CROSS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING

NAME : 1. Fajriah Deli Gayo (0901065090) 2. Ika Widyastuti (0901065130) 3. Niken Asri Yulinar (0901065176) 4. Robby Wicaksono (0901065256)

1. DEFINITION OF CCU Cross Cultural Understanding derived from three words that cross, cultural, and understanding, of the three words different meanings. Understanding of the Cross is cross-culture, the culture between both countries that lasted through the mass media or through other means mutually influence each culture. Culture is the "glue" that binds a group of people together. (Douglas-Brown, 1994). Culture is an Elusive construct Constantly that shifts over time and According to Who is perceiving and interpreting it. (Linda Harklau-1999). In Classic, the culture is Called culture, the which comes from the Latin word Colere, the process or work. Can be also interpreted as to cultivate the land or farming. The word culture is also sometimes translated as "culture" in Indonesian. Understanding Inter-Personal (Interpersonal Understanding) is the desire to Understand others. It is the ability to listen and accurately Understand the thoughts, feelings, other people's problems That cannot be uttered or not fully delivered. This competency measure complexity and depth of understanding of other people, also including crosscultural sensitivity. There are also some definitions of cross-cultural understanding. Obeg (1998) described cross-culture understanding as all human beings experience the same felling plus they travel to or live in a different country or culture. Moreover, Mason (2000) stated whenever someone goes overseas, he is like a fish out of water. This statement means that when people travel to another country, they have to accomplish their self to the culture of its country. For instance, in their country they used to speak in traditional language. On the other hand, they should use the national language of its country so the people can understand what they talk about. Actually, the CCU is the basic of learn a foreign language (not to arrange or choose a ward). How to make communication with the owner of native language, because there are many different expressions, we can not translate one by one or lexical, because it has the

big connection with custom and culture and also situation and conditions. One the objective of the CCU is to understand the relationship among different countries. By understanding the association among people, they would find the information easily and correctly regarding to the sources from many countries in the world. The conclusion is that CCU is the way to understand the different culture of different country to avoid misunderstanding. Due to that reason, communication among countries is important in order to avoid the mistakes. 2. DEFINITION OF CULTURE There are many definitions of culture that have been described by some experts. Each definition explains different ideas about what is culture itself. In general, culture is defined as the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization. These shared patterns identify the members of a culture group while also distinguishing those of another group. In addition, Seelve (1984-1993), also added other definition of culture, he stated that Culture is a broad concept that embraces all aspects of human life. It includes everything people learn to do. It is everything humans have learned. Culture shapes our thoughts and actions, and often does so with a heavy hand. In this case, culture has a connection with people and how they do their activities in habitual life. The correlation between culture and human life, it can be seen from the other definitions of culture as follows: Banks, J.A., Banks, & McGee, C. A. (1989). Multicultural education. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. "Most social scientists today view culture as consisting primarily of the symbolic, ideational, and intangible aspects of human societies. The essence of a culture is not its artifacts, tools, or other tangible cultural elements but how the members of the group interpret, use, and perceive them. It is the values, symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people from another in modernized societies; it is not material objects and other tangible aspects of human societies. People within a culture

usually interpret the meaning of symbols, artifacts, and behaviors in the same or in similar ways." Damen, L. (1987). Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension on the Language Classroom. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. "Culture: learned and shared human patterns or models for living; day- to-day living patterns. these patterns and models pervade all aspects of human social interaction. Culture is mankind's primary adaptive mechanism" (p. 367). Hofstede, G. (1984). National cultures and corporate cultures. In L.A. Samovar & R.E. Porter (Eds.), Communication Between Cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. "Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another." (p. 51). Kluckhohn, C., & Kelly, W.H. (1945). The concept of culture. In R. Linton (Ed.). The Science of Man in the World Culture. New York. (pp. 78-105). "By culture we mean all those historically created designs for living, explicit and implicit, rational, irrational, and non rational, which exist at any given time as potential guides for the behavior of men." Kroeber, A.L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Harvard University Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology Papers 47. " Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other as conditioning elements of further action."

Lederach, J.P. (1995). Preparing for peace: Conflict transformation across cultures. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. "Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for perceiving, interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around them" (p. 9). Linton, R. (1945). The Cultural Background of Personality. New York. "A culture is a configuration of learned behaviors and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society" (p. 32). Parson, T. (1949). Essays in Sociological Theory. Glencoe, IL. "Culture...consists in those patterns relative to behavior and the products of human action which may be inherited, that is, passed on from generation to generation independently of the biological genes" (p. 8). Useem, J., & Useem, R. (1963). Human Organizations, 22(3). "Culture has been defined in a number of ways, but most simply, as the learned and shared behavior of a community of interacting human beings" (p. 169). http://www.carla.umn.edu/culture/definitions.html Based on several definitions about culture above, the writers can sum up that the concept of culture is very complicated, and it has many meanings. However, the word 'culture' is most commonly used in these senses: included pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior, quality of socializations, interactions and also the outlook, attitudes, values, goals, and practices shared by a society. 3. DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE As we now, language plays an important role for human. It is because language is become a habitual uses for human life. An understanding of the language has been

described by Encyclopedia Britannica, Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which of human beings, as members of social group and participants in its culture, communicate (2007: 3). It seems that language as a system of how the words are pronounced with the goals to communicate with others. Burner stated that language is most important tool for cognitive growth, and he has investigated how adults use language to mediate the world for children and help them to solve problems (1990: 8). Based on his statement, it seems that language is a tool used by people especially for children to help them to solve their problems. It also added by Trilestari that language is a communication tool that is used by all humans in conveying the message and invention. (2012: 413). It defines that language is a device that is used by people in the world for communication in order to express the meaning. The writers can sum up that language is a mean, tool, or device used by people to interact and communicate each other. By using language, people can express the feeling and meaning through communication. It also can be used for delivering the message and information needed by many people.