SPEED OF REACTION (KEY POINTS THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW) 1. 3 ways to measure the speed of reaction. 2.

Measuring the time taken for the reaction to be completed. Measuring the volume of gas evolved / produced at regular time intervals. Measuring the change in mass of the reaction mixture at regular time intervals.

Draw and label diagrams, to show how you can measure the volume of gas collected / mass loss during the reaction.

3.

The use of the cotton wool is to prevent the loss of mass due to the loss of the reaction mixture through acid spray.

4.

The mass of the reaction flask and its contents decreases with time because the ____________ gas produced in the reaction escapes / is lost to the surroundings.

5.

2 types of graphs obtained

Volume of gas / cm3

Graph of amount of product against time

Graph of amount of reactant against time

Time / min

Mass of reaction flask and its contents / g

Time / min

6.

Describe how the rate of reaction changes with time. / Describe the shape of the graphs. The rate of the reaction is greatest at the start of the reaction. The rate of reaction decreases with time, as the reaction proceeds. The reaction rate becomes zero (the graph becomes flat) when the reaction stops. Note: Give these 3 parts if question is 3 M. Give only 2 nd point if question is 1 M.

7.

The rate of reaction at a given time is given by the gradient of the graph at that point. Steep gradient high rate of reaction Gentle gradient low rate of reaction.

8.

4 factors affecting rate of reaction: Rate of reaction increases when particle size decreases (smaller pieces) / concentration increases / temperature increases / pressure increases

9.

To sketch graphs: The initial gradient of the graph depends on the factor changed. E.g. Powdered Ca used Smaller particle size Higher rate Steeper gradient The final volume / final mass depends on the number of moles of limiting reactant. E.g. Limiting reactant is solid number of moles of limiting reactant is dependent on mass of the solid If mass of solid unchanged same final mass / volume. E.g. Limiting reactant is acid / solution number of moles of limiting reactant is dependent on concentration or volume of acid / solution If concentration of acid is halved / doubled final volume produced / mass loss is halved / doubled.

10.

Explain, in terms of particles, how the rate of reaction is affected by increasing / decreasing particle size / concentration / pressure / temperature. - Memorize Theory Notes Pg 7, 8, 9, 11 under Explanations or refer to Qn 3 5 below.

11.

Describe experiments to show how each factor affects the rate of reaction (Qn 6 below).
(1) Draw diagrams to show two experimental set ups (2) (a) State the variables / factors that are kept the same / constant in both experiments (b) State the factor that is changed / varied. (3) Describe how you can measure the rate of reaction (4) State the expected results, by describing in sentences / drawing graphs or tables

(5) Draw the conclusion to answer the question: The rate of reaction between (reactant 1) and (reactant 2) increases / decreases as (factor) increases / decreases.

(COMMON QUESTIONS AND ANSWER THAT YOU CAN MEMORIZE) 1. (Refer to TYS (7.1)12 Qn 5 or O Level 2003 Paper 3 Question A6) Three samples of calcium carbonate are placed in flasks for an investigation. In flask E is 5g of calcium carbonate large lumps. In flask F is 5g of calcium carbonate medium sized lumps. In flask G is 5g of calcium carbonate small lumps. The same volume, an excess, of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to each flask. The flasks are placed on three electronic balances. A datalogger is used to plot the loss of mass of the flasks and their contents against time. The results are shown in the figure below.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Loss in mass / g 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 0.0 1.0 Tim e / m in 2.0 3.0

F H G

(a) (i) Why do the reaction flasks and their contents lose mass? (a) (ii) How do the rates of reaction change with time? (b) In which flask is the reaction fastest at time t = 20 s? (c) (i) After how long does the reaction in flask G stop? (c) (ii) Why does this reaction stop? (d) (i) Sketch on the figure above the curve you would expect if 5 g of powdered calcium carbonate is used instead of 5 g of lumps of calcium carbonate. Label this curve H. (d) (ii) Use particle theory to explain why the size of the lumps of calcium carbonate affects the rate of reaction. (e) What name is given to a reaction in which heat is given out?

Question Answer (a) (i) Carbon dioxide gas produced in the reaction escapes into the surroundings, resulting in a loss of mass. /
The loss of mass of the flasks and their contents was the result of gas (carbon dioxide) loss.

Marks Allocated 1M
Acid + Metal (Hydrogen) Acid + Carbonate (Carbon Dioxide)

(a) (ii)

The rates of reaction decreases with time.

Note: Rate of reaction is determined from the gradient. In all curves E, F and G, the gradient at time = 20s is steep, showing that rate of reaction is high; but gradient at time = 140s is gentle, showing that rate of reaction is low; so rate of reaction decreases with time.

1M

(b)

Flask G
Note: Rate of reaction is determined from the gradient. The gradient of curve G at t = 20s is the steepest.

1M

(c) (i)

After 120 s
Note: Reaction stops when gradient is zero (horizontal line). Remember to include units given, else no marks

M each 1M
Value, Units

(c) (ii)

All the calcium carbonate has been completely used up in the reaction.
Note: Question says that an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid is added (Line 5), so calcium carbonate is limiting reagent. Reaction stops when limiting reagent is used up.

1M
reactants are used up not accepted as an excess of HCl is present. Powdered calcium carbonate faster rate of reaction steeper gradient Limiting reagent is calcium carbonate. Same mass (5g) of CaCO3 used Same no. of moles of limiting reagent end off at same level (same mass loss of CO2)

(d) (i)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Loss in mass / g 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

F H G

0 140 160 0.0 20 40 60 1.0 80 100 120 2.0 3.0 Time / m in 180

(d) (ii)

As the size of the lumps of calcium carbonate decreases, the surface area of calcium carbonate increases. The area of contact between the reactant particles (hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate) increases. The frequency of collisions between the reactant particles increases, so the rate of reaction increases.
The rate of reaction depends upon an increase in the particles / atoms / molecules ions colliding over a period of time.

1 M each 2 M M each 2M

(e) 2.

Exothermic reaction 1M Why is the mouth of the conical flask plugged with cotton wool? The cotton wool is used to prevent the loss of mass due to the loss of the reaction mixture through acid spray. Use your knowledge of collisions between reacting particles to explain how and why the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid changes with increasing particle size of calcium carbonate (when lumps of calcium carbonate are used instead of powdered calcium carbonate). When lumps of calcium carbonate are used, the particle size of calcium carbonate is bigger. (How?) When the particle size of calcium carbonate increases, the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid decreases. (Why?) When the particle size of calcium carbonate increases, the surface area of calcium carbonate decreases. The area of contact between the reacting particles (calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid) decreases. The frequency of collisions between the reacting particles decreases, so the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid decreases. Use particle theory to explain how the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is affected by increasing [decreasing] concentration of hydrochloric acid. The rate of reaction increases [decreases] with increasing [decreasing] concentration of hydrochloric acid. When the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases [decreases], the number of acid particles per unit volume increases [decreases]. The frequency of collisions between the reactant particles (hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate) increases [decreases]. Hence, the rate of reaction is higher / greater [lower] when a higher [lower] concentration of hydrochloric acid is used. Use your knowledge of collisions between reacting particles to explain how and why the rate of reaction between zinc and nitric acid changes with increasing [decreasing] temperature. The rate of reaction between zinc and nitric acid increases [decreases] with increasing [decreasing] temperature. As the temperature increases [decreases], the particles have more [less] energy and a greater [smaller] number of particles have the minimum activation energy to react when they collide. The decrease in temperature also causes the speed of the particles to decrease. This leads to a decrease in the frequency of effective collisions between the reactant particles (zinc and hydrochloric acid).

3.

4.

5.

6.

Hence, the rate of reaction decreases / is lower. Describe how you can show in a laboratory how the rate of reaction between two substances (calcium carbonate and an acid) depends on the concentration of the acid. Marks Allocated
* The loss in mass of the
conical flask and its contents per unit time is greater when a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid is used * The effervescence is more vigorous and the time taken for the effervescence to stop is shorter when a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid is used. Two experiments involving a constant quantity of concentration of acid, some change that could be measured (e.g. loss in mass, effervescence, gas evolved, and cessation of reaction) and a means of measuring that change over a period of time were

Question Answer (a) 1. Set up two experiments as shown, involving an acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid) and calcium carbonate.

rubber bung conical flask

gas syringe

Hydrochloric acid (100 cm3) (1 mol/dm3 in Experiment 1; 2 mol/dm3 in Experiment 2)

Calcium carbonate carbonate, a variable (same mass, 5g, in Experiments 1 and 2)

OR
Cotton wool calcium carbonate (same mass, 5g, in Experiments 1 and 2) Conical flask

Hydrochloric acid (100 cm3) needed for full marks. (1 mol/dm3 in Experiment 1; 2 mol/dm3 in Experiment 2)

g
Electronic balance

1. Experimental set-up

2.

Use two different concentrations of hydrochloric acid (e.g.1 mol/dm3 and 2 mol/dm3) in the two experiments. 3. Add a known mass (e.g. 5 g) of calcium carbonate to a known volume of hydrochloric acid (e.g. 100 cm3). 4. Measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced at regular time intervals (e.g. every 30 seconds / every minute). OR Measure the loss in mass of the conical flask and its contents at regular time intervals. OR Measure the time taken for the effervescence of carbon dioxide gas to stop. 5. The volume of carbon dioxide gas produced per unit time is greater when a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid is used. (See * at right top for alternative results) 6. Hence, the rate of reaction increases when the concentration of the acid increases.

2. Factor to be changed 3. Factors kept the same 4. Change to be measured / How to measure the rate of reaction 5. Results * Depends on which method is used to measure the rate of reaction 6. Conclusion

1M each 5 M