Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Student Manual
Prepared by Prof. Joseph Goldenberg, MET&DD Department
2003 Edition
Table of Contents
Introduction Why learn Computer Numerical Control (CNC)? CNC definition, its concepts, advantages and financial rewards Planning for writing a CNC program Modern machine tool controls - the heart of CNC How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systems Understanding absolute versus incremental motion Assigning program zero Telling the machine what to do - the CNC program Word address programming Decimal point programming Needs to know the machine Directions of motion (axes) The reference point for each axis Accessories to the machine Programmable functions Spindle control Automatic tool changer (machining center) Coolant control Understanding interpolation Other interpolation types The three most basic types of motion Rapid motion (positioning) Straight line motion (linear interpolation) Circular motion (circular interpolation) Example of programming for CNC milling Tooling for Hole producing and Milling operations Hands-on project to be machined on a Machining Center Tooling for Turning operations Hands-on project to be machined on a Turning Center Conclusion 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 11 12 13 15 15 17 18 18 18 19 20 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 26 29 36 38 42
Introduction
Have you ever wondered who figures out how to manufacture new products so everyone can get their hands on them? Thats the job of manufacturing engineers and manufacturing engineering technologists. When a new product is designed, manufacturing professionals figure out how to customize existing manufacturing processes to meet the new demands. They work in exciting high-tech environments, using computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), robotics, lasers, and Computer Numerical Controls (CNC) to manufacture all the products that we need and enjoy. Manufacturing professionals also help improve the quality of life for people all over the world by improving manufacturing processes. They transform plans and specifications into quality products. Todays high-tech manufacturing environment requires the knowledge of skilled professionals Manufacturing Engineering Technology is a varied and challenging field that is becoming increasingly important because of new production methods. Manufacturing Engineering Technicians work with engineers to design experiments, plan production methods, find better ways to manufacture products, and in troubleshooting, inspection, and quality control. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is becoming a key tool for competitive manufacturing in todays global market. Key element of CIM: flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), and its component, flexible manufacturing cell (FMC), are being implemented.
reduction of hardware necessary to add machine functions CNC programs can be written, stored, and executed directly at the CNC machine any portion of an entered CNC program can be played back and displayed at will many different CNC programs can be stored in the MCU several CNC machines could be linked together to a main computer programs written via a main computer can be downloaded to any machine in the network. This is called Direct Numerical Control (DNC) several DNC systems can be networked into a larger distributive system The manufacturing community turns to CNC technology for the following benefits: savings on direct labor savings in operator training costs (versus experienced machinists) savings in savings shop supervisory costs savings due to tighter, more predictable scheduling savings in real estate (since fewer CNC machines are needed) savings in power consumption (minimum of motor idle time, while using a CNC machine tool) savings from improved cost estimating and pricing savings due to elimination of costly jig: their design, manufacture and storage savings in special tooling design, manufacture and documentation reduced inspection time due to CNCs ability to produce better quality parts. A complete set of coded instructions for executing an operation is called a program. The program is translated into corresponding electrical signals for input to motors that run the machine. Numerically controlled machines can be programmed manually or by use of CAD/CAM (Computer Aided design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) technology. The approach taken in this manual will be in the form of manual programming.
The cutting sequence, together with the required cutting tools, is documented. The holding devices and the cutting tools must be available at the time the job is scheduled to run.
Based on the material of the part, tooling, finish requirements, the programmer decides on cutting parameters: spindle speed and feed rate. These values he uses later when he writes the program. After all the planning is completed the programmer is ready to write the program. Based on the decisions he made while planning the job the programmer establishes: programming origins in relations to the machine origins for X, Y, Z coordinates mode of programming: absolute or incremental units of programming (inch or metric) tool change position After finishing writing the program the programmer will transfer the program, together with the setup instructions, to the machine. A person (setup man) who is responsible for setting up and, sometimes, for the operation of the machine, will act upon the instructions of the programmer and set up the job. He will: load the program into the control set the tools set the holding device get tool offsets prove-out the program do partial inspection adjust cutting parameters report any problems to the programmer
The programmer will actively participate in debugging the program for any discrepancy and make the required adjustments needed for the job to run trouble free. A completed program is ready for production only if it is capable of producing quality parts in the time projected. Programs that meet these criteria are a direct reflection of the programmers professionalism.
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program. With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from the program zero point to the starting position of the machine. This is commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possibly at the beginning of each tool. Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets. More on how program zero can be assigned will be presented during key concept number four.
Program example: O0001 (Program number) N005 G54 G90 S1200 M03 (Select coordinate system, absolute mode, and turn spindle on CW at 1200 RPM) N010 G00 X-.25 Y-.25 (Rapid to X-.25 Y-.25 location) N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08 (Instate tool length compensation, rapid in Z to clearance position above surface to drill, turn on coolant) N020 G01 Z-.25 F10. (Feed into the part Z-.25 at 10 inches per minute) N025 Y3.25 (Feed tool to Y3.25 location) N030 X4.25 (Feed tool to X4.25 location) N035 Y-.25 (Feed tool to Y-.25 location) N040 X-.25 (Feed tool to X-.25 location) N045 G00 Z.1 M09 (Rapid out of part to Z.1, turn off coolant) N050 G91 G28 Z0 (Return to reference position in Z) N055 M30 (End of program command) While the words and commands in this program probably do not make much sense to you (yet), remember that we are stressing the sequential order by which the CNC program will be executed. The control will first read, interpret and execute the very first command in the program. Only then will it go on to the next command. Read, interpret, execute. Then on to the next command. The control will continue to execute the program in sequential order for the balance of the program.
the word names and meanings. Here is a brief list of some of the word types and their common letter address specifications: O - Program number (Used for program identification) N - Sequence number (Used for line identification) G - Preparatory function X - X axis designation Y - Y axis designation Z - Z axis designation R - Radius designation F - Feedrate designation S - Spindle speed designation H - Tool length offset designation D - Tool radius offset designation T - Tool Designation M - Miscellaneous function
As you can see, many of the letter addresses are chosen in a rather logical manner (T for tool, S for spindle, F for feedrate, etc.). A few require memorizing. There are two letter addresses (G and M) which allow special functions to be designated. The preparatory function (G) specifies is commonly used to set modes. We already introduced absolute mode, specified by G90 and incremental mode, specified by G91. These are but two of the preparatory functions used. You must reference your control manufacturer's manual to find the list of preparatory functions for your particular machine. Like preparatory functions, miscellaneous functions (M words) allow a variety of special functions. Miscellaneous functions are typically used as programmable switches (like spindle on/off, coolant on/off, and so on). They are also used to allow programming of many other programmable functions of the CNC machine tool. To a beginner, all of this may seem like CNC programming requires a great deal of memorization. But rest assured that there are only about 30-40 different words used with CNC programming. If you can think of learning CNC manual programming as like learning a foreign language that has only 40 words, it shouldn't seem too difficult.
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For example, a beginner to CNC turning centers should understand the basic machining practice related to turning operations like rough and finish turning, rough and finish boring, grooving, threading, and necking. Since this form of CNC machine can perform multiple operations in a single program (as many CNC machines can), the beginner should also know the basics of how to process workpieces machined by turning so a sequence of machining operations can be developed for workpieces to be machined. From a programmer's standpoint, as you begin to learn about any new CNC machine, you should concentrate on four basic areas. First, you should understand the machine's most basic components. Second, you should become comfortable with your machine's directions of motion (axes). Third, you should become familiar with any accessories equipped with the machine. And fourth, you should find out what programmable functions are included with the machine and learn how they are programmed. While you do not have to be a machine designer to work with CNC equipment, it is important to know how your CNC machine is constructed. Understanding your machine's construction will help you to gauge the limits of what is possible with your machine. Just as the race car driver should understand the basics of suspension systems, breaking systems, and the workings of internal combustion engines (among other things) in order to get the most out of a given car, so must the CNC programmer understand the basic workings of the CNC machine in order to get the most from the CNC machine tool. For a universal style slant bed turning center, for example, the programmer should know the most basic machine components, including bed, way system, headstock & spindle, turret construction, tailstock, and work holding device. Information regarding the machine's construction including assembly drawings is usually published right in the machine tool builder's manual. As you read the machine tool builder's manual, here are some of the machine capacity and construction questions to which you should find answers.
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What is the machine's maximum RPM? How many spindle ranges does the machine have (and what are the cut-off points for each range? What is the spindle and axis drive motor horsepower? What is the maximum travel distance in each axis? How many tools can the machine hold? What way construction does the machine incorporate (usually square ways, dovetail, and/or linear bearing ways)? What is the machine's rapid rate (fastest traverse rate)? What is the machine's fastest cutting feedrate? These are but a few of the questions you should be asking yourself as you begin
working with any new CNC machine. Truly, the more you know about your machine's capacity and construction, the easier it will be to get comfortable with the machine.
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Programmable functions
The programmer must also know what functions of the CNC machine are programmable (as well as the commands related to programmable functions). With low cost CNC equipment, often times many machine functions must be manually activated. With some CNC milling machines, for example, about the only programmable function is axis motion. Just about everything else may have to be activated by the operator. With this type of machine, the spindle speed and direction, coolant and tool changes may have to be activated manually by the operator. 18
With full blown CNC equipment, on the other hand, almost everything is programmable and the operator may only be required to load and remove workpieces. Once the cycle is activated, the operator may be freed to do other company functions. Programmable functions will vary dramatically from one machine to the next. The actual programming commands needed vary from builder to builder. Be sure to check the M codes list (miscellaneous functions) given in the machine tool builder's manual to find out more about what other functions may be programmable on your particular machine. M codes are commonly used by the machine tool builder to give the user programmable ON/OFF switches for machine functions. In any case, you must know what you have available for activating within your CNC programs. For turning centers, for example, you may find that the tailstock and tailstock quill is programmable. The chuck jaw open and close may be programmable. If the machine has more than one spindle range, commonly the spindle range selection is programmable. And if the machine has a bar feeder, it will be programmable. You may even find that your machine's chip conveyor can be turned on and off through programmed commands. All of this, of course, is important information to the CNC programmer Reference the machine tool builder's manual to find out what functions of your machine are programmable. To give you some examples of how many programmable functions are handled, here is a list a few of the most common programmable functions along with their related programming words
Spindle control
An "S" word is used to specify the spindle speed (in RPM for machining centers). M03 is used to turn the spindle on in a clockwise (forward) manner. M04 turns the spindle on in a counter clockwise manner. M05 turns the spindle off. Note that turning centers also have a feature called constant surface speed which allows spindle speed to also be specified in surface feet per minute (or meters per minute)
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Coolant control
M08 is used to turn on flood coolant. If available M07 is used to turn on mist coolant. M09 turns off the coolant. Key concept number three: You Must Understand the Motion Types Available on Your CNC Machine
Understanding interpolation
To effectively command motion on most CNC machines requires more than just specifying end points for positioning movements. CNC control manufacturers try to make it as easy as possible to make movement commands within the program. For those styles of motion that are commonly needed, they give the CNC user interpolation types. For example, you wish to move only one linear axis in a command. Say you wish to move the X axis to a position one inch to the right of program zero. In this case, the command X1. would be given (assuming the absolute mode is instated). The machine would move along a perfectly straight line during this movement (since only one axis is moving). Now let's say you wish to include a Y axis movement to a position one inch above program zero in Y (with the X movement). For the control to move along a perfectly straight line to get to the programmed end point, it must perfectly synchronize the X and Y axis movements. Also, if machining is to occur during the motion, a motion rate (feedrate) must also be specified. This requires linear interpolation. 20
During linear interpolation commands, the control will precisely and automatically calculate a series of very tiny single axis departures, keeping the tool as close to the programmed linear path as possible. With today's CNC machine tools, it will appear that the machine is forming a perfectly straight line motion. However, the CNC control is actually doing during linear interpolation (approximation). The step size is equal to the machine's resolution, usually 0.0001 in or 0.001 mm. In similar fashion, many applications for CNC machine tools require that the machine be able to form circular motions. Applications for circular motions include forming radii on turned workpieces between faces and turns and milling radii on contours of machining center workpieces. This kind of motion requires circular interpolation. As with linear interpolation, the control will do its best to generate as close to a circular path as possible.
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the other/s. With this kind of rapid command, straight line movement will NOT occur during rapid and the programmer must be very careful if there are obstructions to avoid. With other controls, straight line motion will occur, even during rapid motion commands.
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XZ on a turning center, simply view the motion from above the spindle. In most cases, this is as simple as viewing the print from above. Additionally, circular motion requires that, by one means or another, the programmer specifies the radius of the arc to be generated. With newer CNC controls this is handled by a simple "R" word. The R word within the circular command simply tells the control the radius of the arc being commanded. With older controls, directional vectors (specified by I, J, and K) tell the control the location of the arc's center point. Since controls vary with regard to how directional vectors are programmed, and since the R word is becoming more and more popular for radius designation, our examples will show the use of the R word. If you wish to learn more about directional vectors, you must reference your control manufacturer's manual.
3.000
1.000 R .250 R
.250
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In this particular example, we are milling around the outside of a workpiece contour. Notice that we are using a half inch diameter end mill for machining the contour and we are programming the very center of the end mill. While you may not understand all commands given in this program, concentrate on understanding what is happening in the motion commands (G00, G01, and G02/G03). With study, you should be able to see what is happening. Messages in parentheses are provided to document what is happening in each command. Program O1234 (Program number) N005 G54 G90 S1000 M03 (Select coordinate system, absolute mode, start spindle CW at 1000 RPM) N010 G00 X-.25 Y-.35 (Rapid to first position) N015 G43 H01 Z.1 (Instate tool length compensation, rapid tool down to .1 from work surface) N020 G01 Z-.26 F10.0 (cut at feed rate 10 to -.26 into the part) N025 Y2.0 (move tool linearly to the start of 1 radius) N030 G02 X1.0 Y.25 R1.25 (CW circular motion to cut 1 radius) N035 G01 X3.5 (linear motion to .5 radius) N040 G02 X4.25 Y2.5 R.75 (CW circular motion to cut .5 radius) N045 G01 Y.25 (linear motion to .250 radius) N050 G02 X3.75 Y-.25 R.5 (CW circular motion to cut .25 radius) N055 G01 X.75 (linear motion past a line tangent to 1 radius) N060 Y0 (linear motion tangent to 1 radius) N065 G03 X0 Y.75 R1.0 CCW motion to cut 1 radius) N070 G01 X-.1 (linear motion to clear the part) N075 G00 Z.1 (rapid away from workpiece in Z) N080 G91 G28 Z0 (go to the machine's reference point in Z) N085 M30 (End of program)
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Keep in mind that CNC controls do vary with regard to limitations with motion types. For example, some controls have strict rules governing how much of a full circle you are allowed to make within one circular command. Some require directional vectors for circular motion commands instead of allowing the R word. Some even incorporate automatic corner rounding and chamfering, minimizing the number of motion commands that must be given. Though you must be prepared for variations, and you must reference your control manufacturer's programming manual to find out more about your machine's motion commands, at least this presentation has shown you the basics of motion commands and you should be able to adapt to your particular machine and control with relative ease.
To reduce deflection and increase position accuracy a tool called a center drill is being used. Another tool for this purpose is called a spot drill. The center drill is a short drill with a pilot on the front. The spot drill looks like a regular drill but with a very short body.
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A very popular tool used for producing medium to large holes is a spade drill. It consists of blade (made out of high speed steel or carbide) and a blade holder. Blade holders are designed to hold a range of different size drills.
A drill which was designed specifically for CNC operations is a indexable insert drill. They offer all the advantages of a spade drill plus the ability of indexing (rotating) the cutting edges of the inserts. There a holes provided thru the body of the holder to cool the inserts and to flush out the chips. These tools are capable of drilling at rates 5 to 10 times faster that of twist drills or spade drills.
Better hole location, size, straightness and surface finish can be accomplished by boring. Boring operation follows drilling. A boring tool is a single point tool which rotates around its own center of rotation.
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Another way of producing a good size in a hole is by using a reamer. A reamer is a cylindrical tool with straight or helical cutting edges located on the periphery. A reamer can be made out of high speed steel, carbide tipped or solid carbide. Reamers produce extremely accurate holes, but do not correct problems related to the location and straightness of the hole. Sometimes reamers are used in conjunction with a boring tool.
When a hole requires threading a tool called a tap is used. The shape of the thread is on the periphery of the tap. Taps, depending on the application, could be straight flute, spiral flute or no flute at all.
When it comes to machining a profile on a milling machine the most popular tool used is an end mill. End mills come in a wide variety of sizes, flute shapes and are made from different materials. They come in two, three, four or more flute selection. Another way to distinguish end mills is as center cutting or non center cutting. If a lot of material is removed at once, a roughing end mill is usually used, followed by a finishing end mill. Smaller size tools are made single end or double end. To produce different surface configurations there are tapered, ball nose and corner rounding end mills.
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If a large surface needs to be machined a tool called face or shell mill is used. These tools usually cut mostly with the bottom of the tool.
Its hard to describe all tools available to the programmer in such condensed manual. But it can not be over emphasized the importance of the knowledge of tooling. The more a programmer knows about tooling the better job can he do in programming. Choosing the right tools for the job can make the job a money maker or money can be lost.
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% O1() (DATE=DD-MM-YY - 17-04-04 TIME=HH:MM - 19:57) (GEOMETRY=DOGTAG1A) (PROGRAM NAME - DOGTAG1A.NC) (OPERATION#1) (ZERO,POSITION) (X,Y=CENTERLINE,OF,MATERIAL) (Z=TOP,OF,MATERIAL) (TOOL,LIST,AT,END) G0G40G80G90 G54 N100(#2,CENTERDRILL T1M6 G0G90X-.846Y0S3000M3 G43H1Z.05 /M8 G98G81Z-.15R.05F5. G80 M5 M9 G91G28Z0 M1 (****) (****) N200(1/8",DRILL) T2M6 G0G90X-.846Y0S4000M3 G43H2Z.05 /M8 G98G81Z-.1806R.05F6. G80 M5 M9 G91G28Z0 30
M1 (****) (****) N300(1/4",END,MILL,CONTOUR,OUT SIDE) T3M6 G0G90X.2982Y.7655S4500M3 G43H3Z.05 /M8 G1Z-.11F10. X.3864Y.7499 G2X1.125Y0.R.75 X.3864Y-.7499R.75 G1X.2982Y-.7655 G0Z.1 X-.2982 G1Z-.11 X-.3864Y-.7499 G2X-1.125Y0.R.75 X-.3864Y.7499R.75 G1X-.2982Y.7655 G0Z.1 (**) (1/4",END,MILL,POCKETING) X.3843Y-.4279 G1Z-.02 X-.3843 G2X-.7174Y-.2567R.428 G1X.7174 G3X.7944Y-.0856R.428 G1X-.7944 G2X-.803Y0.R.428 X-.7944Y.0856R.428 G1X.7944 G3X.7174Y.2567R.428 G1X-.7174
G2X-.3843Y.4279R.428 G1X.3843 X-.375Y.438 G1Z-.02 G3X-.813Y0.R.438 X-.375Y-.438R.438 G1X.375 G3X.813Y0.R.438 X.375Y.438R.438 G1X-.375 G0Z.1 M5 M9 G91G28Z0 M1 (****) (****) N400(1/32",END,MILL) T4M6 G0G90X-.3409Y.1419S5000M3 G43H4Z.05 /M8 G1Z-.03F10. X-.3346 X-.3031Y.2975 G2X-.2878Y.3101R.0156 G1X-.2376 X-.2375Y.3107 X-.3651 X-.3652Y.3101 X-.3259 G2X-.3103Y.2944R.0156 X-.3106Y.2913R.0156 G1X-.3409Y.1419 G0Z.05 31
X-.1797 G1Z-.03 X-.057 X-.0569Y.1426 X-.1544 G2X-.17Y.1582R.0156 X-.1697Y.1613R.0156 G1X-.1584Y.2164 G2X-.1431Y.2289R.0156 G1X-.0483 X-.0482Y.2295 X-.1369 G2X-.1525Y.2452R.0156 X-.1523Y.2481R.0156 G1X-.1427Y.2974 G2X-.1274Y.3101R.0156 G1X-.031 X-.0308Y.3107 X-.1464 X-.1797Y.1419 G0Z.05 X.0253Y.2082 G1Z-.03 X.0262Y.1934 X.03Y.1763 X.0398Y.1581 X.0412Y.1564 X.0498Y.1491 X.0668Y.1415 X.0866Y.1392 X.1118Y.1426 X.1325Y.1522 X.1342Y.1534 X.1436Y.1615 X.1574Y.1802 X.1515Y.1813
X.1465Y.1717 X.1304Y.1556 X.1109Y.1457 X.0891Y.1423 X.0646Y.1476 X.0501Y.1579 X.0469Y.1611 X.0353Y.1811 X.0316Y.2079 X.0361Y.2401 X.0422Y.2575 X.0547Y.2798 X.0722Y.2966 X.0927Y.3068 X.1148Y.3103 X.1376Y.3065 X.1512Y.2986 X.1627Y.2846 X.1648Y.2792 X.1716Y.2798 X.1704Y.2838 X.1589Y.2991 X.1581Y.2998 X.1498Y.3056 X.1309Y.3122 X.1156Y.3135 X.0908Y.31 X.0729Y.3025 X.0706Y.3011 X.0514Y.285 X.0375Y.264 X.0284Y.2378 X.0253Y.2082 G0Z.05 X.2313Y.1419 G1Z-.03 32
X.2376 X.253Y.2192 G2X.2683Y.2318R.0156 G1X.349 G2X.3646Y.2162R.0156 X.3643Y.2131R.0156 G1X.3502Y.1419 X.3565 X.3906Y.3107 X.3835 X.3706Y.245 G2X.3553Y.2324R.0156 G1X.2745 G2X.2589Y.2481R.0156 X.2593Y.2513R.0156 G1X.2717Y.3107 X.2646 X.2313Y.1419 G0Z.05 X.1802Y-.1419 G1Z-.03 X.0646 X.0313Y-.3107 X.154 X.1542Y-.3101 X.0566 G2X.041Y-.2944R.0156 X.0413Y-.2913R.0156 G1X.0526Y-.2362 G2X.0679Y-.2237R.0156 G1X.1627 X.1628Y-.2231 X.0741 G2X.0585Y-.2075R.0156 X.0588Y-.2045R.0156 G1X.0683Y-.1552
G2X.0837Y-.1426R.0156 G1X.1801 X.1802Y-.1419 G0Z.05 X.273 G1Z-.03 X.2397Y-.3107 X.2459 X.2699Y-.1871 G2X.2852Y-.1745R.0156 X.2998Y-.1846R.0156 G1X.3474Y-.3107 X.362 X.3961Y-.1419 X.389 X.3652Y-.2655 G2X.3498Y-.2782R.0156 X.3352Y-.268R.0156 G1X.2884Y-.1419 X.273 G0Z.05 X.4872 G1Z-.03 X.4539Y-.3107 X.5042 X.5358Y-.3089 X.5397Y-.3081 X.552Y-.3048 X.5705Y-.2948 X.5867Y-.2773 X.5965Y-.2606 X.6048Y-.2367 X.6076Y-.2098 X.6045Y-.1862 X.5969Y-.1681 X.5865Y-.1555 33
X.5733Y-.1473 X.5552Y-.1433 X.5335Y-.142 X.5285Y-.1419 X.4872 G0Z.05 X.5191Y-.1738 G1Z-.03 X.4983Y-.2788 X.5011 X.5308Y-.277 X.5431Y-.2711 X.5436Y-.2707 X.5581Y-.2526 X.562Y-.2455 X.5687Y-.224 X.5699Y-.2079 X.5676Y-.1905 X.565Y-.1851 X.5563Y-.1767 X.555Y-.176 X.5383Y-.1739 X.532Y-.1738 X.5191 G0Z.05 X-.0284Y-.1729 G1Z-.03 X-.0296Y-.1688 X-.0411Y-.1535 X-.0419Y-.1528 X-.0502Y-.1471 X-.0691Y-.1405 X-.0844Y-.1391 X-.1092Y-.1426 X-.1271Y-.1501 X-.1294Y-.1515
X-.1486Y-.1676 X-.1625Y-.1886 X-.1716Y-.2148 X-.1746Y-.2444 X-.1738Y-.2592 X-.17Y-.2764 X-.1602Y-.2945 X-.1588Y-.2962 X-.1502Y-.3035 X-.1332Y-.3111 X-.1134Y-.3135 X-.0882Y-.31 X-.0674Y-.3004 X-.0658Y-.2992 X-.0564Y-.2911 X-.0426Y-.2725 X-.0485Y-.2713 X-.0535Y-.2809 X-.0696Y-.297 X-.0891Y-.3069 X-.1109Y-.3103 X-.1354Y-.305 X-.1499Y-.2947 X-.1531Y-.2915 X-.1647Y-.2715 X-.1684Y-.2447 X-.1639Y-.2126 X-.1578Y-.1951 X-.1453Y-.1728 X-.1278Y-.156 X-.1073Y-.1458 X-.0852Y-.1424 X-.0624Y-.1461 X-.0488Y-.1541 X-.0373Y-.1681 X-.0352Y-.1735 34
X-.0284Y-.1729 G0Z.05 X-.23Y-.171 G1Z-.03 X-.2308Y-.1679 X-.2408Y-.1533 X-.2415Y-.1526 X-.2493Y-.147 X-.2674Y-.1407 X-.2854Y-.1391 X-.2989Y-.1399 X-.3089Y-.1421 X-.3254Y-.1505 X-.3264Y-.1513 X-.3319Y-.1577 X-.3384Y-.1722 X-.3395Y-.182 X-.3372Y-.1954 X-.3356Y-.1989 X-.3307Y-.2058 X-.3243Y-.2109 X-.2919Y-.2267 X-.2602Y-.2433 X-.2491Y-.2571 X-.2464Y-.2714 X-.2529Y-.2912 X-.2633Y-.3011 X-.2802Y-.3081 X-.3016Y-.3101 X-.3259Y-.3078 X-.3462Y-.2987 X-.3543Y-.2818 X-.3612Y-.2822 X-.3608Y-.2858 X-.3584Y-.2914 X-.3511Y-.3002
X-.3395Y-.3071 X-.3231Y-.3119 X-.3027Y-.3135 X-.2765Y-.3101 X-.2583Y-.3012 X-.2562Y-.2996 X-.2494Y-.2925 X-.242Y-.2781 X-.2406Y-.2676 X-.2435Y-.2532 X-.25Y-.2439 X-.2637Y-.2349 X-.2891Y-.223 X-.3166Y-.2086 X-.323Y-.2036 X-.3324Y-.1889 X-.3334Y-.1779 X-.3272Y-.1598 X-.3195Y-.1517 X-.3047Y-.1445 X-.285Y-.1424 X-.2621Y-.1461 X-.2484Y-.1542 X-.2377Y-.1679 X-.2366Y-.1712 X-.23Y-.171 G0Z.05 X-.4428Y-.1419 G1Z-.03
X-.4695 X-.5598Y-.3107 X-.553 X-.5356Y-.2758 G2X-.5216Y-.2672R.0156 G1X-.4435 G2X-.4281Y-.2802R.0156 G1X-.4229Y-.3107 X-.4165 X-.4428Y-.1419 G0Z.05 X-.4696Y-.217 G1Z-.03 X-.4791Y-.2353 X-.4669 X-.4696Y-.217 G0Z.05 M5 M9 G91G28Z0 G28Y0 (TOOL,LIST) (#01=#2,CENTERDRILL) (#02=1/8",DRILL) (#03=1/4",END,MILL) (#04=1/32",DRILL) M30 %
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Grooving requires the tool to be fed into the work in a direction perpendicular to the work centerline. The cutting edge of the tool is on its end.
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Parting involves cutting off the part from the main bar stock. This operation is done with a cutoff tool that has some clearance on the sides while the cutting is done with the front of the tool. The tool is fed into the part perpendicular to the center of rotation.
Threading on a CNC lathe is done with a tool which has a 60 included angle insert. This operation involves cutting of helical grooves on the outside or inside surface of a cylinder or cone.
It is important to mention the materials used in turning. Cemented carbides are formed by using tungsten carbide sintered in a cobalt matrix. Some grades contain titanium carbide, tantalum carbide or some other materials as additives. To increase the wear resistance, cemented carbides are coated. Coating materials include titanium carbide or aluminum oxide. Both coatings offer excellent performance on steel, cast irons and nonferrous materials.
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Another type material used is ceramic. It is a very hard material formed without metallic bonding. It displays exceptional resistance to wear and heat load. The most popular material used in ceramics is aluminum oxide. Where everything else fails we turn to diamonds. There are two types of diamond cutting materials. The first is a single crystal natural diamond. It has an outstanding wear resistance but low shock resistance. The other type diamond consists of smaller synthetic diamond crystals fused together at high temperatures and pressure. This material displays good resistance to shock loading. Diamond tools offer substantial improvement over carbides.
% :0011(REVISED) (TECHASCEND LATHE PROJECT) (KEY,CHAIN) (MATERIAL,DIA.,=1.000") (PART,STICK,OUT,3.550",FROM,SPIN DLE) (1.000",DIA.,STOCK) (DISK,#1)
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X1.1 G1X-.06F.01 G0Z.05 X.9192 G1Z-1.1332 G3X1.Z-1.2794R.2913 G1X1.0174Z-1.3786 X1.0194 G0Z.05 X.821 G1Z-1.0712 G3X.9212Z-1.135R.2912 G0Z.05 X.7229 G1Z-1.0332 G3X.823Z-1.0722R.2912 G0Z.05 X.6247 G1Z-1.009 G3X.7249Z-1.0338R.2913 G0Z.05 X.49 G2X.5375Z-.9963R.0838 G3X.6267Z-1.0094R.2912 G0Z.05 X.4283 G1Z-.9573 G2X.5285Z-.9952R.0838 G0Z.05 X.3302 G1Z-.4929 X.4052Z-.9216 G2X.4303Z-.959R.0838 G0Z.05 X.232 G1Z-.0791 G3X.2687Z-.1418R.1662 G1X.3322Z-.5043 G0Z.05 X.1338 G1Z-.0221 G3X.234Z-.081R.1663 G0Z.05 X.0357 G1Z.0026 G3X.1358Z-.0228R.1663
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Z-1.2188 G3X.9404Z-1.3471R.2912F.003 G1Z-2.0904F.013 G3X.9631Z-2.1168R.2913 X.9999Z-2.2139R.2913 G1Z-2.2145 Z-2.2609 X1.017Z-2.3093 X1.037 G0Z-1.3244 X.9604 G3X.8636Z-1.406R.2912F.003 G1Z-2.0315F.013 G3X.9604Z-2.1131R.2912 G0Z-1.3934 X.8836 G3X.7869Z-1.4439R.2912F.003 G1Z-1.9936F.013 G3X.8836Z-2.0441R.2912 G0Z-1.4353 X.8069 G3X.7102Z-1.4705R.2912F.003 G1Z-1.967F.013 G3X.8069Z-2.0022R.2913 G0Z-1.4645 X.7302 G3X.6916Z-1.4757R.2912F.003 G1X.6335Z-1.4912 Z-1.9463F.013 X.6916Z-1.9618 G3X.7302Z-1.973R.2912 G0Z-1.4859 X.6535 G1X.5568Z-1.5117F.003 Z-1.9258F.013 X.6535Z-1.9516 G0Z-1.5063 X.5768 G1X.4801Z-1.5321F.003 Z-1.9054F.013 X.5768Z-1.9312 G0Z-1.5268 X.5001 G1X.471Z-1.5346F.003 G2X.4034Z-1.5571R.2088 G1Z-1.8804F.013
G2X.471Z-1.9029R.2087 G1X.5001Z-1.9107 G0Z-1.5494 X.4234 G2X.3267Z-1.5982R.2088F.003 G1Z-1.8393F.013 G2X.4234Z-1.8881R.2087 G0Z-1.5851 X.3467 G2X.25Z-1.7188R.2087F.003 X.2764Z-1.7919R.2087F.013 X.3467Z-1.8524R.2088 G0X1.0837 Z-1.1249 X.9964 G1X.98Z-1.1715F.002 Z-1.2188 G3X.6822Z-1.4669R.2813 G1X.4616Z-1.5257 G2X.23Z-1.7188R.2188 X.2577Z-1.7954R.2188 X.4616Z-1.9118R.2188 G1X.6822Z-1.9706 G3X.9444Z-2.1203R.2813 X.9799Z-2.214R.2812 G1Z-2.2145 Z-2.2618 X.9963Z-2.3084 X1.0837F.013 X1.0517Z-2.0213 X.9999Z-2.1682F.003 Z-2.2142F.013 G3X1.Z-2.2188R.2913 X.9423Z-2.3451R.2913F.003 G1Z-3.075F.013 X.9623 G0Z-2.3218 G3X.8676Z-2.4036R.2913F.003 G1Z-3.065F.013 X.8876 G0Z-2.3907 G3X.7929Z-2.4415R.2913F.003 G1Z-3.055F.013 X.8129 G0Z-2.4326 G3X.7182Z-2.4682R.2912F.003
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M5 G28U0 G28W0 T0900 G0G97S1500 M0(REMOVE,CENTER,AND,POLISH,P ART) (****) (****) N500G0G97S1000 T0505M3 /M8 G0Z-3.15 X1.1 G1X0.19F0.003 G0X0.45 G1Z-2.8114F0.02 X0.3184F.003 X0.249Z-3.0083 G3X-0.006Z-3.125R0.128F.001 G1X1.1F.02 M9 M5 G0G28U0 G28W0 T0500 (TOOL,LIST) (#01=VNMG332) (ROUGH,O/D) (#03=VNMG331) (FINISH,O/D) (#05=1/8",ISCAR,PARTING,TOOL,WITH ANGLE) (#09=SPECIAL,"V",TOOL,IN,CENTER,. 031",RAD.) (ROUGH,&,FINISH,BACK) M30 %
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Conclusion
In this program you have learned the basic concepts of NC and CNC technology; traditional and contemporary CNC hardware configurations; advantages and disadvantages of the new technology. Topics included Computer Numerical Control (CNC) concepts, modern machine tool controls, an overview of CNC shop activities, cutting tool selection and many other important for CNC programming topics. You were introduced to Word Address programming. We told you that a CNC Programmer must be able to: 9 do process planning; 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 do scheduling; design tooling; create work holding devices; write documentation; to handle troubleshooting technical problems that happen; learn any skills that are needed. CNC machine tool programming experience; Computer language programming experience; CAD/CAM programming software experience. Creative and effective problem-solving skills; Highly motivated with the ability to work independently and in a team; Detailed oriented; Quick learner.
He must have:
He must be:
We, at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology at Queensborough Community College, tried to open your minds to the latest developments happening to our technology as we speak. If you decide to learn more about CNC, CAD/CAM or Mechanical Engineering Technology we will be delighted to see you as our students. And last, but not the least: have a POSITIVE ATTITUTE and GOOD LUCK in whatever you decide to do in your life.
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