow)
Niveaux doxydation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nmero atmico
Simbolo del elemento
Peso atmico relativo (g/mol)
Punto de fusin (C)
Punto de ebullicin (C)
Electronegatividad (Allred, Rochow)
Niveles de oxidacin
23
50.942
1890
3380
1.5
2, 3, 4, 5
92.906
2468
4742
1.2
41
bergangsmet
mtaux de tra
Elemente der f
lments de la
*stabilstes Isotop, most
isotope le plus stable,
51.996
1857
2672
1.6
24
Metalle, meta
mtaux, metal
Nichtmetalle,
non-mtaux, m
25
54.938
1244
1962
1.6
8
26
55.845
1535
2750
1.6
9
27
58.
1
2
Cr Mn Fe Co
2, 3, 4, 6, 7
*98.906
2172
4877
1.4
44
7
186.21
3180
5627
1.5
76
2, 3, 6
95.94
2617
4612
1.3
43
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
183.84
3410
5660
1.4
75
42
2, 3, 6
101.07
2310
3900
1.4
45
3, 4, 8
190.23
3045
5027
1.5
77
102
1
3
Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
73
3, 5
180.95
2996
5425
1.3
74
1, 2,
192
2
4
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
4
*261.11
89103 104
Actiniden
Actinides
Actinides
Actnidos
Atomic number
Element symbol
Relative atomic mass (g/mol)
Melting point (C)
Boiling point (C)
Electronegativity (Allred, Rochow)
Oxidations states
47.88
1660
3287
1.3
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
*262.11
105
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
*266.12
106
2, 4, 7
*264.12
107
2, 3, 4, 6, 8
*269.13
108
1, 2, 3,
*268
109
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
Lanthaniden 57
Lanthanides
Lanthanide
Lantnidos
138.91
921
3457
1.1
58
140.12
799
3426
1.1
59
140.91
931
3512
1.1
La Ce Pr
Actiniden 89
Actinides
Actinides
Actnidos
3
*227.03
1050
3200
1.0
90
3, 4
*232.04
1750
4790
1.1
91
3, 4
*231.04
1600
60
61
*146.92
1168
2460
1.1
62
150
10
1
Nd Pm Sm
1.1
3
*238.03
1132
3818
1.2
4, 5
3, 4, 5, 6
92
Ac Th Pa U
3
144.24
1021
3068
1.1
93
3
*237.05
640
3902
1.2
94
2
*244
Np Pu
3, 4, 5, 6
3, 4,
18
ls,
les
nonmetals,
metaloides
13
talle, transition metals,

nsition, metales de transicin
f-Reihe, elements of the f-series,

a srie f, no metales de la serie f
B
13
t stable isotope,
istopo ms estable
10
933
495
870
1.7
2, 3
2.91
966
727
1.5
3, 4
2.22
410
130
1.6
4, 6
8.14
4.0026
<272.2
268.93
28
58.693
1453
2732
1.8
11
29
12
63.546
1083
2567
1.8
65.39
419.6
907
1.7
30
14
10.811
2079
2550
2.0
3
26.982
660.37
2467
1.5
C
14
16
14.007
209.86
195.8
3.1
4, 2, 4 3, 2, 3, 4, 5
28.086
30.974
1410
44.1
2355
280
1.7
2.1
Al
Si
31
32
3
69.723
29.78
2403
1.8
15
12.011
3367
4827
2.5
15
4
72.61
937.4
2830
2.0
33
3, 3, 5
74.922
817
613
2.2
O
16
He
17
15.999
218.4
182.96
3.5
2, 1
32.066
112.8
444.67
2.4
18.998
219.62
188.14
4.1
1
35.453
246.05
Ne
17 100.98 18
Cl
34.6
2.8
2, 2, 4, 6 1, 1, 3, 5, 7
78.96
79.904
217
7.2
684.9
58.78
2.5
2.7
34
20.18
10 248.67
35
39.948
189.2
185.7
Ar
36
83.80
156.6
152.3
Ni Cu Zn
Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
46
49
2, 3
106.42
1552
3140
1.4
47
1, 2
107.87
961.9
2212
1.4
48
2
112.41
320.9
765
1.5
Pd Ag Cd
In
78
81
2, 4
195.08
1772
3827
1.4
79
1, 2
196.97
1064
2807
1.4
80
2
200.59
38.84
356.6
1.5
Pt
Au Hg
110
111
2, 4
*271.15
1, 3
*272.15
112
1, 2
277
Tl
3
114.82
156.6
2080
1.5
3
204.38
303.5
1457
1.4
1, 3
50
4
118.71
232.0
2270
1.7
51
3, 3, 5
121.76
630.7
1750
1.8
52
2, 4, 6 1, 1, 3, 5, 7
127.60
126.90
449.5
113.5
990
184.4
2.0
2.2
53
54
2, 4
131.29
111.9
107.1
Sn Sb Te I
Xe
82
86
2, 4
207.2
327.5
1740
1.6
83
3, 3, 5
208.98
271.3
1560
1.7
Pb Bi
2, 4
3, 5
84
2, 4, 6 1, 1, 3, 5, 7
*209.98
*209.99
254
302
962
337
1.8
2.0
85
2, 4, 6
*222.02
71
61.8
Po At Rn
2, 4, 6 1, 1, 3, 5, 7
Ds Rg Cn
0.36
077
791
1.1
2, 3
4.06
641
232
1.2
5, 6
63
151.96
822
1597
1.0
64
157.25
1313
3266
1.1
65
158.93
1356
3123
1.1
66
162.50
1412
2562
1.1
67
164.93
1474
2695
1.1
68
167.26
1497
2900
1.1
168.93
1545
1947
1.1
69
173.04
819
1194
1.1
70
174.97
1663
3395
1.1
71
Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er
Tm Yb Lu
95
101
2, 3
*243.06
994
2607
~1.2
96
3
*247.07
1340
97
3, 4
*247.07
98
3
*251.08
99
3
*252.08
~1.2
~1.2
~1.2
~1.2
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
Am Cm Bk Cf Es
3, 4, 5, 6
3
*257.18
100
2, 3
*258.10
~1.2
~1.2
2, 3
*259.10
102
3
*262.11
103
Fm Md No Lr
2, 3
Chemicals
Performance & Life Science Chemicals
Focus on specialty chemicals solutions for cosmetic, pharmaceutical,
biopharmaceutical and biotech applications
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food and pharma
Laboratory business
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Pharmaceuticals
Merck Serono
Focus on specialist and innovative prescription drugs
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Diseases, Fertility, Endocrinology, CardioMetabolic Care
Consumer Health Care

Focus on over-the-counter pharmaceutical products for four health
themes: Mobility, Everyday Health Protection, Womans and Childrens
Health, Cough and Cold
Content
Chemical and physical properties of elements

and inorganic compounds
Table of elements
Hardness scale according to MOHS
Electrochemical series of some nonmetals
Covalent single-bond radiuses
page
08
12
13
13
Solutions aqueous systems

General mixing formulas for liquids
Conversion table for water hardness
Mixture rule
Preparation of dilute solutions
Solubility of inorganic compounds in water in relation to temperature
Solubility products of slightly soluble inorganic compounds
Sample preparation
Acids
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide solution
Potassium hydroxide solution
Ammonia
Commercially available concentrations
of some acids and alkalis
16
17
18
19
20
28
31
32
34
34
36
37
39
42
43
Indicators and buffers

pH-indicators
Buffer solutions
46
50
Analytical chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography
Analytical HPLC
Specication of column sorbents
LC Troubleshooting
Sample preparation
56
58
60
64
68
Organic solvents
Organic solvents properties and drying
Ethanol-water mixtures
Drying agents
Vapour pressure of water
LiChrosolv solvents for chromatography
page
72
76
77
77
78
Physical methods for the determination of elements

Flame photometry
Wavelength and wave number
Photometry: Transmission rate and absorbance
Calculation of the standard deviation
Direct-current polarography
Cathode ray polarography
82
82
82
82
83
83
Mass and weight

Energy dimensions conversion factors
Pressure dimensions conversion factors
Decimal multiples and parts of units
Concentration values
Basic units
Derived units
US and British measures units
86
86
87
87
87
88
92
Other useful tables

Physical constants
Establishment of constant humidity in closed vessels
Greek alphabet
Greek numerals / Roman numbers
Freezing mixtures
Extran
Particle sizes
NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts
NMR: Proton chemical shifts
Miscibility table
96
97
98
99
100
100
102
104
106
108
Chemical and physical properties

of elements and
inorganic compounds
Table of elements
Hardness scale according to MOHS
Electrochemical series of some nonmetals
Covalent single-bond radiuses
08
12
13
13
* Gases in [g/ l] at C and normal pressure
** longest-lived isotope in brackets
*** Earth's crust
Table of elements
Element
name
Symbol
Ordinalnumber
Atomic
mass**
Actinium
Aluminium
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Cesium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iod
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
227.028
26.98154
(243)
121.76
39.948
74.9216
(210)
137.33
(247)
9.01218
208.9804
10.81
79.904
112.41
132.9054
40.078
(251)
12.011
140.115
35.4527
51.996
58. 9332
63.546
(247)
162.50
(254)
167.26
151.96
(257)
18.9984
(223)
157.25
69.723
72.61
196.966
178.49
4.00260
164.93
1.00794
114.82
126.9045
192.22
55.847
83.80
138.9055
(260)
207.2
6.941
174.967
24.305
54.93805
Density
20
4
10.1
2.70
11.7
6.68
*1.784
5.73
3.7
1.86
9.80
2.34
3.14
8.64
1.90
1.55
2.25
6.8
*3.214
7.19
8.83
8.93
8.54
9.05
5.26
*1.70
7.90
6.0
5.36
19.3
13.3
*0.178
8.80
*0.0899
7.31
4.94
22.6
7.86
*3.708
6.1
11.4
0.53
9.84
1.74
7.3
Meltingpoint
[C]
1050
660.37
994 4
630.74
189.2
817 (28 bar)
302
725
1278 5
271.3
2300
7.2
320.9
28.40 0.01
839 2
~ 3550
798 3
100.98
1857 20
1495
1083.4 0.2
1340 40
1409
1522
822 5
219.62
(27)
1311 1
29.78
937.4
1064.4
2227 20
272.2
1470
259.14
156.61
113.5
2410
1535
156.6
920 5
327.5
180.54
1656 5
648.8 0,5
1244 3
Occurrence of
the elements***
[%]
8.1
0.0001
0.0005
0.025
0.0006
0.00002
0.0003
0.00016
0.000015
0.0007
3.6
0.03
0.0046
0.031
0.02
0.0023
0.007
0.00045
0.00025
0.00011
0.03
0.00064
0.0015
0.0007
0.00000005
0.00045
0.00000003
0.00012
0.14
0.00001
0.00003
0.00000001
5.0
0.0018
0.0016
0.0065
0.00008
0.21
0.1
Atomic
radiuses
[pm]
143
145
191
125
217
112
155
97
119
149
262
196
77
182
107
125
125
128
71
144
145
46
136
124
175
152
160
118
Ionic radiuses
[pm]
118 (III)
51 (III)
107 (III), 92 (IV)
76 (III), 62 (V)
58 (III), 46 (V)
62 (VII)
134 (II)
35 (II)
96 (III), 74 (V)
23 (III)
196 (I), 47 (V), 39 (VII)
97 (II)
167 (I)
99 (II)
16 (IV)
107 (III), 94 (IV)
181 (I), 34 (V), 27 (VII)
63 (III), 52 (VI)
72 (II), 63 (III)
96 (I), 72 (II)
92 (III)
89 (III)
124 (II), 98 (III)
133 (I), 8 (VII)

180 (I)
97 (III)
62 (III)
73 (II), 53 (IV)
137 (I), 85 (III)
78 (IV)
91 (III)
154 (I)
81 (III)
220 (), 62 (V), 50 (VII)
68 (IV)
74 (II), 64 (III)
114 (III)
215 (II), 120 (II), 84 (IV)

68 (I)
85 (III)
66 (II)
80 (II), 66 (III), 60 (IV), 46 (VII)
Electronegativity
1.00
1.47
~ 1.2
1.82
2.20
1.96
0.97
~ 1.2
1.47
1.67
2.01
2.74
1.46
0.86
1.04
~ 1.2
2.50
1.06
2.83
1.56
1.70
1.75
~ 1.2
1.10
~ 1.2
1.11
1.01
~ 1.2
4.10
0.86
1.11
1.82
2.02
1.42
1.23
1.10
2.20
1.49
2.21
1.55
1.64
1.08
1.55
0.97
1.14
1.23
1.60
Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds
Boilingpoint
[C]
3200 300
2467
2607
1750
185.7
613 (sub.)
337
1640
2970 (5 mm)
1560 5
2550 (sub.)
58.78
765
678.4
1484
4827
3257
34.6
2672
2870
2567
2335
2510
1597
188.14
(677)
3233
2403
2830
2807
4602
268.934
2720
252.87
2080
184.35
4130
2750
152(3)
3454
1740
1347
3315
1090
1962
* Gases in [g/ l] at C and normal pressure
** longest-lived isotope in brackets
*** Earth's crust
Table of elements
Element
name
Symbol
Ordinalnumber
Atomic
mass**
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorous, white
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silver
Silicium
Sodium
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungston
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirkonium
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Ag
Si
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21
34
47
14
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
(258)
200.59
95.94
144.24
20.1797
237.0482
58.69
92.9064
14.0067
(259)
190.23
15.9994
106.42
30.97376
195.08
(244)
(209)
39.0983
140.908
(145)
231.036
226.0254
(222)
186.207
102.905
85.4678
101.07
150.36
44.9559
78.96
107.8682
28.0855
22.98977
87.62
32.066
180.9479
(97)
127.60
158.92534
204.3833
232.0381
168.9342
118.71
47.88
183.84
238.029
50.9415
131.29
173.04
88.90585
65.39
91.224
10
Density
20
4
13.55
10.2
7.0
*0.90
19.5
8.90
8.5
*1.251
22.5
*1.429
12.0
1.83
21.45
19.7
9.32
0.86
6.7
~6
*9.96
20.9
12.4
1.53
12.4
7.5
3.0
4.8
10.5
2.4
0.97
2.6
2.0
16.7
11.5
6.2
8.3
11.85
11.7
9.33
7.3
4.51
19.30
19.1
6.1
*5.89
6.5
4.5
7.2
6.5
Meltingpoint
[C]
38.87
2617
1010
248.7
640 1
1453
2468 10
209.86
3045 30
218.4
1552
44.1
1.772
641
254
63.65
931 4
~ 1080
< 1600
700
71
3180
1966 3
38.89
2310
1072 5
1539
217
961.93
1410
97.81 0.03
769
112.8
2996
2172
449.5 0.3
1360 4
303.5
1750
1545 15
231.9681
1660 10
3410 20
1132.3 0.8
1890 10
111.9
824 5
1523 8
419.58
1852 2
Occurrence of
the elements***
0.00005
0.0015
0.0024
0.008
0.0024
0.0046
0.00000001
46.6
0.0000001
1.2
0.00000005
2.6
0.00055
0.00000001
0.00000001
0.03
0.00000001
0.00065
0.0005
0.000009
0.00001
27.7
2.8
0.03
0.05
0.00021
0.00000002
0.00009
0.00006
0.0012
0.00002
0.004
0.45
0.007
0.0004
0.015
0.00027
0.0028
0.013
0.022
Atomic
radiuses
[%]
Ionic radiuses
150
124
71
65
138
231
243
144
117
186
104
140
136
138
133
110 (II)
70 (IV), 62 (VI)
104 (III)
110 (III), 95 (IV), 71 (VII)

69 (II)
74 (IV), 69 (VI)
16 (III), 13 (V)
67 (IV), 69 (VI)
132 (II), 10 (VI)
80 (II), 65 (IV)
44 (III), 35 (V)
80 (II), 65 (IV)
108 (III), 93 (IV)
133 (I)
106 (III), 92 (IV)
106 (III)
113 (III), 98 (IV), 89 (V)
143 (II)
72 (IV), 56 (VII)
68 (III)
147 (I)
67 (IV)
100 (III)
81 (III)
191 (II), 83 (III), 50 (IV), 42 (VI)
126 (I), 89 (II)
221 (IV), 42 (IV)
97 (I)
112 (II)
174 (II), 37 (IV), 30 (VI)
68 (V)
56 (VII)
211 (II), 70 (IV), 56 (VI)
93 (III), 89 (IV)
147 (I), 95 (III)
102 (IV)
87 (III)
294 (IV), 93 (II), 71 (IV)
80 (II), 76 (III), 68 (IV)
70 (IV), 62 (VI)
97 (IV), 80 (VI)
88 (II), 74 (III), 63 (IV), 59 (V)
86 (III)
92 (III)
74 (II)
79 (IV)
Electronegativity
[pm]
~ 1.2
1.44
1.30
1.07
1.22
1.75
1.23
3.07
1.52
3.50
1.35
2.06
1.44
1.22
1.76
0.91
1.07
1.07
1.14
0.97
1.46
1.45
0.89
1.42
1.07
1.20
2.48
1.42
1.74
1.01
0.99
2.44
1.33
1.36
2.01
1.10
1.44
1.11
1.11
1.72
1.32
1.40
1.22
1.45
1.06
1.11
1.66
1.22
11
Boilingpoint
[C]
356.58
4612
3127
246.05
3902
2732
4742
195.8
5027 100
182.962
3140
280
3827
3232
962
774
3212
1140
61.8
3727 100
688
3000
1778
2832
684.9 1.0
2212
2355
882.9
1384
444.674
5425 100
4877
989.8 3.8
3041
1457 10
ca. 4790
1727
2270
3287
5660
3818
3380
107.1 3
1193
3337
907
4377
Hardness scale acc. to MOHS

Hardness
Mineral
Talcum
Formula
Mg3 [(OH)2 / Si4O10]
Gypsum
CaSO4 2H2O
Calcite
CaCO3
Fluorspar
CaF2
Apatite
Ca5 [(F, CI, OH) / (PO4)3]
Feldspar
KAISi3O8
Quartz
SiO2
Topaz
AI2 [F2 / SiO4]
Corundum
AI2O3
10
Diamond
12
Electrochemical series of some nonmetals (alkaline solution)

Red
Ox + e
e [Volt]
Red
Te2
Te + 2e
1.14
2 I I2 + 2e
+ 0.54
Se + 2e
0.92
2 Br Br2 + 2e
+ 1.07
0.48
2 CI Cl2 + 2e
+ 1.36
2 F F2 + 2e
+ 2.87
Element
Radius [pm]
Se2
S2
S + 2e
Ox + e
e [Volt]
Covalent single-bond radiuses (in pm)

Element
H*
Radius [pm]
28
66
77
104
Si
117
Se
117
Ge
122
Te
137
Sn
140
64
70
CI
99
110
Br
114
As
121
133
Sb
141
* Determined from H-X bond distances
13

General mixing formulas for liquids
Conversion table for water hardness
Mixture rule
Solubility of inorganic compounds in water
in relation to temperature
Solubility products of slightly soluble inorganic compounds
Sample preparation
Acids
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Ammonia
16
17
18
19
20
28
31
32
34
34
36
37
39
42
43
General formulas for mixing liquids

A=cb
B=
C (a c)
ab
C=
B (a b)
ac
With:
A = weight of the original liquid
B = weight of the diluent
C = weight of the prepared mixture
For water as diluent: b = 0
a = its content in % by weight

b = its content in % by weight
c = its content in % by weight
Example
10 l of battery sulfuric acid with a density of
D20
4 = 1.28. 1.28 is required.
Available: concentrated sulfuric acid with a density of D20
4 = 1.84 (= 97.5 weight%).
How much sulfuric acid and how much water are needed to
prepare 10 l (= 12.8 kg) of battery sulfuric acid?
Calculation
In the table 'Sulfuric acid on page 52 we nd:
D20
4 = 1.28 equivalent to 37.36 weight%.
C (a c)
B= ab
12.80 (97.50 37.36)

= 7.895 kg diluent
97.50 0
(water)
Consequently, 4.905 kg (= 2.666 l) of concentrated sulfuric acid with a

density of D20
4 = 1.84 must be added to 7.895 kg (= l) of water to yield
10 l of battery acid with a density of D20
4 = 1.28.
16
Alkaline
earth ions
[mmol/l]
Alkaline
earth ions
[mval/l]
German
degree
[d]
ppm
CaCO3
English
degree
[e]
French
degree
[f]
1 mmol/l
Alkaline earth ions
1.00
2.00
5.60
100.00
7.02
10.00
1 mval/l
Alkaline earth ions
0.50
1.00
2.80
50.00
3.51
5.00
1 German degree
0.18
0.357
1.00
17.80
1 ppm CaCO3
0.01
0.020
0.056
1.00
1.25
1.78
0.0702
0.10
1 English degree
0.14
0.285
0.798
1 French degree
0.10
0.200
0.560
14.30
1.00
1.43
10.00
0.702
1.00
With Merckoquant Total Hardness strips you can easily

and quickly check the water hardness in the following
ranges:
< 3 21d
< 5 25d
soft medium - hard
17
Convention table for water hardness units
Mixture rules
Example
Sulfuric acid with a density of D20
4 = 1.520 is to be prepared
from sulfuric acid with a density of D20
4 = 1.435 and sulfuric
20
acid of D 4 = 1.824.
1.435
1.520
1.824
Calculation
The table 'Sulfuric acid' (p. 32) informs that sulfuric acid with a density
of D20
4 = 1.435 = 54.00 weight% H2SO4 contains sulfuric acid with
a density of D20
4 = 1.824 = 92.00 weight% H2SO4 and that of
D20
4 = 1.520 = 62.00 weight% H2SO4.
From this, form the mixing cross:
54
30
62
92
i.e. 30 parts by weight of 54.00 % sulfuric acid must be mixed with 8 parts by
weight of 92.00 % sulfuric acid to yield sulfuric acid of 62.00 weight% H2SO4,
equivalent to D20
4 = 1.520.
18
Slowly stir the stated quantity of concentrated solution or solid KOH or NaOH,
respectively, into water.
Caution! Strong development of heat may occur! Cool to room temperature,

then make up to 1 liter with water. Store alkaline solutions in polyethylene bottles,
because they attack glass. As a rule of thumb, more concentrated solutions can
be prepared by taking a multiple of the stated quantity.
Example
6 mol/l HNO3 from 6/2 x 140 ml = 420 ml 65 % HNO3.
Solution to be prepared
weight%
Original quantity to prepare

1 l of dilute solution
density
mol/l
weight%
Acetic acid
12
1.01
100
ml
115
Nitric acid
12
1.07
65
140
Hydrochloric
acid
1.03
36
165
Sulfuric acid
9.5
1.06
96
56
Ammonia
3.5
0.98
30
115
Potassium
hydroxide
solution
10.5
1.09
113 g solid KOH
(85 %)
Sodium
hydroxide
solution
7.5
1.08
80 g solid NaOH
(100 %)
19
Name
A
20
Cat. No.
Formula
Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate
101031
AINH4(SO4)2 12H2O
Aluminum chloride hexahydrate

Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate
Aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate
101084
101063
101047
AICI3 6H2O
AI(NO3)3 9H2O
AIK(SO4)2 12H2O
Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate

Ammonium bromide
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
di-Ammonium hydrogen phosphate
101102
101125
101145
101126
101131
101207
AI2(SO4)3 18H2O
NH4Br
NH4CI
NH4H2PO4
NH4HCO3
(NH4)2HPO4
Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate

Ammonium monovanadate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Antimony(III) chloride
Barium acetate
Barium chloride dihydrate
Barium hydroxide octahydrate
Barium nitrate
di-Boron trioxide
Boric acid
Cadmium sulfate hydrate
Calcium acetate
Calcium chloride dihydrate
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate
Calcium sulfate dihydrate
Cesium chloride
Cesium nitrate
Chromium(VI) oxide
103792
101226
101188
101217
101213
107838
101704
101719
101737
101729
100163
100165
102027
109325
102382
102121
102161
102038
102856
100229
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 6H2O
NH4VO3
NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
NH4SCN
SbCI3
Ba(CH3COO)2
BaCI2 2H2O
Ba(OH)2 8H2O
Ba(NO3)2
B2O3
H3BO3
3CdSO4 8H2O
Ca(CH3COO)2
CaCI2 2H2O
Ca(NO3)2 4H2O
CaSO4 2H2O
CsCI
CsNO3
CrO3
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate
Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate
Copper(I) chloride
802540
102539
102536
102556
102739
CoCI2
CoCl2 6H2O
Co(NO3)2 6H2O
CoSO4 7H2O
CuCl
Copper(II) chloride dihydrate

Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Copper sulfate
Iron(III) chloride
Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate
102733
102753
102790
102791
803945
103943
CuCl2 2H2O
Cu(NO3)2 3H2O
CuSO4 5H2O
CuSO4
FeCl3
FeCl3 6H2O
20
40
60
80
100
2.6
6.6
12.4
21.1
35.2
44.9
61.0
2.96
45.6
75.4
6.01
46.3
89.0
13.6
47.7
108.0
33.3
47.7
31.2
60.6
29.7
22.7
11.9
57.5
36.4
75.5
37.6
36.8
21.2
68.6
45.6
91.1
46.0
56.7
36.6
81.8
58.0
107.8
55.3
82.9
59.2
97.6
73.0
126.7
65.6
120.7
109.2
(115.5)
109.2
(95 C)
109.0
(90 C)
89.0
145.6
77.3
174.0
355.0
53.4
415.0
87.4
347.0
4531.0
74.0
46.4
21.0
20.3
6.2
14.8
82.0
32.7
136.8
0.20
230.0
83.8
176.0
72.0
610.0
1000.0
94.1
102.0
74.0
74.0
52.5
58.7
27.2
34.2
9.5
15.7
23.6
39.7
84.6
33.5
29.7
147.0
159.0
0.19
0.16
250.0
271.0
134.0
197.0
189.0
199.0
525.1
537.0
83.8
160.0
29.0
48.0
49.9
126.0
91.2
179.0
39.1
60.0
169.5
99.2
208.0
53.6
70.0
107.9
(257.0)
73.6
83.0
17.8
118.5
70.4
115.0
601.6
58.0
30.7
1.5
5.0
1.1
2.7
75.5
37.4
101.0
0.18
161.0
9.3
163.0
26.9
38.5
4.8
13.2
187.7
283.0
75.4
81.2
163.0
235.0
931.5 1368.0
72.0
79.0
35.7
40.8
3.5
8.2
9.1
14.4
2.2
4.0
5.04
8.7
76.7
79.3
34.7
33.2
128.1
129.4
196.0
0.20
0.21
187.0
208.0
23.0
47.2
166.7
171.0
74.5
91.9
62.35
41.9
70.65
14.8
25.5
25.5
83.5
53.6
1.5
(25 C)
77.0
20.8
36.2
36.3
100.0
68.6
69.5
78.3
72.0
Content of
the total
solution at
20 C [%]
6.2
31.3
43.0
5.67
26.7
43.9
27.3
26.9
17.5
40.70
21.2
65.0
43.0
62.0
90.3
26.3
3.4
8.3
2.15
4.8
43.4
56.4
0.20
62.50
47.9
38.4
34.9
1.497
(25 C)
43.5
17.2
26.6
50.0
Density of
the total
solution at
20 C [%]
1.0459
(15.5 C)
1.053
1.308
1.075
1.07
1.3436
(14.5 C)
1.18
1.308
1.247
1.28
1.04
1.069
1.015
1.616
1.001
1.7100
(16.5 C)
1.52
1.49
Solubility in g/100 g H2O at C
1. 55
1.1965
21
Name
I
22
Cat. No.
Formula
Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate
103861
FeCl2 4H2O
Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate

Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate
Lead chloride
Lead nitrate
Lithium bromide
Lithium carbonate
Lithium chloride monohydrate
Lithium iodide
Lithium nitrate
Lithium sulfate monohydrate
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate
Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate
103965
103967
807383
107398
105669
105680
105677
818287
112230
105694
105833
105853
FeSO4 7H2O
FeSO4 H2O
PbCI2
Pb(NO3)2
LiBr
Li2CO3
LiCl H2O
Lil
LiNO3
LiSO4 H2O
MgCl2 6H2O
Mg(NO3)2 6H2O
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate
105886
105927
MgSO4 7H2O
MnCl2 4H2O
Manganese(II) chloride dihydrate

Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate
Mercury(II) bromide
105934
105941
104421
MnCl2 2H2O
MnSO4 H2O
HgBr2
Mercury(II) chloride
Nickel chloride hexahydrate
Nickel nitrate hexahydrate
Nickel sulfate hexahydrate
Potassium acetate
Potassium bromate
Potassium bromide
Potassium carbonate
Potassium chlorate
Potassium chloride
Potassium chromate
Potassium cyanide
104419
106717
106721
106727
104820
104912
104905
104928
104944
104936
104952
104967
HgCl2
NiCl2 6H2O
Ni(NO3)2 6H2O
Ni2SO4 6H2O
KCH3COO
KBrO3
KBr
K2CO3
KClO3
KCl
K2CrO4
KCN
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Potassium disulte
Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
Potassium hydrogen carbonate
di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate
104864
104873
105057
119238
104984
104973
104854
105099
K2Cr2O7
KH2PO4
K2S2O5
K2 [Pt(Cl)6]
K4 [Fe(CN)6] 3H2O
K3 [Fe(CN)6]
KHCO3
K2HPO4 3H2O
di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate

Potassium hydrogen sulfate
Potassium hydroxide monohydrate
105104
104885
105002
K2HPO4
KHSO4
KOH H2O
20
15.6
40
26.6
40.3
0.67
36.4
143.0
151.0
48.0
36.2
52.8
63.9
0.99
52.2
177.0
1.3
82.8
165.0
76.0
34.8
54.6
70.1
1.45
69.4
205.0
90.4
180.0
33.5
57.5
81.8
35.6
73.6
45.4
88.7
63.6
4.29
51.7
79.2
217.0
3.1
54.0
106.0
3.3
28.2
59.0
(63.0)
4.7
14.3
27.5
0.74
15.0
29.9
22.6
0.62
(25 C)
6.6
55.3
94.1
256.0
6.8
65.8
110.0
7.3
34.2
63.7
71.6
(25 C)
12.5
22.7
44.9
1.1
28.9
46.0
33.3
159.0
36.3
9.6
118.8
323.0
13.1
76.1
117.0
14.5
40.3
67.0
26.3
33.9
63.9
1.7
42.7
59.5
45.3
212.5
51.4
60.0
(0.96)
67.3
136.4
60
(90.5)
(56 C)
47.6
1.98
88.0
224.0
100.0
32.3
60.7
93.7
(106.0)
(58.1C)
58.6
1.7
80
107.5
43.8
2.6
107.5
245.0
113.0
31.5
65.9
(31.6)
3.3
127.3
266.0
(127.5)
480.0
227.0
31.0
72.7
110.5
45.5
2.8
115.0
35.5
4.9
13.9
57.0
350.0
22.0
85.9
127.0
25.9
45.6
70.9
81.0
(50 C)
45.6
48.6
85.0
2.6
56.0
70.9
60.0
(50 C)
266.0
147.0
100
100.0
24.2
33.9
95.3
140.0
39.7
51.0
75.1
(95.0)
(75 C)
73.0
68.0
108.0
3.8
68.9
81.8
(75 C)
160.0
Content of
the total
solution at
20 C [%]
Density of
the total
solution at
20 C [%]
21.0
0.98
34.3
1.31
45.3
25.6
35.3
41.2
26.25
42.4
54.1
380.0
49.7
104.9
156.0
56.2
56.2
79.2
122.0
(103.3 C)
103.0
133.0
5.2
(82.7)
91.6
0.62
(25 C)
6.2
35.6
48.5
6.4
39.7
6.8
25.5
38.9
41.73
(25 C)
11.1
18.5
30.99
22.4
31.5
24.98
61.4
121.6
178.0
33.95
1.225
1.007
1.40
1.29
1.23
1.331
1.388
(25 C)
1.31
1.499
1.052
1.46
1.048
1.370
1.042
1.174
1.378
1.077
1.16
1.18
1.18
23
24
Name
Cat. No.
Formula
Potassium iodate
Potassium iodide
Potassium nitrate
di-Potassium oxalate monohydrate
Potassium perchlorate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium peroxodisulfate
Potassium sulfate
Potassium thiocyanate
Rubidium chloride
Sodium acetate trihydrate
105051
105043
105063
105073
105076
105082
105091
105153
105125
107615
106267
KlO3
Kl
KNO3
K2C2O4 H2O
KClO4
KMnO4
K2S2O8
K2SO4
KSCN
RbCl
NaCH3COO 3H2O
Sodium bromide
Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Sodium carbonate monohydrate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chlorate
Sodium chloride
Sodium dichromate dihydrate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
tetra-Sodium diphosphate decahydrate
Sodium disulte
Sodium uoride
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate
Sodium hydroxide monohydrate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium iodate
Sodium iodide
Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrite
Sodium perchlorate monohydrate
tri-Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate
Sodium sulfate decahydrate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulte
di-Sodium tetraborate
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
Silver nitrate
Silver sulfate
106363
106391
106386
106392
106420
106404
106336
106342
106370
106591
106528
106449
106329
106579
106575
106580
106586
106466
106498
106525
106523
106537
106549
106564
106578
106648
106649
106657
106310
106516
101512
101509
NaBr
Na2CO3 10H2O
Na2CO3 H2O
Na2CO3
NaClO3
NaCl
Na2Cr2O7 2H2O
NaH2PO4 2H2O
NaH2PO4
Na4P2O7 10H2O
Na2S2O5
NaF
NaHCO3
Na2HPO4 12H2O
Na2HPO4 7H2O
Na2HPO4 2H2O
Na2HPO4
NaOH H2O
NaOH
NalO3
Nal
NaNO3
NaNO2
NaClO4 H2O
Na3PO4 12H2O
Na2SO4 10H2O
Na2SO4
Na2SO3
Na2B4O7
Na2S2O3 5H2O
AgNO3
Ag2SO4
20
40
4.7
127.8
13.3
0.76
2.8
0.18
7.3
177.0
70.6
36.3
8.1
144.5
31.7
35.9
1.7
6.4
0.5
11.1
218.0
83.6
46.4
12.9
161.0
63.9
3.6
12.6
1.1
14.8
65.4
6.86
21.7
7.1
80.5
163.2
57.7
2.7
(3.6)
6.89
1.63
2.5
70.7
73.0
167.0
1.5
4.56
1.2
52.5
115.0
0.57
21.4
98.8
35.9
180.2
85.2
5.5
65.3
4.1
9.6
7.7
109.2
9.1
88.3
84.5
181.0
12.1
19.2
2.7
70.1
219.2
0.79
48.9
48.5
115.2
36.4
220.5
138.2
12.5
71.1
12.7
55.0
126.0
104.9
95.7
243.0
31.0
48.1
37.0
6.0
102.6
334.8
0.98
60
80
18.5
176.2
109.9
7.2
22.4
18.2
138.0
(58 C)
118.0
46.2
46.5
(138.0)
37.1
283.0
179.3
21.9
79.9
16.0
83.0
178.0
23.0
124.7
112.3
55.0
45.3
33.2
20.3
471.0
1.15
24.8
191.5
169.0
13.4
21.3
65.9
118.3
44.5
45.8
(167.0)
38.1
385.0
207.3
30.0
88.7
19.7
92.4
313.7
27.0
295.0
148.0
135.5
81.0
43.1
29.0
31.5
652.0
1.3
100
32.3
208.0
245.2
22.2
24.1
128.0
72.7
121.2
44.5
45.5
204.0
39.2
284.4
40.3
(100.0)
23.6
104.1
341.0
32.8
303.0
176.0
163.0
108.0
42.3
26.6
52.5
1024.0
1.5
Content of
the total
solution at
20 C [%]
7.5
59.1
24.1
26.4
1.7
6.0
0.468
10.0
68.55
31.7
35.3
17.8
49.7
26.4
64.3
46.0
5.2
39.5
3.94
8.76
7.2
52.2
46.8
45.8
64.4
10.8
16.1
41.2
68.6
0.75
Density of
the total
solution at
20 C [%]
1.064
1.71
1.16
1.008
1.04
1.0807
1.42
1.17
1.331
1.1941
1.201
1.05
1.04
1.08
1.08
1.55
1.38
1.33
1.757
1.106
1.150
1.39
2.18
25
T
Z
Name
Cat. No.
Formula
Strontiumchlorid-Hexahydrat
Strontiumhydroxid-Octahydrat
Strontiumnitrat
Tin(II) chloride
107865
107876
107872
818150
SrCl2 6H2O
Sr(OH)2 8H2O
Sr(NO3)2
SnCl2
Zinc bromide
Zinc chloride
Zinc nitrate tetrahydrate
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
Zinc sulfate monohydrate
818631
108816
108833
108883
108882
ZnBr2
ZnCl2
Zn(NO3)2 4H2O
ZnSO4 7H2O
ZnSO4 H2O
Our range of Inorganic Salts EMSURE contains

a wide assortment of inorganic salts for analytical
use in the qualitative and quantitative analysis
of various substances and substance mixtures in
the analytical laboratory.
Inorganic Salts EMSURE are manufactured
under strictly controlled conditions at Merck KGaA
in Darmstadt, Germany.
The key feature of these salts is their analytical
purity (their assay and trace element content are
precisely known).
26
0
44.1
0.35
83.9
390.0
41.6
20
40
60
53.9
0.7
66.6
1.5
91.2
85.2
3.1
94.2
269.8
(15 C)
440.0
53.8
80
100
Content of
the total
solution at
20 C [%]
7.0
97.2
24.2
101.2
453.0
211.5
620.0
488.0
76.5
640.0
541.0
66.7
670.0
60.5
35.0
0.69
72.96
(15 C)
35.0
Density of
the total
solution at
20 C [%]
1.39
2.07
1.47
27
Solubility products of slightly

Soluble inorganic compounds
Solubility product
at given temperature
[mol/l]
Substance
Formula
Aluminum hydroxide
Al(OH)3
4.00 x 1013
1.50 x 1015
3.70 x 1015
(15)
(18)
(25)
Arsenic(III) sulde
Barium carbonate
As2S3
BaCO3
4.00 x 1029
7.00 x 109
8.10 x 109
1.60 x 1010
2.40 x 1010
1.60 x 106
1.70 x 106
1.20 x 107
(18)
(16)
(25)
(18)
(28)
(10)
(18)
(18)
28
Barium chromate
BaCrO4
Barium uoride
BaF2
Barium oxalate
BaC2O4 2H2O
Barium sulfate
BaSO4
8.70 x 1011
1.08 x 1010
1.98 x 1010
(18)
(25)
(50)
Beryllium hydroxide
Bismuth hydroxide
Bismuth oxide chloride
Bismuth sulde
Cadmium carbonate
Cadmium oxalate
Cadmium sulde
Calcium carbonate
Calcium uoride
Be(OH)2
Bi(OH)3
BiOCl
Bi2S3
CdCO3
CdC2O4 3H2O
CdS
CaCO3
CaF2
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium oxalate
Ca(OH)2
CaC2O4 H2O
Calcium phosphate
Calcium sulfate
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO4
Calcium tartrate
Cobalt(II) carbonate
Cobalt(II) sulde
Copper(I) bromide
Copper(II) carbonate
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(II) hydroxide
Copper(I) iodide
Copper(I) sulde
Copper(II) sulde
Copper(I) thiocyanate
Iron(II) carbonate
Iron(II) hydroxide
Iron(III) hydroxide
Lanthanum hydroxide
Lead bromide
Lead carbonate
CaC4H4O6 2H2O
CoCO3
CoS
CuBr
CuCO3
CuCI
Cu(OH)2
Cul
Cu2S
CuS
CuSCN
FeCO3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
La(OH)3
PbBr2
PbCO3
2.70 x 1019
4.30 x 1031
1.60 x 1031
1.60 x 1072
2.50 x 1014
1.53 x 108
3.60 x 1029
4.80 x 109
3.40 x 1011
3.95 x 1011
5.47 x 106
1.78 x 109
2.57 x 109
1.00 x 1025
6.10 x 105
2.45 x 105
7.70 x 107
1.00 x 1012
1.90 x 1027
4.15 x 108
1.37 x 1010
1.02 x 106
5.60 x 1020
5.06 x 1012
2.00 x 1047
8.00 x 1045
1.60 x 1011
2.50 x 1011
1.64 x 1014
1.10 x 1036
~
1020
3.90 x 105
3.30 x 1014
(25)
(18)
(25)
(18)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(18)
(26)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(10)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(20)
(18 20)
(25)
(18 20)
(25)
(18 20)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(20)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(18)

M
N
Formula
Lead chloride
Lead chromate
Lead uoride
PbCl2
PbCrO4
PbF2
Lead iodate
Pb(IO3)2
Lead iodide
Pbl2
Lead oxalate
Lead sulfate
Lead sulde
Lithium carbonate
Magnesium ammonium
phosphate
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium uoride
Magnesium hydroxide
Manganese carbonate
Manganese sulde
Mercury(I) bromide
Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(I) chromate
Mercury(I) cyanide
Mercury(I) iodide
Mercury(II) iodide
Mercury(I) oxide
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) sulde
Mercury(II) sulde
Nickel(II) carbonate
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Nickel(II) sulde
Potassium
hexachloroplatinate (IV)
Potassium hydrogen
tartrate
Potassium perchlorate
Silver arsenate
Silver bromide
Silver chloride
AgCl
Solubility product
[mol/l]
2.12 x 105
1.77 x 1014
2.70 x 108
3.20 x 108
5.30 x 1014
1.20 x 1013
2.60 x 1013
(25)
(25)
(9)
(18)
(9.2)
(18)
(25.8)
PbC2O4
PbSO4
PbS
Li2CO3
MgNH4PO4
7.50 x 109
1.40 x 109
2.74 x 1011
1.06 x 108
3.40 x 1028
1.70 x 103
2.50 x 1013
(15)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
MgCO3
MgF2
Mg(OH)2
MnCO3
MnS
Hg2Br2
Hg2Cl2
Hg2CrO4
Hg2(CN)2
Hg2I2
HgI2
Hg2O
HgO
Hg2S
HgS
NiCO3
Ni(OH)2
NiS
K2PtCl6
2.60 x 105
7.10 x 109
1.20 x 1011
8.80 x 1010
7.00 x 1016
1.30 x 1021
2.00 x 1018
2.00 x 109
5.00 x 1040
1.20 x 1028
3.20 x 1029
1.60 x 1023
1.70 x 1026
1.00 x 1047
3.00 x 1054
1.35 x 107
1.60 x 1014
1.00 x 1026
1.10 x 105
(12)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(20)
(18)
KHC4H4O6
3.80 x 104
(18)
KCIO4
Ag3AsO4
AgBr
1.07 x 102
1.00 x 1019
4.10 x 1013
7.70 x 1013
0.21 x 1010
0.37 x 1010
1.56 x 1010
13.2 x 1010
215 x 1010
(25)
(25)
(18)
(25)
(4.7)
(9.7)
(25)
(50)
(100)
Substance
29

30
Substance
Formula
Silver chromate
Ag2CrO4
Silver iodide
Agl
Silver sulde
Silver thiocyanate
Ag2S
AgSCN
Strontium carbonate
Strontium uoride
Strontium oxalate
Strontium sulfate
SrCO3
SrF2
SrC2O4
SrSO4
Thallium(I) bromide
Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) iodide
Thallium(III) hydroxide
Thallium(II) sulde
Thallium(I) thiocyanate
Zinc carbonate
Zinc hydroxide
Zinc sulde, alpha
Zinc sulde, beta
TlBr
TlCl
Tll
Tl(OH)3
Tl2S
TlSCN
ZnCO3
Zn(OH)2
ZnS
ZnS
Solubility product
[mol/l]
1.20 x 1012
9.00 x 1012
0.32 x 1016
1.50 x 1016
1.60 x 1049
0.49 x 1012
1.16 x 1012
1.60 x 109
2.80 x 109
5.60 x 108
2.80 x 107
3.80 x 107
3.90 x 106
1.90 x 104
5.80 x 108
1.40 x 1053
9.00 x 1023
2.30 x 104
6.00 x 1011
1.00 x 1017
6.90 x 1026
1.10 x 1024
(14.8)
(25)
(13)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(2.9)
(17.4)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(20)
(25)
Sample prepartation
The more complicated the matrix, the more important the sample preparation!
The better the sample preparation, the simpler the subsequent chromatographic
separation!
The consequence of these two statements is:
Sample preparation is a must!
Best performance with Merck products:
Digestion systems and ultrapure digestion media for more 'difcult'

dissolutions or processes to be performed in accordance with DIN*
standards
An extensive range of different reagents and solvents for improved
precipitation, distribution and extraction
The Extrelut product range a porous kieselguhr and corresponding
prepacked columns provide not only quicker but also better results
than the conventional liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous matrices in
the separation funnel
LiChrolut extraction columns for rapid, convenient and efcient
extractions, enrichments and selective elutions
LiChroCART range of precolumns, which are an excellent alternative
for online sample preparation for HPLC
Inorganic membrane lters avoiding clogging of your HPLC columns
by particles
Derivatization substances for gas chromatography, i.e. for samples which
are volatile by denition
Sample preparation with Merck for reliable performance!
* DIN = Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V. (German Institute of Standardization)
31
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
32
H2SO4 content
weight%
0.2609
0.9855
1.731
2.485
3.242
4.000
4.746
5.493
6.237
6.956
7.704
8.415
9.129
9.843
10.56
11.26
11.96
12.66
13.36
14.04
14.73
15.41
16.08
16.76
17.43
18.09
18.76
19.42
20.08
20.73
21.38
22.03
22.67
23.31
23.95
24.58
25.21
25.84
26.47
27.10
27.72
28.33
28.95
29.57
30.18
30.79
31.40
32.01
32.61
mol/l
0.0266
0.101
0.1783
0.2595
0.3372
0.4180
0.4983
0.5796
0.6613
0.7411
0.8250
0.9054
0.9865
1.066
1.152
1.235
1.317
1.401
1.484
1.567
1.652
1.735
1.820
1.905
1.990
2.075
2.161
2.247
2.334
2.420
2.507
2.594
2.681
2.768
2.857
2.945
3.033
3.122
3.211
3.302
3.302
3.481
3.572
3.663
3.754
3.846
3.938
4.031
4.123
Density
d 20
4
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
1.480
1.485
H2SO4 content
weight%
33.22
33.82
34.42
35.01
35.60
36.19
36.78
37.36
37.95
38.53
39.10
39.68
40.25
40.82
41.39
41.95
42.51
43.07
43.62
44.17
44.72
45.26
45.80
46.33
46.86
47.39
47.92
48.45
48.97
49.48
49.99
50.50
51.01
51.52
52.02
52.51
53.01
53.50
54.00
54.49
54.97
55.45
55.93
56.41
56.89
57.36
57.84
58.31
58.78
mol/l
4.216
4.310
4.404
4.498
4.592
4.686
4.781
4.876
4.972
5.068
5.163
5.259
5.356
5.452
5.549
5.646
5.743
5.840
5.938
6.035
6.132
6.229
6.327
6.424
6.522
6.620
6.718
6.817
6.915
7.012
7.110
7.208
7.307
7.406
7.505
7.603
7.702
7.801
7.901
8.000
8.099
8.198
8.297
8.397
8.497
8.598
8.699
8.799
8.899
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/mol
H2SO4 content
weight%
59.24
59.70
60.17
60.62
61.08
61.54
62.00
62.45
62.91
63.36
63.81
64.26
64.71
65.15
65.59
66.03
66.47
66.91
67.35
67.79
68.23
68.66
69.09
69.53
69.96
70.39
70.82
71.25
71.67
72.09
72.52
72.95
73.37
73.80
74.22
74.64
75.07
75.49
75.92
76.34
76.77
77.20
77.63
78.06
78.49
78.93
79.37
79.81
80.25
mol/l
9.000
9.100
9.202
9.303
9.404
9.506
9.608
9.711
9.8136
9.916
10.02
10.12
10.23
10.33
10.43
10.54
10.64
10.74
10.85
10.96
11.06
11.16
11.27
11.38
11.48
11.59
11.70
11.80
11.91
12.02
12.13
12.24
12.43
12.45
12.56
12.67
12.78
12.89
13.00
13.12
13.23
13.34
13.46
13.57
13.69
13.80
13.92
14.04
14.16
Density
d 20
4
1.735
1.740
1.745
1.750
1.755
1.760
1.765
1.770
1.775
1.780
1.785
1.790
1.795
1.800
1.805
1.810
1.815
1.820
1.821
1.822
1.823
1.824
1.825
1.826
1.827
1.828
1.829
1.830
1.831
1.832
1.833
H2SO4 content
weight%
80.70
81.16
81.62
82.09
82.57
83.06
83.57
84.08
84.61
85.16
85.74
86.35
86.99
87.69
88.43
89.23
90.12
91.11
91.33
91.56
91.78
92.00
92.25
92.51
92.77
93.03
93.33
93.64
93.94
94.32
94.72
mol/l
14.28
14.40
14.52
14.65
14.78
14.90
15.04
15.17
15.31
15.46
15.61
15.76
15.92
16.09
16.27
16.47
16.68
16.91
16.96
17.01
17.06
17.11
17.17
17.22
17.28
17.34
17.40
17.47
17.54
17.62
17.70
Density
d 20
4
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.545
1.550
1.555
1.560
1.565
1.570
1.575
1.580
1.585
1.590
1.595
1.600
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.620
1.625
1.630
1.635
1.640
1.645
1.650
1.655
1.660
1.665
1.670
1.675
1.680
1.685
1.690
1.695
1.700
1.705
1.710
1.715
1.720
1.725
1.730
33
Hydrochloric acid
HCl, M = 36.47 g/mol
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4 , M = 97.99 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.0038
1.0092
1.0146
1.0200
1.0255
1.0309
1.0365
1.0420
1.0476
1.0532
1.0590
1.0647
1.0705
1.0764
1.0824
1.0884
1.0946
1.1008
1.1071
1.1134
1.1199
1.1263
1.1329
1.1395
1.1462
1.1529
1.1597
1.1665
1.1735
1.1805
1.216
1.254
1.293
1.335
1.379
1.426
1.476
1.526
1.579
1.633
1.689
1.746
1.770
1.794
1.819
1.844
1.870
34
H3PO4 content
weight%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
92
94
96
98
100
mol/l
0.102
0.206
0.312
0.416
0.523
0.631
0.740
0.851
0.962
1.074
1.189
1.304
1.420
1.538
1.657
1.777
1.899
2.021
2.147
2.272
2.400
2.529
2.659
2.791
2.924
3.059
3.195
3.333
3.473
3.614
4.333
5.118
5.938
6.811
7.740
8.731
9.784
10.90
12.08
13.33
14.65
16.03
16.61
17.20
17.82
18.44
19.08
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.198
HCl content
weight%
0.3600
1.360
2.364
3.374
4.388
5.408
6.433
7.464
8.490
9.510
10.52
11.52
12.51
13.50
14.495
15.485
16.47
17.45
18.43
19.41
20.39
21.36
22.33
23.29
24.25
25.22
26.20
27.18
28.18
29.17
30.14
31.14
32.14
33.16
34.18
35.20
36.23
37.27
38.32
39.37
40.00
mol/l
0.09872
0.3748
0.6547
0.9391
1.227
1.520
1.817
2.118
2.421
2.725
3.029
3.333
3.638
3.944
4.253
4.565
4.878
5.192
5.5095
5.829
6.150
6.472
6.796
7.122
7.449
7.782
8.118
8.459
8.809
9.159
9.505
9.863
10.225
10.595
10.97
11.34
11.73
12.11
12.50
12.90
13.14
Acids for analysis EMSURE
Mercks acids for analysis EMSURE

are delivered to you with the highest
possible quality standard and with
the greatest safety.
Our products underlie strict quality
checks in ultra-modern laboratories
using the latest and most sensitive
analytic instruments.
Take advantage of our outstanding,
application-oriented quality and
of reliable and reproducible results of
your analysis.
35
Nitric acid
HNO3 , M = 63.02 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
36
HNO3 content
weight%
0.3333
1.255
2.164
3.073
3.982
4.883
5.784
6.661
7.530
8.398
9.259
10.12
10.97
11.81
12.65
13.48
14.31
15.13
15.95
16.76
17.58
18.39
19.19
20.00
20.79
21.59
22.38
23.16
23.94
24.71
25.48
26.24
27.00
27.76
28.51
29.25
30.00
30.74
31.47
32.21
32.94
33.68
34.41
35.16
35.93
36.70
37.48
38.25
39.02
39.80
40.58
41.36
mol/l
0.05231
0.2001
0.3468
0.4950
0.6445
0.7943
0.9454
1.094
1.243
1.393
1.543
1.694
1.845
1.997
2.148
2.301
2.453
2.605
2.759
2.913
3.068
3.224
3.381
3.539
3.696
3.854
4.012
4.171
4.330
4.489
4.649
4.810
4.970
5.132
5.293
5.455
5.618
5.780
5.943
6.107
6.273
6.440
6.607
6.778
6.956
7.135
7.315
7.497
7.679
7.863
8.049
8.237
Density
d 20
4
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.501
1.502
1.503
HNO3 content
weight%
42.14
42.92
43.70
44.48
45.27
46.06
46.85
47.63
48.42
49.21
50.00
50.85
51.71
52.56
53.41
54.27
55.13
56.04
56.95
57.87
58.78
59.69
60.67
61.69
62.70
63.72
64.74
65.84
66.97
68.10
69.23
70.39
71.63
72.86
74.09
75.35
76.71
78.07
79.43
80.88
82.39
83.91
85.50
87.29
89.07
91.13
93.49
95.46
96.73
96.98
97.23
97.49
mol/l
8.426
8.616
8.808
9.001
9.195
9.394
9.590
9.789
9.990
10.19
10.39
10.61
10.83
11.05
11.27
11.49
11.72
11.96
12.20
12.44
12.68
12.93
13.19
13.46
13.73
14.01
14.29
14.57
14.88
15.18
15.49
15.81
16.14
16.47
16.81
17.16
17.53
17.90
18.28
18.68
19.09
19.51
19.95
20.43
20.92
21.48
22.11
22.65
23.02
23.10
23.18
23.25

NaOH, M = 40.01 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.504
1.505
1.506
1.507
1.508
1.509
1.510
1.511
1.512
1.513
HNO3 content
weight%
97.74
97.99
98.25
98.50
98.76
99.01
99.26
99.52
99.77
100.0
mol/l
23.33
23.40
23.48
23.56
23.63
23.71
23.79
23.86
23.94
24.01
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
H2SO4 content
weight%
0.159
0.602
1.0455
1.49
1.94
2.39
2.84
3.29
3.745
4.20
4.655
5.11
5.56
6.02
6.47
6.93
7.38
7.83
8.28
8.74
9.19
9.64
10.10
10.55
11.01
11.46
11.92
12.37
12.83
13.28
13.73
14.18
14.64
15.09
15.54
15.99
16.44
16.89
17.34
17.80
18.25
18.71
mol/l
0.0398
0.151
0.264
0.378
0.494
0.611
0.731
0.851
0.971
1.097
1.222
1.347
1.474
1.602
1.731
1.862
1.992
2.123
2.257
2.391
2.527
2.664
2.802
2.942
3.082
3.224
3.367
3.510
3.655
3.801
3.947
4.095
4.244
4.395
4.545
4.697
4.850
5.004
5.160
5.317
5.476
5.636
Nitric acid
HNO3 , M = 63.02 g/mol
Acids in Safebreak bottles

Acids in glass bottles have hazard potential:
glass can break!
37

NaOH, M = 40.01 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
38
NaOH content
weight%
19.16
19.62
20.07
20.53
20.98
21.44
21.90
22.36
22.82
23.275
23.73
24.19
24.645
25.10
25.56
26.02
26.48
26.94
27.41
27.87
28.33
28.80
29.26
29.73
30.20
30.67
31.14
31.62
32.10
32.58
33.06
33.54
mol/l
5.796
5.958
6.122
6.286
6.451
6.619
6.788
6.958
7.129
7.302
7.475
7.650
7.824
8.000
8.178
8.357
8.539
8.722
8.906
9.092
9.278
9.466
9.656
9.875
10.04
10.23
10.43
10.63
10.83
11.03
11.24
11.45
Density
d 20
4
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
NaOH content
weight%
34.03
34.52
35.01
35.505
36.00
36.495
36.99
37.49
37.99
38.49
38.99
39.495
40.00
40.515
41.03
41.55
42.07
42.59
43.12
43.64
44.17
44.695
45.22
45.75
46.27
46.80
47.33
47.85
48.38
48.905
49.44
49.97
50.50
mol/l
11.65
11.86
12.08
12.29
12.51
12.73
12.95
13.17
13.39
13.61
13.84
14.07
14.30
14.53
14.77
15.01
15.25
15.49
15.74
15.98
16.23
16.48
16.73
16.98
17.23
17.49
17.75
18.00
18.26
18.52
18.78
19.05
19.31

KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol
KOH content
weight%
0.197
0.743
1.295
1.84
2.38
2.93
3.48
4.03
4.58
5.12
5.66
6.20
6.74
7.28
7.82
8.36
8.89
9.43
9.96
10.49
11.03
11.56
12.08
12.61
13.14
13.66
14.19
14.705
15.22
15.74
16.26
16.78
mol/l
0.0351
0.133
0.233
0.333
0.4355
0.536
0.6395
0.774
0.848
0.954
1.06
1.17
1.27
1.38
1.49
1.60
1.71
1.82
1.94
2.05
2.16
2.28
2.39
2.51
2.62
2.74
2.86
2.975
3.09
3.21
3.33
3.45
Density
d 20
4
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
KOH content
weight%
17.29
17.81
18.32
18.84
19.35
19.86
20.37
20.88
21.38
21.88
22.38
22.88
23.38
23.87
24.37
24.86
25.36
25.85
26.34
26.83
27.32
27.80
28.29
28.77
29.25
29.73
30.21
30.68
31.15
31.62
32.09
32.56
mol/l
3.58
3.70
3.82
3.945
4.07
4.195
4.32
4.45
4.57
4.70
4.83
4.955
5.08
5.21
5.34
5.47
5.60
5.74
5.87
6.00
6.135
6.27
6.40
6.54
6.67
6.81
6.95
7.08
7.22
7.36
7.49
7.63
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
39

Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
40
KOH content
weight%
0.197
0.743
1.295
1.84
2.38
2.93
3.48
4.03
4.58
5.12
5.66
6.20
6.74
7.28
7.82
8.36
8.89
9.43
9.96
10.49
11.03
11.56
12.08
12.61
13.14
13.66
14.19
mol/l
0.0351
0.133
0.233
0.333
0.4355
0.536
0.6395
0.774
0.848
0.954
1.06
1.17
1.27
1.38
1.49
1.60
1.71
1.82
1.94
2.05
2.16
2.28
2.39
2.51
2.62
2.74
2.86
Density
KOH content
d 20
4
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
weight%
14.705
15.22
15.74
16.26
16.78
17.29
17.81
18.32
18.84
19.35
19.86
20.37
20.88
21.38
21.88
22.38
22.88
23.38
23.87
24.37
24.86
25.36
25.85
26.34
26.83
27.32
27.80
mol/l
2.975
3.09
3.21
3.33
3.45
3.58
3.70
3.82
3.945
4.07
4.195
4.32
4.45
4.57
4.70
4.83
4.955
5.08
5.21
5.34
5.47
5.60
5.74
5.87
6.00
6.135
6.27

KOH content
weight%
28.29
28.77
29.25
29.73
30.21
30.68
31.15
31.62
32.09
32.56
33.03
33.50
33.97
34.43
34.90
35.36
35.82
36.28
36.735
37.19
37.65
38.105
38.56
39.01
39.46
39.92
40.37
mol/l
6.40
6.54
6.67
6.81
6.95
7.08
7.22
7.36
7.49
7.63
7.77
7.91
8.05
8.19
8.335
8.48
8.62
8.76
8.905
9.05
9.19
9.34
9.48
9.63
9.78
9.93
10.07
Density
KOH content
d 20
4
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
weight%
40.82
41.26
41.71
42.155
42.60
43.04
43.48
43.92
44.36
44.79
45.23
45.66
46.095
46.53
46.96
47.39
47.82
48.25
48.675
49.10
49.53
49.95
50.38
50.80
51.22
51.64
mol/l
10.22
10.37
10.52
10.67
10.82
10.97
11.12
11.28
11.42
11.58
11.73
11.88
12.04
12.19
12.35
12.50
12.66
12.82
12.97
13.13
13.29
13.45
13.60
13.76
13.92
14.08
Density
d 20
4
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
41
Ammonia
NH3 , M = 17.03 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
0.998
0.996
0.994
0.992
0.990
0.988
0.986
0.984
0.982
0.980
0.978
0.976
0.974
0.972
0.970
0.968
0.966
0.964
0.962
0.960
0.958
0.956
0.954
0.952
0.950
0.948
0.946
0.944
0.942
0.940
0.938
0.936
0.934
42
NH3 content
weight%
0.0465
0.512
0.977
1.43
1.89
2.35
2.82
3.30
3.78
4.27
4.76
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.26
7.77
8.29
8.82
9.34
9.87
10.405
10.95
11.49
12.03
12.58
13.14
13.71
14.29
14.88
15.47
16.06
16.65
mol/l
0.0273
0.299
0.570
0.834
1.10
1.365
1.635
1.91
2.18
2.46
2.73
3.01
3.29
3.57
3.84
4.12
4.41
4.69
4.98
5.27
5.55
5.84
6.13
6.42
6.71
7.00
7.29
7.60
7.91
8.21
8.52
8.83
9.13
Density
d 20
4
0.932
0.930
0.928
0.926
0.924
0.922
0.920
0.918
0.916
0.914
0.912
0.910
0.908
0.906
0.904
0.902
0.900
0.898
0.896
0.894
0.892
0.890
0.888
0.886
0.884
0.882
0.880
NH3 content
weight%
17.24
17.85
18.45
19.06
19.67
20.27
20.88
21.50
22.125
22.75
23.39
24.03
24.68
25.33
26.00
26.67
27.33
28.00
28.67
29.33
30.00
30.685
31.37
32.09
32.84
33.595
34.35
mol/l
9.44
9.75
10.06
10.37
10.67
10.97
11.28
11.59
11.90
12.21
12.52
12.84
13.16
13.48
13.80
14.12
14.44
14.76
15.08
15.40
15.71
16.04
16.36
16.69
17.05
17.40
17.75

weight%
Acetic acid
Acetic acid (glacial acetic acid)
Acetic acid, dilute
Ammonia solution
Ammonia solution
Ammonia solution
Formic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, concentration (1.16)
Hydrochloric acid, concentration (1.18)
Hydrochloric acid, fuming
Hydrouoric acid
Hydrouoric acid
Nitric acid, concentration
Nitric acid, fuming
Perchloric acid
Perchloric acid
Phosphoric acid, concentration (1.71)
Phosphoric acid, concentration (1.75)
Sulfuric acid, concentration
Sulfuric acid, dilute
96
99 100
30
35
30
25
98 100
57
40
25
32
36
37
48
40
65
100
70
60
85
89
47
30
33
95 97
25
Density
d 20
4
1.06
1.06
1.04
0.88
0.88
0.91
1.22
1.7
1.38
1.12
1.16
1.18
1.19
1.16
1.13
1.40
1.52
1.67
1.53
1.71
1.75
1.5
1.3
1.36
1.84
1.18
Density
(mol/l*)
17
18
5
18
15.5
13.5
26
7.5
7
8
10
12
12.5
28
23
14
21
12
9
15
16
12.5
7
11
18
3
Name
* rounded off
Baum degrees (B) and density
B = 145 - 145
density
Example
Sodium hydroxide solution 40 % with a density of 1.430 g/cm3
145 - 145 = 43.60 B
density
43

pH indicators
Buffer solutions
46
50
pH-indicators
0
Malachite green oxalate
green
green-blue
Brilliant green
yellow
green
Eosin Y
yellow
Erythrosine B
orange
Methyl violet
yellow
Cresol red
green ourescence
red
violet
yellow
red
Crystal violet
blue-violet
yellow
m-Cresol purple
yellow
red
Thymol blue
yellow
red
Eosin B
colorless
Quinaldine red
colorless
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4-(Dimethylamino) azobenzenel
Bromophenol blue
Bromphenol blue sodium salt
Congo red
pink ourescence
pink
colorless
red
yellow
yellow
green yellow
blue
Methyl orange
red
Methyl orange solution
red
yello
yello
Bromocresol green
yellow
Bromocresol green sodium salt
yellow
Mixed indicator 4.5 acc. to Mortimer
red
Methyl red
red
Methyl red sodium salt
red
Mixed indicator 5
red-viole
Chlorophenol red
yell
Bromocresol purple
Bromophenol red
The pH ranges and color shades shown are approximations
For more information please visit www.merck-chemicals.com/labtools
than choose pH-Indicator Selector
46
yello
10
11
12
blue
orange
13
14 pH
colorless
purple
yellow
purple
blue
yellow
yellow
w-orange
lue-violet
lue-violet
yellow-orange
w-orange
w-orange
blue
blue
blue
yellow-orange
yellow-orange
et
green
low
yellow
ow-orange
purple
purple
purple
47
pH-indicators
0
4-Nitrophenol
col
Bromothymol blue sodium salt

Bromothymol blue
Phenol red
Phenol red sodium salt
3-Nitrophenol
Neutral red
1-Naphtholphthalein
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein solution (1 % in ethanol)
Phenolphthalein solution (0.375 % in methanol)
Thymolphthalein
Indigo carmine
Epsilon blue
Titan yellow
The pH ranges and color shades shown are approximations
The broad pH test range offers

you an optimal solution for
each application area. You can
easily and quickly measure the
pH without using instruments.
48
lorless
10
11
12
13
14 pH
yellow
blue
yellow
blue
yellow
violet-red
yellow
violet-red
colorless
yellow-orange
blue-red
yellow-orange
brown
blue-green
colorless
red-violet
colorless
red-violet
red-violet
colorless
colorless
yellow
blue
blue
orange
yellow
yellow
violet
red
49
Buffer solutions
Prepare stock and buffer solutions with distilled, boiled, CO2-free water.
Buffersolution
No.
1
2
Stock solutions and their content of buffer substance

A
Glycine 0.1 mol/l + NaCI 0.1 mol/l
[Glycine: 7.507 g/l + NaCI: 5.844 g/l]
di-Sodium citrate 0.1 mol/l
[Citric acid monohydrate:
21.014 g/l + 200 ml NaOH 1 mol/l]
HCI 0.1 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
Potassium hydrogen phthalate l

0.1 mol/l [C8H5KO4: 20.42 g/l]
As No. 3
NaOH 0.1 mol/l
As No. 2
NaOH 0.1 mol/l
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

1/15 mol/l [KH2PO4: 9.073 g/l]
[Na2HPO4 2 H2O: 11.87 g/l]
di-Sodium hydrogen
phosphate
1/15 mol/l
5.5-Diethylbarbituric acid
sodium salt 0.1 mol/l
[Barbital-Na: 20.62 g/l]
HCI 0.1 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
Borax solution 0.05 mol/l

[H3BO3:
12.37 g/l + 100 ml NaOH 1 mol/l]
HCI 0.1 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
As No. 1
NaOH 0.1 mol/l
10
Citric acid 0.1 mol/l

[Citric acid monohydrate: 21.014 g/l]
[Na2HPO4 2 H2O: 35.60 g/l]
di-Sodium hydrogen
phosphate 0.2 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
11
Sodium acetate 0.1 mol/l

[C2H3O2Na: 8.204 g/l or
C2H3O2Na 3 H2O: 13.61 g/l]
Acetic acid 0.1 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
12
Imidazole 0.2 mol/l

[C3H4N2: 13.62 g/l]
Triethanolamine 0.5 mol/l +
Titriplex III
[C6H15NO3: 74.60 g/l +
Titriplex III: 20 g/l]
HCI 0.1 mol/l
25 ml A + x ml B,
make up to 100 ml*
10 ml A + x ml B,
make up to 100 ml*
13
14
15
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
0.2 mol/l [TRIS: 24.23 g/l]
Sodium carbonate 0.1 mol/l (10.60 g/l)
[Na2CO3: 10.60 g/l]
[NaHCO3: 8.401 g/l]
* ll up with dissolution
50
B
HCI 0.1 mol/l
Composition
of buffer
solution
HCI 0.1 mol/l
HCI 0.05 mol/l
HCI 0.1 mol/l

Sodium hydrogen
carbonate 0.1 mol/l
50 ml A + x ml B
make up to 100 ml*
50 ml A + x ml B,
make up to 100 ml*
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
25 ml A + x ml B,
make up to 100 ml*
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B

CertiPUR-Buffer Sachets for
calibration of pH instruments!
51
pKa values of selected

biological buffers
Buffer
pKa [4 C]
pKa [20 C] pKa [25 C] pKa [37 C]

6.56
pKa/C
ACES
7.22
6.90
6.80
0.020
ADA
6.80
6.62
6.56
6.43
0.011
BES
7.41
7.15
7.07
6.88
0.016
BICIN
8.64
8.35
8.26
8.04
0.018
BIS-TRIS
6.88
6.56
6.46
6.22
0.020
CHES
9.73
9.55
9.50
9.36
0.011
Citrat pKa2
4.79
4.77
4.76
4.74
0.0016
Glycin pKa2
10.32
9.91
9.78
9.47
0.026
Gly-Gly
8.85
8.40
8.26
7.92
0.028
HEPES
7.77
7.55
7.48
7.32
0.014
0.011
HEPPS
8.18
8.00
7.95
7.82
Imidazole
7.37
7.05
6.95
6.71
0.020
MES
6.33
6.15
6.10
5.97
0.011
MOPS
7.41
7.20
7.14
6.98
0.013
PIPES
6.94
6.80
6.76
6.66
0.0085
Phosphate pKa2
7.26
7.21
7.20
7.17
0.0028
TAPS
8.02
8.31
8.40
8.62
+ 0.018
TES
7.82
7.50
7.40
7.16
0.020
TRICIN
8.49
8.15
8.05
7.79
0.021
TRIS
8.75
8.30
8.08
7.82
0.028
52
Buffer ranges
Buffer
Glycine / HCI
Citric acid / Na-citrate
Acetic acid / Na-acetate
KH2PO4 / Na2HPO4
MES
BIS-TRIS
ADA
ACES
PIPES
Imidazole / HCL
BES
MOPS
HEPES
TES
TRIS / HCI
HEPPS
TRICIN
Gly-Gly
BICIN
Na-borate / HCI
Glycine / NaOH
CHES
AMP / HCL
Na2CO3 / NaHCO3
Na-borate / NaOH
2 3
9 10 11 12 13 14
53
Analytical HPLC
Specication of column sorbents
LC Troubleshooting
Sample preparation
56
58
60
64
68
Thin-layer chromatography is a simple, fast and highly versatile separation tool
for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The eld of application covers
virtually all classes of substances including pesticides, steroids, alkaloids, lipids,
nucleotides, glycosides, carbohydrates, fatty acids and many others.
Cheap separation method without the need for sophisticated instruments
No cumbersome sample preparation step needed because plates are
disposable
Sample components are stored on the plate allowing to repeat the analysis
several times
Multiple samples (up to 72) can be run simultaneously under identical
conditions
Easy 2 dimensional separation by using two distinct mobile phases in
different directions
Thin-layer chromatography can be a manual method as in classical TLC,

or automated as in instrumented high-performance thin-layer chromatography
(HPTLC). Furthermore, it can be easily extended to preparative scale for PLC.
Unmodied silica gel covers more than 80 % of thin-layer chromatography

applications for both adsorption- and partition thin-layer chromatography. It
allows separating a large range of different substances such as aatoxins,
alkaloids, anabolics, benzodiazepins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, glycosides, lipids,
mycotoxins, nucleotides, peptides, pesticides, steroids, sulfonamids, surfactants,
tetracyclines and many others making it suitable for:
In-process control in drugs
Purity checks of synthesis steps
Identity testing of pharmaceutical compounds
HPTLC Premium Purity plate is designed for high performance, completely
contamination free separations especially in demanding pharmacopoeia
applications.
Highly pure, exhibiting minimal background even with middle-polar
solvent systems
Identical separation performance as the related HPTLC plate product
Especially suited for pharmacopoeia applications
56
Aluminium and plastic backed plates

can be cut to smaller size to reduce the
cost of analysis.
Comparison of the separation of dansyl

amino acids on a
(A) classical TLC silica gel 60 plate or
(B) HPTLC silica gel 60 plate under
identical conditions. The comparison
clearly demonstrates that the HPTLC
plate delivers sharper zones with
shorter migration distances and hence
running times. In addition the HPTLC
plate allows the separation of twice
the number of samples simultaneously.
Compounds:
1. N-alpha-dansyl-L-arginine
2. alpha-dansyl-L-arginine
3. Dansyl-L-cysteic acid
4. N-Dansyl-glycine
5. Dansyl-glycine
6. N-N-Didansyl-L-tyrosine
Sample volume:
Mobil phase:
TLC 4 l; HPTLC 0,3 l

Ethyl acetat / methanol /
propionic acid (22/10/3)
Migration distance: TLC 10 cm; HPTLC 5 cm
Analysis time:
TLC 42 min;
HPTLC 13 min 45 sec
Detection:
UV 366
57
Analytical HPLC
Analytical HPLC has taken on a position of central importance in research and
development, in pharmaceutical quality control and in environmental analysis.
Merck is among the major suppliers of HPLC products worldwide.
Our extensive portfolio comprises products for analytical and preparative HPLC.
With our series of very widely used HPLC sorbents, which includes LiChrosorb,
LiChrospher, Superspher, Purospher and SeQuantTM ZIC-HILIC, we offer you
the most suitable products for your application. With Chromolith an HPLC
column based on monolithic technology we have established and maintained
technology leadership in chromatography to ideally fulll your requirements.
LiChrospher is a reliable and versatile traditionally produced spherical silica

carrier with a particle size of 5 m or 10 m, providing well balanced
pressure / separation performance ratio. A broad range of modications on
LiChrospher are very widely used by HPLC-users all over the world for
a broad range of applications. LiChrospher sorbents are available as reversed
phase derivatives (RP-8, RP-18 endcapped, RP-18, RP-18 endcapped
and RP-select B), medium polar (NH2, CN, DIOL) and polar derivatives (Si 60).
Furthermore LiChrospher PAH is highly efcient and selective for the
separation of PAH; LiChrospher WP is very well suited for the separation of
peptides and low molecular weight proteins.
58
SeQuantTM ZIC-HILIC HPLC columns provides excellent selectivity for

separation of strongly polar and hydrophilic compounds, which often
have little or no retention on reversed phase columns. Mercks unique
ZIC-HILIC technology is based on a stationary phase with a covalently
bonded, highly polar zwitterionic functional group that provides higher
stability and more robust HILIC separations than conventional silica or
amino phases.
IC
RPLC
Schematic illustration demonstrating
how ZIC-HILIC complements other
areas of chromatography and extends
the separation capabilities.
ZIC-HILIC
NPLC
Chromolith HPLC columns provide excellent separations in a fraction of the

time that a standard particulate column will take typically four times
faster, because they are made from highly porous monolithic rods of silica with
a bimodal pore structure. The column is no longer packed with small particles
but instead consists of a single piece of high-purity silica gel. Longer lifetime
and lower matrix sensitivity with biological samples are additional advantages
of Chromolith columns. Multiple Chromolith columns coupled together
provide separation efciencies of 100,000 plates / column at normal pressure.
59
Purospher HPLC columns are based upon a high-purity silica for excellent
separations with very good peak symmetry. The base material for Purospher
high-purity HPLC columns consists of tetra-alkoxysilane.
Due to the absence of heavy metals in the silica matrix and in combination
with a complete coverage of the silica surface, this stationary phase enables
tailing-free chromatography of acidic, basic and chelating compounds. This
is of particular advantage for method development.
Thanks to its outstanding performance and stability, Purospher STAR RP-18
endcapped is the most versatile column in the Purospher range.
Robust methods can be developed across the entire pH spectrum from 1.5
to 10.5 enabling the use of the complete range of mobile phases and
temperatures. In addition Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped, 2 m and 3 m
UHPLC columns speed separation up to 10 times and save up to 84.5 % solvent.
Specications of column sorbents

Polar stationary phases (normal phase chromatography)
(shipping eluent: n-Heptane / Dioxane (99/1))
Designation
Sorbent characteristics
Particle
size
LiChrosorb Si 60
irregular particles of silica
5, 7, 10 m
LiChrosorb Si 100
5, 7, 10 m
LiChrospher Si 60
spherical particles of silica
5, 10 m
LiChrospher Si 100
5, 10 m
LiChrospher Si 300
10 m
LiChrospher Si 1000
10 m
LiChrospher Si 4000
10 m
Superspher Si 60
4 m
Purospher STAR Si
spherical particles of high purity silica
5 m
Chromolith Si
Monolithic high purity silica
monolithic

Medium solar stationary phases
(shipping eluent: n-Heptane / Dioxane (99/1))
Designation
Particle
size
LiChrosorb CN

with -Cyanopropyl function
with -Aminopropyl function
with DIOL function on carbonchains
with -Cyanopropyl function
with DIOL function on carbonchains
5, 10 m
LiChrosorb NH2
LiChrosorb DIOL
LiChrospher CN
LiChrospher NH2
LiChrospher DIOL
Purospher STAR NH2
60
5, 10 m
5, 10 m
5, 10 m
5, 10 m
5, 10 m
5 m
60
Pore
volume
Spec. surface area
0.75 ml/g
500 m2/g
Efciency
55 000 N/m
15 000 N/m
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m /g
60
0.85 ml/g
700 m2/g
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
100
1.25 ml/g
300
0.78 ml/g
400 m /g
60 m2/g
1000
0.78 ml/g
30 m2/g
15 000 N/m
4000
0.78 ml/g
10 m2/g
15 000 N/m
100 000 N/m
0.85 ml/g
700 m2/g
120
1.1
330
130
1 ml/g
300
Pore
size
Pore
volume
Spec.
surface
%C
Surface
coverage
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
6.1 %
3.82 mol/m2
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
3.5 %
3.54 mol/m2
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
7.1 %
3.91 mol/m2
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
6.6 %
3.52 mol/m2
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
4.6 %
41 mol/m2
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
8.0 %
3.87 mol/m2
120
1.1
330
3.5
60
Pore
size
50 000 N/m
Efciency
40 000 N/m
15 000 N/m
25 000 N/m
10 000 N/m
40 000 N/m
15 000 N/m
40 000 N/m
15 000 N/m
25 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
50 000 N/m
61

Non-polar stationary phases (reversed phase chromatography)
(shipping eluent: acetronitrile / water)
Designation
Particle
size
LiChrosorb RP-8
irregular particles of silica with

octyl derivative
octyl derivative
octyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octyl derivative
octyl derivative endcapped
octyl derivative
octadecyl derivative
octadecyl derivative endcapped
octyl derivative
octyl derivative endcapped
octyl derivative
with octadecyl derivative polar endcapped
with octadecyl derivative
with octyl derivative
5, 7, 10 m

Monolithic high purity silica with
octyl derivative
Monolithic high purity silica with
5 m
LiChrosorb RP-select B
LiChrosorb RP-18
LiChrospher RP-8
LiChrospher RP-8 endcapped
LiChrospher RP-select B
LiChrospher RP-18
LiChrospher RP-18 endcapped
LiChrospher WP 300 RP-18
LiChrospher PAH
Superspher RP-8
Superspher RP-8 endcapped
Superspher RP-select B
Superspher RP-18
Superspher RP-18 endcapped
Purospher RP-18
Purospher RP-18 endcapped
Purospher STAR RP-8 endcapped
Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped
Purospher HC
Chromolith RP-8 endcapped
Chromolith RP-18 endcapped
62
5, 7, 10 m
5, 7, 10 m
5, 10 m
5, 10 m
5, 10 m
5, 10 m
5, 10 m
5, 12, 15 m
5 m
4 m
4 m
4 m
4 m
4 m
5 m
5 m
3, 5 m
2, 3, 5 m
monolithic
monolithic
Pore
volume
Spec.
surface
%C
Surface
coverage
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
9.5 %
3.4 mol/m2
Efciency
60
0.75 ml/g
300 m /g
11.4 %
4.21 mol/m
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
16.2 %
3.0 mol/m2
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
12.5 %
4.04 mol/m2
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m /g
13.0 %
4.44 mol/m2
60
0.9 ml/g
360 m2/g
11.5 %
3.55 mol/m2
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m /g
21.0 %
3.61 mol/m2
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
21.6 %
4.09 mol/m2
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
55 000 N/m
20 000 N/m
n.a.
300
1.0
80 m /g
n.a.
n.a.
150
n.a.
200 m2/g
20 %
4.04 mol/m2
80 000 N/m
60
1.25 ml/g
350 m /g
12.5 %
4.44 mol/m
100 000 N/m
60
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
13.0 %
3.55 mol/m2
100 000 N/m
60
0.9 ml/g
360 m /g
11.5 %
3.61 mol/m
100 000 N/m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
21.0 %
4.09 mol/m2
100 000 N/m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
21.6 %
100 000 N/m
90
1.05 ml/g
480 m /g
17.0 %
80 000 N/m
90
1.05 ml/g
480 m2/g
18.0 %
80 000 N/m
120
1.1 ml/g
330 m /g
11.2 %
120
1.1 ml/g
330 m2/g
17.0 %
90
1.05 ml/g
470 m2/g
18.0 %
130
300
11.0 %
130
300
18.0 %
3 mol/m2
Pore
size
130 000 N/m

80 000 N/m
180 000 N/m
130 000 N/m
80 000 N/m
63
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Possible cause
High pressure
Precolumn blocked
Column head blocked
No peaks; changing peakhight
Noise or drift problems
Capillary blocked
No ow; leak
Sample injection is not reproducible
Column is not in equilibrium
Impurities elute slowly from the column
Enrichment of impurities
Differentces in temperature
(column or detector)
Air bubbles
Detector lamp
Electrical interferences
Ghost peaks
Peaks from previous injection
Unknown sample compunds

Column contamination
Peaks with shoulders; Fronting
Solvent impurities
Mixing problems of mobile phase
Oxidation of TFA (peptinde mapping)
Precolumn defective or soiled
Cavity at column head (dead-volume) or
channels in column packing
Sample dissolved in wrong solvents
Interfering compounds; Impurities
Peaks are broad
64
Column overload
Extra column effects
Precolumn or column defective or soiled
Column overload; injection volume too large
Sample dissolved in wrong solvent
Too weak buffer
Extra column effects
Solution
Change precolumn
Change lter of column head; ush column;
change column
Change capillary
Checkpump; check frit; check mobil phase
composition; x leak
Check sample injection system
Flush column
Flush colum with strong eluent
Flush column; improve sample cleanup;
use HPLC-grade solvents
Use column thermostat
Degas mobile phase; use back-pressure regulator
Replace UV lamp (expected life time: 1,000 h)
Use voltage stabilizer; check for local
interference sources
Use longer run-time; ush column with strong
solvent after each run; improve sample cleanup;
use gradient elution
Improve sample cleanup
Flush column with strong solvent after each run;
improve sample cleanup
Use HPLC-grade solvents
Dissolve sample in mobil phase
Prepare fresh daily; use antioxidant
Change precolumn
Change column
Dissolve sample in mobil phase or (if not possible)
inject very small sample volume (1 l)
Improve sample cleanup; check column with test
mixture; use HPLC-grade solvents
Dilute sample
Check capillary connections
Change precolumn or column
Reduce sample volume; dilute sample
Dissolve sample in mobile phase
Use higher concentration or different buffer
65
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Possible cause
Peaks are broad
Leak between column and detector;

large detector cell
Too low column temperature; high mobile
phase viscosity
Too low column temperature; high mobile
phase viscosity
Too long capillary connections
Peak tailing
Poor column efciency

Column overload
Interfering peaks; Impurities
Silanol interactions
Peak doubling or splitting
Blocked column frit

Extra column effects; dead-volume
Column void or channeling
Sample volume too large; column overload
Increasing retention times
Column void or channeling

Blocked column frit
Unswept injector owpath
Flow rate is decreasing
Active sites on silica packing
Loss of bonded stationary phase
Mobile phase composition changing
Decreasing retention times
Temperature decreasing
Flow rate is increasing
Column overload
Loss of bonded stationary phase
Mobile phase composition changing
Temperature increasing
Column ageing
66
Solution
Fix leak; use smaller cell

Increase column temperature
Increase column temperature
Use shorter capillaries with smaller i.D.;

check for dead volume
Use column with smaller particles
Decrease sample size; increase column diameter;
use higher capacity stationary phase
Improve sample cleanup; adjust mobile phase;
check column with test mixture; use HPLC-grade solvents
Use modier (triethylamine); increase buffer or salt
concentration (ion-pair-chromatography); lower mobil
phase pH; use base deactivated column
Replace frit; add in-line lter; lter samples
Replace column; use less aggressive conditions
Reduce sample volume; dilute sample; inject
sample prepared in mobil phase
Dissolve sample in mobile phase or (if not possible)
inject very small sample volume (1 l)
Replace column; use less aggressive conditions
Replace frit; add in-line lter; lter samples
Replace injecto rotor
Fix leaks; replace pump seals; remove bubbles;
check for cavitation
Use mobile phase modier; add triethylamine;
use base-deactivated column
Keep mobile phase pH between 2 and 7.5
Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or
degradation of mobile phase
Check pump; check ow
Decrease sample size
Keep mobile phase pH between 2 and 7.5
Replace column; use guard column
67
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Retention times changing
Possible cause
Flow rate varying

Insufcient column equilibration
Insufcient buffer capacity
Mobile phase composition changing;
poor mixing
Column temperature varying
Contamination build up
Change in column activation
Differences in selectivity
Different in mobile phase composition

Too weak solvent
Decreasing column life; contamination
Temperature varying
Column to column reproducibility
Sample preparation
Routine laboratory work involves purifying, enriching or separating for subsequent
analysis. The number of samples to be analysed is constantly on the increase:
Comprehensive control of the most important parameters helps to ensure product
quality, prevent damage and maintain quality of life. In order to be able to
utilise the possibilities offered by instrument analysis, the sample must be optimally
prepared. This is often the most time consuming and critical step of the entire
analysis. Selective and specic sample preparation ensures rational, economic and
meaningful analysis.
The goals of sample preparation are:
The removal of interfering sample components.
Selective enrichment of the substances to be analysed.
If no sample preparation is carried out, the HPLC as well as the GC column may
become blocked and in extreme cases this can lead to the irreversible adsorption of
substances onto the column.
Analyte enrichment can increase the detection sensitivity of the detector by a
factor of 100 to 5,000. Only then can the substances be identied and quantitatively
determined in the required concentration range.
68
Solution
Fix leaks; replace pump seals; remove bubbles;

check for phase
Equilibrate with at least 10 column volume of
mobile phase
Use buffer concentration > 20 mM and < 50 mM
Use solumn thermostat
Flush column
Condition column with initial injection of
concentrated of mobile
Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile
Use buffer or ion-pair system
Dissolve sample in mobile phase or (if not possible) inject very small
sample volume (1 l)
Replace column; improve sample cleanup;
check column with test mixture;
use HPLC-grade solvent
Replace column; check with manufacturer
Merck offers a wide range of products with absorptive, ltration

and clarication properties.
LiChrolut for solid-phase extraction: as sorbents and
extraction columns available
Extrelut NT for liquid-liquid extraction: as sorbents
and columns specially for preparation of aqueous
matrices available.
LiChrospher ADS only as column available
for LC-integrated solid-phase extraction.
69
Organic solvents
Organic solvents properties and drying
Drying agents
Vapour pressure of water
LiChrosolv solvents for chromatography
72
76
77
77
78
Organic solvents
Organic solvents
properties and drying
Solvent
Acetone
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetonitrile
Aniline
Anisole
Benzene
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
tert-Butanol
n-Butyl acetate
Carbon disulde
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Decahydronaphthalene
(Dekalin)
Dichloromethane
(Methylene chloride)
Diethyl carbonate
Diethylene
Diethylene
Diethylene glycol
dimethyl ether
Diethyl ether
Diisopropyl ether
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
72
point
20
4
20
D
[C]
Flash
MAC (2)
Drying agent (1)
point
[C]
56
0.791
1.359
18
ppm
500
118
136
82
1.049
1.082
0.782
1.372
1.390
1.344
+ 40
+ 49
+6
10
5
40
184
154
80
1.022
0.995
0.879
1.586
1.518
1.501
+ 76
+ 51
10
117
100
82
127
46
77
0.810
0.808
0.786
0.882
1.263
1.594
1.399
1.398
1.384
1.394
1.626
1.460
+ 29
+ 24
+ 11
+ 33
30
132
62
1.106
1.486
1.525
1.448
non
ammable
+ 29
non
ammable
mg/m3
1200
25
20
69
8
H.A
K2CO3
Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
P2O5; CuSO4
CaCl2
CaCl2; P2O5; K2CO3
KOH; BaO
CaCl2; distillation; Na
distillation
CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na
100
100
100
100
H5
H 10
B
310
310
310
480
16
65
K2CO3; distillation
K2CO3; distillation
CaO; freezing
MgSO4
CaCl2; P2O5
Distillation;
CaCl2; P2O5; Pb/Na;
10
B.10
47
50
CaCl2; distillation;
CaCl2; P2O5; Pb/Na
Na; Na/Pb; LiAIH4
CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na
81
0.779
1.426
17
200
700
189/
191
40
0.886
1.48
< 54
1.325
1.424
B.100
350
126
255
0.975
0.885
1.384
1.423
+ 25
+ 118
188
0.906
1.412
+ 82.5
155
165
34
0.945
1.407
+ 70
0.714
1.353
40
400
1200
CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na;

LiAIH4
68
0.726
1.368
23
500
2100
153
0.950
1.430
+ 62
H. 10
30
189
1.101
1.478
+ 95
CaCl2; Na
Distillation
Distillation
non
ammable
Organic solvents
Boiling
CaCl2; Pb/Na
K2CO3; Na2SO4
CaCl2; Na
glycoldibutyl ether
CaCl2; Na
glycoldiethyl ether
CaCl2; Na
73
Organic solvents
Solvent
Boiling
point
[C]
20
4
20
D
Flash
point
[C]
MAC (2)
Drying agent (1)

3
101
1.034
1.422
+ 11.8
ppm
H.B20
mg/m
73
Ethanol
79
0.791
1.361
+ 12
1000
1900
CaO; Mg; MgO.

Ethyl acetate
77
0.901
1.372
400
1500
K2CO3; P2O5; Na2SO4.

Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
197
135
1.109
0.930
1.432
1.408
+ 111
+ 41
H5
20
Distillation; Na2SO4
Distillation
Ethylene glycol
monomethyl
125
0.965
1.402
+ 52
H5
15
Distillation
Ethyl formate
Formamide
Glycerol
Hexauoroacetone
(sesqui-hydrate)
54
211
290
0.924
1.134
1.260
1.685
1.360
1.447
1.475
20
155
+ 176
100
300
MgSO4; Na2SO4
Na2SO4; CaO
Distillation
1.4-Dioxane
n-Hexane
Isobutanol
Isobutyl
methyl ketone
Methanol
CaCl2; Na
non
ammable
69
0.659
1.375
23
50
180
Na; Pb/Na; LiAIH4.

108
117
0.803
0.801
1.396
1.396
+ 28
+ 15.5
100
20
300
83
K2CO3; CaO; Mg; Ca

K2CO3
65
0.792
1.329
+ 11
H 200
270
Mg; CaO.
Methyl acetate
1-Methyl-2pyrrolidone
57
202
0.933
1.0260
1.362
1.4684
10
+ 95
5
20
20
80
K2CO3; CaO
Distillation; Na2SO4;
Methyl ethyl ketone

Nitrobenzene
80
211
0.806
1.204
1.379
1.556
4.4
+ 92
200
H1
600
5
36
97
82
0.626
0.804
0.785
1.358
1.385
1.378
49
+ 15
+ 12
1000
200
3000
500
Na; Pb/Na
CaO; Mg
CaO; Mg;
Pyridine
116
0.982
1.510
+ 20
15
KOH; BaO;
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin)
66
208
0.887
0.973
1.405
1.541
17.5
+ 78
50
150

CaCl2; Na
Toluene
111
0.867
1.496
+4
50
190
Trichloroethylene
87
1.462
1.477
non
ammable
B.
137/
140
0.86
1.50
+ 25
100
440
n-Pentane
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
Xylene
(isomeric mixture)
74
K2CO3
CaCl2; P2O5;
Distillation
Distillation; Ca; CaCl2;

Distillation;
Na2SO4; K2CO3
Distillation; Na; CaCl2;
Organic solvents
(1) For details of drying methods please refer to the brochure
"Drying in the laboratory and pilot plant"
(2) MAC values
S = Danger of absorption through the skin.
A = This substance is denitely known to be a carcinogenic;
no MAC values can be quoted.
Substances for which no MAC value is given have not been classied by the German
Senate Commission on hazardous materials, though this fact is not to be construed as
meaning that the substances carry no risk.
Chemical Characteristics (Safety)

Forms explosive peroxides on contact
with air, if they become concentrated,
these peroxides may present an
explosion hazard. Hazardous polymerization will not occur.
75
Organic solvents
B = There are grounds to suppose that this substance has

carcinogenic potential.
Density
20
D 20
%
by weight
ethanol
%
by volume
ethanol
Density
20
D 20
%
by weight
ethanol
%
by volume
ethanol
1.00000
0.99813
0.99629
0.99451
0.99279
0.99113
0.98955
0.98802
0.98653
0.98505
0.98361
0.98221
0.98084
0.97948
0.97560
0.97687
0.97687
0.97431
0.97301
0.97169
0.97036
0.96901
0.96763
0.96624
0.96483
0.96339
0.96190
0.96037
0.95880
0.95717
0.95551
0.95381
0.95207
0.95028
0.94847
0.94662
0.94432
0.94281
0.94086
0.93886
0.93648
0.93479
0.93272
0.93062
0.92849
0.92636
0.92421
0.92204
0.91986
0.91766
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
0
1.3
2.5
3.8
5.0
6.2
7.5
8.7
10.0
11.2
12.4
13.6
14.8
16.1
17.3
18.5
19.7
20.9
22.1
23.3
24.5
25.7
26.9
28.1
29.2
30.4
31.6
32.7
33.9
35.1
36.2
37.4
38.5
39.6
40.7
41.9
43.0
44.1
45.2
46.3
47.4
48.43
49.51
50.6
51.6
52.6
53.7
54.7
55.8
56.8
0.91546
0.91322
0.91097
0.90872
0.90645
0.90418
0.90191
0.89962
0.89733
0.89502
0.89271
0.89040
0.88807
0.88574
0.88339
0.88104
0.87869
0.87632
0.87396
0.87158
0.86920
0.86680
0.86440
0.86200
0.85958
0.85716
0.85473
0.85230
0.84985
0.84740
0.84494
0.84245
0.83997
0.83747
0.83496
0.83242
0.82987
0.82729
0.82469
0.82207
0.81942
0.81674
0.81401
0.81127
0.80848
0.80567
0.80280
0.79988
0.79688
0.79383
0.79074
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
57.8
58.8
59.8
60.8
61.8
62.8
63.8
64.8
65.8
66.8
67.7
68.6
69.9
70.5
71.5
72.4
73.3
74.2
75.1
76.0
76.9
77.8
78.6
79.5
80.4
81.2
82.1
83.0
83.8
84.6
85.4
86.2
87.1
87.9
88.7
89.5
90.2
91.0
91.8
92.5
93.2
94.0
94.7
95.4
96.1
96.7
97.4
98.1
98.7
99.3
100.0
76
Drying agents
Formula
Water content of
air in equilibrium,
in mg/l [at 25 C]
Aluminium oxide
Calcium chloride
Calcium hydride
Calcium oxide
Calcium sulfate
Copper sulfate
Dessicant sachets
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium perchlorate
Magnesium sulfate
Molecular sieves
Phosphorus pentoxide
Potassium hydroxide
Sicacide
Sicapent
Silica gel, blue gel
Silica gel, orange gel
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium sulfate
Sulfuric acid
Al2O3
CaCl2
CaH2
CaO
CaSO4
CuSO4
SiO2
MgO
Mg(ClO4)2
MgSO4
P2O5
KOH
H2SO4*
P2O5*
(SiO2)x
SiO2
NaOH
Na2SO4
H2SO4
0.003
< 0.00001
0.14
0.003
0.004 0.07
1.4
0.003
0.008
0.0005 0.002
1.0
0.0001 0.5
0.00002
0.002
0.003 0.3
< 0.000025
0.003
0.003
0.002
1.0
0.005 0.3
Organic solvents
Name
* on siliceous supporting material
Vapour pressure of water over

H2SO4 [at 20 C]
% H2SO4
p [mbar]
% H2SO4
p [mbar]
10
22.9
65
2.1
20
20.5
70
1.1
30
17.6
75
0.4
40
13.0
80
0.1
50
8.2
85
0.04
55
5.9
90
0.007
60
3.7
77
LiChrosolv
Solvents for chromatography
Elutropic
series
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
Isooctane
Toluene
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1-Butanol
Tetrahydrofuran
2-Propanol
Ethylacetate
1,4-Dioxane
Ethanol
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Methanol
Water
Cat. No.
104390
104391
102827
104717
108327
102444
106044
113713
101988
108101
101040
100868
103132
111727
100020
100030
106007
115333
Polarity
index
acc. to
Snyder
(1)
0.0
0.0
0.4
2.3
3.4
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.8
5.2
5.4
6.2
6.6
9.0
Formula
C7H16
C6H14
C6H12
C8H18
C6H5CH3
CHCl3
CH2Cl2
ClCH2CH2Cl
CH3(CH2)3OH
C4H8O
CH3CH(OH)CH3
CH3COOC2H5
C4H8O2
C2H5OH
CH3COCH3
CH3CN
CH3OH
H2O
Molar
mass
Refractive
index
Boiling
point
[g/mol]
20
n
D
[C]
100.21
86.18
84.16
114.23
92.14
119.38
84.93
98.97
74.12
72.11
60.10
88.10
88.11
46.07
58.08
41.05
32.04
18.01
1.388
1.375
1.427
1.392
1.496
1.446
1.424
1.445
1.399
1.405
1.378
1.372
1.422
1.361
1.359
1.344
1.329
1.333
(1)
acc. to L. R. Snyder, Journal of Chromatography 92, 233, (1974).
(2)
Detailed solvent tables acc. to H. Halpaap can be found in:

Einfhrung in HPDC,
ed. R. E. Kaiser, IfC-Verlag Bad Drkheim 1976, p. 232233; HPTLC,
ed. A. Zlatkis, R. E. Kaiser Elsevier and IfC 1977, p. 126127.
(3)
A = This substance is denitely known to be a carcinogenic;

no MAC values can be quoted.
98.4
68.9
80.7
99.2
110.6
61.7
40.0
83.4
117.2
66.0
82.4
77.1
101.0
78.5
56.2
81.6
65.0
100.0
LiChrosolv Acetonitrile gradient grade

for liquid chromatography in 1, 2.5 and 4 l glass bottles.
78
Dynamic
viscosity
Surface
tension
against
air or
vapor
MAC
value
1998
mg
Dielectric
constant
[hPa]
(20 C)
[mPa s]
(22 C)
(40 C)
[mN/m]
(20 C)
[ml/m3]
or
[ppm]
DK
(20 or
25 C)
0.40
0.31
0.94
0.51
0.58
0.56
0.43
0.80
2.95
0.47
2.27
0.44
1.21
1.20
0.32
0.39
0.52
0.95
20.4
18.4
25.5
28.5
27.1
26.5
24.2
24.6
21.7
23.9
33.7
22.8
23.7
29.3
22.6
72.8
500
50
200
500
50
10
100
A (3)
100
50
200
400
20
1000
500
40
200
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.9
2.4
7.15
9.1
10.6
17.8
7.4
18.3
6.0
2.2
24.3
20.7
37.5
32.6
80.2
48
160
104
51
29
210
453
87
67
200
43
97
41
59
233
97
128
23
0.33
0.26
0.71
0.50
0.47
0.47
0.36
0.65
1.78
0.38
1.35
0.36
0.92
0.83
0.27
0.45
0.65
Dipole
moment
acc.
to
Debye
against
Al2O3
(1)
acc. to
Snyder
0
0
0
0
0.36
1.74
1.60
1.75
1.66
1.63
1.66
1.78
0.40
1.70
2.70
3.44
1.70
1.85
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.29
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.7
0.57
0.82
0.59
0.56
0.88
2.88
3.92
0.95
Flow coefcient x
[mm2/s]
DC-(silica gel 60
precoated plate)
22 C
(2)
migration distance
[mm]
50
70
100
9.2
12.5
5.4
7.9
8.3
9.0
10.1
7.6
10.9
2.1
9.2
5.2
3.4
12.7
12.6
5.6
5.1
10.6
13.9
6.3
8.3
9.3
10.5
11.8
8.4
11.9
2.3
10.9
6.0
3.9
14.7
14.0
6.5
5.7
11.4
14.6
6.7
8.7
11.0
11.6
13.2
8.9
12.6
2.5
12.1
6.5
4.2
16.2
15.4
7.1
5.8
79
Organic solvents
Vapor
pressure
Physical methods for

the determination of elements
Flame photometry
Photometry: Transmission rate and absorbance
82
82
82
82
83
83
Flame photometry
Important emission lines in the ame spectra of some elements
Element
Wavelength l [nm]
Ag
Ba
B
Ca
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
K
Li
Mg
Mn
Na
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sr
Ti
328.1
553.6
452
422.7
346.6
360.5
455.5
324.8
373.7
404.7
670.8
285.2
403.3
330.3
341.5
368.4
420.2
460.7
377.6
(B)
(G)
(G)
(D)
(G)
(D)
(G)
(D)
338.3
744
548
554
353.0
427.5
852.1
327.4
386.0
766.5
460.3
371
543.3
589.3
352.5
405.8
780.0
821
535.0
(B)
(B)
(B)
(G)
(G)
(D)
(B)
(D)
(G)
(B)
(B) = Band of the oxide

(D) = Dual line, the center point between the two lines is given
(G) = Group of lines in the region of the stated wavelength

Wavelength l [nm] and wave number n [cm-1]
v=1;
400 nm
25,000 cm-1
Photometry transmission rate and absorbance

A = - IgT
(e.g. A = 23.6 % = 0.236
T = 0.627)

A=
82
F2
873
345
622
387.4
425.5
894.3
520
385.6
344.6
323.3
383
279.5
818.3
385.8
261.4
794.8
407.8
276.8
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(G)
(D)
(B)
(D)
(G)
(D)
Half-wave potentials of some important metals
Half-wave potential [V]
Support electrolyte / concentration
Cu2+
Pb2+
Cd2+
Ni2+
Zn2+
Co2+
Fe2+
Mn2+
Cu2+
0.42
0.48
0.64
1.00
1.06
1.30
1.41
1.55
0.32
Pb2+
Co2+
Zn2+
Mn2+
0.52
0.86
1.08
1.40
NH4 CH3 COO 0.85 mol/l

KSCN 0.0025 mol/l
Saturated CaCl2 solution

about 10 12 mol/l
Physical methods for the determination of elements
Metal

Peak potentials of some important metals (1)
Metal
Peak potential [V]
Support electrolyte / concentration
Interference by
Zn2+
Cd2+
Cu2+
Pb2+
Ni2+
Bi3+
Co2+
Sb3+
Sn2+
Cr6+
Cr3+
1.03
0.63
0.15
0.40
0.80
0.08
1.05
0.13
0.50
0.75
1.10
Pyridine hydrochloride
HCI
HCI
HCI
HCI
HCI
HCI
LiOH
LiCI
Co2+
0.1 mol/l
0.2 mol/l
0.2 mol/l
0.2 mol/l
0.1 mol/l
0.5 mol/l
0.1 mol/l
0.5 mol/l
5 mol/l
0.5 mol/l
0.5 mol/l
Sb3+
Sn2+
Cu2+
Zn2+
Cu2+
Pb2+, TI+
Zn2+
(1) measured against a silver / silver chloride reference electrode
83
Mass and weight

Decimal multiples and parts of units
Concentration values
Basic units
Derived units
US and British measures units
86
86
87
87
87
88
92

Given
dimension
Unit
1J
(1)
1 kWh (1)
1 MeV (1)
1 mkp
1 kcal15
1 erg
Required dimension with conversion factor (2)

J
kWh
MeV
mkp
kcal15
erg
1
3600000
1.6021013
9.80665
4185.5
107
2.77778107
1
4.451020
2.72407106
1.16264103
2.777781014
6.2421012
2.2471019
1
6.1241013
2.6131016
6.242105
0.1019716
367097.8
1.6341014
1
426.80
0.1019716107
2.38920104
860.11
3.8271017
2.34301103
1
2.389201011
107
3.61013
1.602106
9.80665107
4.18551010
1
Torr
(mm HG)
Ibs/sq.in.
(psi)
(1) Legal measurement units

(2) Examples: 1 J = 2.38920104 kcal 1 MeV = 1.60210 13J

Given
dimension
Required dimension with conversion factor (2)

N m-2
(Pa)
Unit
-2
1 Nm
1 Pa
(1)
1 bar (1)
1 atm
1 kpm2
1 Torr
(1 mm Hg)
10 Ibs/sq.in.
(psi)
bar
5
kpm-2
atm
1.01971010
7.50062 10
1.4503810-
9.8692
1
9.6784110-5
1.3157910-3
10197.16
10332.27
1
13.5951
750.062
759.9988
7.35559102
1
14.5038
14.6960
1.4223410-3
1.9336810-
0.68046
7030.68
517.148
10
10
9.869210
105
101325
9.80665
133.3224
1
101325
9.80665105
1.333224103
68948
0.68948
-6
(1) Legal measurement units

(2) Examples: 1 Pa = 7.50062103 Torr 10 psi = 0.68046 atm
86
-1
Decimal units multiples and subdivisions

Prex
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
10
Exa
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
Symbol
Prex
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
Symbol
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Piko
Femto
Atto
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
Concentrations
1 : 100
1 : 1 000
1 : 10 000
1 : 100 000
1 : 1 million
1 : 10 million
1 : 100 million
1 : 1 milliard
1 : 10 milliard
1 : 100 milliard
1 : 1 billion
Potency
1 x 102
1 x 103
1 x 104
1 x 105
1 x 106
1 x 107
1 x 108
1 x 109
1 x 1010
1 x 1011
1 x 1012
ppm
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 1
0.000 01
0.000 001
0.000 000 1
g/kg
mg/g
g/mg
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 1
0.000 01
0.000 001
ppb
mg/kg
g/kg
g/g
ng/g
ng/mg
pg/mg
10 000
1 000
100
10
1
1 000
0.1
100
0.01
10
0.001
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
ppt
ng/kg
pg/g
fg/mg
1 000
100
10
1
The tables on pages 96 to 101 were reprinted with permission of the Deutsches
Institut fr Normung e.V. (DIN, German Institute of Standardization).
They contain excerpts from DIN 1301. Always use the most current version of
the norm to be obtained from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrae 410,
10772 Berlin, Germany.
Basic units
Dimension
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Basic unit
Name
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Ampere
Kelvin
Candela
Mole
Symbol
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
87
Mass and weight
Proportion
Derived units
with conversion of previous units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Further units
Relationship
Name
Symbol
Liter
1 l = 103 m3
1 t = 103 kg
1 u = 1,66053
1027 kg
Length, surface, volume

Length
Surface
Volume
Meter
Square meter
Cubic meter
m
m2
m3
Kilogram
kg
Mass
Mass
Metric
ton
Atomic
mass unit
Density
Specic
volume
Kilogram
per
cubic meter
Cubic meter
per
kilogram
kgm3
m3kg1
Amount of substance
Amount of
substance
Molar
mass
Concentration
of a substance
Molality
Mole
Mass
per amount
of substance
Amount of
substance
in given
volume
of solvent
Amount of
substance
per mass
of solvent
mol
kgmol1
gmol1
molm3
moll1
molkg1
molg1
Temperature
Temperature
Kelvin
K
Degree
centigrade
88
Derived units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Further units
Relationship
Name
Symbol
minute
hour
day
min
h
d
1 min = 60 s
1 h = 60 min
1 d = 24 h
1 Hz = 1 s-1
Kilometer
per
hour
kmh-1
1 kmh-1
= 1 ms-1
3.6
Poise
Centipoise
cP
Time
Frequency
Velocity
second
Hertz
Meter
per
second
Hz
ms1
Viscosity
Dynamic
viscosity
Kinematic
viscosity
Pascalsecond
Square
meters
per
second
Pas
m2s-1
Stokes
St
Centistoke
cSt
1 Pas = 1 Nsm-2
= 1 kgm-1s-1
1P
= 0.1 Pas
1 cP
= 0.01 Pas
= 0.001 Pas
= mPas
1 St
= 1 cm2s-1
1 cSt
= 1 mm2s-1
89
Mass and weight
Time
Time interval
Derived units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Further units
Name
Relationship
Symbol
Force, energy, power

Force
Newton
Pressure
Newton
per
square
meter
Pascal
Nm-2
Pa
Joule
Energy, work
heat quantity
Power
Watt
Electric
current
Electric
potential
Electric
conductance
Electric
resistance
Ampere
Volt
Siemens
Ohm
Electric
charge
Coulomb
1N
= 1 kgms-2
Bar
bar
Kilowatthour
kWh
1 Pa
= 1 Nm-2
1 bar
= 105 Pa
1J
= 1 Nm
= 1 Ws
= 1 kgm2s-2
1 kWh
= 3,6 MJ
1W
= 1 Js-1
= 1 Nms-1
= 1 VA
Electrical measures
Amperehour
Electric
capacitance
Farad
Candela
Lumen
Lux
cd
lm
lx
Axh
1S
= 1 AV-1
1V
= 1 VA-1
= 1 S-1
1C
= 1 As
1 Ah
= 3600 As
1F
= 1 CV-1
Luminous intensity
Luminous intensity
Luminous ux
Illuminance
90
1 lm = 1 cdsr
1 lx = 1 lmm-2
1 cdsrm-2
Derived units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Further units
Name
Symbol
Curie
Ci
Relationship
Ionizing radiation
Activity
Becquerel
Bq
1 Bq = 1 s-1
1 Ci = 37 G Bq
Enzymatic activity
Katal
kat
Enzyme
unit
1 kat
= 1 mols-1
= 60 molmin-1
1U
= 1 mols-1
= 1 kat
60
= 16.67 nkat
Mass and weight
Enzymatic
activity
91
US and British measuring units

Conversion to metric units
Volume
Liters
US gallons
Imperial gallons
Imperial gallons
US gallons
Cubic meters
Cubic feet
Cubic meters
US gallons
x
0.2642
x
3.785
x
1.201
x
4.546
x
0.8327
x 35.31
x
0.0283
x 264.2
x
0.00379
= US gallons
= Liters
= US gallons
= Liters
= Imperial gallons
= Cubic feet
= Cubic meters
= US gallons
= Cubic meters
Length
Meters
Feet
Meters
Inches
Centimeters
Inches
Millimeters
Inches
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3.281
0.3048
39.37
0.0254
0.3937
2.540
0.0394
25.4
= Feet
= Meters
= Inches
= Meters
= Inches
= Centimeters
= Inches
= Millimeters
Weight
Kilograms
Pounds
Tons (long)
Tons (long)
Tonnes (metr.)
Tonnes (metr.)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Grams
Grains
Grams
Ounces (US)
Ounces (troy)
92
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2.2046
0.4536
1016.05
2240
1000
2204.6
907.185
2000
15.432653
0.0647989
0.0352740
28.349527
31.1035
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Grains
= Grams
= Ounces (US)
= Grams
= Grams
US and British measuring units

Conversion to metric units
Temperature
Centigrade
a Centigrade
required in
Raumur
a8
10
b 10
8
(c - 32) 10
18
b Raumur
c Fahrenheit
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40
31
22
13
4
+5
14
23
32
+5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
41
50
59
68
77
86
95
104
113
C
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Fahrenheit
a 8 + 32
10
b 10 + 32
8
(c - 32) 8
18
122
131
140
149
158
167
176
185
194
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
203
212
221
230
239
248
257
266
275
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
284
293
302
311
320
329
338
347
356
185
190
195
200
210
365
374
383
392
410
93
Mass and weight
given in
Other useful tables

Physical constants
Establishment of constant humidity in closed vessels
Greek alphabet
Greek numerals / Roman numbers
Freezing mixtures
Extran
Particle sizes
Miscibility table
96
97
98
99
100
100
102
104
106
108
Physical constants
Constant
Symbol
Value
Atomic mass unit

Avogadro constant
Bohr magneton
Bohr radius
Boltzmann constant
Compton wavelength (e)
Compton wavelength (n)
Compton wavelength (p)
Electric eld
constant in vacuo
Electron radius
Elementary charge
Faraday constant
Fine structure constant
Gas constant
Gravitation constant
Intrinsic impedance
Light velocity
in vacuo
Loschmidt constant
Magnetic eld
constant in vacuo
Molar volume of ideal
gases 298 K, 101.325 kPa
Normal acceleration of fall
Planck constant
Rest mass of the electron
Rest mass of the neutron
Rest mass of the proton
Rotational quantum
ydberg constant
mU
NA
1.660540
6.022137
9.274015
5.291771
1.380662
2.426311
1.319591
1.321410
8.854188
1027
1023
1024
1011
1023
1012
1015
1015
1012
kg
mol1
JT1
m
JK1
m
m
m
Fm1
1015
1019
104
103
m
C
Cmol1
2.817941
1.602177
9.648531
7.297353
8.31451
6.672590
3.767301
2.997924
1011
102
108
Jmol1K1
Nm2kg2
V
ms1
NL
2.686763
1025
m3
96
B
O
kB
Ce
Cn
Cp
O
re
e
F
R
f
nm
1.256637
2.445294
10
102
Hm1
m3mol1
g
h
me
mn
mp
h/(2 )
R
9.80665
6.626075
9.109390
1.674929
1.672623
1.054588
1.097373
1034
1031
1027
1027
1034
107
ms2
Js
kg
kg
kg
Js
m1
Creation constant air humidity in closed vessels
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate

Sodium carbonate
Zinc sulfate
Potassium chloride
Ammonium sulfate
Sodium chloride
Sodium nitrite
Ammonium nitrate
Calcium nitrate
Potassium carbonate
Zinc nitrate
Calcium chloride
Lithium chloride
% relative air humidity

above the solution
[at 20 C]
Na2HPO4 12 H2O
Na2CO3 10 H2O
ZnSO4 7 H2O
KCl
(NH4)2SO4
NaCl
NaNO2
NH4NO3
Ca (NO3)2 4 H2O
K2CO3
Zn (NO3)2 6 H2O
CaCl2 6 H2O
LiCl H2O
95
92
90
86
80
76
65
63
55
45
42
32
15
Other useful tables
Saturated aqueous
solution with
considerable precipitates
97
Greek alphabet
Letter
A
B
E
Z
H
I
K
M
N
1,
2
Name
Pronunciation
lpha
bta
gmma
dlta
psilon
zta
ta
thta
ita
kppa
lmbda
m
n
xi
micron
pi
rho
sigma
tau
y psilon
phi
chi
psi
mega
a
b
g
d
e (short)
z
e (long)
th
i
k
l
m
n
x
o (short)
p
r
s
t
y
ph
ch
ps
o (long)
1 At the beginning and in the middle of a word

2 At the end of a word
98
Greek numbers / Roman numbers

hemi
mono
sesqui
di , bi
hemipenta
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona , ennea
deca
hendeca , undeca
dodeca
trideca
tetradeca
pentadeca
hexadeca
heptadeca
octadeca
nonadeca
eicosa
tetraconta
pentaconta
hexaconta
nonaconta
hecta
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XL
L
LX
XC
IC
C
CC
CD
D
DC
CM
XM
M
Other useful tables
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
40
50
60
90
99
100
200
400
500
600
900
990
1000
99
Freezing mixtures
The numbers represent weight proportions

4 water
1 water
1 water
3 ice ground
1,2 ice ground
1,2 ice ground
1,4 ice ground
Methanol or acetone
Diethyl ether
+ 1 potassium chloride
+ 1 ammonium nitrate
+ 1 sodium nitrate + 1 ammonium chloride
+ 1 sodium chloride
+ 1 magnesium chloride (MgCl2 7 H2O)
+ 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2 6 H2O)
+ 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2 6 H2O)
+ dry ice
+ dry ice
Lowering
temperature
from [C] to
+ 10
+ 10
+ 8
0
0
0
0
+ 15
+ 15
12
15
24
21
34
39
55
77
100
Extran laboratory cleaning agents

Name
Cat. No.
Notes on use
Extran MA 01
alkaline / liquid
107555
Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination.

For hard water even up to 40 d. For cleaning tables,
tiles, and oors in the laboratory.
Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning.
Extran MA 02
neutral / liquid
107553
Special cleaner for precision instruments of glass,

quartz and sensitive metals. Suitable for ultrasonic
cleaning.
Extran MA 03
phosphate-free
liquid
107550
Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination.

With very hard water also usable without restrictions.
Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate.
Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning.
Extran MA 05
liquid / alkaline /
phosphatefree
concentrate
140000
Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination. With

very hard water also usable without restrictions.
Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate and
NTA*. Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning.
Extran AP 11
mildly alkaline /
powder
107558
Gentle cleaning action; e.g. in the analytical laboratory.

Cleaning action equivalent to that of AP 14 liquid.
Extran AP 12
alkaline / powder
107563
Powerful cleaning action. Particularly with starch

and protein residues. Cleaning action equivalent
to that of AP 15 liquid.
Extran AP 13
alkaline with
detergents /
powder
107565
Powerful cleaning action. Particularly with

fat residues.
Extran AP 14
mildly alkaline /
liquid
107573
Gentle cleaning action for machines with liquid dosing;

e.g. in the analytical laboratory.
Cleaning action equivalent to that of AP 11 powder.
100
Extran laboratory cleaning agents

Cat. No.
Notes on use
Extran AP 15
alkaline / liquid
107575
Powerful cleaning for machines with liquid dosing.

Cleaning action equivalent to that of AP 12 powder.
Extran AP 16
liquid / mildly
alkaline
concentrate
140001
Gentle cleaning action for machines with liquid dosing;

e.g. in the analytical laboratory.
NTA*. Cleaning action equivalent to that of AP 11 powder.
Extran AP 17
acidic with
phosphoric acid
liquid
140006
Powerful cleaning for machines with liquid dosing.

NTA*. Cleaning action equivalent to that of AP 12 powder.
Extran AP 21
acidic with
phosphoric acid
liquid
107559
First rinse in the presence of residues of carbonates,

hydroxides, proteins, amines, etc. Neutralising
Neutralising nal rinse. Also for a gentle main wash.
Prevents the formation of calcareous deposits.
Extran AP 22
acidic with
citric acid liquid
107561
Gentle prerinse or nal rinse with neutralizing

action. Prevents the formation of calcareous deposits.
Extran AP 31
antifoam/ liquid
Extran AP 33
liquid / antifoaming agent /
formaldehydefree
107560
Additive for foam-forming residues: proteins, fats,

emulsiers of all types.
Additive for foam-forming residues: proteins, fats,
emulsiers of all types. Environmentally friendly as it
contains no formaldehyde.
Extran AP 41
enzymatic /
powder
107570
140007
Other useful tables
Name
For medical and dental practices, anaesthetic equipment.

For the removal of mucus, saliva, blood etc. Temperature:
55 65 C.
* NTA = Nitrilotriacetic Acid
Extran cleaning agents in renowned Merck quality

are the key to reliable cleaning of your labware
Merck provides its high-quality Extran cleaning
agents for more than 25 years now.
The benets to you:
Extran cleans reliably without leaving any residues
performed.
Extran is free from scented materials, colorants,
chlorine and toxic ingredients.
Its active ingredients are biodegradable, so environmental demands are met.
101
Particle sizes
Mesh size w
DIN 4188
(D)
[mm]
ASTM
E1170
(USA)
[mesh]
0.02
0.022
0.025
ASTM
E16170
(USA)
[m]
5
10
15
BS
410 : 1969
(GB)
[m]
Tyler
[mesh]
22
27
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.056
0.063
0.071
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.112
0.125
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.224
0.25
0.28
0.315
0.355
0.4
102
32
400
38
38
400
325
45
45
325
270
53
53
270
230
63
63
250
200
75
75
200
170
90
90
170
140
106
106
150
120
125
125
115
100
150
150
100
80
180
80
70
212
65
60
250
60
50
300
48
45
355
42
Particle sizes
Mesh size w
(D)
[mm]
0.45
0.5
0.56
0.63
0.71
0.8
0.9
1
1.12
1.18
1.25
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.24
2.5
2.8
3.15
3.55
4
4.5
5
5.6
ASTM
E1170
(USA)
[mesh]
ASTM
E16170
(USA)
[m]
BS
410 : 1969
(GB)
[m]
Tyler
[mesh]
40
425
35
35
500
32
30
600
28
25
710
24
20
850
20
18
1000
16
16
1180
14
14
1400
12
12
1700
10
10
2000
2360
2800
3350
4000
4750
5600
Other useful tables
DIN 4188
103

TMS = 0 ppm
H3C C -
220
200
180
220
200
180
220
200
180
C primary
H3C Halogen
H3C O
H3C N
H3C S
CH2 C -
C secondary
CH2 Halogen
CH2 O
CH2 N
CH2 S
CH C -
C tertiary
CH Halogen
CH O
CH N
CH S
CC-
C quaternary
C Halogen
CO
CS
CC-
Alkanes
C C
Alkynes
C=C
Alkenes
C=C
Aromatics
C=C
Heteroaromatics
OC N
Cyanates
SC N
Thiocyanates
C N
Cyanides
C=N
Azomethines
( CO)2O
Anhydrides
COOR
Esters
( CO)2NR
Imides
CONHR
Amides
COOH
Acids
COCI
Acid Chlorides
C=O
Aldehyde
C=O
104
Ketone
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
20
40
Cl
aliphates cyclopropanes
I
Cl
Cl
Other useful tables
Cl
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
20
40
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
20
40
105

TMS = 0 ppm
H3C CR3
13
12
11
10
13
12
11
10
Methyl protons
H3C Halogen
H3C O
H3C N
H3C
C=C
H3C
C=O
H3C Ar
CH2 CR3
Methylene protons
CH2 Halogen
CH2 O
CH2 N
CH2
C=C
CH2
C=O
CH2 Ar
CH CR3
Methine protons
CH Halogen
CH O
CH N
CH
C=O
CH Ar
C CH
C-CH
C-CH
Alkynes
Alkenes, nonconjugated
Alkenes, conjugated
Ar H
Aromatics
Ar H
Heteroaromatics
O-CH
Aldehydes
ROH*
Alcohols, very dilute solution
ROH*
Alcohols, 0.1 0.9 mol/l
RCO2H*
Carboxylic acids, dimer
SO3H
Sulfonic acids
RSH*
Thiols
ArSH*
Thiophenols
RNH2*
Amines, 0.1 0.9 mol/l
R2NH*
Amines, 0.1 0.9 mol/l
ArNH-(H, R, Ar)*
Aromatic amines, primary, secondary
RNH3+, R2NH2+, R3NH+
in TFA solution
ArNH3+, ArRNH2+, ArR2NH+
in TFA solution
* The chemical shifts of these groups are concentration-dependent and are shifted to lower
ppm values in more dilute solutions
106
Other useful tables
0
(ppm)
107
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ether
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
1,4-Dioxane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Heptane
Hexane
Methanol
Methyl-tert-butyl ether
Pentane
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Water
miscible
immiscible
108
Diethyl ether
Dichloromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Chloroform
Acetonitrile
Acetone
Miscibility tables
109
Other useful tables
Water
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Toluene
Tetrahydrofuran
2-Propanol
1-Propanol
Pentane
Methyl-tert-butyl ether
Methanol
Hexane
Heptane
Ethyl acetate
Ethanol
1,4-Dioxane
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl formamide
Notes
For any further information

please contact your local agent
W 280111
03/10
We provide information and advice to our

customers to the best of our knowledge
and ability, but without obligation or liability.
Existing laws and regulations are to be
observed in all cases by our customers. This
also applies in respect to any rights of
third parties. Our information and advice do
not relieve our customers of their own
responsibility for checking the suitability of
our products for the envisaged purpose.
Merck KGaA
64271 Darmstadt, Germany
Fax 0049 (0) 6151 72-6080
E-mail: contact@merck-chemicals.com
www.merck-chemicals.com/labtools

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Lab Tools

Tables for laboratory use

Periodic table of the elements

*stabilstes Isotop, most

isotope le plus stable,

talle, transition metals,

f-Reihe, elements of the f-series,

Consumer Health Care

Chemical and physical properties of elements

Solutions aqueous systems

Indicators and buffers

Physical methods for the determination of elements

Mass and weight

Other useful tables

Chemical and physical properties

* Gases in [g/ l] at C and normal pressure

** longest-lived isotope in brackets

*** Earth's crust

133 (I), 8 (VII)

215 (II), 120 (II), 84 (IV)

Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds

* Gases in [g/ l] at C and normal pressure

** longest-lived isotope in brackets

*** Earth's crust

110 (III), 95 (IV), 71 (VII)

Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds

Hardness scale acc. to MOHS

Ca5 [(F, CI, OH) / (PO4)3]

AI2 [F2 / SiO4]

Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds

Electrochemical series of some nonmetals (alkaline solution)

Covalent single-bond radiuses (in pm)

* Determined from H-X bond distances

Solutions aqueous systems

General formulas for mixing liquids

a = its content in % by weight

12.80 (97.50 37.36)

Consequently, 4.905 kg (= 2.666 l) of concentrated sulfuric acid with a

With Merckoquant Total Hardness strips you can easily

Solutions aqueous systems

Convention table for water hardness units

Preparation of dilute solutions

Solutions aqueous systems

Caution! Strong development of heat may occur! Cool to room temperature,

Original quantity to prepare

113 g solid KOH

Solubility of inorganic compounds in water

Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate

Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate

Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate

Copper(II) chloride dihydrate

Solutions aqueous systems

Solubility in g/100 g H2O at C

Solubility of inorganic compounds in water

Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate

Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate

Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

Manganese(II) chloride dihydrate

di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate

Solutions aqueous systems

Solubility in g/100 g H2O at C

Solubility of inorganic compounds in water