Aviation Gasoline, or AvGas is a high-octane fuel used in piston powered aircraft.

Jet and Turbo-Prop powered aircraft DO NOTuse AvGas. Properties and Types: Avgas has a lower volatility than the gasoline used in automotive applications, and does not evaporate as quickly, which is important for high-altitude use. Jet fuel is a clear to straw colored fuel, based on either an unleaded paraffin oil (Jet A-1), or a naphtha-kerosene blend (Jet B). It is similar to diesel fuel, and can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines. Motor Gasoline: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in sparkignition engines. Motor gasoline, as defined in ASTM Specification D 4814 or Federal Specification VVG1690C, is characterized as having a boiling range of 122 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10 percent recovery point to 365 to 374 degrees Fahrenheit at the 90 percent recovery point. Motor gasoline includes conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated gasoline, but excludes aviation gasoline. Note: Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline. Motor Gasoline (Leaded): Contains more than 0.05 grams of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 grams of phosphorus per gallon. The actual lead content of any given gallon may vary. Premium and regular grades are included, depending on the octane rating. Includes leaded gasohol. Blendstock is excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that is to be used in the blending of gasohol is also excluded. Motor Gasoline (Unleaded): Contains no more than 0.05 grams of lead per gallon and no more than 0.005 grams of phosphorus per gallon. Premium and regular grades are included, depending on the octane rating. Includes unleaded gasohol. Blendstock is excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that is to be used in the blending of gasohol is also excluded. Motor Gasoline Blending: The mechanical mixing of motor gasoline blending components, and oxygenates when required, to produce finished motor gasoline. Finished motor gasoline may be further mixed with other motor gasoline blending components or oxygenates, resulting in increased volumes of finished motor gasoline and/or changes in the formulation of finished motor gasoline (e.g., conventional motor gasoline mixed with MTBE to produce oxygenated motor gasoline). Motor Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas (e.g., straightrun gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, xylene) used for blending or compounding into finished motor gasoline. These components include reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) but exclude oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Note: Oxygenates are reported as individual components and are included in the total for other hydrocarbons, hydrogens, and oxygenates.

Motor Gasoline Grades: The classification of gasoline by octane ratings. Each type of gasoline (conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated) is classified by three grades: regular, midgrade, and premium. Note: Gasoline sales are reported by grade in accordance with their classification at the time of sale. In general, automotive octane requirements are lower at high altitudes. Therefore, in some areas of the United States, such as the Rocky Mountain States, the octane ratings for the gasoline grades may be two or more octane points lower.

Regular gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 85 and less than 88. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude. Midgrade gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 88 and less than or equal to 90. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude. Premium gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than 90. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude. Kerosene is widely used to power jet-engined aircraft (jet fuel) and some rockets, but is also commonly used as a heating fuel and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, where the price of kerosene is subsidized, it fuels outboard motors rigged on small fishing craft.[citation needed] Kerosene is typically (and in some jurisdictions legally required to be) stored in a blue container in order to avoid it getting confused with the much more flammable gasoline, which is typically kept in a red container. Diesel fuel is generally stored in yellow containers for the same reason. Properties Kerosene is a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons, with density of 0.780.81 g/cm3. It is obtained from the fractional distillation ofpetroleum between 150 C and 275 C, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms permolecule.[4] The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 C (100 and 150 F) and its autoignition temperature is 220 C (428 F).[5] The heat of combustion of kerosene is similar to that of diesel: its lower heating value is around 18,500 Btu/lb, or 43.1 MJ/kg, and itshigher heating value is 46.2 MJ/kg.[6] Kerosene is immiscible in water (cold or hot), but miscible in petroleum solvents. full range naphtha is defined as the fraction of hydrocarbons in petroleum boiling between 30C and 200C[1] It consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbon molecules generally having between 5 and 12 carbon atoms. It typically constitutes 1530% of crude oil, by weight. Light naphtha is the fraction boiling between 30C and 90C and

consists of molecules with 56 carbon atoms.Heavy naphtha boils between 90C and 200C and consists of molecules with 612 carbons.

Naphtha is used primarily as feedstock for producing high octane gasoline (via the catalytic reforming process). It is also used in thepetrochemical industry for producing olefins in steam crackers and in the chemical industry for solvent (cleaning) applications. Common products made with it include lighter fluid, fuel for camp stoves, and some cleaning solvents.

Physical Naphtha's molecular weight is 100215 g/mol. Its specific gravity is 0.750.785 g/cm3, and boiling point is 160220 C (320430 F). Vapor pressure is less than 5 torr (5 mm Hg). Naphtha is colorless (kerosene odor) or red-brown (aromatic odor) liquid and is insoluble in water. It is incompatible with strong oxidizers[ White spirit, also known as Stoddard solvent, is a paraffin-derived clear, transparent liquid which is a common organic solvent used in painting and decorating. It is a mixture of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons with a maximum content of 25% of C7 to C12 alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. White spirit is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white spirit consumption is used in paints, lacquers and varnishes. White spirit is the most widely used solvent in the paint industry. In households, white spirit is commonly used to clean paint brushes after decorating. Its paint thinning properties enable brushes to be cleaned (by preventing the paint from hardening and ruining the bristles), enabling them to be reused.

AMET UNIVERSITY
PETROLEUM AND OFFSHORE ENGINEERING
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

1. A 150 mm thick brick wall has a thermal conductivity of 0.692W Cm . One face has a Temperature of 30C and the other face has a temperature of 70C. The heat transfer per unit face area is most nearly (A) 140 W/m2 (B) 160 W/m2 (C) 180 W/m2 (D) 200 W/m2 2. A composite wall consists of three layers: 150 mm of brick (thermal conductivity, k 0.692W Cm), 12 mm of concrete ( k 1.385W Cm ), and 12 mm of plaster ( k 0.519W Cm). The outside and inside wall temperatures are 0C and 20C, respectively. The heat transfer per unit area of wall is most nearly (A) 40 W/m2 (B) 60 W/m2 (C) 80 W/m2 (D) 120 W/m2 3. Refer to the previous problem, Prob. 2. The outside brick face is at 20C . The temperature at the interface between the brick and concrete is most nearly (A) 1.4C (B) 1.9C (C) 2.6C (D) 19C 4. An uninsulated section of steel pipe with an outside diameter of 90 mm and an inside diameter of 75 mm is 3 m long. The outer pipe temperature is 40C, while the inner pipe temperature is 110C. If the thermal conductivity is k 45W Cm, the heat loss from the pipe is most nearly (A) 96 kW (B) 180 kW (C) 300 kW (D) 330 kW 5. A 450 mm long rod has a uniform cross-sectional area of 25.0 mm2. The rod is composed of three sections of different materials with lengths of 100 mm, 150 mm, and 200 mm, and having thermal conductivities of 90.0W Cm, 204.2W Cm , and 381.0W Cm, respectively. One end of the rod is maintained at 205C, and the other is at 21C. The heat transferred through the rod is most nearly (A) 1 W (B) 2 W (C) 4 W (D) 8 W 6. A 20.32 cm 20.32 cm square panel, 2.54 cm thick, is sandwiched between two isothermal plates. One plate is maintained at 79.4C by an electric energy supply of 50 watts. The other plate has a temperature of 21.1C. The panel is fully insulated along its exposed edges. The thermal conductivity of the panel is most nearly (A) 0.41W mC (B) 0.53W mC (C) 0.74W mC (D) 0.95W mC 7. It is desired to limit the heat transfer through a wall to 1892 W/m2. The wall is 30 cm thick and has a thermal conductivity of k 0.865W mC. The heat will be controlled by insulating one side with a material having a thermal conductivity of 0.346W mC. The outer surface Temperatures of the wall and insulation are at 1150C and 40C, respectively. The thickness of the insulating material is most nearly (A) 4.9 cm (B) 6.7 cm (C) 8.3 cm (D) 14 cm